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Sturiale SL, Armbruster PA. Contrasting effects of an extended fall period and winter heatwaves on the overwintering fitness of diapausing disease vector, Aedes albopictus. CURRENT RESEARCH IN INSECT SCIENCE 2023; 4:100067. [PMID: 38161991 PMCID: PMC10757285 DOI: 10.1016/j.cris.2023.100067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Climate change is expected to dramatically alter autumnal and winter conditions in many temperate regions. However, limited data is available to accurately predict how these changes will impact species' overwinter survival and post-winter fitness. Here, we determine how a longer, warmer fall period and winter heatwaves affect overwintering fitness and post-winter performance of the invasive mosquito vector, Aedes albopictus. We found that a longer, warmer fall period representative of early entry into diapause did not affect overwinter survival but did lead to reduced post-winter performance for multiple traits. Specifically, larvae that experienced longer, warmer fall conditions as diapause embryos exhibited reduced post-diapause larval starvation tolerance, increased post-diapause larval mortality, and longer post-diapause larval development compared to individuals from the short-fall treatments. These negative post-diapause fitness effects likely resulted from the greater energetic demands and/or damage incurred during the warmer, longer fall period. In contrast, exposure to winter heatwaves increased overwinter survival, possibly by allowing diapausing embryos to escape or repair cold injury. Finally, fall treatment and winter heatwaves had an interactive effect on male development time, while neither treatment impacted pupal mass in either sex. Overall, our results highlight that experiments that fail to measure post-diapause fitness are likely to substantially under-estimate the impacts of climate change on post-winter performance. Additionally, our results emphasize that it is crucial to consider the potentially conflicting effects of different aspects of climate change on a species' overall overwintering success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha L. Sturiale
- Department of Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, United States
| | - Peter A. Armbruster
- Department of Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, United States
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2
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Overgaard J, Gerber L, Andersen MK. Osmoregulatory capacity at low temperature is critical for insect cold tolerance. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2021; 47:38-45. [PMID: 33676056 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2021.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
At low temperature many insects lose extracellular ion homeostasis and the capacity to mitigate homeostatic imbalance determines their cold tolerance. Extracellular homeostasis is ensured by the osmoregulatory organs and recent research has emphasized key roles for the Malpighian tubules and hindgut in modulating insect cold tolerance. Here, we review the effects of low temperature on transport capacity of osmoregulatory organs and outline physiological processes leading from cold exposure to disruption of ion homeostasis and cold-injury in insects. We show how cold adaptation and cold acclimation are associated with physiological modifications to transport capacity in Malpighian tubules and hindgut. These responses mitigate loss of homeostasis and we highlight how further study of molecular and cellular mechanisms are critical to fully appreciate the adaptations that facilitate insect cold tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Overgaard
- Zoophysiology, Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Lucie Gerber
- Section for Physiology and Cell Biology, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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3
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Chipchase KM, Enders AM, Jacobs EG, Hughes MR, Killian KA. Effect of a single cold stress exposure on the reproductive behavior of male crickets. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 133:104287. [PMID: 34302838 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2021.104287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Cold stress is an important abiotic factor that can impact insect physiology, behavior, and overall fitness. Upon exposure to cold temperature, many insects enter a reversible state of immobility called chill coma. If the cold stress is brief and mild enough, insects can recover and regain full mobility upon return to warmer temperatures. However, the long-term impact of sublethal cold stress on insect behavior has been understudied. Here, sexually naïve adult male Acheta domesticus crickets were exposed to a single 0 °C cold stress for 6 h. One week later, the ability of these males to mate with a female was examined. For mating trials, a cold stressed male cricket was paired with a non-cold stressed, control female. Control pairs were comprised of a non-cold stressed control male and control female. Cold exposed males were less successful at mating than control males because most did not carry a spermatophore at the time of their mating trials. However, when these cold stressed males were allowed 1 h of chemosensory contact with a female, most produced a spermatophore. Males that produced spermatophores were given the opportunity to mate once with a female, and stressed males that successfully mated sired as many offspring as did control males. However, our results support that a single cold stress exposure can negatively impact the reproductive fitness of male crickets since it reduced their capacity to carry spermatophores and, as a consequence, to attract females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn M Chipchase
- Department of Biology, 258 Pearson Hall, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, USA
| | - Alexa M Enders
- Department of Biology, 258 Pearson Hall, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, USA
| | - Elizabeth G Jacobs
- Department of Biology, 258 Pearson Hall, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, USA
| | - Michael R Hughes
- Department of Biology, 258 Pearson Hall, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, USA
| | - Kathleen A Killian
- Department of Biology, 258 Pearson Hall, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, USA.
