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Wei M, Yi P, Huang B, Naz S, Ge C, Shu-Chien AC, Wang Z, Wu X. Insights into sequence characteristics and evolutionary history of DGATs in arthropods. Comp Biochem Physiol Part D Genomics Proteomics 2024; 49:101195. [PMID: 38266530 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2024.101195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
Triacylglycerol (TAG) is crucial in animal energy storage and membrane biogenesis. The conversion of diacylglycerol (DAG) to triacylglycerol (TAG) is catalyzed by diacylglycerol acyltransferase enzymes (DGATs), which are encoded by genes belonging to two distinct gene families. Although arthropods are known to possess DGATs activities and utilize the glycerol-3-phosphate pathway and MAG pathway for TAG biosynthesis, the sequence characterization and evolutionary history of DGATs in arthropods remains unclear. This study aimed to comparatively evaluate genomic analyses of DGATs in 13 arthropod species and 14 outgroup species. We found that arthropods lack SOAT2 genes within the DGAT1 family, while DGAT2, MOGAT3, AWAT1, and AWAT2 were absent from in DGAT2 family. Gene structure and phylogenetic analyses revealed that DGAT1 and DGAT2 genes come from different gene families. The expression patterns of these genes were further analyzed in crustaceans, demonstrating the importance of DGAT1 in TAG biosynthesis. Additionally, we identified the DGAT1 gene in Swimming crab (P. trituberculatus) undergoes a mutually exclusive alternative splicing event in the molt stages. Our newly determined DGAT inventory data provide a more complete scenario and insights into the evolutionary dynamics and functional diversification of DGATs in arthropods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maolei Wei
- Centre for Research on Fish Nutrition and Environmental Ecology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; College of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo 315100, China
| | - Peng Yi
- Centre for Research on Fish Nutrition and Environmental Ecology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Baoyou Huang
- Institute of Animal Sex and Development, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo 315100, China; College of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo 315100, China
| | - Saira Naz
- Centre for Research on Fish Nutrition and Environmental Ecology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Chutian Ge
- Institute of Animal Sex and Development, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo 315100, China; College of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo 315100, China
| | - Alexander Chong Shu-Chien
- School of Biological Sciences, University Sains Malaysia, Minden, 11800 Penang, Malaysia; Center for Chemical Biology, University Sains Malaysia, 11900 Bayan Lepas, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Zongji Wang
- Institute of Animal Sex and Development, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo 315100, China; College of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo 315100, China.
| | - Xugan Wu
- Centre for Research on Fish Nutrition and Environmental Ecology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; National Demonstration Centre for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China.
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2
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Potapov AM, Drescher J, Darras K, Wenzel A, Janotta N, Nazarreta R, Kasmiatun, Laurent V, Mawan A, Utari EH, Pollierer MM, Rembold K, Widyastuti R, Buchori D, Hidayat P, Turner E, Grass I, Westphal C, Tscharntke T, Scheu S. Rainforest transformation reallocates energy from green to brown food webs. Nature 2024; 627:116-122. [PMID: 38355803 PMCID: PMC10917685 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07083-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Terrestrial animal biodiversity is increasingly being lost because of land-use change1,2. However, functional and energetic consequences aboveground and belowground and across trophic levels in megadiverse tropical ecosystems remain largely unknown. To fill this gap, we assessed changes in energy fluxes across 'green' aboveground (canopy arthropods and birds) and 'brown' belowground (soil arthropods and earthworms) animal food webs in tropical rainforests and plantations in Sumatra, Indonesia. Our results showed that most of the energy in rainforests is channelled to the belowground animal food web. Oil palm and rubber plantations had similar or, in the case of rubber agroforest, higher total animal energy fluxes compared to rainforest but the key energetic nodes were distinctly different: in rainforest more than 90% of the total animal energy flux was channelled by arthropods in soil and canopy, whereas in plantations more than 50% of the energy was allocated to annelids (earthworms). Land-use change led to a consistent decline in multitrophic energy flux aboveground, whereas belowground food webs responded with reduced energy flux to higher trophic levels, down to -90%, and with shifts from slow (fungal) to fast (bacterial) energy channels and from faeces production towards consumption of soil organic matter. This coincides with previously reported soil carbon stock depletion3. Here we show that well-documented animal biodiversity declines with tropical land-use change4-6 are associated with vast energetic and functional restructuring in food webs across aboveground and belowground ecosystem compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton M Potapov
- Animal Ecology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
- Insitute of Biology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
| | | | - Kevin Darras
- Agroecology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Arne Wenzel
- Functional Agrobiodiversity, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Noah Janotta
- Animal Ecology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Rizky Nazarreta
- Department of Plant Protection, IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Kasmiatun
- Department of Plant Protection, IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia
| | | | - Amanda Mawan
- Animal Ecology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Endah H Utari
- Department of Plant Protection, IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia
| | | | - Katja Rembold
- Botanical Garden of University of Bern, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Biodiversity, Macroecology & Biogeography, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Damayanti Buchori
- Department of Plant Protection, IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia
- Centre for Transdisciplinary and Sustainability Sciences, IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Purnama Hidayat
- Department of Plant Protection, IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Edgar Turner
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ingo Grass
- Ecology of Tropical Agricultural Systems, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Catrin Westphal
- Functional Agrobiodiversity, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Stefan Scheu
- Animal Ecology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Centre of Biodiversity and Sustainable Land Use, University of Göttigen, Göttingen, Germany
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3
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Möllerke A, Bello J, Leinaas HP, Schulz S. Cyclopropane Hydrocarbons from the Springtail Vertagopus sarekensis─A New Class of Cuticular Lipids from Arthropods. J Nat Prod 2024; 87:85-97. [PMID: 37957119 PMCID: PMC10825826 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.3c00789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
The epicuticle of insects is usually coated with a complex mixture of hydrocarbons, primarily straight-chain and methyl-branched alkanes and alkenes. We were interested in whether springtails (Collembola), a sister class of the insects, also use such compounds. We focused here on Vertagopus sarekensis, an abundant Isotomidae species in European high alpine regions, exhibiting coordinated group behavior and migration. This coordination, suggesting chemical communication, made the species interesting for our study on epicuticular hydrocarbons in springtails with different degrees of group behavior. We isolated a single hydrocarbon from its surface, which is the major epicuticular lipid. The structure was deduced by NMR analysis and GC/MS including derivatization. Total synthesis confirmed the structure as cis,cis-3,4,13,14-bismethylene-24-methyldotriacontane (4, sarekensane). The GC/MS analyses of some other cyclopropane hydrocarbons also synthesized showed the close similarity of both mass spectra and gas chromatographic retention indices of alkenes and cyclopropanes. Therefore, analyses of cuticular alkenes must be performed with appropriate derivatization to distinguish these two types of cuticular hydrocarbons. Sarekensane (4) is the first nonterpenoid cuticular hydrocarbon from Collembola that is biosynthesized via the fatty acid pathway, as are insect hydrocarbons, and contains unprecedented cyclopropane rings in the chain, not previously reported from arthropods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Möllerke
- TU
Braunschweig, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Hagenring 30, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Jan Bello
- TU
Braunschweig, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Hagenring 30, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | | | - Stefan Schulz
- TU
Braunschweig, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Hagenring 30, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
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4
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Yamaguchi T. Exploration and utilization of novel aldoxime, nitrile, and nitro compounds metabolizing enzymes from plants and arthropods. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2024; 88:138-146. [PMID: 38017623 DOI: 10.1093/bbb/zbad168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
Aldoxime (R1R2C=NOH) and nitrile (R-C≡N) are nitrogen-containing compounds that are found in species representing all kingdoms of life. The enzymes discovered from the microbial "aldoxime-nitrile" pathway (aldoxime dehydratase, nitrile hydratase, amidase, and nitrilase) have been thoroughly studied because of their industrial importance. Although plants utilize cytochrome P450 monooxygenases to produce aldoxime and nitrile, many biosynthetic pathways are yet to be studied. Cyanogenic millipedes accumulate various nitrile compounds, such as mandelonitrile. However, no such aldoxime- and nitrile-metabolizing enzymes have been identified in millipedes. Here, I review the exploration of novel enzymes from plants and millipedes with characteristics distinct from those of microbial enzymes, the catalysis of industrially useful reactions, and applications of these enzymes for nitrile compound production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Yamaguchi
- Biotechnology Research Center and Department of Biotechnology, Toyama Prefectural University , Imizu, Toyama, Japan
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Zheng Y, Liu C, Chen J, Tang J, Luo J, Zou D, Tang Z, He J, Bai J. Integrated transcriptomic and biochemical characterization of the mechanisms governing stress responses in soil-dwelling invertebrate (Folsomia candida) upon exposure to dibutyl phthalate. J Hazard Mater 2024; 462:132644. [PMID: 37820532 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Dibutyl phthalate (DBP) is one of the most commonly utilized plasticizers and a frequently detected phthalic acid ester (PAE) compound in soil samples. However, the toxicological effects of DBP on soil-dwelling organisms remain poorly understood. This study employed a multi-biomarker approach to investigate the impact of DBP exposure on Folsomia candida's survival, reproduction, enzyme activity levels, and transcriptional profiles. Analyses of antioxidant biomarkers, including catalase (CAT) and glutathione S-transferase (GST), as well as detoxifying enzymes such as acetylcholinesterase (AChE), Cytochrome P450 (CYP450), and lipid peroxidation (LPO), revealed significant increases in CAT activity, GST levels, and CYP450 expression following treatment with various doses of DBP for 2, 4, 7, or 14 days. Additionally, LPO induction was observed along with significant AChE inhibition. In total, 3175 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified following DBP treatment that were enriched in six Gene Ontology (GO) terms and 144 Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways, including 85 upregulated and 59 downregulated primarily associated with lipid metabolism, signal transduction, DNA repair, and cell growth and death. Overall these results provide foundational insights for further research into the molecular mechanisms underlying responses of soil invertebrates to DBP exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zheng
- Hunan University of Humanities, Science and Technology, Loudi, Hunan 417000, China; Hunan Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Field Weeds Control, Hunan University of Humanities, Science and Technology, Loudi, Hunan 417000, China.
| | - Can Liu
- Hunan University of Humanities, Science and Technology, Loudi, Hunan 417000, China
| | - Jiayi Chen
- Hunan University of Humanities, Science and Technology, Loudi, Hunan 417000, China
| | - Jianquan Tang
- Hunan University of Humanities, Science and Technology, Loudi, Hunan 417000, China
| | - Jiali Luo
- Hunan University of Humanities, Science and Technology, Loudi, Hunan 417000, China
| | - Di Zou
- Hunan University of Humanities, Science and Technology, Loudi, Hunan 417000, China
| | - Zhen Tang
- Hunan University of Humanities, Science and Technology, Loudi, Hunan 417000, China
| | - Jiali He
- Hunan University of Humanities, Science and Technology, Loudi, Hunan 417000, China
| | - Jing Bai
- Hunan University of Humanities, Science and Technology, Loudi, Hunan 417000, China.
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Ohhara Y, Sagisaka C, Yamakawa-Kobayashi K. The collembolan Sinella dubiosa produces eicosapentaenoic acid. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2024; 269:110900. [PMID: 37689345 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2023.110900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs), including eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), are essential nutrients for vertebrate development and physiology. Microorganisms, such as microalgae, produce n-3 PUFAs that are transferred to higher predators in the aquatic food web. However, recent studies have demonstrated that various aquatic invertebrates possess the biosynthetic enzymes required for n-3 PUFA production, raising the possibility that n-3 PUFAs are also produced in certain aquatic invertebrates. In contrast to aquatic invertebrates, it remains unclear whether and how PUFAs are produced in terrestrial invertebrates, including collembolans, one of the most widespread microarthropods in soil ecosystems. In this study, we investigated the biosynthetic capacity of n-3 PUFAs in litter-dwelling Collembola, Sinella dubiosa. We detected EPA in Sinella dubiosa reared on Brewer's yeast, which produced only saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids. Furthermore, metabolic analysis using isotope-labeled fatty acids revealed that oleic, linolenic, and arachidonic acids were metabolized to EPA in Sinella dubiosa. Given that collembolans are food for predatory arthropods and their nutrients are transferred to higher predatory vertebrates in the soil food web, we propose that Collembola serve as an EPA source in soil ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuya Ohhara
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan; Graduate School of Integrated Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan.
| | - Chiemi Sagisaka
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Kimiko Yamakawa-Kobayashi
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan; Graduate School of Integrated Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
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7
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Yu A, Beck M, Merzendorfer H, Yang Q. Advances in understanding insect chitin biosynthesis. Insect Biochem Mol Biol 2024; 164:104058. [PMID: 38072083 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2023.104058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Chitin, a natural polymer of N-acetylglucosamine chains, is a principal component of the apical extracellular matrix in arthropods. Chitin microfibrils serve as structural components of natural biocomposites present in the extracellular matrix of a variety of invertebrates including sponges, molluscs, nematodes, fungi and arthropods. In this review, we summarize the frontier advances of insect chitin synthesis. More specifically, we focus on the chitin synthase (CHS), which catalyzes the key biosynthesis step. CHS is also known as an attractive insecticidal target in that this enzyme is absent in mammals, birds or plants. As no insect chitin synthase structure have been reported so far, we review recent studies on glycosyltransferase domain structures derived from fungi and oomycetes, which are conserved in CHS from all species containing chitin. Auxiliary proteins, which coordinate with CHS in chitin biosynthesis and assembly, are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ailing Yu
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China; State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Marius Beck
- Department of Chemistry-Biology, University of Siegen, Siegen, Germany
| | - Hans Merzendorfer
- Department of Chemistry-Biology, University of Siegen, Siegen, Germany.
| | - Qing Yang
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China; State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.
