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Sokolowski MBC, Bottet G, Dacher M. Measuring honey bee feeding rhythms with the BeeBox, a platform for nectar foraging insects. Physiol Behav 2024; 283:114598. [PMID: 38821143 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2024.114598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024]
Abstract
In honey bees, most studies of circadian rhythms involve a locomotion test performed in a small tube, a tunnel, or at the hive entrance. However, despite feeding playing an important role in honey bee health or fitness, no demonstration of circadian rhythm on feeding has been performed until recently. Here, we present the BeeBox, a new laboratory platform for bees based on the concept of the Skinner box, which dispenses discrete controlled amounts of food (sucrose syrup) following entrance into an artificial flower. We compared caged groups of bees in 12 h-12 h light/dark cycles, constant darkness and constant light and measured average hourly syrup consumption per living bee. Food intake was higher in constant light and lower in constant darkness; mortality increased in constant light. We observed rhythmic consumption with a period longer than 24 h; this is maintained in darkness without environmental cues, but is damped in the constant light condition. The BeeBox offers many new research perspectives and numerous potential applications in the study of nectar foraging animals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Guillaume Bottet
- Université de Picardie - Jules Verne, 1, rue des Louvels, 80000 Amiens, France
| | - Matthieu Dacher
- Sorbonne Université, INRAE, Université Paris Est Créteil, CNRS, IRD - Institute for Ecology and Environnemental Sciences of Paris, iEES Paris, 78026, Versailles, France
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Ngando FJ, Zhang X, Qu H, Zhang C, Yang F, Feng Y, Shang Y, Chen S, Ren L, Guo Y. Analysis of the Influence of Changing and Fixed Temperatures on the Growth and Pteridine Content in the Head of Adults Sarcophaga crassipalpis (Diptera: Sarcophagidae). Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2402. [PMID: 37570212 PMCID: PMC10417853 DOI: 10.3390/ani13152402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Flesh flies (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) are regarded as significant in medical and veterinary entomology, and their development models can be utilized as considerable markers to ascertain the minimum postmortem interval (PMImin). In this research, we explored the growth cycle and larval body length of Sarcophaga crassipalpis Macquart 1839 (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) reared under variable temperatures ranging from 15.7 to 31.1 °C, with an average of 24.55 °C and relative humidity ranges from 31.4 to 82.8% and at six fixed temperatures of 15, 20, 25, 30, 32, and then 35 °C. Moreover, pteridine from the head was used to assess adult age grading. Our results allowed us to provide three development models: the isomorphen chart, the isomegalen chart, and the thermal summation models. The time taken for S. crassipalpis to complete its development from larviposition to adult emergence at constant temperatures of 15, 20, 25, 30, 32, and 35 °C was 1256.3 ± 124.2, 698.6 ± 15.1, 481.8 ± 35.7, 366.0 ± 13.5, and 295.8 ± 20.5 h, respectively, except 35 °C, where all pupae were unable to attain adulthood. They lasted 485.8 ± 5.4 h under variable temperatures. The minimum developmental limit (D0) temperature and the thermal summation constant (K) of S. crassipalpis were 9.31 ± 0.55 °C and 7290.0 ± 388.4 degree hours, respectively. The increase in pteridine content exhibited variations across different temperatures. There was quite a considerable distinction in the pteridine contents of male and female S. crassipalpis at 15 °C (p = 0.0075) and 25 °C (p = 0.0213). At 32 °C and variable temperatures, the pteridine content between female and male S. crassipalpis was not statistically divergent. However, temperature and gender remain the main factors influencing the pteridine content in the head of S. crassipalpis. We aim to provide detailed developmental data on S. crassipalpis that can be used as a valuable resource for future research and PMI estimation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernand Jocelin Ngando
- Department of Forensic Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China; (F.J.N.); (X.Z.); (C.Z.); (F.Y.); (Y.F.); (Y.S.); (S.C.)
| | - Xiangyan Zhang
- Department of Forensic Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China; (F.J.N.); (X.Z.); (C.Z.); (F.Y.); (Y.F.); (Y.S.); (S.C.)
