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Qu M, Ren Y, Liu Y, Yang Q. Studies on the chitin/chitosan binding properties of six cuticular proteins analogous to peritrophin 3 from Bombyx mori. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 26:432-439. [PMID: 28432772 DOI: 10.1111/imb.12308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Chitin deacetylation is required to make the cuticle rigid and compact through chitin chain crosslinking. Thus it is presumed that specialized proteins are required to bind deacetylated chitin chains together. However, deacetylated-chitin binding proteins have not ever been reported. In a previous work, six cuticular proteins analogous to peritrophin 3 (CPAP3s) were found to be abundant in the moulting fluid of Bombyx mori. In this study, these BmCPAP3s (BmCPAP3-A1, BmCPAP3-A2, BmCPAP3-B, BmCPAP3-C, BmCPAP3-D1 and BmCPAP3-D2) were cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli and purified using metal-chelating affinity chromatography. Their binding activities demonstrated that although all of the BmCPAP3s showed similar binding abilities toward crystalline chitin and colloidal chitin, they differed in their affinities toward partially and fully deacetylated chitin. Amongst them, BmCPAP3-D1 exhibited the highest binding activity toward deacetylated chitin. The gene expression pattern of BmCPAP3-D1 was similar to BmCPAP3-A1 and BmCPAP3-C at most stages except that it was dramatically upregulated at the beginning of the pupa to adult transition stage. This work is the first report of a chitin-binding protein, BmCPAP3-D1, which exhibits high binding affinity to deacetylated chitin.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemical Engineering, School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Y Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemical Engineering, School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Y Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemical Engineering, School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Q Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemical Engineering, School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
- Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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Vilcinskas A, Vogel H. Seasonal phenotype-specific transcriptional reprogramming during metamorphosis in the European map butterfly Araschnia levana. Ecol Evol 2016; 6:3476-3485. [PMID: 27127610 PMCID: PMC4842023 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.2120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Revised: 03/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The European map butterfly (Araschnia levana) is a classic example of seasonal polyphenism because the spring and summer imagoes display two distinct morphological phenotypes. The light regime and temperature during larval and prepupal development determine whether or not the pupae commit to diapause and overwintering and thus whether spring or summer imagoes emerge. We used suppression subtractive hybridization to experimentally screen for genes that are differentially expressed in prepupae committed either to accelerated metamorphosis and egg production or diapause and overwintering. The range and ontology of the differentially expressed genes in prepupae developing from larvae exposed either to long‐day (LD) or short‐day (SD) conditions revealed fundamental differences. The SD prepupae preferentially expressed genes related to cuticle formation and immunity, reflecting the formation of a robust pupal exoskeleton and the upregulation of antimicrobial peptides as preparations for overwintering. One protein preferentially expressed in SD prepupae has a counterpart in Bombyx mori that functions as a diapause duration clock. The differentially expressed genes in LD prepupae included several members of the dusky and osiris families. We also observed the strong induction of different yellow‐like genes under SD and LD conditions which suggest a role in the developmental choice between seasonal phenotypes. Our transcriptomic data will facilitate the more detailed analysis of molecular mechanisms underlying seasonal polyphenism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Vilcinskas
- Institute for Insect Biotechnology Justus Liebig University Heinrich Buff Ring 26-32 35392 Giessen Germany
| | - Heiko Vogel
- Max-Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology Hans Knoell Strasse 8 07749 Jena Germany
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Pesch YY, Riedel D, Behr M. Obstructor A organizes matrix assembly at the apical cell surface to promote enzymatic cuticle maturation in Drosophila. