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De Groef S, Ribeiro Lopes M, Winant M, Rosschaert E, Wilms T, Bolckmans L, Calevro F, Callaerts P. Reference genes to study the sex-biased expression of genes regulating Drosophila metabolism. Sci Rep 2024; 14:9518. [PMID: 38664539 PMCID: PMC11045863 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-58863-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Sex is an important variable in biology. Notable differences have been observed between male and female Drosophila in regulation of metabolism, in response to nutritional challenges, and in phenotypes relevant for obesity and metabolic disorders. The differences between males and females can be expected to result from differences in gene expression. We observed that expression levels of reference genes commonly used for normalization of qRT-PCR results such as GAPDH, β-actin, and 18SrRNA, show prominent sexual dimorphism. Since this will impact relative expression and conclusions related to that, we performed a systematic analysis of candidate reference genes with the objective of identifying reference genes with stable expression in male and female Drosophila. These reference genes (LamCa, βTub60D and βTub97EF) were then used to assess sex-specific differences in expression of metabolism associated genes. Additionally, we evaluated the utility of these reference genes following a nutritional challenge and showed that LamCa and βtub97EF are stably expressed between sexes and under different nutritional conditions and are thus suitable as reference genes. Our results highlight the importance of evaluating the stability of reference genes when sex-specific differences in gene expression are studied, and identify structural genes as a category worth exploring as reference genes in other species. Finally, we also uncovered hitherto unknown sexually dimorphic expression of a number of metabolism-associated genes, information of interest to others working in the field of metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofie De Groef
- KU Leuven, Department of Human Genetics, Laboratory of Behavioral and Developmental Genetics, Campus Gasthuisberg O&N1, Herestraat 49 Box 610, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Mattias Winant
- KU Leuven, Department of Human Genetics, Laboratory of Behavioral and Developmental Genetics, Campus Gasthuisberg O&N1, Herestraat 49 Box 610, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Emily Rosschaert
- KU Leuven, Department of Human Genetics, Laboratory of Behavioral and Developmental Genetics, Campus Gasthuisberg O&N1, Herestraat 49 Box 610, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Tom Wilms
- KU Leuven, Department of Human Genetics, Laboratory of Behavioral and Developmental Genetics, Campus Gasthuisberg O&N1, Herestraat 49 Box 610, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lenz Bolckmans
- KU Leuven, Department of Human Genetics, Laboratory of Behavioral and Developmental Genetics, Campus Gasthuisberg O&N1, Herestraat 49 Box 610, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Patrick Callaerts
- KU Leuven, Department of Human Genetics, Laboratory of Behavioral and Developmental Genetics, Campus Gasthuisberg O&N1, Herestraat 49 Box 610, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.
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2
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Li L, Duo H, Zhang X, Gong H, Li B, Hao Y. Comparative Transcriptomic Analysis Revealing the Potential Mechanisms of Erythritol-Caused Mortality and Oviposition Inhibition in Drosophila melanogaster. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:3738. [PMID: 38612549 PMCID: PMC11011834 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25073738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 03/24/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Erythritol has shown excellent insecticidal performance against a wide range of insect species, but the molecular mechanism by which it causes insect mortality and sterility is not fully understood. The mortality and sterility of Drosophila melanogaster were assessed after feeding with 1M erythritol for 72 h and 96 h, and gene expression profiles were further compared through RNA sequencing. Enrichment analysis of GO and KEGG revealed that expressions of the adipokinetic hormone gene (Akh), amylase gene (Amyrel), α-glucosidase gene (Mal-B1/2, Mal-A1-4, Mal-A7/8), and triglyceride lipase gene (Bmm) were significantly up-regulated, while insulin-like peptide genes (Dilp2, Dilp3 and Dilp5) were dramatically down-regulated. Seventeen genes associated with eggshell assembly, including Dec-1 (down 315-fold), Vm26Ab (down 2014-fold) and Vm34Ca (down 6034-fold), were significantly down-regulated or even showed no expression. However, there were no significant differences in the expression of three diuretic hormone genes (DH44, DH31, CAPA) and eight aquaporin genes (Drip, Big brain, AQP, Eglp1, Eglp2, Eglp3, Eglp4 and Prip) involved in osmolality regulation (all p value > 0.05). We concluded that erythritol, a competitive inhibitor of α-glucosidase, severely reduced substrates and enzyme binding, inhibiting effective carbohydrate hydrolysis in the midgut and eventually causing death due to energy deprivation. It was clear that Drosophila melanogaster did not die from the osmolality of the hemolymph. Our findings elucidate the molecular mechanism underlying the mortality and sterility in Drosophila melanogaster induced by erythritol feeding. It also provides an important theoretical basis for the application of erythritol as an environmentally friendly pesticide.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Bo Li
- College of Life Science, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331, China; (L.L.)
| | - Youjin Hao
- College of Life Science, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331, China; (L.L.)
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3
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Connell M, Xie Y, Deng X, Chen R, Zhu S. Kin17 regulates proper cortical localization of Miranda in Drosophila neuroblasts by regulating Flfl expression. Cell Rep 2024; 43:113823. [PMID: 38386552 PMCID: PMC10980573 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.113823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
During asymmetric division of Drosophila larval neuroblasts, the fate determinant Prospero (Pros) and its adaptor Miranda (Mira) are segregated to the basal cortex through atypical protein kinase C (aPKC) phosphorylation of Mira and displacement from the apical cortex, but Mira localization after aPKC phosphorylation is not well understood. We identify Kin17, a DNA replication and repair protein, as a regulator of Mira localization during asymmetric cell division. Loss of Kin17 leads to aberrant localization of Mira and Pros to the centrosome, cytoplasm, and nucleus. We provide evidence to show that the mislocalization of Mira and Pros is likely due to reduced expression of Falafel (Flfl), a component of protein phosphatase 4 (PP4), and defects in dephosphorylation of serine-96 of Mira. Our work reveals that Mira is likely dephosphorylated by PP4 at the centrosome to ensure proper basal localization of Mira after aPKC phosphorylation and that Kin17 regulates PP4 activity by regulating Flfl expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisa Connell
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - Yonggang Xie
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - Xiaobing Deng
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - Rui Chen
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - Sijun Zhu
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA.
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Hunter-Manseau F, Cormier SB, Strang R, Pichaud N. Fasting as a precursor to high-fat diet enhances mitochondrial resilience in Drosophila melanogaster. INSECT SCIENCE 2024. [PMID: 38514255 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.13355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Changes in diet type and nutrient availability can impose significant environmental stress on organisms, potentially compromising physiological functions and reproductive success. In nature, dramatic fluctuations in dietary resources are often observed and adjustments to restore cellular homeostasis are crucial to survive this type of stress. In this study, we exposed male Drosophila melanogaster to two modulated dietary treatments: one without a fasting period before exposure to a high-fat diet and the other with a 24-h fasting period. We then investigated mitochondrial metabolism and molecular responses to these treatments. Exposure to a high-fat diet without a preceding fasting period resulted in disrupted mitochondrial respiration, notably at the level of complex I. On the other hand, a short fasting period before the high-fat diet maintained mitochondrial respiration. Generally, transcript abundance of genes associated with mitophagy, heat-shock proteins, mitochondrial biogenesis, and nutrient sensing pathways increased either slightly or significantly following a fasting period and remained stable when flies were subsequently put on a high-fat diet, whereas a drastic decrease of almost all transcript abundances was observed for all these pathways when flies were exposed directly to a high-fat diet. Moreover, mitochondrial enzymatic activities showed less variation after the fasting period than the treatment without a fasting period. Overall, our study sheds light on the mechanistic protective effects of fasting prior to a high-fat diet and highlights the metabolic flexibility of Drosophila mitochondria in response to abrupt dietary changes and have implication for adaptation of species to their changing environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Hunter-Manseau
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Université de Moncton, Moncton, New Brunswick, Canada
- New Brunswick Centre for Precision Medicine, Moncton, New Brunswick, Canada
| | - Simon B Cormier
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Université de Moncton, Moncton, New Brunswick, Canada
- New Brunswick Centre for Precision Medicine, Moncton, New Brunswick, Canada
| | - Rebekah Strang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Université de Moncton, Moncton, New Brunswick, Canada
- New Brunswick Centre for Precision Medicine, Moncton, New Brunswick, Canada
| | - Nicolas Pichaud
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Université de Moncton, Moncton, New Brunswick, Canada
- New Brunswick Centre for Precision Medicine, Moncton, New Brunswick, Canada
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5
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Jans K, Lüersen K, von Frieling J, Roeder T, Rimbach G. Dietary lithium stimulates female fecundity in Drosophila melanogaster. Biofactors 2024; 50:326-346. [PMID: 37706424 DOI: 10.1002/biof.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
The trace element lithium exerts a versatile bioactivity in humans, to some extend overlapping with in vivo findings in the model organism Drosophila melanogaster. A potentially essential function of lithium in reproduction has been suggested since the 1980s and multiple studies have since been published postulating a regulatory role of lithium in female gametogenesis. However, the impact of lithium on fruit fly egg production has not been at the center of attention to date. In the present study, we report that dietary lithium (0.1-5.0 mM LiCl) substantially improved life time egg production in D. melanogaster w1118 females, with a maximum increase of plus 45% when supplementing 1.0 mM LiCl. This phenomenon was not observed in the insulin receptor mutant InRE19, indicating a potential involvement of insulin-like signaling in the lithium-mediated fecundity boost. Analysis of the whole-body and ovarian transcriptome revealed that dietary lithium affects the mRNA levels of genes encoding proteins related to processes of follicular maturation. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on dietary lithium acting as an in vivo fecundity stimulant in D. melanogaster, further supporting the suggested benefit of the trace element in female reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Jans
- Division of Food Science, Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Kai Lüersen
- Division of Food Science, Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Jakob von Frieling
- Division of Molecular Physiology, Institute of Zoology, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Thomas Roeder
- Division of Molecular Physiology, Institute of Zoology, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Gerald Rimbach
- Division of Food Science, Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
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Cavigliasso F, Savitsky M, Koval A, Erkosar B, Savary L, Gallart-Ayala H, Ivanisevic J, Katanaev VL, Kawecki TJ. Cis-regulatory polymorphism at fiz ecdysone oxidase contributes to polygenic evolutionary response to malnutrition in Drosophila. PLoS Genet 2024; 20:e1011204. [PMID: 38452112 PMCID: PMC10962836 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1011204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
We investigate the contribution of a candidate gene, fiz (fezzik), to complex polygenic adaptation to juvenile malnutrition in Drosophila melanogaster. Experimental populations maintained for >250 generations of experimental evolution to a nutritionally poor larval diet (Selected populations) evolved several-fold lower fiz expression compared to unselected Control populations. Here we show that this divergence in fiz expression is mediated by a cis-regulatory polymorphism. This polymorphism, originally sampled from a natural population in Switzerland, is distinct from a second cis-regulatory SNP previously identified in non-African D. melanogaster populations, implying that two independent cis-regulatory variants promoting high fiz expression segregate in non-African populations. Enzymatic analyses of Fiz protein expressed in E. coli demonstrate that it has ecdysone oxidase activity acting on both ecdysone and 20-hydroxyecdysone. Four of five fiz paralogs annotated to ecdysteroid metabolism also show reduced expression in Selected larvae, implying that malnutrition-driven selection favored general downregulation of ecdysone oxidases. Finally, as an independent test of the role of fiz in poor diet adaptation, we show that fiz knockdown by RNAi results in faster larval growth on the poor diet, but at the cost of greatly reduced survival. These results imply that downregulation of fiz in Selected populations was favored by selection on the nutritionally poor diet because of its role in suppressing growth in response to nutrient shortage. However, they suggest that fiz downregulation is only adaptive in combination with other changes evolved by Selected populations, which ensure that the organism can sustain the faster growth promoted by fiz downregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanny Cavigliasso
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mikhail Savitsky
- HumanaFly Facility, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Alexey Koval
- Translational Research Centre in Oncohaematology, Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Berra Erkosar
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Loriane Savary
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Hector Gallart-Ayala
- Metabolomics Unit, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Julijana Ivanisevic
- Metabolomics Unit, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Vladimir L. Katanaev
- Translational Research Centre in Oncohaematology, Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Tadeusz J. Kawecki
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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7
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Kitamura D, Taniguchi K, Nakamura M, Igaki T. In vivo evidence for homeostatic regulation of ribosomal protein levels in Drosophila. Cell Struct Funct 2024; 49:11-20. [PMID: 38199250 DOI: 10.1247/csf.23088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The ribosome is a molecular machine essential for protein synthesis, which is composed of approximately 80 different ribosomal proteins (Rps). Studies in yeast and cell culture systems have revealed that the intracellular level of Rps is finely regulated by negative feedback mechanisms or ubiquitin-proteasome system, which prevents over- or under-abundance of Rps in the cell. However, in vivo evidence for the homeostatic regulation of intracellular Rp levels has been poor. Here, using Drosophila genetics, we show that intracellular Rp levels are regulated by proteasomal degradation of excess Rps that are not incorporated into the ribosome. By establishing an EGFP-fused Rp gene system that can monitor endogenously expressed Rp levels, we found that endogenously expressed EGFP-RpS20 or -RpL5 is eliminated from the cell when RpS20 or RpL5 is exogenously expressed. Notably, the level of endogenously expressed Hsp83, a housekeeping gene, was not affected by exogenous expression of Hsp83, suggesting that the strict negative regulation of excess protein is specific for intracellular Rps. Further analyses revealed that the maintenance of cellular Rp levels is not regulated at the transcriptional level but by proteasomal degradation of excess free Rps as a protein quality control mechanism. Our observations provide not only the in vivo evidence for the homeostatic regulation of Rp levels but also a novel genetic strategy to study in vivo regulation of intracellular Rp levels and its role in tissue homeostasis via cell competition.Key words: ribosomal protein, proteasomal degradation, Drosophila.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiki Kitamura
- Laboratory of Genetics, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University
| | | | - Mai Nakamura
- Laboratory of Genetics, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University
| | - Tatsushi Igaki
- Laboratory of Genetics, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University
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Gruntenko NE, Deryuzhenko MA, Andreenkova OV, Shishkina OD, Bobrovskikh MA, Shatskaya NV, Vasiliev GV. Drosophila melanogaster Transcriptome Response to Different Wolbachia Strains. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17411. [PMID: 38139239 PMCID: PMC10743526 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242417411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Wolbachia is a maternally inherited, intercellular bacterial symbiont of insects and some other invertebrates. Here, we investigated the effect of two different Wolbachia strains, differing in a large chromosomal inversion, on the differential expression of genes in D. melanogaster females. We revealed significant changes in the transcriptome of the infected flies compared to the uninfected ones, as well as in the transcriptome of flies infected with the Wolbachia strain, wMelPlus, compared to flies infected with the wMelCS112 strain. We linked differentially expressed genes (DEGs) from two pairwise comparisons, "uninfected-wMelPlus-infected" and "uninfected-wMelCS112-infected", into two gene networks, in which the following functional groups were designated: "Proteolysis", "Carbohydrate transport and metabolism", "Oxidation-reduction process", "Embryogenesis", "Transmembrane transport", "Response to stress" and "Alkaline phosphatases". Our data emphasized similarities and differences between infections by different strains under study: a wMelPlus infection results in more than double the number of upregulated DEGs and half the number of downregulated DEGs compared to a wMelCS112 infection. Thus, we demonstrated that Wolbachia made a significant contribution to differential expression of host genes and that the bacterial genotype plays a vital role in establishing the character of this contribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nataly E. Gruntenko
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics SB RAS, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (M.A.D.); (O.V.A.); (O.D.S.); (M.A.B.); (N.V.S.); (G.V.V.)