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8
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Martins da Silva R, de Oliveira Daumas Filho CR, Calixto C, Nascimento da Silva J, Lopes C, da Silva Vaz I, Logullo C. PEPCK and glucose metabolism homeostasis in arthropods. Insect Biochem Mol Biol 2023; 160:103986. [PMID: 37454751 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2023.103986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
The fat body is responsible for a variety of functions related to energy metabolism in arthropods, by controlling the processes of de novo glucose production (gluconeogenesis) and glycogen metabolism. The rate-limiting factor of gluconeogenesis is the enzyme phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK), generally considered to be the first committed step in this pathway. Although the study of PEPCK and gluconeogenesis has been for decades restricted to mammalian models, especially focusing on muscle and liver tissue, current research has demonstrated particularities about the regulation of this enzyme in arthropods, and described new functions. This review will focus on arthropod PEPCK, discuss different aspects to PEPCK regulation and function, its general role in the regulation of gluconeogenesis and other pathways. The text also presents our views on potentially important new directions for research involving this enzyme in a variety of metabolic adaptations (e.g. diapause), discussing enzyme isoforms, roles during arthropod embryogenesis, as well as involvement in vector-pathogen interactions, contributing to a better understanding of insect vectors of diseases and their control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renato Martins da Silva
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular - INCT, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Carlos Renato de Oliveira Daumas Filho
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular - INCT, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Christiano Calixto
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular - INCT, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Jhenifer Nascimento da Silva
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular - INCT, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Cintia Lopes
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular - INCT, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Itabajara da Silva Vaz
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular - INCT, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Centro de Biotecnologia and Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Carlos Logullo
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular - INCT, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
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Pasqualetto G, Mack A, Lewis E, Cooper R, Holland A, Borucu U, Mantell J, Davies T, Weckener M, Clare D, Green T, Kille P, Muhlhozl A, Young MT. CryoEM structure and Alphafold molecular modelling of a novel molluscan hemocyanin. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0287294. [PMID: 37347755 PMCID: PMC10286996 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0287294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Hemocyanins are multimeric oxygen transport proteins present in the blood of arthropods and molluscs, containing up to 8 oxygen-binding functional units per monomer. In molluscs, hemocyanins are assembled in decamer 'building blocks' formed of 5 dimer 'plates', routinely forming didecamer or higher-order assemblies with d5 or c5 symmetry. Here we describe the cryoEM structures of the didecamer (20-mer) and tridecamer (30-mer) forms of a novel hemocyanin from the slipper limpet Crepidula fornicata (SLH) at 7.0 and 4.7 Å resolution respectively. We show that two decamers assemble in a 'tail-tail' configuration, forming a partially capped cylinder, with an additional decamer adding on in 'head-tail' configuration to make the tridecamer. Analysis of SLH samples shows substantial heterogeneity, suggesting the presence of many higher-order multimers including tetra- and pentadecamers, formed by successive addition of decamers in head-tail configuration. Retrieval of sequence data for a full-length isoform of SLH enabled the use of Alphafold to produce a molecular model of SLH, which indicated the formation of dimer slabs with high similarity to those found in keyhole limpet hemocyanin. The fit of the molecular model to the cryoEM density was excellent, showing an overall structure where the final two functional units of the subunit (FU-g and FU-h) form the partial cap at one end of the decamer, and permitting analysis of the subunit interfaces governing the assembly of tail-tail and head-tail decamer interactions as well as potential sites for N-glycosylation. Our work contributes to the understanding of higher-order oligomer formation in molluscan hemocyanins and demonstrates the utility of Alphafold for building accurate structural models of large oligomeric proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaia Pasqualetto
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Mack
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Emily Lewis
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Ryan Cooper
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Alistair Holland
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Ufuk Borucu
- Faculty of Life Sciences, GW4 Facility for High-Resolution Electron Cryo-Microscopy, Wolfson Bioimaging Facility, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Judith Mantell
- Faculty of Life Sciences, GW4 Facility for High-Resolution Electron Cryo-Microscopy, Wolfson Bioimaging Facility, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Tom Davies
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Miriam Weckener
- The Rosalind Franklin Institute, Structural Biology, Harwell Science Campus, Didcot, United Kingdom
| | - Dan Clare
- Electron Bioimaging Centre, Diamond Light Source, Harwell, United Kingdom
| | - Tom Green
- Advanced Research Computing at Cardiff, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Pete Kille
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | | | - Mark T. Young
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
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10
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Noer NK, Nielsen KL, Sverrisdóttir E, Kristensen TN, Bahrndorff S. Temporal regulation of temperature tolerances and gene expression in an arctic insect. J Exp Biol 2023; 226:jeb245097. [PMID: 37283090 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.245097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Terrestrial arthropods in the Arctic are exposed to highly variable temperatures that frequently reach cold and warm extremes. Yet, ecophysiological studies on arctic insects typically focus on the ability of species to tolerate low temperatures, whereas studies investigating physiological adaptations of species to periodically warm and variable temperatures are few. In this study, we investigated temporal changes in thermal tolerances and the transcriptome in the Greenlandic seed bug Nysius groenlandicus, collected in the field across different times and temperatures in Southern Greenland. We found that plastic changes in heat and cold tolerances occurred rapidly (within hours) and at a daily scale in the field, and that these changes are correlated with diurnal temperature variation. Using RNA sequencing, we provide molecular underpinnings of the rapid adjustments in thermal tolerance across ambient field temperatures and in the laboratory. We show that transcriptional responses are sensitive to daily temperature changes, and days characterized by high temperature variation induced markedly different expression patterns than thermally stable days. Further, genes associated with laboratory-induced heat responses, including expression of heat shock proteins and vitellogenins, were shared across laboratory and field experiments, but induced at time points associated with lower temperatures in the field. Cold stress responses were not manifested at the transcriptomic level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasja Krog Noer
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Aalborg 9220, Denmark
| | - Kåre Lehmann Nielsen
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Aalborg 9220, Denmark
| | - Elsa Sverrisdóttir
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Aalborg 9220, Denmark
| | | | - Simon Bahrndorff
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Aalborg 9220, Denmark
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Li J, Li F, Gao H, Zhang Y, Liu Z. Characterization of cuticular proteins in CPR family in the wolf spider, Pardosa pseudoannulata, and the response of one subfamily genes to environmental stresses. Insect Biochem Mol Biol 2022; 150:103859. [PMID: 36265807 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2022.103859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Cuticular protein (CP) plays an essential role in the construction and function of exoskeleton in arthropods. CPR family, CP with Rebers and Riddiford (R&R) Consensus, is the largest CP family in insects, but it lacks systematic research in non-insect arthropods. In this study, we explored CPRs in the wolf spider, Pardosa pseudoannulata, a predator to many insect pests. We totally identified 152 CPRs in P. pseudoannulata genome, which were divided into two subgroups based on R&R Consensus sequences, with 12 CPRs in RR-1 and 140 in RR-2. All RR-2 members presented a novel Consensus with 34 amino acids, G-x(8)-G-x(6)-Y-x-A-x(3)-G-x(7)-N-E-x-G, which was a common characteristic for RR-2 CPRs in chelicerates. Transcriptome data was used to document the expression patterns of CPR genes in different tissues and ecdysis processes. The specific expressions were found for part CPR genes, such as five RR-2 genes that were specifically expressed in male genital bulbs and eleven RR-1 genes that were highly expressed in the integument. Due to the limited number and integument-specific expression of RR-1 genes, we further analyzed their responses to different environmental stresses at the transcriptional level. Except for PapsCPR11, ten RR-1 genes responded to at least one environmental stress, among with the expression of PapsCPR12 was significantly changed by three stresses (dryness, low temperature and imidacloprid treatments). Silencing PapsCPR12 increased the tolerance of P. pseudoannulata to imidacloprid. Overall, the results presented novel Consensus characteristics of CPRs in P. pseudoannulata, which was helpful for the identification and evolution analysis of CPRs in non-insect arthropods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Li
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Fangfang Li
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Haoli Gao
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yixi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Zewen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
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12
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Janssen R, Schomburg C, Prpic NM, Budd GE. A comprehensive study of arthropod and onychophoran Fox gene expression patterns. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0270790. [PMID: 35802758 PMCID: PMC9269926 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0270790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Fox genes represent an evolutionary old class of transcription factor encoding genes that evolved in the last common ancestor of fungi and animals. They represent key-components of multiple gene regulatory networks (GRNs) that are essential for embryonic development. Most of our knowledge about the function of Fox genes comes from vertebrate research, and for arthropods the only comprehensive gene expression analysis is that of the fly Drosophila melanogaster. For other arthropods, only selected Fox genes have been investigated. In this study, we provide the first comprehensive gene expression analysis of arthropod Fox genes including representative species of all main groups of arthropods, Pancrustacea, Myriapoda and Chelicerata. We also provide the first comprehensive analysis of Fox gene expression in an onychophoran species. Our data show that many of the Fox genes likely retained their function during panarthropod evolution highlighting their importance in development. Comparison with published data from other groups of animals shows that this high degree of evolutionary conservation often dates back beyond the last common ancestor of Panarthropoda.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Janssen
- Department of Earth Sciences, Palaeobiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- * E-mail:
| | - Christoph Schomburg
- AG Zoologie mit dem Schwerpunkt Molekulare Entwicklungsbiologie, Institut für Allgemeine Zoologie und Entwicklungsbiologie, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, Gießen, Germany
- Fachgebiet Botanik, Institut für Biologie, Universität Kassel, Kassel, Germany
| | - Nikola-Michael Prpic
- AG Zoologie mit dem Schwerpunkt Molekulare Entwicklungsbiologie, Institut für Allgemeine Zoologie und Entwicklungsbiologie, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, Gießen, Germany
| | - Graham E. Budd
- Department of Earth Sciences, Palaeobiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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13
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Katsavou E, Riga M, Ioannidis P, King R, Zimmer CT, Vontas J. Functionally characterized arthropod pest and pollinator cytochrome P450s associated with xenobiotic metabolism. Pestic Biochem Physiol 2022; 181:105005. [PMID: 35082029 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2021.105005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The cytochrome P450 family (P450s) of arthropods includes diverse enzymes involved in endogenous essential physiological functions and in the oxidative metabolism of xenobiotics, insecticides and plant allelochemicals. P450s can also establish insecticide selectivity in bees and pollinators. Several arthropod P450s, distributed in different phylogenetic groups, have been associated with xenobiotic metabolism, and some of them have been functionally characterized, using different in vitro and in vivo systems. The purpose of this review is to summarize scientific publications on arthropod P450s from major insect and mite agricultural pests, pollinators and Papilio sp, which have been functionally characterized and shown to metabolize xenobiotics and/or their role (direct or indirect) in pesticide toxicity or resistance has been functionally validated. The phylogenetic relationships among these P450s, the functional systems employed for their characterization and their xenobiotic catalytic properties are presented, in a systematic approach, including critical aspects and limitations. The potential of the primary P450-based metabolic pathway of target and non-target organisms for the development of highly selective insecticides and resistance-breaking formulations may help to improve the efficiency and sustainability of pest control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangelia Katsavou
- Pesticide Science Laboratory, Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 11855 Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Riga
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (IMBB), Foundation for Research and Technology (FORTH), Nikolaou Plastira Street 100, 70013 Heraklion, Crete, Greece.
| | - Panagiotis Ioannidis
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (IMBB), Foundation for Research and Technology (FORTH), Nikolaou Plastira Street 100, 70013 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Rob King
- Department of Computational and Analytical Sciences, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, UK
| | - Christoph T Zimmer
- Syngenta Crop Protection, Werk Stein, Schaffhauserstrasse, Stein CH4332, Switzerland
| | - John Vontas
- Pesticide Science Laboratory, Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 11855 Athens, Greece; Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (IMBB), Foundation for Research and Technology (FORTH), Nikolaou Plastira Street 100, 70013 Heraklion, Crete, Greece.
