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Jesmer AH, Marple AST, Wylie RG. Controlled swelling of biomaterial devices for improved antifouling polymer coatings. Sci Rep 2023; 13:19950. [PMID: 37968497 PMCID: PMC10651925 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-47192-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonspecific interactions between cells and implantable elastomers often leads to failure modes for devices such as catheters, cosmetic and reconstructive implants, and sensors. To reduce these interactions, device surfaces can be coated with hydrophilic polymers, where greater polymer density enhances antifouling properties. Although graft-from coating techniques result in higher density polymer films and lower fouling in controlled settings, simpler graft-to methods show similar results on complex implanted devices, despite limited density. To address the need for improved graft-to methods, we developed Graft then shrink (GtS) where elastomeric materials are temporarily swollen during polymer grafting. Herein, we demonstrate a graft-to based method for poly(oligo(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate) (pOEGMA) on swollen silicone, GtS, that enhances grafted polymer content and fouling resistance. Total grafted polymer content of pOEGMA on toluene swollen silicone increased over ~ 13 × compared to non-swollen controls, dependent on the degree of silicone swelling. Increases in total grafted polymer within the top 200 µm of the material led to bacterial and mammalian cell adhesion reductions of 75% and 91% respectively, compared to Shrink then Graft (StG) antifouling polymer coated controls. GtS allows for the simple 3D coating of swellable elastomers (e.g., silicone medical devices) with improved antifouling pOEGMA coatings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander H Jesmer
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4M1, Canada
| | - April S T Marple
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4M1, Canada
| | - Ryan G Wylie
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4M1, Canada.
- School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4M1, Canada.
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Jesmer AH, Huynh V, Marple AST, Ding X, Moran-Mirabal JM, Wylie RG. Graft-Then-Shrink: Simultaneous Generation of Antifouling Polymeric Interfaces and Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance Biosensors. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2021; 13:52362-52373. [PMID: 34704743 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c14930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Antifouling polymer coatings that are simple to manufacture are crucial for the performance of medical devices such as biosensors. "Grafting-to", a simple technique where presynthesized polymers are immobilized onto surfaces, is commonly employed but suffers from nonideal polymer packing leading to increased biofouling. Herein, we present a material prepared via the grafting-to method with improved antifouling surface properties and intrinsic localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) sensor capabilities. A new substrate shrinking fabrication method, Graft-then-Shrink, improved the antifouling properties of polymer-coated Au surfaces by altering graft-to polymer packing while simultaneously generating wrinkled Au structures for LSPR biosensing. Thiol-terminated, antifouling, hydrophilic polymers were grafted to Au-coated prestressed polystyrene (PS) followed by shrinking upon heating above the PS glass transition temperature. Interestingly, the polymer molecular weight and hydration influenced Au wrinkling patterns. Compared to Shrink-then-Graft controls, where polymers are immobilized post shrinking, Graft-then-Shrink increased the polymer content by 76% in defined footprints and improved the antifouling properties as demonstrated by 84 and 72% reduction in macrophage adhesion and protein adsorption, respectively. Wrinkled Au LSPR sensors had sensitivities of ∼200-1000 Δλ/ΔRIU, comparing favorably to commercial LSPR sensors, and detected biotin-avidin and desthiobiotin-avidin complexation in a concentration-dependent manner using a standard plate reader and a 96-well format.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander H Jesmer
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4M1, Canada
| | - Vincent Huynh
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4M1, Canada
| | - April S T Marple
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4M1, Canada
| | - Xiuping Ding
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4M1, Canada
| | - Jose M Moran-Mirabal
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4M1, Canada
- School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4M1, Canada
| | - Ryan G Wylie
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4M1, Canada
- School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4M1, Canada
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Abstract