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Alarie H, Côté N, Gaudreau L, Houde M, Segura PA. Are 20-hydroxyecdysone and related genes potential biomarkers of sublethal exposure to lipid-altering contaminants? ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:126104-126115. [PMID: 38010540 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-31087-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
In Daphnia magna, 20-hydroecdysone (20E) is the main molting hormone and its metabolism is of interest to identify new biomarkers of exposure to contaminants. The present study aimed to (i) assess baseline levels of 20E and transcription levels of four related-genes (shade, neverland, ultraspiracle, and ecdysteroid receptor); and (ii) evaluate effects in D. magna after 21 days of exposure to fenarimol (anti-ecdysteroid) and a mixture of gemfibrozil and clofibric acid (lipid-lowering drugs) at sublethal concentrations. Endpoints included transcription of the target genes and quantification of 20E, mortality, and reproduction of daphnids. Baseline results showed that average responses were relatively similar and did not vary more than 2-fold. However, intra-day variation was generally high and could be explained by sampling individuals with slightly different stages of their development. Exposure tests indicated a significant decrease in daphnid reproduction following chronic exposure to a concentration of 565 μg/L of fenarimol. However, no difference was observed between the control and exposed groups for any of the investigated genes, nor for the levels of 20E after 21 days of exposure. Following exposition to gemfibrozil and clofibric acid at 1 μg/L, no changes were observed for the measured parameters. These results suggest that changes in transcription levels of the target genes and concentrations of 20E may not be sensitive endpoints that can be used as biomarkers of sublethal exposure to the target compounds in D. magna. Measuring multiple time points instead of a single measure as well as additional molecular endpoints obtained from transcriptomic and metabolomic studies could afford more insights on the changes occurring in exposed daphnids to lipid-altering compounds and identify efficient biomarkers of sublethal exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Alarie
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Nadia Côté
- Department of Biology, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Luc Gaudreau
- Department of Biology, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Magali Houde
- Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Montreal, QC, H2Y 2E5, Canada
| | - Pedro A Segura
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, J1K 2R1, Canada.
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Shen XX, Zhang GQ, Zhao YX, Zhu XX, Yu XF, Yang MF, Zhang F. Selection and validation of optimal reference genes for RT-qPCR analyses in Aphidoletes aphidimyza Rondani (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae). Front Physiol 2023; 14:1277942. [PMID: 37954450 PMCID: PMC10634233 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1277942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Aphidoletes aphidimyza is a predator that is an important biological agent used to control agricultural and forestry aphids. Although many studies have investigated its biological and ecological characteristics, few molecular studies have been reported. The current study was performed to identify suitable reference genes to facilitate future gene expression and function analyses via quantitative reverse transcription PCR. Eight reference genes glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), RPS13, RPL8, RPS3, α-Tub, β-actin, RPL32, and elongation factor 1 alpha (EF1-α) were selected. Their expression levels were determined under four different experimental conditions (developmental stages, adult tissues, sugar treatment, and starvation treatment) using qRT-PCR technology. The stability was evaluated with five methods (Ct value, geNorm, NormFinder, BestKeeper, and RefFinder). The results showed that GAPDH, RPL32, and EF1-α were ranked as the best reference gene combinations for measuring gene expression levels among different developing stages and in various starvation treatments. RPL8 and RPS3 were recommended to normalize the gene expression levels among different adult tissues. RPL32, β-actin, and EF1-α were recommended sugar-feeding conditions. To validate the utility of the selected reference pair, RPL8, and RPS3, we estimated the tissue-biased expression level of a chemosensory protein gene (AaphCSP1). As expected, AaphCSP1 is highly expressed in the antennae and lowly expressed in the abdomen. These findings will lay the foundation for future research on the molecular physiology and biochemistry of A. aphidimyza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Xian Shen
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management of the Mountainous Region, Institute of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Guo-Qiang Zhang
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yu-Xin Zhao
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiao-Xiao Zhu
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiao-Fei Yu
- College of Tobacco Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Mao-Fa Yang
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management of the Mountainous Region, Institute of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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11
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Wang X, Liu L, Guo S, Liu B, Zhai Y, Yan S, Shen J, Ullah F, Li Z. Tweedle gene family of Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura) larva enhances the basal tolerance to cold and hypoxia. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2023; 79:3012-3021. [PMID: 36966456 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura) is considered a quarantine pest in the A2 list because it causes serious infection and huge economic losses. Cold and controlled atmosphere treatments have been used to control immature stage pests in fresh fruits. Herein, the basal tolerance response of D. suzukii egg, larva and pupa to cold and hypoxia stress were studied, and underlying transcriptome mechanisms in the larva were pinpointed. RESULTS The third instar was more tolerant than 12-h-old egg and 8-day-old pupa when treated at 3 °C + 1% O2 for 7 days, with 34.00% ± 5.22% larval survival. Hypoxia influenced the effect of cold treatment on D. suzukii. Larval survival decreased at 3 °C + 1% O2 , but increased at 0 °C + 1% O2 . Survival increased with temperature between 0 and 5 °C + 1% O2 , but decreased significantly at 25 °C + 1% O2 . RNA-sequencing results showed that the Tweedle (Twdl) family was upregulated and uniquely enriched in larvae treated at 3 °C + 1% O2 . In addition, RNA interference-mediated silencing of a key Twdl gene reduced the survival rate after cold and hypoxia treatment. CONCLUSION Hypoxia was able to influence the effect of cold treatment on the survival of D. suzukii positively or negatively. Structural constituents of the chitin-based cuticle, in particular Twdl genes, body morphogenesis, and ATP synthesis-coupled proton transport were involved in the tolerance to cold and hypoxia. In future, the Twdl gene could be used as a nanocarrier delivering RNA pesticides to control D. suzukii in the field and so prevent its worldwide spread. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxue Wang
- Department of Plant Biosecurity, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Management for Plant Quarantine Pests, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Lijun Liu
- Department of Plant Biosecurity, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Management for Plant Quarantine Pests, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Shaokun Guo
- Department of Plant Biosecurity, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Management for Plant Quarantine Pests, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Bo Liu
- Institute of Equipment Technology, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Yifan Zhai
- Institute of Plant Protection, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, P. R. China
| | - Shuo Yan
- Department of Plant Biosecurity, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Management for Plant Quarantine Pests, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Jie Shen
- Department of Plant Biosecurity, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Management for Plant Quarantine Pests, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Farman Ullah
- Department of Plant Biosecurity, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Management for Plant Quarantine Pests, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Zhihong Li
- Department of Plant Biosecurity, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Management for Plant Quarantine Pests, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, P. R. China
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12
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Ascencio G, de Cruz MA, Abuel J, Alvarado S, Arriaga Y, Conrad E, Castro A, Eichelberger K, Galvan L, Gundy G, Garcia JAI, Jimenez A, Lu NT, Lugar C, Marania R, Mendsaikhan T, Ortega J, Nand N, Rodrigues NS, Shabazz K, Tam C, Valenciano E, Hayzelden C, Eritano AS, Riggs B. A deficiency screen of the 3rd chromosome for dominant modifiers of the Drosophila ER integral membrane protein, Jagunal. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2023; 13:jkad059. [PMID: 36932646 PMCID: PMC10320142 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkad059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
Abstract
The mechanism surrounding chromosome inheritance during cell division has been well documented, however, organelle inheritance during mitosis is less understood. Recently, the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) has been shown to reorganize during mitosis, dividing asymmetrically in proneuronal cells prior to cell fate selection, indicating a programmed mechanism of inheritance. ER asymmetric partitioning in proneural cells relies on the highly conserved ER integral membrane protein, Jagunal (Jagn). Knockdown of Jagn in the compound Drosophila eye displays a pleotropic rough eye phenotype in 48% of the progeny. To identify genes involved in Jagn dependent ER partitioning pathway, we performed a dominant modifier screen of the 3rd chromosome for enhancers and suppressors of this Jagn-RNAi-induced rough eye phenotype. We screened through 181 deficiency lines covering the 3L and 3R chromosomes and identified 12 suppressors and 10 enhancers of the Jagn-RNAi phenotype. Based on the functions of the genes covered by the deficiencies, we identified genes that displayed a suppression or enhancement of the Jagn-RNAi phenotype. These include Division Abnormally Delayed (Dally), a heparan sulfate proteoglycan, the γ-secretase subunit Presenilin, and the ER resident protein Sec63. Based on our understanding of the function of these targets, there is a connection between Jagn and the Notch signaling pathway. Further studies will elucidate the role of Jagn and identified interactors within the mechanisms of ER partitioning during mitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerson Ascencio
- Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, 1600 Holloway Ave., San Francisco, CA 4132, USA
| | - Matthew A de Cruz
- Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, 1600 Holloway Ave., San Francisco, CA 4132, USA
| | - Judy Abuel
- Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, 1600 Holloway Ave., San Francisco, CA 4132, USA
| | - Sydney Alvarado
- Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, 1600 Holloway Ave., San Francisco, CA 4132, USA
| | - Yuma Arriaga
- Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, 1600 Holloway Ave., San Francisco, CA 4132, USA
| | - Emily Conrad
- Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, 1600 Holloway Ave., San Francisco, CA 4132, USA
| | - Alonso Castro
- Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, 1600 Holloway Ave., San Francisco, CA 4132, USA
| | - Katharine Eichelberger
- Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, 1600 Holloway Ave., San Francisco, CA 4132, USA
| | - Laura Galvan
- Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, 1600 Holloway Ave., San Francisco, CA 4132, USA
| | - Grace Gundy
- Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, 1600 Holloway Ave., San Francisco, CA 4132, USA
| | | | - Alyssa Jimenez
- Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, 1600 Holloway Ave., San Francisco, CA 4132, USA
| | - Nhien Tuyet Lu
- Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, 1600 Holloway Ave., San Francisco, CA 4132, USA
| | - Catharine Lugar
- Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, 1600 Holloway Ave., San Francisco, CA 4132, USA
| | - Ronald Marania
- Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, 1600 Holloway Ave., San Francisco, CA 4132, USA
| | - Tserendavaa Mendsaikhan
- Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, 1600 Holloway Ave., San Francisco, CA 4132, USA
| | - Jose Ortega
- Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, 1600 Holloway Ave., San Francisco, CA 4132, USA
| | - Natasha Nand
- Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, 1600 Holloway Ave., San Francisco, CA 4132, USA
| | - Nicole S Rodrigues
- Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, 1600 Holloway Ave., San Francisco, CA 4132, USA
| | - Khayla Shabazz
- Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, 1600 Holloway Ave., San Francisco, CA 4132, USA
| | - Cynnie Tam
- Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, 1600 Holloway Ave., San Francisco, CA 4132, USA
| | - Emmanuel Valenciano
- Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, 1600 Holloway Ave., San Francisco, CA 4132, USA
| | - Clive Hayzelden
- Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, 1600 Holloway Ave., San Francisco, CA 4132, USA
| | - Anthony S Eritano
- Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, 1600 Holloway Ave., San Francisco, CA 4132, USA
| | - Blake Riggs
- Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, 1600 Holloway Ave., San Francisco, CA 4132, USA
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13
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Liu Y, Zhou J, Qiu Z, Hu P, Chen X, Yang Z. Identification and Validation of Reference Genes for Expression Analysis Using RT-qPCR in Leptocybe invasa Fisher and La Salle (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae). INSECTS 2023; 14:insects14050456. [PMID: 37233084 DOI: 10.3390/insects14050456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Leptocybe invasa (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) is a globally intrusive pest. Despite extensive research into the physiological responses of this pest, our understanding of the molecular mechanisms still needs to be improved. We want to accurately investigate the expression of L. invasa's target genes, so it is imperative to select fitting reference genes. In this study, eight housekeeping genes' stability (RPS30, ACTR, 18S rRNA, ACT, RPL18, GAPDH, 28S rRNA, and TUB) was tested under five different experimental conditions, including male or female adults, somites (head, thorax, and abdomen), temperatures (0 °C, 25 °C, and 40 °C), diets (starvation, clear water, 10% honey water, Eucalyptus sap), and pesticides (acetone was used as a control, imidacloprid, monosultap). Gene stability was calculated using RefFinder, which integrates four algorithms (the ∆Ct method, geNorm, NormFinder, and BestKeeper). The findings implied that ACT and ACTR were the most accurate when comparing sexes. For analyzing different somites, 28S rRNA and RPL18 were ideal; the 28S rRNA and RRS30 were perfect for analyzing at different temperatures. The combination of ACT and GAPDH helped to analyze gene expression in different diets, and GAPDH and 28S rRNA were suitable for various pesticide conditions. Overall, this research offers a complete list of reference genes from L. invasa for precise analysis of target gene expression, which can improve the trustworthiness of RT-qPCR and lay the foundation for further investigations into the gene function of this pest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Liu