| | - Hongke Qu
- Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China;
| | - Changquan Zhang
- Department of Forensic Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China; (F.J.N.); (X.Z.); (C.Z.); (F.Y.); (Y.F.); (Y.S.); (S.C.)
| | - Fengqin Yang
- Department of Forensic Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China; (F.J.N.); (X.Z.); (C.Z.); (F.Y.); (Y.F.); (Y.S.); (S.C.)
| | - Yakai Feng
- Department of Forensic Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China; (F.J.N.); (X.Z.); (C.Z.); (F.Y.); (Y.F.); (Y.S.); (S.C.)
| | - Yanjie Shang
- Department of Forensic Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China; (F.J.N.); (X.Z.); (C.Z.); (F.Y.); (Y.F.); (Y.S.); (S.C.)
| | - Sile Chen
- Department of Forensic Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China; (F.J.N.); (X.Z.); (C.Z.); (F.Y.); (Y.F.); (Y.S.); (S.C.)
| | - Lipin Ren
- Department of Forensic Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China; (F.J.N.); (X.Z.); (C.Z.); (F.Y.); (Y.F.); (Y.S.); (S.C.)
| | - Yadong Guo
- Department of Forensic Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China; (F.J.N.); (X.Z.); (C.Z.); (F.Y.); (Y.F.); (Y.S.); (S.C.)
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Short CA, Hahn DA. Fat enough for the winter? Does nutritional status affect diapause? JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 145:104488. [PMID: 36717056 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2023.104488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Many insects enter a dormant state termed diapause in anticipation of seasonal inhospitable conditions. Insects drastically reduce their feeding during diapause. Their reduced nutrient intake is paired with substantial nutrient costs: maintaining basal metabolism during diapause, repairing tissues damaged by adverse conditions, and resuming development after diapause. Many investigators have asked "Does nutrition affect diapause?" In this review, we survey the studies that have attempted to address this question. We propose the term nutritional status, a holistic view of nutrition that explicitly includes the perception, intake, and storage of the great breadth of nutrients. We examine the studies that have sought to test if nutrition affects diapause, trying to identify specific facets of nutritional status that affect diapause phenotypes. Curiously, low quality host plants during the diapause induction phase generally induce diapause, but food deprivation during the same phase generally averts diapause. Using the geometric framework of nutrition to identify specific dietary components that affect diapause may reconcile these contrasting findings. This framework can establish nutritionally permissive space, distinguishing nutrient changes that affect diapause from changes that induce other dormancies. Refeeding is another important experimental technique that distinguishes between diapause and quiescence, a non-diapause dormancy. We also find insufficient evidence for the hypothesis that nutrient stores regulate diapause length and suggest manipulations to investigate the role of nutrient stores in diapause termination. Finally, we propose mechanisms that could interface nutritional status with the diapause program, focusing on combined action of the nutritional axis between the gut, fat body, and brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clancy A Short
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, The University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States.