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14
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Fisher CR, Kratovil JD, Angelini DR, Jockusch EL. Out from under the wing: reconceptualizing the insect wing gene regulatory network as a versatile, general module for body-wall lobes in arthropods. Proc Biol Sci 2021; 288:20211808. [PMID: 34933597 PMCID: PMC8692954 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2021.1808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Body plan evolution often occurs through the differentiation of serially homologous body parts, particularly in the evolution of arthropod body plans. Recently, homeotic transformations resulting from experimental manipulation of gene expression, along with comparative data on the expression and function of genes in the wing regulatory network, have provided a new perspective on an old question in insect evolution: how did the insect wing evolve? We investigated the metamorphic roles of a suite of 10 wing- and body-wall-related genes in a hemimetabolous insect, Oncopeltus fasciatus. Our results indicate that genes involved in wing development in O. fasciatus play similar roles in the development of adult body-wall flattened cuticular evaginations. We found extensive functional similarity between the development of wings and other bilayered evaginations of the body wall. Overall, our results support the existence of a versatile development module for building bilayered cuticular epithelial structures that pre-dates the evolutionary origin of wings. We explore the consequences of reconceptualizing the canonical wing-patterning network as a bilayered body-wall patterning network, including consequences for long-standing debates about wing homology, the origin of wings and the origin of novel bilayered body-wall structures. We conclude by presenting three testable predictions that result from this reconceptualization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cera R. Fisher
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Justin D. Kratovil
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | | | - Elizabeth L. Jockusch
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
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15
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Gao J, Zhao BR, Zhang H, You YL, Li F, Wang XW. Interferon functional analog activates antiviral Jak/Stat signaling through integrin in an arthropod. Cell Rep 2021; 36:109761. [PMID: 34592151 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Drosophila Vago is a small antiviral peptide. Its ortholog in Culex mosquito was found to be an interferon-like cytokine that limits virus replication through activating Jak/Stat signaling. However, this activation is independent of Domeless, the sole homolog of vertebrate type I cytokine receptor. How Vago activates the Jak/Stat pathway remains unknown. Herein, we report this process is dependent on integrin in kuruma shrimp (Marsupenaeus japonicus). Shrimp Vago-like (MjVago-L) plays an antiviral role by activating the Jak/Stat pathway and inducing Stat-regulated Ficolin. Blocking integrin abrogates the role of MjVago-L. The interaction between MjVago-L and integrin β3 is confirmed. An Asp residue in MjVago-L is found critical for the interaction and MjVago-L's antiviral role. Moreover, Fak, a key adaptor of integrin signaling, mediates MjVago-L-induced Jak/Stat activation. Therefore, this study reveals that integrin, as the receptor of MjVago-L, mediates Jak/Stat activation. The establishment of the MjVago-L/integrin/Fak/Jak/Stat/Ficolin axis provides insights into antiviral cytokine signaling in invertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Gao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Bao-Rui Zhao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Yan-Lin You
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Fang Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Xian-Wei Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China.
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16
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Schmid S, Song Y, Tollefsen KE. AOP Report: Inhibition of Chitin Synthase 1 Leading to Increased Mortality in Arthropods. Environ Toxicol Chem 2021; 40:2112-2120. [PMID: 33818824 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Arthropods (including insects, crustaceans, and arachnids) rely on the synthesis of chitin to complete their life cycles (Merzendorfer 2011). The highly conserved chitin synthetic process and the absence of this process in vertebrates make it an exploitable target for pest management and veterinary medicines (Merzendorfer 2013; Junquera et al. 2019). Susceptible, nontarget organisms, such as insects and aquatic invertebrates, exposed to chitin synthesis inhibitors may suffer population declines, which may have a negative impact on ecosystems and associated services. Hence, it is important to properly identify, prioritize, and regulate relevant chemicals posing potential hazards to nontarget arthropods. The need for a more cost-efficient and mechanistic approach in risk assessment has been clearly evident and triggered the development of the adverse outcome pathway (AOP) framework (Ankley et al. 2010). An AOP links a molecular initiating event (MIE) through key events (KEs) to an adverse outcome. The mechanistic understanding of the underlying toxicological processes leading to a regulation-relevant adverse outcome is necessary for the utilization of new approach methodologies (NAMs) and efficient coverage of wider chemical and taxonomic domains. In the last decade, the AOP framework has gained traction and expanded within the (eco)toxicological research community. However, there exists a lack of mature invertebrate AOPs describing molting defect-associated mortality triggered by direct inhibition of relevant enzymes in the chitin biosynthetic pathway (chitin synthesis inhibitors) or interference with associated endocrine systems by environmental chemicals (endocrine disruptors). Arthropods undergo molting to grow and reproduce (Heming 2018). This process is comprised of the synthesis of a new exoskeleton, followed by the exuviation of the old exoskeleton (Reynolds 1987). The arthropod exoskeleton (cuticle) can be divided into 2 layers, the thin and nonchitinous epicuticle, which is the outermost layer of the cuticle, and the underlying chitinous procuticle. A single layer of epithelial cells is responsible for the synthesis and secretion of both cuticular layers (Neville 1975). The cuticle protects arthropods from predators and desiccation, acts as a physical barrier against pathogens, and allows for locomotion by providing support for muscular function (Vincent and Wegst 2004). Because the procuticle mainly consists of chitin microfibrils embedded in a matrix of cuticular proteins supplemented by lipids and minerals in insects (Muthukrishnan et al. 2012) and crustaceans (Cribb et al. 2009; Nagasawa 2012), chitin is a determinant factor for the appropriate composition of the cuticle and successful molting (Cohen 2001). A detailed overview of the endocrine mechanisms regulating chitin synthesis is given in Supplemental Data, Figure S1. The shedding of the old exoskeleton in insects is mediated by a sequence of distinct muscular contractions, the ecdysis motor program (EMP; Ayali 2009; Song et al. 2017a). Like the expression of chitin synthase isoform 1 (CHS-1), the expression of peptide hormones regulating the EMP is also controlled by ecdysteroids (Antoniewski et al. 1993; Gagou et al. 2002; Ayali 2009). Cuticular chitin is polymerized from uridine diphosphate-N-acetylglucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc) by the transmembrane enzyme CHS-1, which is localized in the epithelial plasma membrane in insects (Locke and Huie 1979; Binnington 1985; Merzendorfer and Zimoch 2003; Merzendorfer 2006). Because crustaceans are also dependent on the synthesis of chitin, the underlying mechanisms are believed to be similar, although less is known about different CHS isoforms and their localization (Rocha et al. 2012; Qian et al. 2014; Uddowla et al. 2014; Harðardóttir et al. 2019). Disruption of either chitin synthesis or the upstream endocrine pathways can lead to lethal molting disruption (Arakawa et al. 2008; Merzendorfer et al. 2012; Song et al. 2017a, 2017b). In the case of chitin synthesis inhibition, molting disruption can be referred to as "premature molting." If ecdysis cannot be completed because of decreased chitin synthesis, the organism may not successfully molt. Even if ecdysis can be completed on inhibition of chitin synthesis, the organism may not survive because of the poor integrity of the new cuticle. These effects are observed in arthropods following molting, which fail to survive subsequent molts (Arakawa et al. 2008; Chen et al. 2008) or animals being stuck in their exuviae (Wang et al. 2019) and ultimately dying as a result of insufficient food or oxygen intake (Camp et al. 2014; Song et al. 2017a). The term "premature molting" is used to differentiate from the term "incomplete ecdysis," which describes inhibition of ecdysis on a behavioral level, namely through reduction of the EMP (Song et al. 2017a). The present AOP describes molting-associated mortality through direct inhibition of the enzyme CHS-1. It expands the small but increasing number of invertebrate AOPs that have relevance to arthropods, the largest phylum within the animal kingdom (Bar-On et al. 2018). The development of this AOP will be useful in further research and regulatory initiatives related to assessment of CHS inhibitors and identification of critical knowledge gaps and may suggest new strategies for ecotoxicity testing efforts. Environ Toxicol Chem 2021;40:2112-2120. © 2021 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Schmid
- Section of Ecotoxicology and Risk Assessment, Norwegian Institute for Water Research, Oslo, Norway
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - You Song
- Section of Ecotoxicology and Risk Assessment, Norwegian Institute for Water Research, Oslo, Norway
| | - Knut Erik Tollefsen
- Section of Ecotoxicology and Risk Assessment, Norwegian Institute for Water Research, Oslo, Norway
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
- Centre for Environmental Radioactivity, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
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Lam SD, Ashford P, Díaz-Sánchez S, Villar M, Gortázar C, de la Fuente J, Orengo C. Arthropod Ectoparasites Have Potential to Bind SARS-CoV-2 via ACE. Viruses 2021; 13:v13040708. [PMID: 33921873 PMCID: PMC8073597 DOI: 10.3390/v13040708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus-like organisms have been previously identified in Arthropod ectoparasites (such as ticks and unfed cat flea). Yet, the question regarding the possible role of these arthropods as SARS-CoV-2 passive/biological transmission vectors is still poorly explored. In this study, we performed in silico structural and binding energy calculations to assess the risks associated with possible ectoparasite transmission. We found sufficient similarity between ectoparasite ACE and human ACE2 protein sequences to build good quality 3D-models of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike:ACE complex to assess the impacts of ectoparasite mutations on complex stability. For several species (e.g., water flea, deer tick, body louse), our analyses showed no significant destabilisation of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike:ACE complex, suggesting these species would bind the viral Spike protein. Our structural analyses also provide structural rationale for interactions between the viral Spike and the ectoparasite ACE proteins. Although we do not have experimental evidence of infection in these ectoparasites, the predicted stability of the complex suggests this is possible, raising concerns of a possible role in passive transmission of the virus to their human hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Datt Lam
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, UCL, Darwin Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK;
- Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia
- Correspondence: (S.D.L.); (J.d.l.F.); (C.O.)
| | - Paul Ashford
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, UCL, Darwin Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK;
| | - Sandra Díaz-Sánchez
- SaBio, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC-CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ronda de Toledo s/n, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain; (S.D.-S.); (M.V.); (C.G.)
| | - Margarita Villar
- SaBio, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC-CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ronda de Toledo s/n, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain; (S.D.-S.); (M.V.); (C.G.)
- Regional Centre for Biomedical Research (CRIB), Biochemistry Section, Faculty of Science and Chemical Technologies, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Christian Gortázar
- SaBio, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC-CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ronda de Toledo s/n, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain; (S.D.-S.); (M.V.); (C.G.)
| | - José de la Fuente
- SaBio, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC-CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ronda de Toledo s/n, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain; (S.D.-S.); (M.V.); (C.G.)
- Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
- Correspondence: (S.D.L.); (J.d.l.F.); (C.O.)
| | - Christine Orengo
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, UCL, Darwin Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK;
- Correspondence: (S.D.L.); (J.d.l.F.); (C.O.)
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18
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Lopes BCH, Zeppelini D, Pontes DS, Amado EM. First characterization of multixenobiotic activity in Collembola: An approach on cadmium-induced response. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2021; 239:108850. [PMID: 32777464 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2020.108850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
ATP-binding cassette (ABC) efflux pumps mediate the activity of the Multixenobiotic Resistance (MXR) mechanism and have been proposed as a biomarker of environmental pollution mainly in aquatic invertebrates. MXR activity was never investigated in Collembola and represents a potential tool for soil biomonitoring. This study aimed to characterize for the first time the activity of ABC efflux pumps in the gut of collembolan species, and investigate its responsiveness to cadmium (Cd), a common stressor found in polluted soils. We performed in vitro rhodamine-B accumulation assays in the presence of model inhibitors of ABC efflux pumps: verapamil hydrochloride as P-gp (P-glycoprotein) inhibitor, and MK571, as MRPs (multidrug resistance-related proteins) inhibitor. We also performed rhodamine-B accumulation assays under Cd-exposure (209 μg/L;1 μM). Our results showed that all species presented basal (noninduced) level of MXR activity in their gut. Efflux pumps P-gp and/or MRPs activity were confirmed in Cyphoderus innominatus, Cyphoderus similis, and Folsomia candida, the standard species. The rhodamine-B accumulation assays performed with Cd, applied as soil pollutant, showed that the gut of non-standard species C. similis and Trogolaphysa sp. presented an increase of MXR activity for both P-gp and MRP transporters, indicating the potential of these species as test organisms for soil ecotoxicology studies in Neotropical region. Our findings suggest a functional role of ABC transporters in the collembolan gut and their cellular involvement in Cd defense response, corroborating that MXR phenotype in Collembola can be a promising tool for bioindication of soil contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Carolline Honório Lopes
- Laboratório de Sistemática de Collembola e Conservação, Universidade Estadual da Paraíba Campus V, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e Sociais Aplicadas, Depto. Biologia. 58070-450 João Pessoa, PB, Brazil; Laboratório de Ecofisiologia Animal, Universidade Estadual da Paraíba Campus V, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e Sociais Aplicadas, Depto. Biologia. 58070-450 João Pessoa, PB, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas - Zoologia, Universidade Federal da Paraíba Campus I, Centro de Ciências Exatas e da Natureza, Depto. Biologia. 58051-900 João Pessoa, PB, Brazil
| | - Douglas Zeppelini
- Laboratório de Sistemática de Collembola e Conservação, Universidade Estadual da Paraíba Campus V, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e Sociais Aplicadas, Depto. Biologia. 58070-450 João Pessoa, PB, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas - Zoologia, Universidade Federal da Paraíba Campus I, Centro de Ciências Exatas e da Natureza, Depto. Biologia. 58051-900 João Pessoa, PB, Brazil
| | - Daniela Santos Pontes
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Universidade Estadual da Paraíba Campus V, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e Sociais Aplicadas, Depto. Biologia. 58070-450 João Pessoa, PB, Brazil
| | - Enelise Marcelle Amado
- Laboratório de Ecofisiologia Animal, Universidade Estadual da Paraíba Campus V, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e Sociais Aplicadas, Depto. Biologia. 58070-450 João Pessoa, PB, Brazil.