- College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Jing Zhou
- College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Zhisong Qiu
- College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Ping Hu
- College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Conservation, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Xiao Chen
- College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Zhende Yang
- College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Conservation, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
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14
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Scott H, Novikov B, Ugur B, Allen B, Mertsalov I, Monagas-Valentin P, Koff M, Baas Robinson S, Aoki K, Veizaj R, Lefeber DJ, Tiemeyer M, Bellen H, Panin V. Glia-neuron coupling via a bipartite sialylation pathway promotes neural transmission and stress tolerance in Drosophila. eLife 2023; 12:e78280. [PMID: 36946697 PMCID: PMC10110239 DOI: 10.7554/elife.78280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Modification by sialylated glycans can affect protein functions, underlying mechanisms that control animal development and physiology. Sialylation relies on a dedicated pathway involving evolutionarily conserved enzymes, including CMP-sialic acid synthetase (CSAS) and sialyltransferase (SiaT) that mediate the activation of sialic acid and its transfer onto glycan termini, respectively. In Drosophila, CSAS and DSiaT genes function in the nervous system, affecting neural transmission and excitability. We found that these genes function in different cells: the function of CSAS is restricted to glia, while DSiaT functions in neurons. This partition of the sialylation pathway allows for regulation of neural functions via a glia-mediated control of neural sialylation. The sialylation genes were shown to be required for tolerance to heat and oxidative stress and for maintenance of the normal level of voltage-gated sodium channels. Our results uncovered a unique bipartite sialylation pathway that mediates glia-neuron coupling and regulates neural excitability and stress tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilary Scott
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M UniversityCollege StationUnited States
| | - Boris Novikov
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M UniversityCollege StationUnited States
| | - Berrak Ugur
- Departments of Molecular and Human Genetics and Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, and Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children’s HospitalHoustonUnited States
| | - Brooke Allen
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M UniversityCollege StationUnited States
| | - Ilya Mertsalov
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M UniversityCollege StationUnited States
| | - Pedro Monagas-Valentin
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M UniversityCollege StationUnited States
| | - Melissa Koff
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M UniversityCollege StationUnited States
| | - Sarah Baas Robinson
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of GeorgiaAthensUnited States
| | - Kazuhiro Aoki
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of GeorgiaAthensUnited States
| | - Raisa Veizaj
- Translational Metabolic Laboratory, Department of Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Medical CenterNijmegenNetherlands
| | - Dirk J Lefeber
- Translational Metabolic Laboratory, Department of Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Medical CenterNijmegenNetherlands
| | - Michael Tiemeyer
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of GeorgiaAthensUnited States
| | - Hugo Bellen
- Departments of Molecular and Human Genetics and Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, and Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children’s HospitalHoustonUnited States
| | - Vladislav Panin
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M UniversityCollege StationUnited States
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Differential expression of Phlebotomus tobbi Adler, Theodor & Lourie, 1930 (Diptera: Psychodidae) genes under different environmental conditions. Acta Trop 2023; 239:106808. [PMID: 36577475 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2022.106808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Phlebotomus tobbi is a widely distributed sand fly species in Turkey and is the proven vector of Leishmania infantum and several Phleboviruses. Information regarding the genetic basis of phenotypic plasticity is crucial for managing vector-borne diseases, as the changing environmental conditions have consequences for the survival of arthropods and the disease agents they transmit. However, limited data is available on the impacts of environmental conditions on the traits associated with sand fly survival, reproduction, and vectorial competence. The present study aimed to reveal the changes in the expression levels of three selected P. tobbi genes using laboratory-reared and wild-caught populations. A nervous system protein, Cacophony (PtCac), related to the life history traits of sand flies, and two sand fly salivary protein genes, PtSP32 and PtSP38, influence the infection of the vertebrate hosts, were assessed. Sand flies were maintained at 23 °C and 27 °C in the laboratory to evaluate the relationship between temperature and the expressed phenotypes. Field collections were carried out in three climatically distinct regions of Turkey to establish the regional differences in the gene expression levels of natural P. tobbi populations. In the laboratory, PtCac expression increased with the temperature. However, PtCac expression was negatively correlated with local temperature and humidity conditions. No differences were detected in the PtSP32 gene expression levels of both laboratory-reared and wild-caught females, but a negative correlation was observed with relative humidity in natural populations. Although the expression levels of PtSP38 did not differ among the females collected from distinct regions, a positive correlation was detected in the laboratory-reared colony. The findings indicated that changes in environmental conditions could drive the expression levels of P. tobbi genes, which influence population dynamics and the transmission risk of the disease.
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16
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Zeng B, Liu YT, Feng ZR, Chen FR, Wu SF, Bass C, Gao CF. The overexpression of cytochrome P450 genes confers buprofezin resistance in the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens (Stål). PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2023; 79:125-133. [PMID: 36098067 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Buprofezin, an insect growth regulator, has been widely used to control brown planthopper (BPH), Nilaparvata lugens, one of the most destructive pests of rice crops in Asia. The intensive use of this compound has resulted in very high levels of resistance to buprofezin in the field, however, the underpinning mechanisms of resistance have not been fully resolved. RESULTS Insecticide bioassays using the P450 inhibitor piperonyl butoxide significantly synergized the toxicity of buprofezin in two resistant strains of BPH (BPR and YC2017) compared to a susceptible strain (Sus), suggesting P450s play a role in resistance to this compound. Whole transcriptome profiling identified 1110 genes that were upregulated in the BPR strain compared to the Sus strain, including 13 cytochrome P450 genes, eight esterases and one glutathione S-transferase. Subsequently, qPCR validation revealed that four of the P450 genes, CYP6ER1vA, CYP6CW1, CYP4C77, and CYP439A1 were significantly overexpressed in both the BRP and YC2017 strains compared with the Sus strain. Further functional analyses showed that only suppression of CYP6ER1vA, CYP6CW1, and CYP439A1 gene expression by RNA interference significantly increased the toxicity of buprofezin against BPH. However, only transgenic Drosophila melanogaster expressing CYP6ER1vA and CYP439A1 exhibited significant resistance to buprofezin. Finally, the BPR strain was found to exhibit modest but significant levels of resistance to acetamiprid, dinotefuran and pymetrozine. CONCLUSIONS Our findings provide strong evidence that the overexpression of CYP6ER1vA and CYP439A1 contribute to buprofezin resistance in BPH, and that resistance to this compound is associated with low-level resistance to acetamiprid, dinotefuran and pymetrozine. These results advance understanding of the molecular basis of BPH resistance to buprofezin and will inform the development of management strategies for the control of this highly damaging pest. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Zeng
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing, China
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Biosciences, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Penryn, UK
| | - Ya-Ting Liu
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing, China
| | - Ze-Rui Feng
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing, China
| | - Fu-Rong Chen
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing, China
| | - Shun-Fan Wu
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing, China
| | - Chris Bass
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Biosciences, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Penryn, UK
| | - Cong-Fen Gao
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing, China
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17
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Liu Z, Xiao J, Xia Y, Wu Q, Zhao C, Li D. Selection and validation of reference genes for RT-qPCR-based analyses of Anastatus japonicus Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Helicopteridae). Front Physiol 2022; 13:1046204. [PMID: 36338494 PMCID: PMC9626802 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.1046204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
RT-qPCR remains a vital approach for molecular biology studies aimed at quantifying gene expression in a range of physiological or pathological settings. However, the use of appropriate reference genes is essential to attain meaningful RT-qPCR results. Anastatus japonicus Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Helicopteridae) is an important egg parasitoid wasp and natural enemy of fruit bugs and forest caterpillars. While recent transcriptomic studies have analyzed gene expression profiles in A. japonicus specimens, offering a robust foundation for functional research focused on this parasitoid, no validated A. japonicus reference genes have yet been established, hampering further research efforts. Accordingly, this study sought to address this issue by screening for the most stable internal reference genes in A. japonicus samples to permit reliable RT-qPCR analyses. The utility of eight candidate reference genes (ACTIN, TATA, GAPDH, TUB, RPL13, RPS6, EF1α, RPS3a) was assessed under four different conditions by comparing developmental stages (larvae, pupae, adults), tissues (abdomen, chest, head), sex (male or female adults), or diapause states (diapause induction for 25, 35, 45, or 55 days, or diapause termination). RefFinder was used to calculate gene stability based on the integration of four algorithms (BestKeeper, Normfinder, geNorm, and ΔCt method) to determine the optimal RT-qPCR reference gene. Based on this approach, RPS6 and RPL13 were found to be the most reliable reference genes when assessing different stages of development, while ACTIN and EF1α were optimal when comparing adults of different sexes, RPL13 and EF1α were optimal when analyzing different tissues, and TATA and ACTIN were optimal for different diapause states. These results provide a valuable foundation for future RT-qPCR analyses of A. japonicus gene expression and function under a range of experimental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zixin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control on Fruits and Vegetables in South China Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of High Technology for Plant Protection, Institute of Plant Protection, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junjiang Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control on Fruits and Vegetables in South China Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of High Technology for Plant Protection, Institute of Plant Protection, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yue Xia
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control on Fruits and Vegetables in South China Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of High Technology for Plant Protection, Institute of Plant Protection, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qifeng Wu
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control on Fruits and Vegetables in South China Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of High Technology for Plant Protection, Institute of Plant Protection, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Can Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control on Fruits and Vegetables in South China Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of High Technology for Plant Protection, Institute of Plant Protection, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Can Zhao, Dunsong Li,
| | - Dunsong Li
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control on Fruits and Vegetables in South China Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of High Technology for Plant Protection, Institute of Plant Protection, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Can Zhao, Dunsong Li,
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18
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Hildebrandt K, Klöppel C, Gogel J, Hartenstein V, Walldorf U. Orthopedia expression during Drosophila melanogaster nervous system development and its regulation by microRNA-252. Dev Biol 2022; 492:87-100. [PMID: 36179878 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2022.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
During brain development of Drosophila melanogaster many transcription factors are involved in regulating neural fate and morphogenesis. In our study we show that the transcription factor Orthopedia (Otp), a member of the 57B homeobox gene cluster, plays an important role in this process. Otp is expressed in a stable pattern in defined lineages from mid-embryonic stages into the adult brain and therefore a very stable marker for these lineages. We determined the abundance of the two different otp transcripts in the brain and hindgut during development using qPCR. CRISPR/Cas9 generated otp mutants of the longer protein form significantly affect the expression of Otp in specific areas. We generated an otp enhancer trap strain by gene targeting and reintegration of Gal4, which mimics the complete expression of otp during development except the embryonic hindgut expression. Since in the embryo, the expression of Otp is posttranscriptionally regulated, we looked for putative miRNAs interacting with the otp 3'UTR, and identified microRNA-252 as a candidate. Further analyses with mutated and deleted forms of the microRNA-252 interacting sequence in the otp 3'UTR demonstrate an in vivo interaction of microRNA-252 with the otp 3'UTR. An effect of this interaction is seen in the adult brain, where Otp expression is partially abolished in a knockout strain of microRNA-252. Our results show that Otp is another important factor for brain development in Drosophila melanogaster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten Hildebrandt
- Developmental Biology, Saarland University, Building 61, 66421, Homburg, Saar, Germany
| | - Christine Klöppel
- Developmental Biology, Saarland University, Building 61, 66421, Homburg, Saar, Germany
| | - Jasmin Gogel
- Developmental Biology, Saarland University, Building 61, 66421, Homburg, Saar, Germany
| | - Volker Hartenstein
- Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Uwe Walldorf
- Developmental Biology, Saarland University, Building 61, 66421, Homburg, Saar, Germany.