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:10071-82. [PMID: 25737451 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.614933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Assembly and maturation of the apical extracellular matrix (aECM) is crucial for protecting organisms, but underlying molecular mechanisms remain poorly understood. Epidermal cells secrete proteins and enzymes that assemble at the apical cell surface to provide epithelial integrity and stability during developmental growth and upon tissue damage. We analyzed molecular mechanisms of aECM assembly and identified the conserved chitin-binding protein Obst-A (Obstructor A) as an essential regulator. We show in Drosophila that Obst-A is required to coordinate protein and chitin matrix packaging at the apical cell surface during development. Secreted by epidermal cells, the Obst-A protein is specifically enriched in the apical assembly zone where matrix components are packaged into their highly ordered architecture. In obst-A null mutant larvae, the assembly zone is strongly diminished, resulting in severe disturbance of matrix scaffold organization and impaired aECM integrity. Furthermore, enzymes that support aECM stability are mislocalized. As a biological consequence, cuticle architecture, integrity, and function are disturbed in obst-A mutants, finally resulting in immediate lethality upon wounding. Our studies identify a new core organizing center, the assembly zone that controls aECM assembly at the apical cell surface. We propose a genetically conserved molecular mechanism by which Obst-A forms a matrix scaffold to coordinate trafficking and localization of proteins and enzymes in the newly deposited aECM. This mechanism is essential for maturation and stabilization of the aECM in a growing and remodeling epithelial tissue as an outermost barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanina-Yasmin Pesch
- From the Department of Molecular Developmental Biology, Life & Medical Sciences Institute (LIMES), University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany, the Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, Translational Centre for Regenerative Medicine (TRM), University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany, and
| | - Dietmar Riedel
- the Electron Microscopy Group, Max-Planck-Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Matthias Behr
- From the Department of Molecular Developmental Biology, Life & Medical Sciences Institute (LIMES), University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany, the Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, Translational Centre for Regenerative Medicine (TRM), University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany, and
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Ioannidou ZS, Theodoropoulou MC, Papandreou NC, Willis JH, Hamodrakas SJ. CutProtFam-Pred: detection and classification of putative structural cuticular proteins from sequence alone, based on profile hidden Markov models. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 52:51-9. [PMID: 24978609 PMCID: PMC4143468 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2014.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2014] [Revised: 06/10/2014] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The arthropod cuticle is a composite, bipartite system, made of chitin filaments embedded in a proteinaceous matrix. The physical properties of cuticle are determined by the structure and the interactions of its two major components, cuticular proteins (CPs) and chitin. The proteinaceous matrix consists mainly of structural cuticular proteins. The majority of the structural proteins that have been described to date belong to the CPR family, and they are identified by the conserved R&R region (Rebers and Riddiford Consensus). Two major subfamilies of the CPR family RR-1 and RR-2, have also been identified from conservation at sequence level and some correlation with the cuticle type. Recently, several novel families, also containing characteristic conserved regions, have been described. The package HMMER v3.0 (http://hmmer.janelia.org/) was used to build characteristic profile Hidden Markov Models based on the characteristic regions for 8 of these families, (CPF, CPAP3, CPAP1, CPCFC, CPLCA, CPLCG, CPLCW, Tweedle). In brief, these families can be described as having: CPF (a conserved region with 44 amino acids); CPAP1 and CPAP-3 (analogous to peritrophins, with 1 and 3 chitin-binding domains, respectively); CPCFC (2 or 3 C-x(5)-C repeats); and four of five low complexity (LC) families, each with characteristic domains. Using these models, as well as the models previously created for the two major subfamilies of the CPR family, RR-1 and RR-2 (Karouzou et al., 2007), we developed CutProtFam-Pred, an on-line tool (http://bioinformatics.biol.uoa.gr/CutProtFam-Pred) that allows one to query sequences from proteomes or translated transcriptomes, for the accurate detection and classification of putative structural cuticular proteins. The tool has been applied successfully to diverse arthropod proteomes including a crustacean (Daphnia pulex) and a chelicerate (Tetranychus urticae), but at this taxonomic distance only CPRs and CPAPs were recovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoi S Ioannidou
- Department of Cell Biology and Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Athens 157 01, Greece
| | - Margarita C Theodoropoulou
- Department of Cell Biology and Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Athens 157 01, Greece
| | - Nikos C Papandreou
- Department of Cell Biology and Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Athens 157 01, Greece
| | - Judith H Willis
- Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Stavros J Hamodrakas
- Department of Cell Biology and Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Athens 157 01, Greece.