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19
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Satitsri S, Muanprasat C. Chitin and Chitosan Derivatives as Biomaterial Resources for Biological and Biomedical Applications. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25245961. [PMID: 33339290 PMCID: PMC7766609 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25245961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Chitin is a long-chain polymer of N-acetyl-glucosamine, which is regularly found in the exoskeleton of arthropods including insects, shellfish and the cell wall of fungi. It has been known that chitin can be used for biological and biomedical applications, especially as a biomaterial for tissue repairing, encapsulating drug for drug delivery. However, chitin has been postulated as an inducer of proinflammatory cytokines and certain diseases including asthma. Likewise, chitosan, a long-chain polymer of N-acetyl-glucosamine and d-glucosamine derived from chitin deacetylation, and chitosan oligosaccharide, a short chain polymer, have been known for their potential therapeutic effects, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antidiarrheal, and anti-Alzheimer effects. This review summarizes potential utilization and limitation of chitin, chitosan and chitosan oligosaccharide in a variety of diseases. Furthermore, future direction of research and development of chitin, chitosan, and chitosan oligosaccharide for biomedical applications is discussed.
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Carreón-Palau L, Özdemir NŞ, Parrish CC, Parzanini C. Sterol Composition of Sponges, Cnidarians, Arthropods, Mollusks, and Echinoderms from the Deep Northwest Atlantic: A Comparison with Shallow Coastal Gulf of Mexico. Mar Drugs 2020; 18:md18120598. [PMID: 33260983 PMCID: PMC7761341 DOI: 10.3390/md18120598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Triterpenoid biosynthesis is generally anaerobic in bacteria and aerobic in Eukarya. The major class of triterpenoids in bacteria, the hopanoids, is different to that in Eukarya, the lanostanoids, and their 4,4,14-demethylated derivatives, sterols. In the deep sea, the prokaryotic contribution to primary productivity has been suggested to be higher because local environmental conditions prevent classic photosynthetic processes from occurring. Sterols have been used as trophic biomarkers because primary producers have different compositions, and they are incorporated in primary consumer tissues. In the present study, we inferred food supply to deep sea, sponges, cnidarians, mollusks, crustaceans, and echinoderms from euphotic zone production which is driven by phytoplankton eukaryotic autotrophy. Sterol composition was obtained by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. Moreover, we compared the sterol composition of three phyla (i.e., Porifera, Cnidaria, and Echinodermata) collected between a deep and cold-water region and a shallow tropical area. We hypothesized that the sterol composition of shallow tropical benthic organisms would better reflect their photoautotrophic sources independently of the taxonomy. Shallow tropical sponges and cnidarians from environments showed plant and zooxanthellae sterols in their tissues, while their deep-sea counterparts showed phytoplankton and zooplankton sterols. In contrast, echinoids, a class of echinoderms, the most complex phylum along with hemichordates and chordates (deuterostomes), did not show significant differences in their sterol profile, suggesting that cholesterol synthesis is present in deuterostomes other than chordates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Carreón-Palau
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Marine Lab Rd., St. John’s, NL A1C 5S7, Canada; (N.Ş.Ö.); (C.C.P.); (C.P.)
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste (CIBNOR), El Comitán, La Paz, Baja California Sur 23205, Mexico
- Correspondence:
| | - Nurgül Şen Özdemir
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Marine Lab Rd., St. John’s, NL A1C 5S7, Canada; (N.Ş.Ö.); (C.C.P.); (C.P.)
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Vocational School of Food, Agriculture and Livestock, Bingöl University, Bingöl 12000, Turkey
| | - Christopher C. Parrish
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Marine Lab Rd., St. John’s, NL A1C 5S7, Canada; (N.Ş.Ö.); (C.C.P.); (C.P.)
| | - Camilla Parzanini
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Marine Lab Rd., St. John’s, NL A1C 5S7, Canada; (N.Ş.Ö.); (C.C.P.); (C.P.)
- Department of Chemistry and Biolog, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON M5B 2K3, Canada
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21
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Zhang S, He Y, Li F, Lin S, Yang B, Mo S, Li H, Wang J, Qi C, Hu Z, Zhang Y. Bioassay-Directed Isolation of Antibacterial Metabolites from an Arthropod-Derived Penicillium chrysogenum. J Nat Prod 2020; 83:3397-3403. [PMID: 33089690 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.0c00873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Bioassay-directed isolation of secondary metabolites from an extract of Penicillium chrysogenum TJ403-CA4 isolated from the medicinally valuable arthropod Cryptotympana atrata afforded five new and 10 known compounds (1-15). All the compounds (except 14) belong to a minor class of highly rigid 6-5-5-5-fused tetracyclic cyclopiane-type diterpenes known to be exclusively produced by members of the Penicillium genus. The structures and absolute configurations of the new compounds (1-5) were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic analyses, including HRESIMS and 1D and 2D NMR, single-crystal X-ray diffraction, and comparison of the experimental electronic circular dichroism data. Compounds 1 and 2 represent the first examples of cyclopianes bearing a C-20 carboxyl group; compound 3 represents the first example of a cyclopiane with a gem-hydroxymethyl group; compound 4 represents the second example of a cyclopiane bearing a hydroxy group at C-7; compound 5 represents the first example of a cyclopiane bearing a hydroxy group at C-8. Compounds 2 and 3 exhibited activity against MRSA, with MIC values of 4.0 and 2.0 μg/mL, respectively. In addition, the structure-antibacterial activity relationship (SAR) of compounds 1-15 is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sitian Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, People's Republic of China
- Tongji Hospital, affiliated with Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan He
- Tongji Hospital, affiliated with Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Fengli Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuang Lin
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Beiye Yang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuyuan Mo
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Huaqiang Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianping Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Changxing Qi
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhengxi Hu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Yonghui Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, People's Republic of China
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22
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Waltero C, Martins R, Calixto C, da Fonseca RN, Abreu LAD, da Silva Vaz I, Logullo C. The hallmarks of GSK-3 in morphogenesis and embryonic development metabolism in arthropods. Insect Biochem Mol Biol 2020; 118:103307. [PMID: 31857215 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2019.103307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Several research groups around the world have studied diverse aspects of energy metabolism in arthropod disease vectors, with the aim of discovering potential control targets. As in all oviparous organisms, arthropod embryonic development is characterized by the mobilization of maternally-derived metabolites for the formation of new tissues and organs. Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) is a serine-threonine kinase described as an important regulator of metabolism and development in a wide range of organisms. GSK-3 was first identified based on its action upon glycogen synthase, a central enzyme in glycogen biosynthesis. Currently, it is recognized as a key component of multiple cellular processes such as glucose metabolism, apoptosis, cell proliferation, transcription, cell migration, and immune response. The present review will describe the current knowledge on GSK-3 activation and its role in morphogenesis and embryonic metabolism in arthropods. Altogether, the information discussed here can spark new approaches and strategies for further studies, enhancing our understanding of these important arthropod vectors and strengthening the resources in the search for novel control methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Waltero
- Instituto de Biodiversidade e Sustentabilidade NUPEM, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Renato Martins
- Instituto de Biodiversidade e Sustentabilidade NUPEM, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Christiano Calixto
- Instituto de Biodiversidade e Sustentabilidade NUPEM, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Nunes da Fonseca
- Instituto de Biodiversidade e Sustentabilidade NUPEM, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular (INCT-EM), Brazil
| | - Leonardo Araujo de Abreu
- Instituto de Biodiversidade e Sustentabilidade NUPEM, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular (INCT-EM), Brazil
| | - Itabajara da Silva Vaz
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular (INCT-EM), Brazil; Centro de Biotecnologia and Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Carlos Logullo
- Instituto de Biodiversidade e Sustentabilidade NUPEM, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular (INCT-EM), Brazil.
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23
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Abstract
The copper-containing hemocyanins are proteins responsible for the binding, transportation and storage of dioxygen within the blood (hemolymph) of many invertebrates. Several additional functions have been attributed to both arthropod and molluscan hemocyanins, including (but not limited to) enzymatic activity (namely phenoloxidase), hormone transport, homeostasis (ecdysis) and hemostasis (clot formation). An important secondary function of hemocyanin involves aspects of innate immunity-such as acting as a precursor of broad-spectrum antimicrobial peptides and microbial/viral agglutination. In this chapter, we present the reader with an up-to-date synthesis of the known functions of hemocyanins and the structural features that facilitate such activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Coates
- Department of Biosciences, College of Science, Swansea University, Swansea, Wales, SA2 8PP, UK.
| | - Elisa M Costa-Paiva
- Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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24
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Martin C, Hering L, Metzendorf N, Hormann S, Kasten S, Fuhrmann S, Werckenthin A, Herberg FW, Stengl M, Mayer G. Analysis of Pigment-Dispersing Factor Neuropeptides and Their Receptor in a Velvet Worm. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:273. [PMID: 32477266 PMCID: PMC7235175 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pigment-dispersing factor neuropeptides (PDFs) occur in a wide range of protostomes including ecdysozoans (= molting animals) and lophotrochozoans (mollusks, annelids, flatworms, and allies). Studies in insects revealed that PDFs play a role as coupling factors of circadian pacemaker cells, thereby controlling rest-activity rhythms. While the last common ancestor of protostomes most likely possessed only one pdf gene, two pdf homologs, pdf-I and pdf-II, might have been present in the last common ancestors of Ecdysozoa and Panarthropoda (Onychophora + Tardigrada + Arthropoda). One of these homologs, however, was subsequently lost in the tardigrade and arthropod lineages followed by independent duplications of pdf-I in tardigrades and decapod crustaceans. Due to the ancestral set of two pdf genes, the study of PDFs and their receptor (PDFR) in Onychophora might reveal the ancient organization and function of the PDF/PDFR system in panarthropods. Therefore, we deorphanized the PDF receptor and generated specific antibodies to localize the two PDF peptides and their receptor in the onychophoran Euperipatoides rowelli. We further conducted bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET) experiments on cultured human cells (HEK293T) using an Epac-based sensor (Epac-L) to examine cAMP responses in transfected cells and to reveal potential differences in the interaction of PDF-I and PDF-II with PDFR from E. rowelli. These data show that PDF-II has a tenfold higher potency than PDF-I as an activating ligand. Double immunolabeling revealed that both peptides are co-expressed in E. rowelli but their respective levels of expression differ between specific cells: some neurons express the same amount of both peptides, while others exhibit higher levels of either PDF-I or PDF-II. The detection of the onychophoran PDF receptor in cells that additionally express the two PDF peptides suggests autoreception, whereas spatial separation of PDFR- and PDF-expressing cells supports hormonal release of PDF into the hemolymph. This suggests a dual role of PDF peptides-as hormones and as neurotransmitters/neuromodulators-in Onychophora.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Martin
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Biology, University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany
| | - Lars Hering
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Biology, University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany
| | - Niklas Metzendorf
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Biology, University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany
| | - Sarah Hormann
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Biology, University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany
| | - Sonja Kasten
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Biology, University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany
| | - Sonja Fuhrmann
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Biology, University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany
| | - Achim Werckenthin
- Department of Animal Physiology, Institute of Biology, University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany
| | - Friedrich W. Herberg
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biology, University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany
| | - Monika Stengl
- Department of Animal Physiology, Institute of Biology, University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany
| | - Georg Mayer
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Biology, University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany
- *Correspondence: Georg Mayer
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25
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Abstract
Ecdysteroids (arthropod molting hormones) play an important role in the development and sexual maturation of arthropods, and they have been shown to have anabolic and "energizing" effect in higher vertebrates. The aim of this study was to assess ecdysteroid diversity, levels according to bird species and months, as well as to observe the molting status of hard ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) infesting the birds. Therefore, blood samples and ticks were collected from 245 birds (244 songbirds and a quail). Mass spectrometric analyses showed that 15 ecdysteroids were regularly present in the blood samples. Molting hormones biologically most active in insects (including 20-hydroxyecdysone [20E], 2deoxy-20E, ajugasterone C and dacryhainansterone) reached different levels of concentration according to bird species and season. Similarly to ecdysteroids, the seasonal presence of affected, apolytic ticks peaked in July and August. In conclusion, this study demonstrates the presence of a broad range and high concentrations of ecdysteroids in the blood stream of wild-living passerine birds. These biologically active, anabolic compounds might possibly contribute to the known high metabolic rate of songbirds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sándor Hornok
- Department of Parasitology and Zoology, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1078, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Attila Csorba
- Institute of Pharmacognosy, Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, University of Szeged, 6720, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Dávid Kováts
- Ócsa Bird Ringing Station, 2364, Ócsa, Hungary
- Hungarian Biodiversity Research Society, 1165, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tibor Csörgő
- Ócsa Bird Ringing Station, 2364, Ócsa, Hungary
- Department of Anatomy, Cell- and Developmental Biology, Eötvös Loránt University, 1117, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Attila Hunyadi
- Institute of Pharmacognosy, Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, University of Szeged, 6720, Szeged, Hungary.