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Zhang Y, Zeng L, Wei Y, Zhang M, Pan W, Sword GA, Yang F, Chen F, Wan G. Reliable reference genes for gene expression analyses under the hypomagnetic field in a migratory insect. Front Physiol 2022; 13:954228. [PMID: 36003646 PMCID: PMC9393789 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.954228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Manipulating the hypomagnetic field (HMF), which is the absence or significant weakening (<5 μT) of the geomagnetic field (GMF), offers a unique tool to investigate magnetic field effects on organismal physiology, development, behavior and life history. Reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) has been utilized to study changes in gene expression associated with exposure to the HMF. However, selecting appropriate reference genes (RGs) with confirmed stable expression across environments for RT-qPCR is often underappreciated. Using three algorithms (BestKeeper, NormFinder, and GeNorm), we investigated the expression stability of eight candidate RGs when exposed to the HMF condition versus local GMF during developmental from juveniles to adults in the migratory insect pest, the brown planthopper Nilaparvata lugens. During the nymphal stage, RPL5 & α-TUB1, EF1-α & ARF1, RPL5 & AK, EF1-α & RPL5, and ARF1 & AK were suggested as the most stable RG sets in the 1st to 5th instars, respectively. For 1- to 3-day-old adults, AK & ARF1, AK & α-TUB1, AK & ARF1 and EF1-α & RPL5, AK & α-TUB1, AK & EF1-α were the optimal RG sets for macropterous and brachypterous females, respectively. ACT1 & RPL5, RPL5 & EF1-α, α-TUB1 & ACT1 and EF1-α & RPL5, ARF1 & ACT1, ACT1 & ARF1 were the optimal RG sets for macropterous and brachypterous males, respectively. These results will facilitate accurate gene expression analyses under the HMF in N. lugens. The verification approach illustrated in this study highlights the importance of identifying reliable RGs for future empirical studies of magnetobiology (including magnetoreception) that involve magnetic field intensity as a factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Health & Crop Safety, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Luying Zeng
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Health & Crop Safety, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yongji Wei
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Health & Crop Safety, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ming Zhang
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Health & Crop Safety, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Weidong Pan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioelectromagnetics, Institute of Electrical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Gregory A. Sword
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Fei Yang
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Fajun Chen
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Health & Crop Safety, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Guijun Wan
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Health & Crop Safety, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Guijun Wan,
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Moreno MR, Boswell K, Casbolt HL, Bulgakova NA. Multifaceted control of E-cadherin dynamics by Adaptor Protein Complex 1 during epithelial morphogenesis. Mol Biol Cell 2022; 33:ar80. [PMID: 35609212 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e21-12-0598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracellular trafficking regulates the distribution of transmembrane proteins including the key determinants of epithelial polarity and adhesion. The Adaptor Protein 1 (AP-1) complex is the key regulator of vesicle sorting, which binds many specific cargoes. We examined roles of the AP-1 complex in epithelial morphogenesis, using the Drosophila wing as a paradigm. We found that AP-1 knockdown leads to ectopic tissue folding, which is consistent with the observed defects in integrin targeting to the basal cell-extracellular matrix adhesion sites. This occurs concurrently with an integrin-independent induction of cell death, which counteracts elevated proliferation and prevents hyperplasia. We discovered a distinct pool of AP-1 that localizes at the subapical adherens junctions. Upon AP-1 knockdown, E-cadherin is hyperinternalized from these junctions and becomes enriched at the Golgi and recycling endosomes. We then provide evidence that E-cadherin hyperinternalization acts upstream of cell death in a potential tumor-suppressive mechanism. Simultaneously, cells compensate for elevated internalization of E-cadherin by increasing its expression to maintain cell-cell adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Ramírez Moreno
- School of Biosciences and Bateson Centre, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Katy Boswell
- School of Biosciences and Bateson Centre, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Helen L Casbolt
- School of Biosciences and Bateson Centre, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Natalia A Bulgakova
- School of Biosciences and Bateson Centre, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
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21
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Doyle T, Jimenez-Guri E, Hawkes WLS, Massy R, Mantica F, Permanyer J, Cozzuto L, Hermoso Pulido T, Baril T, Hayward A, Irimia M, Chapman JW, Bass C, Wotton KR. Genome-wide transcriptomic changes reveal the genetic pathways involved in insect migration. Mol Ecol 2022; 31:4332-4350. [PMID: 35801824 PMCID: PMC9546057 DOI: 10.1111/mec.16588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Insects are capable of extraordinary feats of long‐distance movement that have profound impacts on the function of terrestrial ecosystems. The ability to undertake these movements arose multiple times through the evolution of a suite of traits that make up the migratory syndrome, however the underlying genetic pathways involved remain poorly understood. Migratory hoverflies (Diptera: Syrphidae) are an emerging model group for studies of migration. They undertake seasonal movements in huge numbers across large parts of the globe and are important pollinators, biological control agents and decomposers. Here, we assembled a high‐quality draft genome of the marmalade hoverfly (Episyrphus balteatus). We leveraged this genomic resource to undertake a genome‐wide transcriptomic comparison of actively migrating Episyrphus, captured from a high mountain pass as they flew south to overwinter, with the transcriptomes of summer forms which were non‐migratory. We identified 1543 genes with very strong evidence for differential expression. Interrogation of this gene set reveals a remarkable range of roles in metabolism, muscle structure and function, hormonal regulation, immunity, stress resistance, flight and feeding behaviour, longevity, reproductive diapause and sensory perception. These features of the migrant phenotype have arisen by the integration and modification of pathways such as insulin signalling for diapause and longevity, JAK/SAT for immunity, and those leading to octopamine production and fuelling to boost flight capabilities. Our results provide a powerful genomic resource for future research, and paint a comprehensive picture of global expression changes in an actively migrating insect, identifying key genomic components involved in this important life‐history strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toby Doyle
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Cornwall Campus, Penryn, United Kingdom
| | - Eva Jimenez-Guri
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Cornwall Campus, Penryn, United Kingdom
| | - Will L S Hawkes
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Cornwall Campus, Penryn, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Massy
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Cornwall Campus, Penryn, United Kingdom
| | - Federica Mantica
- Centre for Genomic Regulation, Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jon Permanyer
- Centre for Genomic Regulation, Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Luca Cozzuto
- Centre for Genomic Regulation, Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Toni Hermoso Pulido
- Centre for Genomic Regulation, Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Tobias Baril
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Cornwall Campus, Penryn, United Kingdom
| | - Alex Hayward
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Cornwall Campus, Penryn, United Kingdom
| | - Manuel Irimia
- Centre for Genomic Regulation, Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain.,Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain.,ICREA, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jason W Chapman
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Cornwall Campus, Penryn, United Kingdom.,Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter, Cornwall Campus, Penryn, United Kingdom.,Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Chris Bass
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Cornwall Campus, Penryn, United Kingdom
| | - Karl R Wotton
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Cornwall Campus, Penryn, United Kingdom
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22
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Oyeyinka A, Kansal M, O’Sullivan SM, Gualtieri C, Smith ZM, Vonhoff FJ. Corazonin Neurons Contribute to Dimorphic Ethanol Sedation Sensitivity in Drosophila melanogaster. Front Neural Circuits 2022; 16:702901. [PMID: 35814486 PMCID: PMC9256964 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2022.702901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to alcohol has multiple effects on nervous system function, and organisms have evolved mechanisms to optimally respond to the presence of ethanol. Sex differences in ethanol-induced behaviors have been observed in several organisms, ranging from humans to invertebrates. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the dimorphic regulation of ethanol-induced behaviors remain incompletely understood. Here, we observed sex differences in ethanol sedation sensitivity in Drosophila Genome Reference Panel (DGRP) lines of Drosophila melanogaster compared to the absence of dimorphism in standard laboratory wildtype and control lines. However, in dose response experiments, we were able to unmask dimorphic responses for the control mutant line w1118 by lowering the testing ethanol concentration. Notably, feminization of the small population of Corazonin (Crz) neurons in males was sufficient to induce female-like sedation sensitivity. We also tested the role of the transcription factor apontic (apt) based on its known expression in Crz neurons and its regulation of sedation responses. Interestingly, loss of function apt mutations increased sedation times in both males and females as compared to controls. No significant difference between male and female apt mutants was observed, suggesting a possible role of apt in the regulation of dimorphic ethanol-induced responses. Thus, our results shed light into the mechanisms regulating sex-differences in ethanol-induced behaviors at the cellular and molecular level, suggesting that the genetic sex in a small neuronal population plays an important role in modulating sex differences in behavioral responses to ethanol.