Uncontrolled protein adsorption and cell binding to biomaterial surfaces may lead to degradation, implant failure, infection, and deleterious inflammatory and immune responses. The accurate characterization of biofouling is therefore crucial for the optimization of biomaterials and devices that interface with complex biological environments composed of macromolecules, fluids, and cells. Currently, a diverse array of experimental conditions and characterization techniques are utilized, making it difficult to compare reported fouling values between similar or different biomaterials. This review aims to help scientists and engineers appreciate current limitations and conduct fouling experiments to facilitate the comparison of reported values and expedite the development of low-fouling materials. Recent advancements in the understanding of protein-interface interactions and fouling variability due to experiment conditions will be highlighted to discuss protein adsorption and cell adhesion and activation on biomaterial surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ryan G. Wylie
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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Jesmer AH, Huynh V, Wylie RG. Fabrication of low-fouling, high-loading polymeric surfaces through pH-controlled RAFT. RSC Adv 2020; 10:20302-20312. [PMID: 35520404 PMCID: PMC9054213 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra02693j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Low-fouling and high-loading surfaces are increasingly important for biosensing and blood purification technologies. Selective and efficient target binding from complex media can be achieved with poly(carboxybetaine) (pCB) surfaces that consist of a dense brush layer to resist non-specific protein adsorption and a sparse “mushroom” upper layer for high-density capture agent immobilization (i.e. high-loading). We developed pH-controlled surface-reversible addition–fragmentation chain-transfer (S-RAFT) polymerization to simplify fabrication of multi-modal, low-fouling and high-loading pCB surfaces without the need for quenching or re-initiation steps, toxic transition metals or light irradiation. Multi-modal polymer layers were produced through partial polymer termination by temporarily raising the pH to aminolyse a fraction of dormant chain transfer agents (CTAs); remaining polymer chains with intact CTAs continued uninterrupted extension to create the “mushroom” upper layer. The multi-modal pCB surfaces were low-fouling towards proteins (<6.7 ng cm−2), and macrophages. Compared to mono-modal brush surfaces, multi-modal pCB surfaces were high-loading with 5-fold greater capture agent immobilization (e.g. antibody) and 4-fold greater target binding (e.g. biotin-fluorescein). pH-Controlled surface-reversible addition–fragmentation chain-transfer (S-RAFT) polymerization yields a one-pot synthesis for bimodal polymeric surfaces for improved capture agent immobilization.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander H Jesmer
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University Hamilton Ontario L8S 4M1 Canada
| | - Vincent Huynh
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University Hamilton Ontario L8S 4M1 Canada
| | - Ryan G Wylie
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University Hamilton Ontario L8S 4M1 Canada .,School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University Hamilton Ontario L8S 4M1 Canada
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Shoaib MM, Huynh V, Shad Y, Ahmed R, Jesmer AH, Melacini G, Wylie RG. Controlled degradation of low-fouling poly(oligo(ethylene glycol)methyl ether methacrylate) hydrogels. RSC Adv 2019; 9:18978-18988. [PMID: 35516872 PMCID: PMC9064882 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra03441b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Degradable low-fouling hydrogels are ideal vehicles for drug and cell delivery. For each application, hydrogel degradation rate must be re-optimized for maximum therapeutic benefit. We developed a method to rapidly and predictably tune degradation rates of low-fouling poly(oligo(ethylene glycol)methyl ether methacrylate) (P(EG)xMA) hydrogels by modifying two interdependent variables: (1) base-catalysed crosslink degradation kinetics, dependent on crosslinker electronics (electron withdrawing groups (EWGs)); and, (2) polymer hydration, dependent on the molecular weight (MW) of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) pendant groups. By controlling PEG MW and EWG strength, P(EG)xMA hydrogels were tuned to degrade over 6 to 52 d. A 6-member P(EG)xMA copolymer library yielded slow and fast degrading low-fouling hydrogels suitable for short- and long-term delivery applications. The degradation mechanism was also applied to RGD-functionalized poly(carboxybetaine methacrylamide) (PCBMAA) hydrogels to achieve slow (∼50 d) and fast (∼13 d) degrading low-fouling, bioactive hydrogels. To tune degradation rates of low-fouling hydrogels, a 6-member P(EG)xMA copolymer library with different electronics and hydration levels was developed.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad M Shoaib
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University Hamilton Ontario L8S 4M1 Canada
| | - Vincent Huynh
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University Hamilton Ontario L8S 4M1 Canada
| | - Yousuf Shad
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University Hamilton Ontario L8S 4M1 Canada