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26
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Liu X, Cooper AMW, Yu Z, Silver K, Zhang J, Zhu KY. Progress and prospects of arthropod chitin pathways and structures as targets for pest management. Pestic Biochem Physiol 2019; 161:33-46. [PMID: 31685194 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2019.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Chitin is a structural component of the arthropod cuticular exoskeleton and the peritrophic matrix of the gut, which play crucial roles in growth and development. In the past few decades, our understanding of the composition, biosynthesis, assembly, degradation, and regulation of chitinous structures has increased. Many chemicals have been developed that target chitin biosynthesis (benzoyphenyl ureas, etoxazole), chitin degradation (allosamidin, psammaplin), and chitin regulation (benzoyl hydrazines), thus resulting in molting deformities and lethality. In addition, proteins that disrupt chitin structures, such as lectins, proteases, and chitinases have been utilized to halt feeding and induce mortality. Chitin-degrading enzymes, such as chitinases are also useful for improving the efficacy of bio-insecticides. Transgenic plants, baculoviruses, fungi, and bacteria have been engineered to express chitinases from a variety of organisms for control of arthropod pests. In addition, RNA interference targeting genes involved in chitin pathways and structures are now being investigated for the development of environmentally friendly pest management strategies. This review describes the chemicals and proteins used to target chitin structures and enzymes for arthropod pest management, as well as pest management strategies based upon these compounds, such as plant-incorporated-protectants and recombinant entomopathogens. Recent advances in RNA interference-based pest management, and how this technology can be used to target chitin pathways and structures are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojian Liu
- Research Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, China
| | | | - Zhitao Yu
- Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Kristopher Silver
- Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Jianzhen Zhang
- Research Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, China.
| | - Kun Yan Zhu
- Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.
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27
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Abstract
Biochar is being discussed as a soil amendment to improve soil fertility and mitigate climate change. While biochar interactions with soil microbial biota have been frequently studied, interactions with soil mesofauna are understudied. We here present an experiment in which we tested if the collembolan Folsomia candida I) can transport biochar particles, II) if yes, how far the particles are distributed within 10 days, and III) if it shows a preference among biochars made from different feedstocks, i.e. pine wood, pine bark and spelt husks. In general, biochar particles based on pine bark and pine wood were consistently distributed significantly more than those made of spelt husks, but all types were transported more than 4cm within 10 days. Additionally, we provide evidence that biochar particles can become readily attached to the cuticle of collembolans and hence be transported, potentially even over large distances. Our study shows that the soil mesofauna can indeed act as a vector for the transport of biochar particles and show clear preferences depending on the respective feedstock, which would need to be studied in more detail in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Maaß
- University of Potsdam, Institut für Biochemie und Biologie, Plant Ecology and Nature Conservation, Potsdam, Germany
- Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research (BBIB), Berlin, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Ronja Hückelheim
- University of Potsdam, Institut für Biochemie und Biologie, Plant Ecology and Nature Conservation, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Matthias C. Rillig
- Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research (BBIB), Berlin, Germany
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institut für Biologie, Plant Ecology, Berlin, Germany
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28
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Liang Y, Xie W, Luan Y. Developmental expression and evolution of hexamerin and haemocyanin from Folsomia candida (Collembola). Insect Mol Biol 2019; 28:716-727. [PMID: 30953580 PMCID: PMC6850205 DOI: 10.1111/imb.12585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Haemocyanins constitute a group of copper-containing respiratory proteins, and hexamerins were derived from hexapod haemocyanin but lost the ability to transport oxygen and serve as storage proteins. Although hexamerins have been reported in most insect species, none of them has been identified in Collembola, one of the most primitive hexapod lineages, thereby preventing us from exploring relevant evolutionary scenarios regarding the origin and evolution of hexamerins in hexapods. Here we report on collembolan hexamerins for the first time, and investigated the temporal expression profiles of hexamerin and haemocyanin in the collembolan Folsomia candida. Haemocyanin was expressed over the entire life cycle, with higher expression at the embryonic stage than at other stages, whereas hexamerin expression was restricted to embryos, unlike insect hexamerins, which are generally expressed from larval to adult stages. A phylogenetic analysis and molecular clock estimation suggested that all investigated hexapod hexamerins have a single and ancient origin (~423 Ma), coincident with the rise of atmospheric oxygen levels in the Silurian-Devonian period, indicating a physiological link between molecular evolution and Palaeozoic oxygen changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y. Liang
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary BiologyShanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of LondonLondonUK
| | - W. Xie
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary BiologyShanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
| | - Y.‐X. Luan
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary BiologyShanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied TechnologyInstitute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal UniversityGuangzhouChina
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29
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Vilas Boas LCP, Campos ML, Berlanda RLA, de Carvalho Neves N, Franco OL. Antiviral peptides as promising therapeutic drugs. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:3525-3542. [PMID: 31101936 PMCID: PMC7079787 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03138-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 05/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
While scientific advances have led to large-scale production and widespread distribution of vaccines and antiviral drugs, viruses still remain a major cause of human diseases today. The ever-increasing reports of viral resistance and the emergence and re-emergence of viral epidemics pressure the health and scientific community to constantly find novel molecules with antiviral potential. This search involves numerous different approaches, and the use of antimicrobial peptides has presented itself as an interesting alternative. Even though the number of antimicrobial peptides with antiviral activity is still low, they already show immense potential to become pharmaceutically available antiviral drugs. Such peptides can originate from natural sources, such as those isolated from mammals and from animal venoms, or from artificial sources, when bioinformatics tools are used. This review aims to shed some light on antimicrobial peptides with antiviral activities against human viruses and update the data about the already well-known peptides that are still undergoing studies, emphasizing the most promising ones that may become medicines for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marcelo Lattarulo Campos
- Centro de Análises Bioquímicas e Proteômicas, Pós-graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, DF, 70790-160, Brazil
- Departamento de Botânica e Ecologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, MT, 78060-900, Brazil
| | - Rhayfa Lorrayne Araujo Berlanda
- Centro de Análises Bioquímicas e Proteômicas, Pós-graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, DF, 70790-160, Brazil
| | - Natan de Carvalho Neves
- Centro de Análises Bioquímicas e Proteômicas, Pós-graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, DF, 70790-160, Brazil
| | - Octávio Luiz Franco
- Universidade de Brasília, Pós-Graduação em Patologia Molecular, Campus Darcy Ribeiro, Brasília, DF, 70910-900, Brazil.
- Centro de Análises Bioquímicas e Proteômicas, Pós-graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, DF, 70790-160, Brazil.
- S-Inova Biotech, Pós-graduação em Biotecnologia Universidade Católica Dom Bosco, Campo Grande, MS, 79117-900, Brazil.
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30
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Szabó B, Lang Z, Bakonyi G, Mariën J, Roelofs D, van Gestel CAM, Seres A. Transgenerational and multigenerational stress gene responses to the insecticide etofenprox in Folsomia candida (Collembola). Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2019; 175:181-191. [PMID: 30897417 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.03.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2018] [Revised: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Insecticide exposure may cause both transgenerational and multigenerational effects on populations, but the molecular mechanisms of these changes remain largely unclear. Many studies have focused on either transgenerational or multigenerational mechanisms but did neglect the comparative aspects. This study assessed whether the pyrethroid insecticide etofenprox (formulation Trebon® 30 EC) shows transgenerational and/or multigenerational effects on the survival and reproduction of Folsomia candida (Collembola). The activation of stress-related genes was studied to detect whether etofenprox modifies the expression of reproduction-associated genes in trans- and multigenerational treatments. A laboratory study was carried out for three generations with five insecticide concentrations in LUFA 2.2 soil. In the transgenerational treatment, only the parent generation (P) was exposed, but the subsequent generations were not. In the multigenerational treatment, all three generations were exposed to the insecticide in the same manner. Multigenerational exposure resulted in reduced reproduction effects over generations, suggesting that F. candida is capable of acclimating to enhanced concentration levels of etofenprox during prolonged exposure over multiple generations. In the transgenerational treatment, the heat shock protein 70 was up-regulated and cytochrome oxidase 6N4v1 expression down-regulated in a dose-dependent manner in the F2 generation. This finding raises the possibility of the epigenetic inheritance of insecticide impacts on parents. Furthermore, CYP6N4v1 expression was oppositely regulated in the trans- and multigenerational treatments. Our results draw attention to the differences in molecular level responses of F. candida to trans- and multigenerational etofenprox exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Borbála Szabó
- Department of Zoology and Animal Ecology, Szent István University, Páter K. st. 1, 2100, Gödöllő, Hungary; Department of Ecological Science, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Zsolt Lang
- Department of Biomathematics and Informatics, University of Veterinary Medicine, István st. 2, 1078 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gábor Bakonyi
- Department of Zoology and Animal Ecology, Szent István University, Páter K. st. 1, 2100, Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - Janine Mariën
- Department of Ecological Science, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Dick Roelofs
- Department of Ecological Science, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Cornelis A M van Gestel
- Department of Ecological Science, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Anikó Seres
- Department of Zoology and Animal Ecology, Szent István University, Páter K. st. 1, 2100, Gödöllő, Hungary
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Abstract
Phasmid neuropeptide genes were identified in the genomes of two phasmids, Timema cristinae and Clitarchus hookeri. The two species belong to two sisters groups, the Timematodea and Euphasmatodea respectively. Neuropeptide genes were identified using the BLAST+ program on the genome assemblies and the absence of some neuropeptides was confirmed by the concomitant absence of their G-protein coupled receptors. Both genomes were assembled using short reads and the average coverage of the genome is more than 166 times for both species. This makes it virtually impossible that there would not be a single short read for at least one of the conserved transmembrane regions of a GPCR coded by such a genome. Hence, when not a single read can be found for a specific GPCR, it can be concluded that the particular gene is absent from that species. Most previously identified insect neuropeptides are used by these two species. Of the three arthropod allatostatin C related peptides, only allatostatins CC and CCC are present. Both species lack leucokinin, while sulfakinin and dilp8 signaling is absent from Clitarchus, but present in Timema. Interestingly, whereas Timema has lost a vasopressin-related peptide, the gene coding such a peptide is amplified in the Clitarchus genome. Furthermore, while Clitarchus has a specific tryptopyrokinin gene, Timema does not and in this species tryptopyrokinin is coded only by the pyrokinin and periviscerokinin genes. Finally, both species have genes coding EFLamide and its GPCR; in phasmids these genes codes for one (Clitarchus) or two (Timema) EFLamide paracopies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan A Veenstra
- INCIA, UMR 5287 CNRS, Université de Bordeaux, allée Geoffroy St Hillaire, CS 50023, 33 615 Pessac Cedex, France.