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Chen K, Wang X, Wei X, Chen J, Wei Y, Jiang H, Lu Z, Feng C. Nitric Oxide-Induced Calcineurin A Mediates Antimicrobial Peptide Production Through the IMD Pathway. Front Immunol 2022; 13:905419. [PMID: 35663981 PMCID: PMC9157438 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.905419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) at a high concentration is an effector to kill pathogens during insect immune responses, it also functions as a second messenger at a low concentration to regulate antimicrobial peptide (AMP) production in insects. Drosophila calcineurin subunit CanA1 is a ubiquitous serine/threonine protein phosphatase involved in NO-induced AMP production. However, it is unclear how NO regulates AMP expression. In this study, we used a lepidopteran pest Ostrinia furnacalis and Drosophila S2 cells to investigate how NO signaling affects the AMP production. Bacterial infections upregulated the transcription of nitric oxide synthase 1/2 (NOS1/2), CanA and AMP genes and increased NO concentration in larval hemolymph. Inhibition of NOS or CanA activity reduced the survival of bacteria-infected O. furnacalis. NO donor increased NO level in plasma and upregulated the production of CanA and certain AMPs. In S2 cells, killed Escherichia coli induced NOS transcription and boosted NO production, whereas knockdown of NOS blocked the NO level increase caused by E. coli. As in O. furnacalis larvae, supplementation of the NO donor increased NO level in the culture medium and AMP expression in S2 cells. Suppression of the key pathway genes showed that the IMD (but not Toll) pathway was involved in the upregulation of CecropinA1, Defensin, Diptericin, and Drosomycin by killed E. coli. Knockdown of NOS also reduced the expression of CanA1 and AMPs induced by E. coli, indicative of a role of NO in the AMP expression. Furthermore, CanA1 RNA interference and inhibition of its phosphatase activity significantly reduced NO-induced AMP expression, and knockdown of IMD suppressed NO-induced AMP expression. Together, these results suggest that NO-induced AMP production is mediated by CanA1 via the IMD pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kangkang Chen
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xinyan Wang
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xiangyi Wei
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jiaqian Chen
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Youheng Wei
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Haobo Jiang
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, United States
| | - Zhiqiang Lu
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Congjing Feng
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
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24
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Yue X, Liang Y, Wei Z, Lv J, Cai Y, Fan X, Zhang W, Chen J. Genome-wide in vitro and in vivo RNAi screens reveal Fer3 to be an important regulator of kkv transcription in Drosophila. INSECT SCIENCE 2022; 29:614-630. [PMID: 34351065 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Krotzkopf verkehrt (kkv) is a key enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of chitin, an important component of the Drosophila epidermis, trachea, and other tissues. Here, we report the use of comprehensive RNA interference (RNAi) analyses to search for kkv transcriptional regulators. A cell-based RNAi screen identified 537 candidate kkv regulators on a genome-wide scale. Subsequent use of transgenic Drosophila lines expressing RNAi constructs enabled in vivo validation, and we identified six genes as potential kkv transcriptional regulators. Weakening of the kkvDsRed signal, an in vivo reporter indicating kkv promoter activity, was observed when the expression of Akirin, NFAT, 48 related 3 (Fer3), or Autophagy-related 101(Atg101) was knocked down in Drosophila at the 3rd-instar larval stage; whereas we observed disoriented taenidial folds on larval tracheae when Lines (lin) or Autophagy-related 3 (Atg3) was knocked down in the tracheae. Fer3, in particular, has been shown to be an important factor in the activation of kkv transcription via specific binding with the kkv promoter. The genes involved in the chitin synthesis pathway were widely affected by the downregulation of Fer3. Furthermore, Atg101, Atg3, Akirin, Lin, NFAT, Pnr, and Abd-A showed that the potential complex mechanism of kkv transcription is regulated by an interaction network with bithorax complex components. Our study revealed the hitherto unappreciated diversity of modulators impinging on kkv transcription and opens new avenues in the study of kkv regulation and chitin biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangzhao Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- College of Life Sciences, Shangrao Normal University, Shangrao, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Yongkang Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhishuang Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yongjin Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaobin Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenqing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of High Technology for Plant Protection, Plant Protection Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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25
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Genes Responsible for H2S Production and Metabolism Are Involved in Learning and Memory in Drosophila melanogaster. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12060751. [PMID: 35740876 PMCID: PMC9221306 DOI: 10.3390/biom12060751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The gasotransmitter hydrogen sulfide (H2S) produced by the transsulfuration pathway (TSP) is an important biological mediator, involved in many physiological and pathological processes in multiple higher organisms, including humans. Cystathionine-β-synthase (CBS) and cystathionine-γ-lyase (CSE) enzymes play a central role in H2S production and metabolism. Here, we investigated the role of H2S in learning and memory processes by exploring several Drosophila melanogaster strains with single and double deletions of CBS and CSE developed by the CRISPR/Cas9 technique. We monitored the learning and memory parameters of these strains using the mating rejection courtship paradigm and demonstrated that the deletion of the CBS gene, which is expressed predominantly in the central nervous system, and double deletions completely block short- and long-term memory formation in fruit flies. On the other hand, the flies with CSE deletion preserve short- and long-term memory but fail to exhibit long-term memory retention. Transcriptome profiling of the heads of the males from the strains with deletions in Gene Ontology terms revealed a strong down-regulation of many genes involved in learning and memory, reproductive behavior, cognition, and the oxidation–reduction process in all strains with CBS deletion, indicating an important role of the hydrogen sulfide production in these vital processes.
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26
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Wang Y, Lobb-Rabe M, Ashley J, Chatterjee P, Anand V, Bellen HJ, Kanca O, Carrillo RA. Systematic expression profiling of Dpr and DIP genes reveals cell surface codes in Drosophila larval motor and sensory neurons. Development 2022; 149:dev200355. [PMID: 35502740 PMCID: PMC9188756 DOI: 10.1242/dev.200355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
In complex nervous systems, neurons must identify their correct partners to form synaptic connections. The prevailing model to ensure correct recognition posits that cell-surface proteins (CSPs) in individual neurons act as identification tags. Thus, knowing what cells express which CSPs would provide insights into neural development, synaptic connectivity, and nervous system evolution. Here, we investigated expression of Dpr and DIP genes, two CSP subfamilies belonging to the immunoglobulin superfamily, in Drosophila larval motor neurons (MNs), muscles, glia and sensory neurons (SNs) using a collection of GAL4 driver lines. We found that Dpr genes are more broadly expressed than DIP genes in MNs and SNs, and each examined neuron expresses a unique combination of Dpr and DIP genes. Interestingly, many Dpr and DIP genes are not robustly expressed, but are found instead in gradient and temporal expression patterns. In addition, the unique expression patterns of Dpr and DIP genes revealed three uncharacterized MNs. This study sets the stage for exploring the functions of Dpr and DIP genes in Drosophila MNs and SNs and provides genetic access to subsets of neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yupu Wang
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Cellular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Neuroscience Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Committee on Development, Regeneration, and Stem Cell Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Meike Lobb-Rabe
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Cellular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Neuroscience Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Program in Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - James Ashley
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Cellular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Neuroscience Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Purujit Chatterjee
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Cellular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Neuroscience Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Veera Anand
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Cellular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Neuroscience Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Hugo J. Bellen
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics and Jan and Dan Duncan Neurobiological Research Institute, Baylor College of Medicine (BCM), Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Neuroscience and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baylor College of Medicine (BCM), Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Oguz Kanca
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics and Jan and Dan Duncan Neurobiological Research Institute, Baylor College of Medicine (BCM), Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Robert A. Carrillo
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Cellular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Neuroscience Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Committee on Development, Regeneration, and Stem Cell Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Program in Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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27
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Li J, Fu N, Ren L, Luo Y. Identification and Validation of Reference Genes for Gene Expression Analysis in Monochamus saltuarius Under Bursaphelenchus xylophilus Treatment. Front Physiol 2022; 13:882792. [PMID: 35547586 PMCID: PMC9082747 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.882792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A special mutual relationship exists between the pine wood nematode (PWN) Bursaphelenchus xylophilus and its vector beetles of genus Monochamus, which enables PWN to spread, at the same time provides longhorned beetles with more weak hosts. PWN are attracted to the pupal chambers and then carried inside the trachea of beetle adults, which is a necessary part to complete the B. xylophilus infection cycle. The growth and immune responses of the vector beetle will affect this carrying process, however, they were rarely studied in Monochamus saltuarius. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), one of the most common methods for quantitative gene expression analysis, was performed to explore the key genes and pathways involved in the growth, development and immune responses of M. saltuarius at different developmental stages associated with infection of PWN and PWN treatment conditions. To enhance the accuracy of RT-qPCR data, the expression of target genes needs to be normalized with reference genes, which are stably expressed under varied experimental conditions. In our study, the stability of 14 candidate reference genes in M. saltuarius samples at different developmental stages associated with infection of PWN or PWN treatment conditions was evaluated using delta Ct, geNorm, NormFinder, BestKeeper and RefFinder algorithms. Moreover, KLF gene was used to validate the stability of the selected reference genes. Under experimental conditions of this study, RPL7 and TER were suitable reference genes at different developmental stages associated with infection of PWN. RPL7 and RPS5 were considered the most stable reference genes in the pupae treated with PWN. RPS5 and SNX6 could be used as reference genes in the adults treated with PWN. RPL7, EF1-γ, and RPS5 could be used as stable reference genes in all the samples. This work is the first to evaluate reference genes in M. saltuarius, laying a foundation for further gene expression experimental procedures and understanding the phoretic relationship between M. saltuarius and B. xylophilus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxing Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Forest Pest Control, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Ningning Fu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Forest Pest Control, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Lili Ren
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Forest Pest Control, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Youqing Luo
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Forest Pest Control, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
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Wang X, Zhou Y, Guan J, Cheng Y, Lu Y, Wei Y. FKBP39 Controls the Larval Stage JH Activity and Development in Drosophila melanogaster. INSECTS 2022; 13:insects13040330. [PMID: 35447772 PMCID: PMC9030728 DOI: 10.3390/insects13040330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Two endocrine hormones, ecdysone and juvenile hormone (JH), control insect development and reproduction. Some studies in the literature have suggested that FKBP39 functions as a transcriptional factor and regulates the JH pathway in Drosophila. However, the physiological roles of FKBP39 are still elusive. To determine the FKBP39 roles in vivo, we first developed an antibody to check the FKBP39 expression pattern and then detected JH activity-related phenotypes in fkbp39 mutants, such as pupariation, reproduction, and Kr-h1 expression. We found that FKBP39 expresses at a high level and controls JH activity at the larval stage. Moreover, we found that rp49, the most widely used reference gene for Real-time quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR), significantly decreased in the fkbp39 mutant. This work will provide valuable information for studies on JH activity and insect development. Abstract FK506-binding protein 39kD (FKBP39) localizes in the nucleus and contains multiple functional domains. Structural analysis suggests that FKBP39 might function as a transcriptional factor and control juvenile hormone (JH) activity. Here, we show that FKBP39 expresses at a high level and localizes in the nucleolus of fat body cells during the first two larval stages and early third larval stage. The fkbp39 mutant displays delayed larval-pupal transition and an increased expression of Kr-h1, the main mediator of the JH pathway, at the early third larval stage. Moreover, the fkbp39 mutant has a fertility defect that is independent of JH activity. Interestingly, the expression of rp49, the most widely used reference gene for qRT-PCR in Drosophila, significantly decreased in the fkbp39 mutant, suggesting that FKBP39 might regulate ribosome assembly. Taken together, our data demonstrate the expression pattern and physiological roles of FKBP39 in Drosophila.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Wang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (X.W.); (Y.Z.); (J.G.); (Y.C.); (Y.L.)
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Ying Zhou
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (X.W.); (Y.Z.); (J.G.); (Y.C.); (Y.L.)
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Jianwen Guan
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (X.W.); (Y.Z.); (J.G.); (Y.C.); (Y.L.)
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Yang Cheng
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (X.W.); (Y.Z.); (J.G.); (Y.C.); (Y.L.)
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Yingying Lu
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (X.W.); (Y.Z.); (J.G.); (Y.C.); (Y.L.)
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Youheng Wei
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (X.W.); (Y.Z.); (J.G.); (Y.C.); (Y.L.)
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Correspondence:
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29
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Sellamuthu G, Bílý J, Joga MR, Synek J, Roy A. Identifying optimal reference genes for gene expression studies in Eurasian spruce bark beetle, Ips typographus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae). Sci Rep 2022; 12:4671. [PMID: 35304502 PMCID: PMC8933438 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-08434-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Eurasian spruce bark beetle (Ips typographus [L.]) causes substantial damage to spruce forests worldwide. Undoubtedly, more aggressive measures are necessary to restrict the enduring loss. Finishing genome sequencing is a landmark achievement for deploying molecular techniques (i.e., RNA interference) to manage this pest. Gene expression studies assist in understanding insect physiology and deployment of molecular approaches for pest management. RT-qPCR is a valuable technique for such studies. However, accuracy and reliability depend on suitable reference genes. With the genome sequence available and the growing requirement of molecular tools for aggressive forest pest management, it is crucial to find suitable reference genes in Ips typographus under different experimental conditions. Hence, we evaluated the stability of twelve candidate reference genes under diverse experimental conditions such as biotic (developmental, sex and tissues) and abiotic factors (i.e., temperature and juvenile hormone treatment) to identify the reference genes. Our results revealed that ribosomal protein 3a (RPS3-a) was the best reference gene across all the experimental conditions, with minor exceptions. However, the stability of the reference gene can differ based on experiments. Nevertheless, present study provides a comprehensive list of reference genes under different experimental conditions for Ips typographus and contributes to "future genomic and functional genomic research".
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Affiliation(s)
- Gothandapani Sellamuthu
- Excellent Team for Mitigation (ETM), Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Bílý
- Excellent Team for Mitigation (ETM), Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Mallikarjuna Reddy Joga
- Excellent Team for Mitigation (ETM), Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Synek
- Excellent Team for Mitigation (ETM), Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Amit Roy
- Excellent Team for Mitigation (ETM), Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic. .,EVA 4.0 Unit, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic.