| | - Rashik Ahmed
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University Hamilton Ontario L8S 4M1 Canada
| | - Alexander H Jesmer
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University Hamilton Ontario L8S 4M1 Canada
| | - Giuseppe Melacini
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University Hamilton Ontario L8S 4M1 Canada .,Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University Hamilton Ontario L8S 4M1 Canada
| | - Ryan G Wylie
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University Hamilton Ontario L8S 4M1 Canada .,School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University Hamilton Ontario L8S 4M1 Canada
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Huynh V, Jesmer AH, Shoaib MM, Wylie RG. Influence of Hydrophobic Cross-Linkers on Carboxybetaine Copolymer Stimuli Response and Hydrogel Biological Properties. Langmuir 2019; 35:1631-1641. [PMID: 30558419 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b03908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Poly(carboxybetaine) (pCB) hydrogels do not elicit a foreign body response due to their low-fouling properties, making them ideal implantable materials for in vivo drug and cell delivery. Current reported pCB hydrogels are cross-linked using cytotoxic UV-initiated radical polymerization limiting clinical and in vivo translation. For clinical translation, we require in situ and biorthogonal cross-linking of pCB hydrogels that are both low-fouling and low-swelling to limit nonspecific interactions and minimize tissue damage, respectively. To this end, we synthesized carboxybetaine (CB) random copolymers (molecular weight (MW): ∼7-33 kDa; Đ: 1.1-1.36) containing azide (pCB-azide) or strained alkyne (Dibenzocyclooctyne (DBCO); pCB-DBCO) that rapidly cross-link upon mixing. Unlike CB homopolymers and other CB copolymers studied, high DBCO content pCB-DBCO30 (30% DBCO mole fraction) is thermoresponsive with a upper critical solution temperature (UCST; cloud point of ∼20 °C at 50 g/L) in water due to electrostatic associations. Due to the antipolyelectrolyte effect, pCB-DBCO30 is salt-responsive and is soluble even at low temperatures in 5 M NaCl, which prevents zwitterion electrostatic associations. pCB-azide and pCB-DBCO with 0.05 to 0.16 cross-linker mole fractions rapidly formed 10 wt % hydrogels upon mixing that were low-swelling (increase of ∼10% in wet weight) while remaining low-fouling to proteins (∼10-20 μg cm-2) and cells, making them suitable for in vivo applications. pCB-X31 hydrogels composed of pCB-azide32 and pCB-DBCO30 formed opaque gels in water and physiological conditions that shrunk to ∼70% of their original wet weight due to pCB-DBCO30's greater hydrophobicity and interchain electrostatic interactions, which promotes nonspecific protein adsorption (∼35 μg cm-2) and cell binding. Once formed, the electrostatic interactions in pCB-X31 hydrogels are not fully reversible with heat or salt. Although, pCB-X31 hydrogels are transparent when initially prepared in 5 M NaCl. This is the first demonstration of a thermo- and salt-responsive CB copolymer that can tune hydrogel protein and cell fouling properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Huynh
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology , McMaster University , Hamilton , Ontario L8S 4M1 , Canada
| | - Alexander H Jesmer
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology , McMaster University , Hamilton , Ontario L8S 4M1 , Canada
| | - Muhammad M Shoaib
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology , McMaster University , Hamilton , Ontario L8S 4M1 , Canada
| | - Ryan G Wylie
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology , McMaster University , Hamilton , Ontario L8S 4M1 , Canada
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7
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Huynh V, Jesmer AH, Shoaib MM, D'Angelo AD, Rullo AF, Wylie RG. Improved Efficacy of Antibody Cancer Immunotherapeutics through Local and Sustained Delivery. Chembiochem 2019; 20:747-753. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201800579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Huynh
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical BiologyMcMaster University Hamilton Ontario L8S 4M1 Canada
| | - Alexander H. Jesmer
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical BiologyMcMaster University Hamilton Ontario L8S 4M1 Canada
| | - Muhammad M. Shoaib
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical BiologyMcMaster University Hamilton Ontario L8S 4M1 Canada
| | - Anthony D. D'Angelo
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical BiologyMcMaster University Hamilton Ontario L8S 4M1 Canada
| | - Anthony F. Rullo
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical BiologyMcMaster University Hamilton Ontario L8S 4M1 Canada
- McMaster Immunology Research CenterDepartment of Pathology and Molecular MedicineMcMaster University Hamilton Ontario L8S 4M1 Canada
| | - Ryan G. Wylie
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical BiologyMcMaster University Hamilton Ontario L8S 4M1 Canada