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4
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Lika J, Katzenberger RJ, Ganetzky B, Wassarman DA. Effects of blunt force injuries in third-instar Drosophila larvae persist through metamorphosis and reduce adult lifespan. MICROPUBLICATION BIOLOGY 2021; 2021. [PMID: 34278243 PMCID: PMC8278228 DOI: 10.17912/micropub.biology.000423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Blunt force injuries are a significant cause of disability and death worldwide. Here, we describe a Drosophila melanogaster model of blunt force injury that can be used to investigate cellular and molecular mechanisms that underlie the short-term and long-term effects of injuries sustained at a juvenile stage of development. Injuries inflicted in late third-instar larvae using the spring-based High-Impact Trauma (HIT) device robustly activated the humoral defense response process of melanization and caused larval and pupal lethality. Additionally, adults that developed from injured larvae had reduced lifespans, indicating that cellular and molecular mechanisms activated by blunt force injuries in larvae persist through metamorphosis and adult development. Previously, the HIT device has been used to investigate genetic and environmental factors underlying mechanisms that contribute to consequences of blunt force injuries incurred in adult flies. This work expands use of the HIT device to a juvenile stage of development, offering the opportunity to investigate whether the consequences of blunt force injuries involve different factors and mechanisms at different stages of development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorgo Lika
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Rebeccah J Katzenberger
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Barry Ganetzky
- Department of Genetics, College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - David A Wassarman
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
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Toxopeus J, Gadey L, Andaloori L, Sanaei M, Ragland GJ. Costs of averting or prematurely terminating diapause associated with slow decline of metabolic rates at low temperature. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2021; 255:110920. [PMID: 33582264 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2021.110920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Diapause, a form of insect dormancy, generally facilitates overwintering by increasing cold tolerance and decreasing energy drain at high temperatures via metabolic rate suppression. Averting or terminating diapause prior to winter is generally assumed to be a lethal phenotype. However, low temperature acclimation can also increase cold tolerance and decrease metabolic rates. Here, we tested the hypothesis that non- and post-diapause individuals in a cold-induced quiescence can achieve a diapause-like phenotype, compensating for the potential costs of averting diapause. We tested this in the apple maggot fly Rhagoletis pomonella, which typically overwinters in the soil as a diapause pupa, but can avert diapause (non-diapause) or terminate diapause early ('weak diapause') when reared at warm temperatures. Metabolic rates were initially higher in non- and post-diapause than diapause pupae at high (25 °C) and low (4 °C) temperatures, but quiescent non- and post-diapause pupae achieved diapause-like metabolic rates slowly over time when incubated at 4 °C for several weeks. We found that diapause and quiescent pupae were freeze-avoidant and had similar tolerance of extreme low temperatures (cooling to c. -18 °C) following 8 weeks acclimation at 4 °C. Despite high tolerance of subzero temperatures, quiescent pupae did not survive well when chilled for prolonged periods (8 weeks or more) at 4 °C. We conclude that cold acclimation can only partially compensate for costs associated with aversion or premature termination of diapause, and that energy drain at low (not just high) temperatures likely contributes to chilling mortality in quiescent insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jantina Toxopeus
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Colorado, Denver, 1151 Arapahoe St, Denver, CO, 80204, United States.
| | - Lahari Gadey
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Colorado, Denver, 1151 Arapahoe St, Denver, CO, 80204, United States.
| | - Lalitya Andaloori
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Colorado, Denver, 1151 Arapahoe St, Denver, CO, 80204, United States.
| | - Matin Sanaei
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Colorado, Denver, 1151 Arapahoe St, Denver, CO, 80204, United States.
| | - Gregory J Ragland
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Colorado, Denver, 1151 Arapahoe St, Denver, CO, 80204, United States.