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30
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Tang J, Liang G, Dong S, Shan S, Zhao M, Guo X. Selection and Validation of Reference Genes for Quantitative Real-Time PCR Normalization in Athetis dissimilis (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Under Different Conditions. Front Physiol 2022; 13:842195. [PMID: 35273523 PMCID: PMC8902415 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.842195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Reference genes are the key to study gene expression patterns using quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). No studies on the reference genes of Athetis dissimilis, an important agricultural pest, have been reported. In order to determine the reference genes for qRT-PCR normalization in A. dissimilis under different conditions, 10 candidate genes [18S ribosomal protein (18S), 28S ribosomal protein (28S), arginine kinase (AK), elongation factor 1 alpha (EF1-α), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), ribosomal protein L32 (RPL32), ribosomal protein L40 (RPL40), alpha-tubulin (α-TUB), beta-actin (β-ACT), and beta-tubulin (β-TUB)] of A. dissimilis were selected to evaluate their stability as reference genes under different biotic and abiotic conditions by using five tools, geNorm, NormFinder, BestKeeper, ΔCt, and RefFinder. Furthermore, CSP1 and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were used as target genes to validate the candidate reference genes. The results showed that different reference genes were needed under different experimental conditions, among which, EF-1α, RPL40, and 18S are most suitable reference genes for studying genes related development stages of A. dissimilis, RPL40 and α-TUB for larval tissues, α-TUB and 28S for adult tissues, EF-1α and β-ACT for insecticidal treatments, β-ACT and 28S for temperature treatments, EF-1α and β-ACT for starvation treatments, RPL40 and 18S for dietary treatments, and 18S, 28S, and α-TUB for all the samples. These results provide suitable reference genes for studying gene expression in A. dissimilis under different experimental conditions, and also lay the foundation for further research into the function of related genes in A. dissimilis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinrong Tang
- Henan International Laboratory for Green Pest Control/College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Gemei Liang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shaoqi Dong
- Henan International Laboratory for Green Pest Control/College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shuang Shan
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Man Zhao
- Henan International Laboratory for Green Pest Control/College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xianru Guo
- Henan International Laboratory for Green Pest Control/College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
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31
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Gandara ACP, Drummond-Barbosa D. Warm and cold temperatures have distinct germline stem cell lineage effects during Drosophila oogenesis. Development 2022; 149:274368. [PMID: 35156684 PMCID: PMC8959152 DOI: 10.1242/dev.200149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Despite their medical and economic relevance, it remains largely unknown how suboptimal temperatures affect adult insect reproduction. Here, we report an in-depth analysis of how chronic adult exposure to suboptimal temperatures affects oogenesis using the model insect Drosophila melanogaster. In adult females maintained at 18°C (cold) or 29°C (warm), relative to females at the 25°C control temperature, egg production was reduced through distinct cellular mechanisms. Chronic 18°C exposure improved germline stem cell maintenance, survival of early germline cysts and oocyte quality, but reduced follicle growth with no obvious effect on vitellogenesis. By contrast, in females at 29°C, germline stem cell numbers and follicle growth were similar to those at 25°C, while early germline cyst death and degeneration of vitellogenic follicles were markedly increased and oocyte quality plummeted over time. Finally, we also show that these effects are largely independent of diet, male factors or canonical temperature sensors. These findings are relevant not only to cold-blooded organisms, which have limited thermoregulation, but also potentially to warm-blooded organisms, which are susceptible to hypothermia, heatstroke and fever.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Caroline P Gandara
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Daniela Drummond-Barbosa
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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32
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Brar GS, Kaur G, Singh S, Shukla J, Pandher S. Identification and validation of stage-specific reference genes for gene expression analysis in Callosobruchus maculatus (Coleoptera: Bruchidae). Gene Expr Patterns 2022; 43:119233. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gep.2022.119233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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33
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Fu H, Huang T, Yin C, Xu Z, Li C, Liu C, Wu T, Song F, Feng F, Yang F. Selection and Validation of Reference Genes for RT-qPCR Normalization in Bradysia odoriphaga (Diptera: Sciaridae) Under Insecticides Stress. Front Physiol 2022; 12:818210. [PMID: 35087425 PMCID: PMC8786907 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.818210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Bradysia odoriphaga (Diptera: Sciaridae) is the most serious root maggot pest which causes substantial damage to the Chinese chive. Organophosphate (OP) and neonicotinoid insecticides are widely used chemical pesticides and play important roles in controlling B. odoriphaga. However, a strong selection pressure following repeated pesticide applications has led to the development of resistant populations of this insect. To understand the insecticide resistance mechanism in B. odoriphaga, gene expression analysis might be required. Appropriate reference gene selection is a critical prerequisite for gene expression studies, as the expression stability of reference genes can be affected by experimental conditions, resulting in biased or erroneous results. The present study shows the expression profile of nine commonly used reference genes [elongation factor 1α (EF-1α), actin2 (ACT), elongation factor 2α (EF-2α), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), ribosomal protein L10 (RPL10), ribosomal protein S3 (RPS3), ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme (UBC), and α-tubulin (TUB)] was systematically analyzed under insecticide stress. Moreover, we also evaluated their expression stability in other experimental conditions, including developmental stages, sexes, and tissues. Five programs (NormFinder, geNorm, BestKeeper, RefFinder, and ΔCt) were used to validate the suitability of candidate reference genes. The results revealed that the most appropriate sets of reference genes were RPL10 and ACT across phoxim; ACT and TUB across chlorpyrifos and chlorfluazuron; EF1α and TUB across imidacloprid; EF1α and EF2α across developmental stages; RPL10 and TUB across larvae; EF1α and ACT across tissues, and ACT and G6PDH across sex. These results will facilitate the standardization of RT-qPCR and contribute to further research on B. odoriphaga gene function under insecticides stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Fu
- Engineering Research Center of Agricultural Microbiology Technology, Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, China.,Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ecological Restoration and Resource Utilization for Cold Region, School of Life Sciences, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, China.,College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Tubiao Huang
- Engineering Research Center of Agricultural Microbiology Technology, Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, China.,Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ecological Restoration and Resource Utilization for Cold Region, School of Life Sciences, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, China
| | - Cheng Yin
- Engineering Research Center of Agricultural Microbiology Technology, Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, China.,Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ecological Restoration and Resource Utilization for Cold Region, School of Life Sciences, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, China
| | - Zhenhua Xu
- Engineering Research Center of Agricultural Microbiology Technology, Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, China.,Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ecological Restoration and Resource Utilization for Cold Region, School of Life Sciences, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, China
| | - Chao Li
- Engineering Research Center of Agricultural Microbiology Technology, Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, China.,Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ecological Restoration and Resource Utilization for Cold Region, School of Life Sciences, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, China
| | - Chunguang Liu
- Engineering Research Center of Agricultural Microbiology Technology, Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, China.,Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ecological Restoration and Resource Utilization for Cold Region, School of Life Sciences, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, China
| | - Tong Wu
- Engineering Research Center of Agricultural Microbiology Technology, Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, China.,Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ecological Restoration and Resource Utilization for Cold Region, School of Life Sciences, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, China
| | - Fuqiang Song
- Engineering Research Center of Agricultural Microbiology Technology, Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, China.,Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ecological Restoration and Resource Utilization for Cold Region, School of Life Sciences, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, China
| | - Fujuan Feng
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Fengshan Yang
- Engineering Research Center of Agricultural Microbiology Technology, Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, China.,Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ecological Restoration and Resource Utilization for Cold Region, School of Life Sciences, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, China
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34
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Shen CH, Peng LJ, Zhang YX, Zeng HR, Yu HF, Jin L, Li GQ. Reference Genes for Expression Analyses by qRT-PCR in Phthorimaea operculella (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae). INSECTS 2022; 13:insects13020140. [PMID: 35206714 PMCID: PMC8879603 DOI: 10.3390/insects13020140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Due to a lack of effective internal references, studies on functional genes in Phthorimaea operculella, a serious Lepidopteran pest attacking potatoes worldwide, have been greatly limited. To select suitable endogenous controls, ten housekeeping genes of actin (ACT), α-tubulin (α-TUB), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), elongation factor 1α (EF1α), 18S and 28S ribosomal RNA (18S, 28S), ribosomal protein genes RPL4, RPL13 and RPL27 and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were tested. Their expression levels were determined under three different experimental conditions (developmental stages, tissues/organs and temperatures) using qRT-PCR technology. The stability was evaluated with five methods (Ct value, geNorm, NormFinder, BestKeeper and RefFinder). The results clarified that RPL13, EF1α and RPL27 are ranked as the best reference gene combination for measuring gene expression levels among different developing stages and under various temperatures; EF1α and RPL13 are recommended to normalize the gene expression levels among diverse tissues. EF1α and RPL13 are the best reference genes in all the experimental conditions. To validate the utility of the selected reference pair, EF1α and RPL13, we estimated the tissue-biased expression level of chitin synthase A gene (PoChSA). As expected, PoChSA was abundantly expressed in ectodermally derived epidermal cells, and lowly transcribed in the midgut. These findings will lay the foundation for future research on the molecular physiology and biochemistry of P. operculella.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Lin Jin
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-25-84395248
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Sellamuthu G, Amin S, Bílý J, Synek J, Modlinger R, Sen MK, Chakraborty A, Roy A. Reference Gene Selection for Normalizing Gene Expression in Ips Sexdentatus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) Under Different Experimental Conditions. Front Physiol 2021; 12:752768. [PMID: 34777015 PMCID: PMC8580292 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.752768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ips sexdentatus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) is one of the most destructive and economically important forest pests. A better understanding of molecular mechanisms underlying its adaptation to toxic host compounds may unleash the potential for future management of this pest. Gene expression studies could be considered as one of the key experimental approaches for such purposes. A suitable reference gene selection is fundamental for quantitative gene expression analysis and functional genomics studies in I. sexdentatus. Twelve commonly used reference genes in Coleopterans were screened under different experimental conditions to obtain accurate and reliable normalization of gene expression data. The majority of the 12 reference genes showed a relatively stable expression pattern among developmental stages, tissue-specific, and sex-specific stages; however, some variabilities were observed during varied temperature incubation. Under developmental conditions, the Tubulin beta-1 chain (β-Tubulin) was the most stable reference gene, followed by translation elongation factor (eEF2) and ribosomal protein S3 (RPS3). In sex-specific conditions, RPS3, β-Tubulin, and eEF2 were the most stable reference genes. In contrast, different sets of genes were shown higher stability in terms of expression under tissue-specific conditions, i.e., RPS3 and eEF2 in head tissue, V-ATPase-A and eEF2 in the fat body, V-ATPase-A and eEF2 in the gut. Under varied temperatures, β-Tubulin and V-ATPase-A were most stable, whereas ubiquitin (UbiQ) and V-ATPase-A displayed the highest expression stability after Juvenile Hormone III treatment. The findings were validated further using real-time quantitative reverse transcription PCR (RT-qPCR)-based target gene expression analysis. Nevertheless, the present study delivers a catalog of reference genes under varied experimental conditions for the coleopteran forest pest I. sexdentatus and paves the way for future gene expression and functional genomic studies on this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gothandapani Sellamuthu
- Excellent Team for Mitigation (ETM), Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czechia
| | - Shan Amin
- Excellent Team for Mitigation (ETM), Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czechia.,Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Jan Bílý
- Excellent Team for Mitigation (ETM), Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czechia
| | - Jirí Synek
- Excellent Team for Mitigation (ETM), Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czechia
| | - Roman Modlinger
- Excellent Team for Mitigation (ETM), Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czechia
| | - Madhab Kumar Sen
- Department of Agroecology and Crop Production, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czechia
| | - Amrita Chakraborty
- EVA 4.0 Unit, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czechia