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Petkau G, Wingen C, Jussen LCA, Radtke T, Behr M. Obstructor-A is required for epithelial extracellular matrix dynamics, exoskeleton function, and tubulogenesis. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:21396-405. [PMID: 22544743 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.359984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The epidermis and internal tubular organs, such as gut and lungs, are exposed to a hostile environment. They form an extracellular matrix to provide epithelial integrity and to prevent contact with pathogens and toxins. In arthropods, the cuticle protects, shapes, and enables the functioning of organs. During development, cuticle matrix is shielded from premature degradation; however, underlying molecular mechanisms are poorly understood. Previously, we identified the conserved obstructor multigene-family, which encodes chitin-binding proteins. Here we show that Obstructor-A is required for extracellular matrix dynamics in cuticle forming organs. Loss of obstructor-A causes severe defects during cuticle molting, wound protection, tube expansion and larval growth control. We found that Obstructor-A interacts and forms a core complex with the polysaccharide chitin, the cuticle modifier Knickkopf and the chitin deacetylase Serpentine. Knickkopf protects chitin from chitinase-dependent degradation and deacetylase enzymes ensure extracellular matrix maturation. We provide evidence that Obstructor-A is required to control the presence of Knickkopf and Serpentine in the extracellular matrix. We propose a model suggesting that Obstructor-A coordinates the core complex for extracellular matrix protection from premature degradation. This mechanism enables exoskeletal molting, tube expansion, and epithelial integrity. The evolutionary conservation suggests a common role of Obstructor-A and homologs in coordinating extracellular matrix protection in epithelial tissues of chitinous invertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Petkau
- Life & Medical Sciences Institute, LIMES, Laboratory for Molecular Developmental Biology, University of Bonn, Carl-Troll-Strasse 31, 53115 Bonn, Germany
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Storey KB, Storey JM. Insect cold hardiness: metabolic, gene, and protein adaptation1This review is part of a virtual symposium on recent advances in understanding a variety of complex regulatory processes in insect physiology and endocrinology, including development, metabolism, cold hardiness, food intake and digestion, and diuresis, through the use of omics technologies in the postgenomic era. CAN J ZOOL 2012. [DOI: 10.1139/z2012-011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Winter survival for thousands of species of insects relies on adaptive strategies for cold hardiness. Two basic mechanisms are widely used (freeze avoidance by deep supercooling and freeze tolerance where insects endure ice formation in extracellular fluid spaces), whereas additional strategies (cryoprotective dehydration, vitrification) are also used by some polar species in extreme environments. This review assesses recent research on the biochemical adaptations that support insect cold hardiness. We examine new information about the regulation of cryoprotectant biosynthesis, mechanisms of metabolic rate depression, role of aquaporins in water and glycerol movement, and cell preservation strategies (chaperones, antioxidant defenses and metal binding proteins, mitochondrial suppression) for survival over the winter. We also review the new information coming from the use of genomic and proteomic screening methods that are greatly widening the scope for discovery of genes and proteins that support winter survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth B. Storey
- Institute of Biochemistry, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Janet M. Storey
- Institute of Biochemistry, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
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Jasrapuria S, Arakane Y, Osman G, Kramer KJ, Beeman RW, Muthukrishnan S. Genes encoding proteins with peritrophin A-type chitin-binding domains in Tribolium castaneum are grouped into three distinct families based on phylogeny, expression and function. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2010; 40:214-27. [PMID: 20144715 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2010.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2009] [Revised: 01/25/2010] [Accepted: 01/29/2010] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
This study is focused on the characterization and expression of genes in the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum, encoding proteins that possess one or more six-cysteine-containing chitin-binding domains related to the peritrophin A domain (ChtBD2). An exhaustive bioinformatics search of the genome of T. castaneum queried with ChtBD2 sequences yielded 13 previously characterized chitin metabolic enzymes and 29 additional proteins with signal peptides as well as one to 14 ChtBD2s. Using phylogenetic analyses, these additional 29 proteins were classified into three large families. The first family includes 11 proteins closely related to the peritrophins, each containing one to 14 ChtBD2s. These are midgut-specific and are expressed only during feeding stages. We propose the name "Peritrophic Matrix Proteins" (PMP) for this family. The second family contains eight proteins encoded by seven genes (one gene codes for 2 splice variants), which are closely related to gasp/obstructor-like proteins that contain 3 ChtBD2s each. The third family has ten proteins that are of diverse sizes and sequences with only one ChtBD2 each. The genes of the second and third families are expressed in non-midgut tissues throughout all stages of development. We propose the names "Cuticular Proteins Analogous to Peritophins 3" (CPAP3) for the second family that has three ChtBD2s and "Cuticular Proteins Analogous to Peritophins 1 (CPAP1) for the third family that has 1 ChtBD2. Even though proteins of both CPAP1 and CPAP3 families have the "peritrophin A" domain, they are expressed only in cuticle-forming tissues. We determined the exon-intron organization of the genes, encoding these 29 proteins as well as the domain organization of the encoded proteins with ChtBD2s. All 29 proteins have predicted cleavable signal peptides and ChtBD2s, suggesting that they interact with chitin in extracellular locations. Comparison of ChtBD2s-containing proteins in different insect species belonging to different orders suggests that ChtBD2s are ancient protein domains whose affinity for chitin in extracellular matrices has been exploited many times for a range of biological functions. The differences in the expression profiles of PMPs and CPAPs indicate that even though they share the peritrophin A motif for chitin binding, these three families of proteins have quite distinct biological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinu Jasrapuria
- Department of Biochemistry, Kansas State University, 141 Chalmers Hall, Manhattan, KS 66506-3702, USA
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