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Jesmer AH, Velicogna JR, Schwertfeger DM, Scroggins RP, Princz JI. The toxicity of silver to soil organisms exposed to silver nanoparticles and silver nitrate in biosolids-amended field soil. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017; 36:2756-2765. [PMID: 28440581 DOI: 10.1002/etc.3834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Revised: 09/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The use of engineered silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) is widespread, with expected release to the terrestrial environment through the application of biosolids onto agricultural lands. The toxicity of AgNPs and silver nitrate (AgNO3 ; as ionic Ag+ ) to plant (Elymus lanceolatus and Trifolium pratense) and soil invertebrate (Eisenia andrei and Folsomia candida) species was assessed using Ag-amended biosolids applied to a natural sandy loam soil. Bioavailable Ag+ in soil samples was estimated using an ion-exchange technique applied to KNO3 soil extracts, whereas exposure to dispersible AgNPs was verified by single-particle inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry and transmission electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analysis. Greater toxicity to plant growth and earthworm reproduction was observed in AgNP exposures relative to those of AgNO3 , whereas no difference in toxicity was observed for F. candida reproduction. Transformation products in the AgNP-biosolids exposures resulted in larger pools of extractable Ag+ than those from AgNO3 -biosolids exposures, at similar total Ag soil concentrations. The results of the present study reveal intrinsic differences in the behavior and bioavailability of the 2 different forms of Ag within the biosolids-soils pathway. The present study demonstrates how analytical methods that target biologically relevant fractions can be used to advance the understanding of AgNP behavior and toxicity in terrestrial environments. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017;36:2756-2765. © 2017 Crown in the Right of Canada. Published Wiley Periodicals Inc., on behalf of SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander H Jesmer
- Biological Assessment and Standardization Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jessica R Velicogna
- Biological Assessment and Standardization Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dina M Schwertfeger
- Biological Assessment and Standardization Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Richard P Scroggins
- Biological Assessment and Standardization Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Juliska I Princz
- Biological Assessment and Standardization Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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Schwertfeger DM, Velicogna JR, Jesmer AH, Saatcioglu S, McShane H, Scroggins RP, Princz JI. Extracting Metallic Nanoparticles from Soils for Quantitative Analysis: Method Development Using Engineered Silver Nanoparticles and SP-ICP-MS. Anal Chem 2017; 89:2505-2513. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b04668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- D. M. Schwertfeger
- Biological
Assessment and Standardization, Environment Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jessica R. Velicogna
- Biological
Assessment and Standardization, Environment Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alexander H. Jesmer
- Biological
Assessment and Standardization, Environment Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Selin Saatcioglu
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Heather McShane
- Department
of Natural Resource Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Richard P. Scroggins
- Biological
Assessment and Standardization, Environment Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Juliska I. Princz
- Biological
Assessment and Standardization, Environment Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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Schwertfeger DM, Velicogna JR, Jesmer AH, Scroggins RP, Princz JI. Single Particle-Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectroscopy Analysis of Metallic Nanoparticles in Environmental Samples with Large Dissolved Analyte Fractions. Anal Chem 2016; 88:9908-9914. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b02716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D. M. Schwertfeger
- Biological Assessment and
Standardization, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 335 River
Road South, Ottawa, Ontario K1 V 1C7 Canada
| | - Jessica R. Velicogna
- Biological Assessment and
Standardization, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 335 River
Road South, Ottawa, Ontario K1 V 1C7 Canada
| | - Alexander H. Jesmer
- Biological Assessment and
Standardization, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 335 River
Road South, Ottawa, Ontario K1 V 1C7 Canada
| | - Richard P. Scroggins
- Biological Assessment and
Standardization, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 335 River
Road South, Ottawa, Ontario K1 V 1C7 Canada
| | - Juliska I. Princz
- Biological Assessment and
Standardization, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 335 River
Road South, Ottawa, Ontario K1 V 1C7 Canada
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