| | - Amit Roy
- Excellent Team for Mitigation (ETM), Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czechia.,EVA 4.0 Unit, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czechia
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36
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Rahman S, Zhao Z, Umair Sial M, Zhang Y, Jiang H. Case Study Using Recommended Reference Genes Actin and 18S for Reverse-Transcription Quantitative Real-Time PCR Analysis in Myzus persicae. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0258201. [PMID: 34669698 PMCID: PMC8528319 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0258201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Myzus persicae is a globally important pest with the ability to adjust to a wide range of environmental situations, and many molecular technologies have been developed and applied to understand the biology and/or control this pest insect directly. Reverse-transcription quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR) is a primary molecular technology that is used to quantify gene expression. Choosing a stable reference gene is significantly important for precisely clarifying the expression level of the target gene. Actin and 18S have been recommended as stable compounds for real-time RT-qPCR in M. persicae under the tested biotic and abiotic conditions. In this study, we checked the stability of Actin and 18S by analyzing the relative expression levels of the cytochrome 450 monooxygenase family member genes CYP6CY3 and CYP6-1, carboxylesterase gene E4 and vacuolar protein sorting gene VPS11 via RT-qPCR under various conditions. The expression levels of these four target genes were normalized using both Actin and 18S individually and the combination of these two genes. Our results confirmed that Actin and 18S can be used as reference genes to normalize the expression of target genes under insecticide treatment and starvation in M. persicae. However, at the developmental stages of M. persicae, the expression of the four tested target genes was normalized stably by Actin but not 18S, with the latter presenting a problematic change with the developmental stages. Thus, the stability of reference genes in response to diverse biotic and abiotic factors should be evaluated before each RT-qPCR experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saqib Rahman
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Zhenzhen Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Muhammad Umair Sial
- Institute of Plant Protection, Muhammad Nawaz Shareef University of Agriculture, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Yanning Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Hongyun Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, PR China
- * E-mail:
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37
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Eremina MA, Menshanov PN, Shishkina OD, Gruntenko NE. The transcription factor dFOXO controls the expression of insulin pathway genes and lipids content under heat stress in <i>Drosophila melanogaster</i>. Vavilovskii Zhurnal Genet Selektsii 2021. [DOI: 10.18699/vj21.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The insulin/insulin-like growth factor signaling (IIS) pathway is one of the key elements in an organism’s response to unfavourable conditions. The deep homology of this pathway and its evolutionary conservative role in controlling the carbohydrate and lipid metabolism make it possible to use Drosophila melanogaster for studying its functioning. To identify the properties of interaction of two key IIS pathway components under heat stress in D. melanogaster (the forkhead box O transcription factor (dFOXO) and insulin-like peptide 6 (DILP6), which intermediates the dFOXO signal sent from the fat body to the insulin-producing cells of the brain where DILPs1–5 are synthesized), we analysed the expression of the genes dilp6, dfoxo and insulin-like receptor gene (dInR) in females of strains carrying the hypomorphic mutation dilp641 and hypofunctional mutation foxoBG01018. We found that neither mutation influenced dfoxo expression and its uprise under short-term heat stress, but both of them disrupted the stress response of the dilp6 and dInR genes. To reveal the role of identified disruptions in metabolism control and feeding behaviour, we analysed the effect of the dilp641 and foxoBG01018 mutations on total lipids content and capillary feeding intensity in imago under normal conditions and under short-term heat stress. Both mutations caused an increase in these parameters under normal conditions and prevented decrease in total lipids content following heat stress observed in the control strain. In mutants, feeding intensity was increased under normal conditions; and decreased following short-term heat stress in all studied strains for the first 24 h of observation, and in dilp641 strain, for 48 h. Thus, we may conclude that dFOXO takes part in regulating the IIS pathway response to heat stress as well as the changes in lipids content caused by heat stress, and this regulation is mediated by DILP6. At the same time, the feeding behaviour of imago might be controlled by dFOXO and DILP6 under normal conditions, but not under heat stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. A. Eremina
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences
| | - P. N. Menshanov
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences; Novosibirsk State Technical University
| | - O. D. Shishkina
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences
| | - N. E. Gruntenko
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences
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38
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Zhou L, Meng JY, Ruan HY, Yang CL, Zhang CY. Expression stability of candidate RT-qPCR housekeeping genes in Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 108:e21831. [PMID: 34240760 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Reverse-transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) is commonly used to quantify gene expression. For normalization, the expression of each gene is compared with a reference "housekeeping" gene that is stably expressed under relevant stress. Unfortunately, there have been no reports on the stability of such reference genes under various treatments of the Spodoptera frugiperda. In this study, we used five tools (RefFinder, GeNorm, NormFinder, BestKeeper, and ΔCt methods) to evaluate the stability of 12 candidate reference genes (RPS18, β-tubulin, GAPDH, RPS7, RPS15, RPL7, RPL32, Actin-5C, EF1-α, EF1-γ, RPL27, and ACE) in different instars, tissues, and treatments (high and low temperature, UV-A, and emamectin benzoate). Several ribosomal proteins (RPS7, RPS15, RPL32, RPS18, and RPL7), GAPDH, Actin-5C, and β-tubulin, were relatively stable, suggesting that they are ideal housekeeping genes for various treatments. ACE was extremely unstable under various experimental treatments, rendering it unsuitable as an internal reference. This study identified the reference housekeeping genes stably expressed by S. frugiperda under different treatments, thus setting a foundation for further exploration of the physiological and biochemical mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lv Zhou
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management of the Mountainous Region, Institute of Entomology, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Jian-Yu Meng
- Guizhou Tobacco Science Research Institute, Guiyang, China
| | - Hong-Yun Ruan
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management of the Mountainous Region, Institute of Entomology, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Chang-Li Yang
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management of the Mountainous Region, Institute of Entomology, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Chang-Yu Zhang
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management of the Mountainous Region, Institute of Entomology, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
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39
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Neville MC, Eastwood A, Allen AM, de Haan A, Nojima T, Goodwin SF. Generation and characterization of fruitless P1 promoter mutant in Drosophila melanogaster. J Neurogenet 2021; 35:285-294. [PMID: 34338589 PMCID: PMC8477730 DOI: 10.1080/01677063.2021.1931179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
The identification of mutations in the gene fruitless (fru) paved the way for understanding the genetic basis of male sexual behavior in the vinegar fly Drosophila melanogaster. D. melanogaster males perform an elaborate courtship display to the female, ultimately leading to copulation. Mutations in fru have been shown to disrupt most aspects of the male's behavioral display, rendering males behaviorally sterile. The fru genomic locus encodes for multiple transcription factor isoforms from several promoters; only those under the regulation of the most distal P1 promoter are under the control of the sex determination hierarchy and play a role in male-specific behaviors. In this study, we used CRISPR/Cas9-based targeted genome editing of the fru gene, to remove the P1 promoter region. We have shown that removal of the P1 promoter leads to a dramatic decrease in male courtship displays towards females and male-specific sterility. We have expanded the analysis of fru P1-dependent behaviors, examining male's response to courtship song and general activity levels during12-hour light: dark cycles. Our novel allele expands the mutant repertoire available for future studies of fru P1-derived function in D. melanogaster. Our fruΔP1 mutant will be useful for future studies of fru P1-derived function, as it can be homozygosed without disrupting additional downstream promoter function and can be utilized in heterozygous combinations with other extant fru alleles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan C. Neville
- University of Oxford, Centre for Neural Circuits & Behaviour, Oxford, UK,CONTACT Megan C. Neville University of Oxford, Centre for Neural Circuits & Behaviour, Oxford, UK
| | - Alexander Eastwood
- University of Oxford, Centre for Neural Circuits & Behaviour, Oxford, UK
| | - Aaron M. Allen
- University of Oxford, Centre for Neural Circuits & Behaviour, Oxford, UK
| | - Ammerins de Haan
- University of Oxford, Centre for Neural Circuits & Behaviour, Oxford, UK
| | - Tetsuya Nojima
- University of Oxford, Centre for Neural Circuits & Behaviour, Oxford, UK
| | - Stephen F. Goodwin
- University of Oxford, Centre for Neural Circuits & Behaviour, Oxford, UK
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40
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Yang AP, Wang YS, Huang C, Lv ZC, Liu WX, Bi SY, Wan FH, Wu Q, Zhang GF. Screening Potential Reference Genes in Tuta absoluta with Real-Time Quantitative PCR Analysis under Different Experimental Conditions. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12081253. [PMID: 34440427 PMCID: PMC8391263 DOI: 10.3390/genes12081253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuta absoluta is one of the most significant invasive pests affecting tomato plants worldwide. RT-qPCR has emerged as one of the most sensitive and accurate methods for detecting gene expression data. The screening of stable internal reference genes is the most critical step for studying the molecular mechanisms of environmental adaptability. The stable reference genes expressed in T. absoluta under specific experimental conditions have not yet been clarified. In this study, seven candidate reference genes (RPL27, RPS13, RPS15, EF1-α, TUB, TBP, and β-actin) and their optimal numbers were evaluated under biotic (developmental stages and adult tissues) and abiotic (insecticide, temperature, and plant VOC) conditions using four software programs. Our results identified the following reference genes and numbers as optimal: three genes (EF1-α, RPS13, and RPL27) for different developmental stages (egg, larva, pupa, unmated adult), two genes (RPS13 and TBP) for adult tissues (antenna, head, thorax, abdomen, leg), two genes (TBP and RPS13) for insecticides (Bacillus thuringiensis, chlorpyrifos, abamectin-aminomethyl, and chlorantraniliprole), two genes (RPL27 and TUB) for temperature-induced stresses (0, 25, and 40 °C), and two genes (RPS13 and TUB) for VOC-induced stresses (nonanal, α-phellandrene, and tomato leaves). Our results provide a reference for selecting appropriate reference genes for further study of the functional genes of T. absoluta under different experimental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- An-Pei Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (A.-P.Y.); (Y.-S.W.); (Z.-C.L.); (W.-X.L.); (S.-Y.B.); (F.-H.W.); (Q.W.)
- Institute of Plant Protection, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Science, Urumqi 830091, China
| | - Yu-Sheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (A.-P.Y.); (Y.-S.W.); (Z.-C.L.); (W.-X.L.); (S.-Y.B.); (F.-H.W.); (Q.W.)
| | - Cong Huang
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518120, China;
| | - Zhi-Chuang Lv
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (A.-P.Y.); (Y.-S.W.); (Z.-C.L.); (W.-X.L.); (S.-Y.B.); (F.-H.W.); (Q.W.)
| | - Wan-Xue Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (A.-P.Y.); (Y.-S.W.); (Z.-C.L.); (W.-X.L.); (S.-Y.B.); (F.-H.W.); (Q.W.)
| | - Si-Yan Bi
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (A.-P.Y.); (Y.-S.W.); (Z.-C.L.); (W.-X.L.); (S.-Y.B.); (F.-H.W.); (Q.W.)
| | - Fang-Hao Wan
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (A.-P.Y.); (Y.-S.W.); (Z.-C.L.); (W.-X.L.); (S.-Y.B.); (F.-H.W.); (Q.W.)
| | - Qiang Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (A.-P.Y.); (Y.-S.W.); (Z.-C.L.); (W.-X.L.); (S.-Y.B.); (F.-H.W.); (Q.W.)
| | - Gui-Fen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (A.-P.Y.); (Y.-S.W.); (Z.-C.L.); (W.-X.L.); (S.-Y.B.); (F.-H.W.); (Q.W.)
- Correspondence:
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Selection and Validation of Reference Genes for Gene Expression Analysis in Tuta absoluta Meyrick (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae). INSECTS 2021; 12:insects12070589. [PMID: 34209609 PMCID: PMC8305163 DOI: 10.3390/insects12070589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Reference genes are critical for standardizing expression data of RT-qPCR across samples of organisms under different experimental conditions. However, most commonly used reference genes may not be stably expressed leading to a risk of misinterpretation of results. In our study, nine reference genes were evaluated in Tuta absoluta (a destructive pest of tomato) at different developmental stages, tissues, 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) and insecticide treatments. Finally, the expression profile of indicator gene EcR after 20E treatment was evaluated to verify the accuracy of the results. This study is essential for improving accuracy and reliability to normalize gene expression data in T. absoluta and provides a useful strategy for other insects. Abstract The tomato leaf miner, Tuta absoluta is a destructive pest of tomato. The leaf-mining activities of its larvae can cause significant yield losses. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) is commonly used to measure gene expression, and the selection of stable reference genes for calibration and standardization is critical for accurate use of RT-qPCR. We studied the stable expression of nine common housekeeping genes in T. absoluta. These were examined at different developmental stages, in larval tissues, as well as those induced by exposure to 20E and insecticides. Four dedicated algorithms (geNorm, BestKeeper, NormFinder, and ΔCt method) and online tool (RefFinder) were used to analyze and rank the tested reference genes. Based on the standardized gene expression data of target gene ecdysone receptor (EcR), the applicability of specific reference genes was verified. The results clarify that the optimal internal reference genes vary greatly under different experimental conditions. GAPDH and RPS11 were the best reference genes for developmental stages; RPL28 and RPL10 for different tissues; EF1α and RPL28 for 20E treatment; EF1α and RPL7A for insecticide treatments. The most suitable reference genes in all experimental conditions are EF1α and RPL28.