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González-Alcaraz MN, Malheiro C, Cardoso DN, Loureiro S. Soil moisture influences the avoidance behavior of invertebrate species in anthropogenic metal(loid)-contaminated soils. Environ Pollut 2019; 248:546-554. [PMID: 30831351 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.01.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Water availability is paramount in the response of soil invertebrates towards stress situations. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of forecasted soil moisture scenarios on the avoidance behavior of two invertebrate species (the arthropod Folsomia candida and the soft-bodied oligochaete Enchytraeus crypticus) in soils degraded by different types of anthropogenic metal(loid) contamination (mining soil and agricultural soil affected by industrial chemical wastes). Different soil moisture contents (expressed as % of the soil water holding capacity, WHC) were evaluated: 50% (standard soil moisture conditions for soil invertebrates' tests); 75% (to simulate increasing soil water availability after intense rainfalls and/or floods); 40%, 30%, 25% and 20% (to simulate decreasing soil water availability during droughts). Invertebrates' avoidance behavior and changes in soil porewater major ions and metal(loid)s were assessed after 48 h exposure. Soil incubations induced a general solubilization/mobilization of porewater major ions, while higher soil acidity favored the solubilization/mobilization of porewater metal(loid)s, especially at 75% WHC. Folsomia candida preferred soils moistened at 50% WHC, regardless the soils were contaminated or not and the changing soil porewater characteristics. Enchytraeus crypticus avoided metal(loid) contamination, but this depended on the soil moisture conditions and the corresponding changes in porewater characteristics: enchytraeids lost their capacity to avoid contaminated soils under water stress situations (75% and 20-25% WHC), but also when contaminated soils had greater water availability than control soils. Therefore, forecasted soil moisture scenarios induced by global warming changed soil porewater composition and invertebrates capacity to avoid metal(loid)-contaminated soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Nazaret González-Alcaraz
- Department of Biology & CESAM, Campus Universitário de Santiago, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Catarina Malheiro
- Department of Biology & CESAM, Campus Universitário de Santiago, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Diogo N Cardoso
- Department of Biology & CESAM, Campus Universitário de Santiago, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Susana Loureiro
- Department of Biology & CESAM, Campus Universitário de Santiago, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
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33
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Qiu L, Yin X, Jiang Y. Contributions of Soil Meso- and Microfauna to Nutrient Release During Broadleaved Tree Litter Decomposition in the Changbai Mountains. Environ Entomol 2019; 48:395-403. [PMID: 30715338 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvz005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Soil meso- and microfauna (<2 mm in size) play an important role in the decomposition and nutrient release of litter. However, most research has focused on the influences of soil fauna on decomposition rates, while the impact of soil fauna on nutrient release has not been fully understood. We evaluated the influence of soil meso- and microfauna communities on nutrient release from decomposing Tilia amurensis Rupr. (Malvales:Tiliaceae) and Acer mono Maxim. (Sapindales:Aceraceae) leaves from the coniferous and broadleaved mixed forests of the Changbai Mountains. Litter decomposition and nutrient release were assessed using litterbags placed at the surface of the litter and using designs both with and without 2-mm mesh to either permit or exclude soil meso- and microfauna. The soil meso- and microfauna increased the decomposition of T. amurensis (not significantly) and A. mono (significantly, by 15%) litters. Presence of the soil meso- and microfauna accelerated the release rate of Mn in the A. mono litter by 59%, whereas it significantly decreased the release rates of Ca (in the T. amurensis litter) and P (in the A. mono litter) by 28 and 48%, respectively. These results suggest that a stronger understanding of the influence of soil fauna on nutrient cycling is necessary to understand the mechanisms of matter circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Qiu
- School of Geographical Science, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
- Geography and Tourism Management, Chuxiong Normal University, Chuxiong, China
| | - Xiuqin Yin
- School of Geographical Science, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resource Conservation and Utilization, Northeast Normal University, Changchun
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Yunfeng Jiang
- School of Geographical Science, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
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Wang J, Wang M, Ru S, Liu X. High levels of microplastic pollution in the sediments and benthic organisms of the South Yellow Sea, China. Sci Total Environ 2019; 651:1661-1669. [PMID: 30316086 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics, emerging contaminants in the ocean, are thought to sink and accumulate in sediments, and thus may pose a potential ecological risk to benthic communities. In this study, abundances and characteristics of microplastics in sediments and benthic organisms from the South Yellow Sea were investigated. First, we optimized the sediment sampling for microplastic analysis and found that the top layer (0-5 cm) had the highest abundance, and microplastic abundances decreased significantly with increase in sediment depth. The abundance of microplastics was 560-4205 n/kg dry weight in the surface sediments (the topmost 3 cm) of 14 sites and 1.7-47.0 n/g wet weight in the tissues of benthic organisms. Moreover, microplastic abundances in sediments and benthic organisms were both positively correlated with water depth. Fibers, transparent microplastics, and small microplastics (<0.5 mm) were the most dominant types in sediments and organisms. FTIR analysis showed that polypropylene (PP, 31%), polyester (PE, 24%), nylon (19%), and polystyrene (PS, 15%) were the most abundant polymers in sediments. The results of SEM showed rough surfaces and obvious cracks on the microplastics isolated from sediments. In addition, characteristics of microplastics in Ophiura sarsii, Crangon affinis, and Acila mirabilis were compared. Our results demonstrate that a comprehensive investigation of microplastics in sediments and benthic communities will help to fully understand the ecological risk of microplastic pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wang
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Mingxiao Wang
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Shaoguo Ru
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Xiaoshou Liu
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China.
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35
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Pitombeira de Figueirêdo L, Daam MA, Mainardi G, Mariën J, Espíndola ELG, van Gestel CAM, Roelofs D. The use of gene expression to unravel the single and mixture toxicity of abamectin and difenoconazole on survival and reproduction of the springtail Folsomia candida. Environ Pollut 2019; 244:342-350. [PMID: 30352348 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.10.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Pesticides risk assessments have traditionally focused on the effects on standard parameters, such as mortality, reproduction and development. However, one of the first signs of adverse effects that occur in organisms exposed to stress conditions is an alteration in their genomic expression, which is specific to the type of stress, sensitive to very low contaminant concentrations and responsive in a few hours. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the single and binary mixture toxicity of commercial products of abamectin (Kraft® 36 EC) and difenoconazole (Score® 250 EC) to Folsomia candida. Laboratory toxicity tests were conducted to access the effects of these pesticides on springtail survival, reproduction and gene expression. The reproduction assays gave EC50 and EC10 values, respectively, of 6.3 and 1.4 mg a.s./kg dry soil for abamectin; 1.0 and 0.12 mg a.s./kg dry soil for Kraft® 36 EC; and 54 and 23 mg a.s./kg dry soil for Score® 250 EC. Technical difenoconazole did not have any effect at the concentrations tested. No significant differences in gene expression were found between the abamectin concentrations tested (EC10 and EC50) and the solvent control. Exposure to Kraft® 36 EC, however, significantly induced Cyp6 expression at the EC50 level, while VgR was significantly downregulated at both the EC10 and EC50. Exposure to the simple pesticide mixture of Kraft® 36 EC + Score® 250 EC caused significant up regulation of ABC transporter, and significant down regulation of VgR relative to the controls. GABA receptor also showed significant down-regulation between the EC10 and EC50 mixture treatments. Results of the present study demonstrate that pesticide-induced gene expression effects precede and occur at lower concentrations than organism-level responses. Integrating "omic" endpoints in traditional bioassays may thus be a promising way forward in pesticide toxicity evaluations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Livia Pitombeira de Figueirêdo
- NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos Engineering School, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São Carlense, 400, 13.560-970, São Carlos, Brazil; Department of Ecological Science, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081, HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Michiel A Daam
- CENSE, Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, New University of Lisbon, Quinta da Torre, 2829-516, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Giulia Mainardi
- Department of Ecological Science, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081, HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Janine Mariën
- Department of Ecological Science, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081, HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Evaldo L G Espíndola
- NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos Engineering School, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São Carlense, 400, 13.560-970, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Cornelis A M van Gestel
- Department of Ecological Science, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081, HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Dick Roelofs
- Department of Ecological Science, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081, HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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36
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Parzanini C, Parrish CC, Hamel JF, Mercier A. Functional diversity and nutritional content in a deep-sea faunal assemblage through total lipid, lipid class, and fatty acid analyses. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0207395. [PMID: 30419073 PMCID: PMC6231680 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0207395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipids are key compounds in marine ecosystems being involved in organism growth, reproduction, and survival. Despite their biological significance and ease of measurement, the use of lipids in deep-sea studies is limited, as is our understanding of energy and nutrient flows in the deep ocean. Here, a comprehensive analysis of total lipid content, and lipid class and fatty acid composition, was used to explore functional diversity and nutritional content within a deep-sea faunal assemblage comprising 139 species from 8 phyla, including the Chordata, Arthropoda, and Cnidaria. A wide range of total lipid content and lipid class composition suggested a diversified set of energy allocation strategies across taxa. Overall, phospholipid was the dominant lipid class. While triacylglycerol was present in most taxa as the main form of energy storage, a few crustaceans, fish, jellyfishes, and corals had higher levels of wax esters/steryl esters instead. Type and amount of energy reserves may reflect dietary sources and environmental conditions for certain deep-sea taxa. Conversely, the composition of fatty acids was less diverse than that of lipid class composition, and large proportions of unsaturated fatty acids were detected, consistent with the growing literature on cold-water species. In addition, levels of unsaturation increased with depth, likely suggesting an adaptive strategy to maintain normal membrane structure and function in species found in deeper waters. Although proportions of n-3 fatty acids were high across all phyla, representatives of the Chordata and Arthropoda were the main reservoirs of these essential nutrients, thus suggesting health benefits to their consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Parzanini
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University, St. John’s, NL, Canada
| | | | - Jean-François Hamel
- Society for Exploration and Valuing of the Environment (SEVE), Portugal Cove-St. Philips, NL, Canada
| | - Annie Mercier
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University, St. John’s, NL, Canada
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Pietrantonio PV, Xiong C, Nachman RJ, Shen Y. G protein-coupled receptors in arthropod vectors: omics and pharmacological approaches to elucidate ligand-receptor interactions and novel organismal functions. Curr Opin Insect Sci 2018; 29:12-20. [PMID: 30551818 PMCID: PMC6296246 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2018.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Regulation of many physiological processes in animals, certainly those controlled by neuropeptide hormones, involves G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Our work focusing on endocrine regulation of diuresis and water balance in mosquitoes and ticks started in 1997 with the kinin receptor, at the dawn of the omics era. After the genomic revolution, we began work on the endocrinology of reproduction in the red imported fire ant. We will use the template of this comparative work to summarize key points about GPCRs and signaling, and emphasize the most recent developments in the pharmacology of arthropod neuropeptide GPCRs. We will discuss omics' contributions to the advancement of this field, and its influence on peptidomimetic design while emphasizing work on blood feeding arthropods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia V Pietrantonio
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University (TAMU), College Station, TX 77843-2475, United States.
| | - Caixing Xiong
- Department of Entomology, TAMU, College Station, TX 77843-2475, United States
| | - Ronald James Nachman
- Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, USDA-ARS, College Station, TX 77845, United States
| | - Yang Shen
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, TAMU, College Station, TX 77843-3128, United States
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38
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Zheng D, Liu X, Jin D, Li H, Li X. Mercury bioaccumulation in arthropods from typical community habitats in a zinc-smelting area. Environ Geochem Health 2018; 40:1329-1337. [PMID: 29264816 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-017-0059-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This study assessed the enrichment of mercury in the food web from the different community habitats in a zinc-smelting area of China. We used a nitrogen stable isotope technique to analyze trophic level relationships among arthropods and found that the first trophic level consisted of plants in the different community habitats, the second trophic level consisted of herbivores such as locusts and grasshoppers (primary consumers), and the third trophic level included spiders and mantes (secondary consumers). Mercury enrichment in the primary consumers was not evident, but enrichment in arthropods of the third trophic level was significant. The average of enrichment coefficients in spiders and mantes was greater than 1. The δ15N values indicated that mercury concentrations accumulated from primary producers to top carnivorous arthropods increased. In this zinc-smelting area, the biological amplification of mercury in the food web is significant. It is reasonable to assume that humans, located at the top of the food chain, are exposed to biomagnified levels of mercury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongmei Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Regional Environment and Eco-Remediation, Ministry of Education, Shenyang University, Shenyang, 110044, China
| | - XiaoHui Liu
- Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130102, China.