| | - Daniel A Hahn
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, The University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
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Bulut M, Zeybekoğlu Ü, Kökdener M. Effects of Tissue Type and Temperature on Selected Life-History Traits of the Flesh Fly, Sarcophaga crassipalpis (Macquart, 1839) (Diptera: Sarcophagidae). JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2022; 59:1921-1927. [PMID: 36256537 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjac149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The flesh fly, Sarcophaga crassipalpis Macquart 1839 (Diptera: Sarcophagidae), colonizes estimation of the minimum post-mortem interval (min-PMI). This study examined the effects of different types of tissues and temperature on the development of S. crassipalpis. To the best of our knowledge, the present study is the first to investigate the effects of life-history information of S. crassipalpis. Larvae were reared on three tissue types, chicken heart, bovine minced meat, and bovine tongue, at five temperatures, 15, 20, 25, 30, and 32°C. Pupal and larval development time, adult weight, and pupal and larval survival differed significantly for tissue type and temperature. Temperature had a significant effect on pupal weight but tissue type did not significantly affect pupal weight. The duration of the larval and pupal stages (except of chicken heart, 30°C) decreased with increasing temperature, except for 32°C, in all tissue types. Larval survival was lowest at 32°C in bovine minced meat, bovine tongue, and chicken heart, and at 32°C, all pupae failed to reach the adult stage in minced meat. The results of this study highlight the necessity of considering larval diet and temperature in forensic investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meltem Bulut
- Biology Department, Science Faculty, Ondokuz Mayıs University, 55139, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Ünal Zeybekoğlu
- Biology Department, Science Faculty, Ondokuz Mayıs University, 55139, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Meltem Kökdener
- Forensic Science Program, Graduate Education Institute, Ondokuz Mayıs University, 55139, Samsun, Turkey
- Health Science Faculty, Ondokuz Mayıs University, 55139, Samsun, Turkey
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Common Ground between Biological Rhythms and Forensics. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11071071. [PMID: 36101448 PMCID: PMC9312156 DOI: 10.3390/biology11071071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Biological clocks regulate the timing of numerous body functions in adaption to daily repeating cycles in the environment, such as the sleep–wake phases that are trained by the cycling changes of night and day light. The identification of a deceased victim is a critical component in a forensic investigation, but it can be significantly hampered by the condition of the dead body and the lack of personal records and documents. This review links current knowledge on the molecular mechanisms of biological rhythms to forensically relevant aspects, including the time period since death, cause of death, the use of insects for forensics, sex and age of a person, ethnic background and development. Putting these findings in context demonstrates how the analysis of molecular clock analysis could be used as tool for future personal identification in forensic investigations. Abstract Biological clocks set the timing for a large number of essential processes in the living human organism. After death, scientific evidence is required in forensic investigations in order to collect as much information as possible on the death circumstances and personal identifiers of the deceased victim. We summarize the associations between the molecular mechanisms of biological rhythms and forensically relevant aspects, including post-mortem interval and cause of death, entomological findings, sex, age, ethnicity and development. Given their importance during lifetime, biological rhythms could be potential tools to draw conclusions on the death circumstances and the identity of a deceased person by mechanistic investigations of the different biological clocks in a forensic context. This review puts the known effects of biological rhythms on the functions of the human organism in context with potential applications in forensic fields of interest, such as personal identification, entomology as well as the determination of the post-mortem interval and cause of death.
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Mah A, Ayoub N, Toporikova N, Jones TC, Moore D. Locomotor activity patterns in three spider species suggest relaxed selection on endogenous circadian period and novel features of chronotype. J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 2020; 206:499-515. [PMID: 32219511 DOI: 10.1007/s00359-020-01412-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
We examined the circadian rhythms of locomotor activity in three spider species in the Family Theridiidae under light-dark cycles and constant darkness. Contrary to previous findings in other organisms, we found exceptionally high variability in endogenous circadian period both within and among species. Many individuals exhibited circadian periods much lower (19-22 h) or much higher (26-30 h) than the archetypal circadian period. These results suggest relaxed selection on circadian period as well as an ability to succeed in nature despite a lack of circadian resonance with the 24-h daily cycle. Although displaying similar entrainment waveforms under light-dark cycles, there were remarkable differences among the three species with respect to levels of apparent masking and dispersion of activity under constant dark conditions. These behavioral differences suggest an aspect of chronotype adapted to the particular ecologies of the different species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Mah
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, 4 Washington Pl #809, New York, NY, 10003, USA
| | - Nadia Ayoub
- Department of Biology, Washington and Lee University, Howe Hall, Lexington, VA, 24450, USA
| | - Natalia Toporikova
- Department of Biology, Washington and Lee University, Howe Hall, Lexington, VA, 24450, USA
- Neuroscience Program, Washington and Lee University, 204 W. Washington Street, Lexington, VA, 24450, USA
| | - Thomas C Jones
- Department of Biological Sciences, East Tennessee State University, Box 70703, Johnson City, TN, 37604, USA
| | - Darrell Moore
- Department of Biological Sciences, East Tennessee State University, Box 70703, Johnson City, TN, 37604, USA.
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