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Ohhara Y, Hoshino G, Imahori K, Matsuyuki T, Yamakawa-Kobayashi K. The Nutrient-Responsive Molecular Chaperone Hsp90 Supports Growth and Development in Drosophila. Front Physiol 2021; 12:690564. [PMID: 34239451 PMCID: PMC8258382 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.690564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Animals can sense internal nutrients, such as amino acids/proteins, and are able to modify their developmental programs in accordance with their nutrient status. In the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, amino acid/protein is sensed by the fat body, an insect adipose tissue, through a nutrient sensor, target of rapamycin (TOR) complex 1 (TORC1). TORC1 promotes the secretion of various peptide hormones from the fat body in an amino acid/protein-dependent manner. Fat-body-derived peptide hormones stimulate the release of insulin-like peptides, which are essential growth-promoting anabolic hormones, from neuroendocrine cells called insulin-producing cells (IPCs). Although the importance of TORC1 and the fat body-IPC axis has been elucidated, the mechanism by which TORC1 regulates the expression of insulinotropic signal peptides remains unclear. Here, we show that an evolutionarily conserved molecular chaperone, heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90), promotes the expression of insulinotropic signal peptides. Fat-body-selective Hsp90 knockdown caused the transcriptional downregulation of insulinotropic signal peptides. IPC activity and systemic growth were also impaired in fat-body-selective Hsp90 knockdown animals. Furthermore, Hsp90 expression depended on protein/amino acid availability and TORC1 signaling. These results strongly suggest that Hsp90 serves as a nutrient-responsive gene that upregulates the fat body-IPC axis and systemic growth. We propose that Hsp90 is induced in a nutrient-dependent manner to support anabolic metabolism during the juvenile growth period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuya Ohhara
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
- Graduate School of Integrated Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
- Life Science Center for Survival Dynamics, Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance (TARA), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Genki Hoshino
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Kyosuke Imahori
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Tomoya Matsuyuki
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Kimiko Yamakawa-Kobayashi
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
- Graduate School of Integrated Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
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Common features of aging fail to occur in Drosophila raised without a bacterial microbiome. iScience 2021; 24:102703. [PMID: 34235409 PMCID: PMC8246586 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Lifespan is limited both by intrinsic decline in vigor with age and by accumulation of external insults. There exists a general picture of the deficits of aging, one that is reflected in a pattern of age-correlated changes in gene expression conserved across species. Here, however, by comparing gene expression profiling of Drosophila raised either conventionally, or free of bacteria, we show that ∼70% of these conserved, age-associated changes in gene expression fail to occur in germ-free flies. Among the processes that fail to show time-dependent change under germ-free conditions are two aging features that are observed across phylogeny, declining expression of stress response genes and increasing expression of innate immune genes. These comprise adaptive strategies the organism uses to respond to bacteria, rather than being inevitable components of age-dependent decline. Changes in other processes are independent of the microbiome and can serve as autonomous markers of aging of the individual.
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Gao Y, Kim JH, Jeong IH, Clark JM, Lee SH. Transcriptomic identification and characterization of genes commonly responding to sublethal concentrations of six different insecticides in the common fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 175:104852. [PMID: 33993970 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2021.104852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Pretreatment with sublethal concentrations (LC10) of six insecticides (chlorantraniliprole, cypermethrin, dinotefuran, indoxacarb, ivermectin, and spinosad) significantly elevated tolerance of the common fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster to lethal concentration of the respective insecticide. Commonly responding genes to sublethal treatments of the six insecticides were identified by transcriptome analysis based on a fold change >1.5 or < -1.5, and p < 0.05 as selection criteria. Following treatment with all the six insecticides, 26 transcripts were commonly over-transcribed, whereas 30 transcripts were commonly under-transcribed. Reliability of the transcriptome data was confirmed by quantitative PCR. A majority of the over-transcribed genes included those related to olfactory behavior, such as odorant-binding proteins, as well as immune-related genes, including attacin, diptericin, and immune-induced molecule 18. In contrast, genes belonging to the mitochondrial respiratory chain, such as mitochondrial NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase chain 1/3/4/5 and mitochondrial cytochrome b/c, were commonly under-transcribed. Furthermore, genes related to eggshell formation and motion were also under-transcribed, which may indicate a possible energy trade-off for xenobiotic stress. In summary, most of the differentially expressed genes were not directly related to well-known detoxification genes, suggesting that the roles of commonly expressed tolerance-related genes are not likely related to direct metabolic detoxification, but rather are associated with restoration of homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Gao
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju Hyeon Kim
- Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - In Hong Jeong
- Division of Crop Protection, National Institute of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Republic of Korea
| | - J Marshall Clark
- Department of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts at Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Si Hyeock Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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45
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Daack CW, Yeh D, Busch M, Kliethermes CL. GABAergic regulation of locomotion before and during an ethanol exposure in Drosophila melanogaster. Behav Brain Res 2021; 410:113369. [PMID: 34015397 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Ethanol at low doses induces a locomotor stimulant response across a range of phylogenetically diverse species. In rodents, this response is commonly used as an index of ethanol's disinhibitory, anxiolytic, or reinforcing effects, and its expression is regulated by signaling through a number of conserved neurotransmitter systems. In the current experiments, we asked whether ethanol-induced locomotor stimulation in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster might be mediated by ionotropic GABA receptors. We measured basal and ethanol-stimulated locomotion in flies expressing RNAi directed against three known subunits of ionotropic GABA receptors, and also examined the effects of picrotoxin feeding on these behaviors. We found that RNAi-mediated knockdown of a subunit of fly ionotropic GABA receptors, RDL, in all neurons resulted in an increased ethanol-induced locomotor stimulant response, while knockdown of two other subunits, LCCH3 and GRD, did not affect the responses. The effect of pan neuronal RDL knockdown was recapitulated with selective RDL knockdown in cholinergic neurons, and increased ethanol-induced locomotor stimulation was also seen by feeding the GABAA antagonist picrotoxin to flies prior to behavioral testing. However, the increase in ethanol-stimulated locomotion in each of these experiments was largely accounted for by decreased baseline activity. Our results indicate that ionotropic GABA receptors might be a conserved mediator of the locomotor stimulant effects of ethanol, but that alternative experimental approaches will be necessary to disentangle effects of GABAergic manipulations on baseline and ethanol-stimulated locomotion in flies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Calvin W Daack
- Drake University, 318 Olin Hall, 1344 27thStreet, Des Moines, IA, 50311, United States
| | - Derek Yeh
- Drake University, 318 Olin Hall, 1344 27thStreet, Des Moines, IA, 50311, United States
| | - Marc Busch
- Drake University, 318 Olin Hall, 1344 27thStreet, Des Moines, IA, 50311, United States
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Goh GH, Blache D, Mark PJ, Kennington WJ, Maloney SK. Daily temperature cycles prolong lifespan and have sex-specific effects on peripheral clock gene expression in Drosophila melanogaster. J Exp Biol 2021; 224:237805. [PMID: 33758022 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.233213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Circadian rhythms optimize health by coordinating the timing of physiological processes to match predictable daily environmental challenges. The circadian rhythm of body temperature is thought to be an important modulator of molecular clocks in peripheral tissues, but how daily temperature cycles affect physiological function is unclear. Here, we examined the effect of constant temperature (Tcon, 25°C) and cycling temperature (Tcyc, 28°C:22°C during light:dark) paradigms on lifespan of Drosophila melanogaster, and the expression of clock genes, heat shock protein 83 (Hsp83), Frost (Fst) and senescence marker protein-30 (smp-30). Male and female D. melanogaster housed at Tcyc had longer median lifespans than those housed at Tcon. Tcyc induced robust Hsp83 rhythms and rescued the age-related decrease in smp-30 expression that was observed in flies at Tcon, potentially indicating an increased capacity to cope with age-related cellular stress. Ageing under Tcon led to a decrease in the amplitude of expression of all clock genes in the bodies of male flies, except for cyc, which was non-rhythmic, and for per and cry in female flies. Strikingly, housing under Tcyc conditions rescued the age-related decrease in amplitude of all clock genes, and generated rhythmicity in cyc expression, in the male flies, but not the female flies. The results suggest that ambient temperature rhythms modulate D. melanogaster lifespan, and that the amplitude of clock gene expression in peripheral body clocks may be a potential link between temperature rhythms and longevity in male D. melanogaster. Longevity due to Tcyc appeared predominantly independent of clock gene amplitude in female D. melanogaster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace H Goh
- School of Human Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Dominique Blache
- School of Agriculture and Environment, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Peter J Mark
- School of Human Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - W Jason Kennington
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Shane K Maloney
- School of Human Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
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Zatsepina OG, Nikitina EA, Shilova VY, Chuvakova LN, Sorokina S, Vorontsova JE, Tokmacheva EV, Funikov SY, Rezvykh AP, Evgen'ev MB. Hsp70 affects memory formation and behaviorally relevant gene expression in Drosophila melanogaster. Cell Stress Chaperones 2021; 26:575-594. [PMID: 33829398 PMCID: PMC8065088 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-021-01203-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Heat shock proteins, in particular Hsp70, play a central role in proteostasis in eukaryotic cells. Due to its chaperone properties, Hsp70 is involved in various processes after stress and under normal physiological conditions. In contrast to mammals and many Diptera species, inducible members of the Hsp70 family in Drosophila are constitutively synthesized at a low level and undergo dramatic induction after temperature elevation or other forms of stress. In the courtship suppression paradigm used in this study, Drosophila males that have been repeatedly rejected by mated females during courtship are less likely than naive males to court other females. Although numerous genes with known function were identified to play important roles in long-term memory, there is, to the best of our knowledge, no direct evidence implicating Hsp70 in this process. To elucidate a possible role of Hsp70 in memory formation, we used D. melanogaster strains containing different hsp70 copy numbers, including strains carrying a deletion of all six hsp70 genes. Our investigations exploring the memory of courtship rejection paradigm demonstrated that a low constitutive level of Hsp70 is apparently required for learning and the formation of short and long-term memories in males. The performed transcriptomic studies demonstrate that males with different hsp70 copy numbers differ significantly in the expression of a few definite groups of genes involved in mating, reproduction, and immunity in response to rejection. Specifically, our analysis reveals several major pathways that depend on the presence of hsp70 in the genome and participate in memory formation and consolidation, including the cAMP signaling cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- O G Zatsepina
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - E A Nikitina
- Department of Neurogenetics, Pavlov Institute of Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
- Department of Human and Animal Anatomy and Physiology, Herzen State Pedagogical University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - V Y Shilova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - L N Chuvakova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - S Sorokina
- Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - J E Vorontsova
- Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - E V Tokmacheva
- Department of Neurogenetics, Pavlov Institute of Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - S Y Funikov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - A P Rezvykh
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - M B Evgen'ev
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.
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Pang R, Xing K, Yuan L, Liang Z, Chen M, Yue X, Dong Y, Ling Y, He X, Li X, Zhang W. Peroxiredoxin alleviates the fitness costs of imidacloprid resistance in an insect pest of rice. PLoS Biol 2021; 19:e3001190. [PMID: 33844686 PMCID: PMC8062100 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemical insecticides have been heavily employed as the most effective measure for control of agricultural and medical pests, but evolution of resistance by pests threatens the sustainability of this approach. Resistance-conferring mutations sometimes impose fitness costs, which may drive subsequent evolution of compensatory modifier mutations alleviating the costs of resistance. However, how modifier mutations evolve and function to overcome the fitness cost of resistance still remains unknown. Here we show that overexpression of P450s not only confers imidacloprid resistance in the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens, the most voracious pest of rice, but also leads to elevated production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) through metabolism of imidacloprid and host plant compounds. The inevitable production of ROS incurs a fitness cost to the pest, which drives the increase or fixation of the compensatory modifier allele T65549 within the promoter region of N. lugens peroxiredoxin (NlPrx) in the pest populations. T65549 allele in turn upregulates the expression of NlPrx and thus increases resistant individuals' ability to clear the cost-incurring ROS of any source. The frequent involvement of P450s in insecticide resistance and their capacity to produce ROS while metabolizing their substrates suggest that peroxiredoxin or other ROS-scavenging genes may be among the common modifier genes for alleviating the fitness cost of insecticide resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Pang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Science, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ke Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Longyu Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhikun Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Meng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiangzhao Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yi Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yan Ling
- Institute of Plant Protection, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Xionglei He
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xianchun Li
- Department of Entomology and BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
- * E-mail: (XL); (WZ)
| | - Wenqing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- * E-mail: (XL); (WZ)
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The histone replacement gene His4r is involved in heat stress induced chromatin rearrangement. Sci Rep 2021; 11:4878. [PMID: 33649489 PMCID: PMC7921661 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-84413-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
His4r is the only known variant of histone H4 in Drosophila. It is encoded by the His4r single-copy gene that is located outside of the histone gene cluster and expressed in a different pattern than H4, although the encoded polypeptides are identical. We generated a null mutant (His4rΔ42) which is homozygous viable and fertile without any apparent morphological defects. Heterozygous His4rΔ42 is a mild suppressor of position-effect variegation, suggesting that His4r has a role in the formation or maintenance of condensed chromatin. Under standard conditions loss of His4r has a modest effect on gene expression. Upon heat-stress the induction of the Heat shock protein (HSP) genes Hsp27 and Hsp68 is stronger in His4rΔ42 mutants with concordantly increased survival rate. Analysis of chromatin accessibility after heat shock at a Hsp27 regulatory region showed less condensed chromatin in the absence of His4r while there was no difference at the gene body. Interestingly, preconditioning before heat shock led to increased chromatin accessibility, HSP gene transcription and survival rate in control flies while it did not cause notable changes in His4rΔ42. Thus, our results suggest that His4r might play a role in fine tuning chromatin structure at inducible gene promoters upon environmental stress conditions.
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50
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Characterisation of novel regulatory sequences compatible with modular assembly in the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum. ALGAL RES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2020.102159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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