| | - Dan Jin
- Key Laboratory of Regional Environment and Eco-Remediation, Ministry of Education, Shenyang University, Shenyang, 110044, China
| | - Huiying Li
- Key Laboratory of Regional Environment and Eco-Remediation, Ministry of Education, Shenyang University, Shenyang, 110044, China
| | - Xinxin Li
- Key Laboratory of Regional Environment and Eco-Remediation, Ministry of Education, Shenyang University, Shenyang, 110044, China
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Janssen R, Lionel L. Embryonic expression of a Long Toll (Loto) gene in the onychophorans Euperipatoides kanangrensis and Cephalofovea clandestina. Dev Genes Evol 2018; 228:171-178. [PMID: 29802495 PMCID: PMC6013529 DOI: 10.1007/s00427-018-0609-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Recent research has shown that Toll genes, and in particular a newly defined class of Toll genes, the so-called Long Toll Genes (Loto genes), are crucial factors in embryogenesis. In arthropods, they are involved in axis formation via a process called convergent extension (CE). A hallmark of Loto genes is their relatively (compared to other Toll genes) high number of leucine-rich repeat elements (LRRs) coupled with the fact that they are expressed in transverse stripes in all segments, or a subset of segments, patterns that are reminiscent of classical segmentation genes such as the pair-rule genes. Onychophorans represent a close outgroup to the arthropods; however, their embryonic development differs substantially. It is unclear if convergent extension contributes to onychophoran germ band formation and, if so, whether Loto genes are involved in governing this process. This study identifies a single onychophoran Toll gene from a sequenced embryonic transcriptome in two onychophoran species. The identified gene shows sequence and expression pattern characteristics of Loto genes. However, its expression pattern also comprises some general differences to arthropod Loto genes that are involved in CE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Janssen
- Department of Earth Sciences, Palaeobiology, Uppsala University, Villavägen 16, 75236, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Linushiya Lionel
- Department of Earth Sciences, Palaeobiology, Uppsala University, Villavägen 16, 75236, Uppsala, Sweden
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40
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Vrazo MB, Diefendorf AF, Crowley BE, Czaja AD. Late Cretaceous marine arthropods relied on terrestrial organic matter as a food source: Geochemical evidence from the Coon Creek Lagerstätte in the Mississippi Embayment. Geobiology 2018; 16:160-178. [PMID: 29350453 DOI: 10.1111/gbi.12270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The Upper Cretaceous Coon Creek Lagerstätte of Tennessee, USA, is known for its extremely well-preserved mollusks and decapod crustaceans. However, the depositional environment of this unit, particularly its distance to the shoreline, has long been equivocal. To better constrain the coastal proximity of the Coon Creek Formation, we carried out a multiproxy geochemical analysis of fossil decapod (crab, mud shrimp) cuticle and associated sediment from the type section. Elemental analysis and Raman spectroscopy confirmed the presence of kerogenized carbon in the crabs and mud shrimp; carbon isotope (δ13 C) analysis of bulk decapod cuticle yielded similar mean δ13 C values for both taxa (-25.1‰ and -26‰, respectively). Sedimentary biomarkers were composed of n-alkanes from C16 to C36 , with the short-chain n-alkanes dominating, as well as other biomarkers (pristane, phytane, hopanes). Raman spectra and biomarker thermal maturity indices suggest that the Coon Creek Formation sediments are immature, which supports retention of unaltered, biogenic isotopic signals in the fossil organic carbon remains. Using our isotopic results and published calcium carbonate δ13 C values, we modeled carbon isotope values of carbon sources in the Coon Creek Formation, including potential marine (phytoplankton) and terrestrial (plant) dietary sources. Coon Creek Formation decapod δ13 C values fall closer to those estimated for terrigenous plants than marine phytoplankton, indicating that these organisms were feeding primarily on terrigenous organic matter. From this model, we infer that the Coon Creek Formation experienced significant terrigenous organic matter input via a freshwater source and thus was deposited in a shallow, nearshore marine environment proximal to the shoreline. This study helps refine the paleoecology of nearshore settings in the Mississippi Embayment during the global climatic shift in the late Campanian-early Maastrichtian and demonstrates for the first time that organic δ13 C signatures in exceptionally preserved fossil marine arthropods are a viable proxy for use in paleoenvironmental reconstructions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M B Vrazo
- Department of Paleobiology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA
- Department of Geology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - A F Diefendorf
- Department of Geology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - B E Crowley
- Department of Geology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Department of Anthropology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - A D Czaja
- Department of Geology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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Wu C, Jordan MD, Newcomb RD, Gemmell NJ, Bank S, Meusemann K, Dearden PK, Duncan EJ, Grosser S, Rutherford K, Gardner PP, Crowhurst RN, Steinwender B, Tooman LK, Stevens MI, Buckley TR. Analysis of the genome of the New Zealand giant collembolan (Holacanthella duospinosa) sheds light on hexapod evolution. BMC Genomics 2017; 18:795. [PMID: 29041914 PMCID: PMC5644144 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-017-4197-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The New Zealand collembolan genus Holacanthella contains the largest species of springtails (Collembola) in the world. Using Illumina technology we have sequenced and assembled a draft genome and transcriptome from Holacanthella duospinosa (Salmon). We have used this annotated assembly to investigate the genetic basis of a range of traits critical to the evolution of the Hexapoda, the phylogenetic position of H. duospinosa and potential horizontal gene transfer events. RESULTS Our genome assembly was ~375 Mbp in size with a scaffold N50 of ~230 Kbp and sequencing coverage of ~180×. DNA elements, LTRs and simple repeats and LINEs formed the largest components and SINEs were very rare. Phylogenomics (370,877 amino acids) placed H. duospinosa within the Neanuridae. We recovered orthologs of the conserved sex determination genes thought to play a role in sex determination. Analysis of CpG content suggested the absence of DNA methylation, and consistent with this we were unable to detect orthologs of the DNA methyltransferase enzymes. The small subunit rRNA gene contained a possible retrotransposon. The Hox gene complex was broken over two scaffolds. For chemosensory ability, at least 15 and 18 ionotropic glutamate and gustatory receptors were identified, respectively. However, we were unable to identify any odorant receptors or their obligate co-receptor Orco. Twenty-three chitinase-like genes were identified from the assembly. Members of this multigene family may play roles in the digestion of fungal cell walls, a common food source for these saproxylic organisms. We also detected 59 and 96 genes that blasted to bacteria and fungi, respectively, but were located on scaffolds that otherwise contained arthropod genes. CONCLUSIONS The genome of H. duospinosa contains some unusual features including a Hox complex broken over two scaffolds, in a different manner to other arthropod species, a lack of odorant receptor genes and an apparent lack of environmentally responsive DNA methylation, unlike many other arthropods. Our detection of candidate horizontal gene transfer candidates confirms that this phenomenon is occurring across Collembola. These findings allow us to narrow down the regions of the arthropod phylogeny where key innovations have occurred that have facilitated the evolutionary success of Hexapoda.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Wu
- Landcare Research, Private Bag, Auckland, 92170, New Zealand
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Melissa D Jordan
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Richard D Newcomb
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Neil J Gemmell
- Department of Anatomy, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Sarah Bank
- Center for Molecular Biodiversity Research, Zoological Research Museum Alexander Koenig, Adenauerallee 160, 53113, Bonn, Germany
| | - Karen Meusemann
- Center for Molecular Biodiversity Research, Zoological Research Museum Alexander Koenig, Adenauerallee 160, 53113, Bonn, Germany
- Evolutionary Biology & Ecology, Institute for Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Peter K Dearden
- Genetics Otago, Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Elizabeth J Duncan
- School of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Sefanie Grosser
- Department of Anatomy, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- Department of Animal Behaviour, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
- Division of Evolutionary Biology, Faculty of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich, Planegg-, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Kim Rutherford
- Department of Anatomy, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Paul P Gardner
- Biomolecular Interactions Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Ross N Crowhurst
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Bernd Steinwender
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Leah K Tooman
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Mark I Stevens
- South Australian Museum, North Terrace, GPO Box 234, Adelaide, SA, 5001, Australia
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Thomas R Buckley
- Landcare Research, Private Bag, Auckland, 92170, New Zealand.
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
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Jesmer AH, Velicogna JR, Schwertfeger DM, Scroggins RP, Princz JI. The toxicity of silver to soil organisms exposed to silver nanoparticles and silver nitrate in biosolids-amended field soil. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017; 36:2756-2765. [PMID: 28440581 DOI: 10.1002/etc.3834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Revised: 09/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The use of engineered silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) is widespread, with expected release to the terrestrial environment through the application of biosolids onto agricultural lands. The toxicity of AgNPs and silver nitrate (AgNO3 ; as ionic Ag+ ) to plant (Elymus lanceolatus and Trifolium pratense) and soil invertebrate (Eisenia andrei and Folsomia candida) species was assessed using Ag-amended biosolids applied to a natural sandy loam soil. Bioavailable Ag+ in soil samples was estimated using an ion-exchange technique applied to KNO3 soil extracts, whereas exposure to dispersible AgNPs was verified by single-particle inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry and transmission electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analysis. Greater toxicity to plant growth and earthworm reproduction was observed in AgNP exposures relative to those of AgNO3 , whereas no difference in toxicity was observed for F. candida reproduction. Transformation products in the AgNP-biosolids exposures resulted in larger pools of extractable Ag+ than those from AgNO3 -biosolids exposures, at similar total Ag soil concentrations. The results of the present study reveal intrinsic differences in the behavior and bioavailability of the 2 different forms of Ag within the biosolids-soils pathway. The present study demonstrates how analytical methods that target biologically relevant fractions can be used to advance the understanding of AgNP behavior and toxicity in terrestrial environments. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017;36:2756-2765. © 2017 Crown in the Right of Canada. Published Wiley Periodicals Inc., on behalf of SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander H Jesmer
- Biological Assessment and Standardization Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jessica R Velicogna
- Biological Assessment and Standardization Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dina M Schwertfeger
- Biological Assessment and Standardization Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Richard P Scroggins
- Biological Assessment and Standardization Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Juliska I Princz
- Biological Assessment and Standardization Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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Yang H, Peng Y, Tian J, Wang J, Hu J, Song Q, Wang Z. Review: biosafety assessment of Bt rice and other Bt crops using spiders as example for non-target arthropods in China. Plant Cell Rep 2017; 36:505-517. [PMID: 28210764 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-017-2108-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Since the birth of transgenic crops expressing Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxin for pest control, the public debate regarding ecological and environmental risks as well as benefits of Bt crops has continued unabated. The impact of Bt crops, especially on non-target invertebrates, has received particular attention. In this review, we summarize and analyze evidences for non-target effects of Bt rice on spiders, major predators in rice fields. Bt rice has been genetically modified to express the Bt protein, which has been shown to be transferred and accumulate in spiders as part of their food chain. Moreover, the Bt protein exhibits unintended effects on the physiology of spiders and spreads to higher trophic levels. Spiders possess unique physiological and ecological characteristics, revealing traits of surrogate species, and are thus considered to be excellent non-target arthropod model systems for study of Bt protein impacts. Due to the complexities of Bt protein transfer and accumulation mechanisms, as well as the apparent lack of information about resulting physiological, biochemical, and ecological effects on spiders, we raise questions and provide recommendations for promising further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huilin Yang
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agriculture University, No. 1 Nongda Road, Changsha, 410128, Hunan, China
- College of Orient Science & Technology, Hunan Agriculture University, No. 1 Nongda Road, Changsha, 410128, Hunan, China
| | - Yuande Peng
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, 410205, Hunan, China
| | - Jianxiang Tian
- College of Continuing Education, Hunan Agriculture University, No. 1 Nongda Road, Changsha, 410128, Hunan, China
| | - Juan Wang
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agriculture University, No. 1 Nongda Road, Changsha, 410128, Hunan, China
| | - Jilin Hu
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agriculture University, No. 1 Nongda Road, Changsha, 410128, Hunan, China
| | - Qisheng Song
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Zhi Wang
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agriculture University, No. 1 Nongda Road, Changsha, 410128, Hunan, China.
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Bolton SK, Dickerson K, Saporito RA. Variable Alkaloid Defenses in the Dendrobatid Poison Frog Oophaga pumilio are Perceived as Differences in Palatability to Arthropods. J Chem Ecol 2017; 43:273-289. [PMID: 28289966 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-017-0827-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Conspicuously colored dendrobatid frogs sequester alkaloid defenses from dietary arthropods, resulting in considerable alkaloid variation among populations; however, little is known about how variation is perceived as a defense against predators. Previous studies have found variable alkaloids in the dendrobatid Oophaga pumilio to be associated with differences in toxicity to laboratory mice, suggesting variable defenses are important. Arthropods are natural predators that use chemoreception to detect prey, including frogs, and may therefore perceive variation in alkaloid profiles as differences in palatability. The goal of the present study is to determine how arthropods respond to variable alkaloid defenses in O. pumilio. Frog alkaloids were sampled from individual O. pumilio from ten geographic locations throughout the Bocas del Toro region of Panama and the Caribbean coast of Costa Rica. Alkaloid extracts were used in feeding bioassays with the vinegar fly Drosophila melanogaster and the ant Ectatomma ruidum. Both species of arthropods fed significantly less on frog alkaloid extracts when compared to controls, and differences in alkaloid palatability were observed among frog populations, as well as between sexes and life stages within a population. Differences in alkaloid quantity, richness, and type were the main predictors of arthropod palatability. Our findings also represent the first direct evidence of a palatability spectrum in a vertebrate that sequesters chemical defenses from dietary sources. Further, the presence of a palatability spectrum suggests that variable alkaloid defenses in O. pumilio are ecologically relevant and play an important role in natural predator-prey interactions, particularly with respect to arthropod predators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah K Bolton
- Department of Biology, John Carroll University, 1 John Carroll Boulevard, University Heights, OH, 44118, USA
| | - Kelsie Dickerson
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California at Berkeley, 130 Mulford Hall #3114, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Ralph A Saporito
- Department of Biology, John Carroll University, 1 John Carroll Boulevard, University Heights, OH, 44118, USA.
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Zhang B, Yang Y, Zhou X, Shen P, Peng Y, Li Y. A laboratory assessment of the potential effect of Cry1Ab/Cry2Aj-containing Bt maize pollen on Folsomia candida by toxicological and biochemical analyses. Environ Pollut 2017; 222:94-100. [PMID: 28082132 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.12.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The common soil arthropod Folsomia candida can survive well when fed only maize pollen and thus may be exposed to insecticidal proteins by ingesting insect-resistant genetically engineered maize pollen containing Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) proteins when being released into the soil. Laboratory experiments were conducted to assess the potential effects of Cry1Ab/Cry2Aj-producing transgenic Bt maize (Shuangkang 12-5) pollen on F. candida fitness. Survival, development, and the reproduction were not significantly reduced when F. candida fed on Bt maize pollen rather than on non-Bt maize pollen, but these parameters were significantly reduced when F. candida fed on non-Bt maize pollen containing the protease inhibitor E-64 at 75 μg/g pollen. The intrinsic rate of increase (rm) was not significantly reduced when F. candida fed on Bt maize pollen but was significantly reduced when F. candida fed on non-Bt maize pollen containing E-64. The activities of antioxidant-related enzymes in F. candida were not significantly affected when F. candida fed on Bt maize pollen but were significantly increased when F. candida fed on non-Bt pollen containing E-64. The results demonstrate that consumption of Bt maize pollen containing Cry1Ab/Cry2Aj has no lethal or sublethal effects on F. candida.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Zhang
- College of Environment and Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yan Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiang Zhou
- College of Environment and Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China.
| | - Ping Shen
- Science and Technology Development Center, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Yufa Peng
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yunhe Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
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46
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Amorim MJB, Pereira C, Soares AMVM, Scott-Fordsmand JJ. Does long term low impact stress cause population extinction? Environ Pollut 2017; 220:1014-1023. [PMID: 27876417 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.11.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2016] [Revised: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This study assessed and monitored 40 consecutive reproduction tests - multigenerational (MG) - of continuous exposure to Cd (at 2 reproduction Effect Concentrations (EC): EC10 and EC50) using the standard soil invertebrate Folsomia candida, in total 3.5 years of data were collected. Endpoints included survival, reproduction, size and metallothionein (MTc) gene expression. Further, to investigate adaptation to the toxicant, additional standard toxicity experiments were performed with the MG organisms of F6, F10, F26, F34 and F40 generations of exposure. Exposure to Cd EC10 caused population extinction after one year, whereas populations survived exposure to Cd EC50. Cd induced the up-regulation of the MTc gene, this being higher for the higher Cd concentration, which may have promoted the increased tolerance at the EC50. Moreover, EC10 induced a shift towards organisms of smaller size (positive skew), whereas EC50 induced a shift towards larger size (negative skew). Size distribution shifts could be an effect predictor. Sensitivity increased up to F10, but this was reverted to values similar to F0 in the next generations. The maximum Cd tolerance limits of F. candida increased for Cd EC50 MG. The consequences for risk assessment are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J B Amorim
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - C Pereira
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - A M V M Soares
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - J J Scott-Fordsmand
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Vejlsøvej 25, 8600 Silkeborg, Denmark.
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47
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Stanković S, Dimkić I, Vujisić L, Pavković-Lučić S, Jovanović Z, Stević T, Sofrenić I, Mitić B, Tomić V. Chemical Defence in a Millipede: Evaluation and Characterization of Antimicrobial Activity of the Defensive Secretion from Pachyiulus hungaricus (Karsch, 1881) (Diplopoda, Julida, Julidae). PLoS One 2016; 11:e0167249. [PMID: 27907048 PMCID: PMC5132186 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0167249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The chemical defence of the millipede Pachyiulus hungaricus is reported in the present paper, in which a chemical characterization is given and antimicrobial activity is determined. In total, independently of sex, 44 compounds were identified. All compounds belong to two groups: quinones and pentyl and hexyl esters of long-chain fatty acids. The relative abundances of quinones and non-quinones were 94.7% vs. 5.3% (males) and 87.3% vs. 12.7% (females), respectively. The two dominant quinones in both sexes were 2-methyl-1,4,-benzoquinone and 2-methoxy-3-methyl-1,4-benzoquinone. Antibacterial and antifungal activity of the defensive secretion was evaluated in vitro against seven bacterial strains and eight fungal species. With the aid of a dilution technique, the antimicrobial potential of the secretion and high sensitivity of all tested strains were confirmed. The lowest minimum concentrations of these compounds (0.20-0.25 mg/mL) were sufficient for inhibition of Aeromonas hydrophila, Listeria monocytogenes and Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). The growth of eight tested fungal species was inhibited by slightly lower concentrations of the secretion, with Fusarium equiseti as the most sensitive fungus and Aspergillus flavus as the most resistant. Values of MIC and MFC in the employed microdilution assay ranged from 0.10 to above 0.35 mg/mL. The given extract contains antimicrobial components potentially useful as therapeutic agents in the pharmaceutical and agricultural industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Slaviša Stanković
- Department of Microbiology, University of Belgrade – Faculty of Biology, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ivica Dimkić
- Department of Microbiology, University of Belgrade – Faculty of Biology, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ljubodrag Vujisić
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Belgrade – Faculty of Chemistry, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Sofija Pavković-Lučić
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, University of Belgrade – Faculty of Biology, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Zvezdana Jovanović
- Department of Animal Development, University of Belgrade – Faculty of Biology, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Tatjana Stević
- Institute for Medicinal Plants Research “Dr. Josif Pančić”, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ivana Sofrenić
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Belgrade – Faculty of Chemistry, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Bojan Mitić
- Department of Animal Development, University of Belgrade – Faculty of Biology, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Vladimir Tomić
- Department of Animal Development, University of Belgrade – Faculty of Biology, Belgrade, Serbia
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Schorpp Q, Riggers C, Lewicka-Szczebak D, Giesemann A, Well R, Schrader S. Influence of Lumbricus terrestris and Folsomia candida on N 2 O formation pathways in two different soils - with particular focus on N 2 emissions. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 2016; 30:2301-2314. [PMID: 27510404 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Revised: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The gaseous N losses mediated by soil denitrifiers are generally inferred by measuring N2 O fluxes, but should include associated N2 emissions, which may be affected by abiotic soil characteristics and biotic interactions. Soil fauna, particularly anecic earthworms and euedaphic collembola, alter the activity of denitrifiers, creating hotspots for denitrification. These soil fauna are abundant in perennial agroecosystems intended to contribute to more sustainable production of bioenergy. METHODS Two microcosm experiments were designed to evaluate gaseous N emissions from a silty loam and a sandy soil, both provided with litter from the bioenergy crop Silphium perfoliatum (cup-plant) and inoculated with an anecic earthworm (Lumbricus terrestris), which was added alone or together with an euedaphic collembola (Folsomia candida). In experiment 1, litter-derived N flux was determined by adding 15 N-labelled litter, followed by mass spectrometric analysis of N2 and N2 O isotopologues. In experiment 2, the δ18 O values and 15 N site preference of N2 O were determined by isotope ratio mass spectrometry to reveal underlying N2 O formation pathways. RESULTS Lumbricus terrestris significantly increased litter-derived N2 emissions in the loamy soil, from 174.5 to 1019.3 μg N2 -N kg-1 soil, but not in the sandy soil (non-significant change from 944.7 to 1054.7 μg N2 -N kg-1 soil). Earthworm feeding on plant litter resulted in elevated N2 O emissions in both soils, derived mainly from turnover of the soil mineral N pool during denitrification. Folsomia candida did not affect N losses but showed a tendency to redirect N2 O formation pathways from fungal to bacterial denitrification. The N2 O/(N2 + N2 O) product ratio was predominantly affected by abiotic soil characteristics (loamy soil: 0.14, sandy soil: 0.26). CONCLUSIONS When feeding on S. perfoliatum litter, the anecic L. terrestris, but not the euedaphic F. candida, has the potential to cause substantial N losses. Biotic interactions between the species are not influential, but abiotic soil characteristics have an effect. The coarse-textured sandy soil had lower gaseous N losses attributable to anecic earthworms. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quentin Schorpp
- Johann Heinrich von Thünen-Institute (TI) - Federal Institute for Rural Areas, Forestry and Fisheries, Institute of Biodiversity, Bundesallee 50, D-38116, Braunschweig, Germany.
| | - Catharina Riggers
- Johann Heinrich von Thünen-Institute (TI) - Federal Institute for Rural Areas, Forestry and Fisheries, Institute of Biodiversity, Bundesallee 50, D-38116, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Dominika Lewicka-Szczebak
- Johann Heinrich von Thünen-Institute (TI) - Federal Institute for Rural Areas, Forestry and Fisheries, Institute of Climate-Smart Agriculture, Bundesallee 50, D-38116, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Anette Giesemann
- Johann Heinrich von Thünen-Institute (TI) - Federal Institute for Rural Areas, Forestry and Fisheries, Institute of Climate-Smart Agriculture, Bundesallee 50, D-38116, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Reinhard Well
- Johann Heinrich von Thünen-Institute (TI) - Federal Institute for Rural Areas, Forestry and Fisheries, Institute of Climate-Smart Agriculture, Bundesallee 50, D-38116, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Stefan Schrader
- Johann Heinrich von Thünen-Institute (TI) - Federal Institute for Rural Areas, Forestry and Fisheries, Institute of Biodiversity, Bundesallee 50, D-38116, Braunschweig, Germany
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49
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Christofoletti CA, Francisco A, Pedro-Escher J, Gastaldi VD, Fontanetti CS. Diplopods as Soil Bioindicators of Toxicity After Application of Residues From Sewage Treatment Plants and Ethanol Industry. Microsc Microanal 2016; 22:1098-1110. [PMID: 27786153 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927616011739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Residues like sewage sludge and vinasse have been reused as agricultural fertilizers, but they also present a potential to contaminate soils. Diplopods have been considered excellent bioindicators of soil contamination. In the present study, Rhinocricus padbergi were used to assess toxicity in samples of sewage sludge, biosolids, and sugarcane vinasse. The behavioral analysis, mortality rate, and histological, histochemical, and ultrastructural analyses of the midgut of diplopods were the parameters evaluated. Behaviorally, some diplopods avoided burying themselves after 30 days in soil with biosolid or vinasse. Besides, certain residue combinations were able to cause death of all individuals between 60 and 90 days of exposure. The main tissue responses were significant brush border thickening, induction of epithelial renovation, clustering of hemocytes, accumulation of cytoplasmic granules in hepatic cells, hepatic cells with heteropycnotic nuclei, and cytoplasmic degradation. Alterations were observed at various levels among treatments with different samples and exposure times. Ultrastructural analysis revealed elongation of microvilli coated with a layer of an amorphous substance, resulting in a thicker brush border as observed in the histological analysis. After 30 days of exposure, animals showed an accumulation of spherocrystals in hepatic cells and high absorption of substances, based on the elongation of microvilli. Results obtained in the chemical analysis and the behaviors observed in diplopods suggest that animals processed the residues. Therefore, caution should be exercised in the disposal of these residues in agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cintya A Christofoletti
- 1UNESP (São Paulo State University),Institute of Biosciences,Department of Biology,Av. 24-A,n°1515,13506-900,Rio Claro,São Paulo,Brazil
| | - Annelise Francisco
- 1UNESP (São Paulo State University),Institute of Biosciences,Department of Biology,Av. 24-A,n°1515,13506-900,Rio Claro,São Paulo,Brazil
| | - Janaína Pedro-Escher
- 1UNESP (São Paulo State University),Institute of Biosciences,Department of Biology,Av. 24-A,n°1515,13506-900,Rio Claro,São Paulo,Brazil
| | - Vinícius D Gastaldi
- 1UNESP (São Paulo State University),Institute of Biosciences,Department of Biology,Av. 24-A,n°1515,13506-900,Rio Claro,São Paulo,Brazil
| | - Carmem S Fontanetti
- 1UNESP (São Paulo State University),Institute of Biosciences,Department of Biology,Av. 24-A,n°1515,13506-900,Rio Claro,São Paulo,Brazil
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50
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Kwak JI, An YJ. Trophic transfer of silver nanoparticles from earthworms disrupts the locomotion of springtails (Collembola). J Hazard Mater 2016; 315:110-6. [PMID: 27187058 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2015] [Revised: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Understanding how nanomaterials are transferred through food chains and evaluating their resulting toxicity is important. However, limited research has been conducted on the toxic consequences of trophically transferred nanomaterials in terrestrial ecosystems. In this study, we documented the adverse effects of trophically transferred silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in a soil-earthworm (Eisenia andrei)-Collembola (Lobella sokamensis) food chain. We exposed E. andrei to soil with AgNPs at concentrations of 50, 200, and 500μg AgNPs/g soil dry weight and assessed their survival after 7days. Trophic-transfer containers were then prepared and E. andrei that survived the 7days test period were washed, killed in boiling water, and added to the containers with L. sokamensis. We noted negligible effects and low bioaccumulation at the lowest AgNP concentration (50μg AgNPs/g soil dry weight) in earthworms and the L. sokamensis that fed on them. The highest concentration of AgNPs (500μg AgNPs/g soil dry weight) resulted in juvenile earthworm mortality and increased transfer of AgNPs to Collembola, which subsequently inhibited their locomotion. To our knowledge, this is the first study to document the trophic transfer and adverse effects of AgNPs in a soil-earthworm-Collembola food chain, a common prey-decomposer interaction in soil ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Il Kwak
- Department of Environmental Science, Konkuk University, 210 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, South Korea
| | - Youn-Joo An
- Department of Environmental Science, Konkuk University, 210 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, South Korea.
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