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Montini P, De Majo MS, Fischer S. Delayed mortality effects of cold fronts during the winter season on Aedes aegypti in a temperate region. J Therm Biol 2020; 95:102808. [PMID: 33454038 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2020.102808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The expansion of the invasive mosquito Aedes aegypti L. (Diptera: Culicidae) towards temperate regions in the Americas is causing concern because of its public health implications. As for other insects, the distribution limits of Ae. aegypti have been suggested to be related to minimum temperatures and to be controlled mainly by cold tolerance. The aim of this study was to assess the daily mortality of immature stages of Ae. aegypti under natural winter conditions in Buenos Aires, Argentina, in relation to preceding thermal conditions. The experiment was performed outdoors, and one cohort of larvae was started each week for 16 weeks, and reared up to the emergence of the adults. Three times a week, larvae, pupae and emerged adults were counted, and these data were used to calculate the daily mortality of larvae, pupae and adults and to analyze their relationship with thermal conditions. The results showed that mortality was generally low, with a few peaks of high mortality after cold front events. The mortality of pupae and larvae showed a higher correlation with the cooling degree hours of previous days than with the minimum, maximum or mean temperatures. Pupae and adults showed to be more vulnerable to low temperatures than larvae. A delay in mortality was observed in relation to the low temperature events, with a proportion of individuals dying in a later stage after the end of the cold front. These results suggest that thermal conditions during cold fronts in Buenos Aires are close to the tolerance limit of the local Ae. aegypti population. The wide range of responses of different individuals suggests that low winter temperatures may constitute a selective force, leading the population to a higher tolerance to low temperatures, which might favor the further expansion of this species towards colder regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Montini
- Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución, and Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires (UBA-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón 2, 4to Piso, Laboratorio 54. C1428EHA, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - María Sol De Majo
- Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución, and Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires (UBA-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón 2, 4to Piso, Laboratorio 54. C1428EHA, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Sylvia Fischer
- Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución, and Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires (UBA-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón 2, 4to Piso, Laboratorio 54. C1428EHA, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Marshall KE, Gotthard K, Williams CM. Evolutionary impacts of winter climate change on insects. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2020; 41:54-62. [PMID: 32711362 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2020.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Overwintering is a serious challenge for insects, and winters are rapidly changing as climate shifts. The capacity for phenotypic plasticity and evolutionary adaptation will determine which species profit or suffer from these changes. Here we discuss current knowledge on the potential and evidence for evolution in winter-relevant traits among insect species and populations. We conclude that the best evidence for evolutionary shifts in response to changing winters remain those related to changes in phenology, but all evidence points to cold hardiness as also having the potential to evolve in response to climate change. Predicting future population sizes and ranges relies on understanding to what extent evolution in winter-related traits is possible, and remains a serious challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karl Gotthard
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm SE-106 91, Sweden
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Garcia MJ, Littler AS, Sriram A, Teets NM. Distinct cold tolerance traits independently vary across genotypes in Drosophila melanogaster. Evolution 2020; 74:1437-1450. [PMID: 32463118 DOI: 10.1111/evo.14025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Cold tolerance, the ability to cope with low temperature stress, is a critical adaptation in thermally variable environments. An individual's cold tolerance comprises several traits including minimum temperatures for growth and activity, ability to survive severe cold, and ability to resume normal function after cold subsides. Across species, these traits are correlated, suggesting they were shaped by shared evolutionary processes or possibly share physiological mechanisms. However, the extent to which cold tolerance traits and their associated mechanisms covary within populations has not been assessed. We measured five cold tolerance traits-critical thermal minimum, chill coma recovery, short- and long-term cold tolerance, and cold-induced changes in locomotor behavior-along with cold-induced expression of two genes with possible roles in cold tolerance (heat shock protein 70 and frost)-across 12 lines of Drosophila melanogaster derived from a single population. We observed significant genetic variation in all traits, but few were correlated across genotypes, and these correlations were sex-specific. Further, cold-induced gene expression varied by genotype, but there was no evidence supporting our hypothesis that cold-hardy lines would have either higher baseline expression or induction of stress genes. These results suggest cold tolerance traits possess unique mechanisms and have the capacity to evolve independently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J Garcia
- Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Food, and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, 40546
| | - Aerianna S Littler
- Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Food, and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, 40546
| | - Aditya Sriram
- Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Food, and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, 40546
| | - Nicholas M Teets
- Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Food, and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, 40546
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De Majo MS, Zanotti G, Campos RE, Fischer S. Effects of Constant and Fluctuating Low Temperatures on the Development of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) from a Temperate Region. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2019; 56:1661-1668. [PMID: 31139823 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjz087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Most studies of the effects of low temperature on the development of immature stages of Aedes aegypti (L.) have been performed at constant temperatures in the laboratory, which may not accurately reflect the variable environmental conditions in the field. Thus, the aim of this study was to assess the effect of constant temperatures (CT) and fluctuating low temperatures (FT) on the fitness of Ae. aegypti of Buenos Aires, Argentina. Three CT treatments (12, 14, and 16°C) and three FT treatments (12, 14, and 16°C ± 4°C) were performed and then survival, development time, and size of adults analyzed for each treatment. The immature stages completed development in all the treatments, with an average survival of 88% at 16°C, 85% at 14°C, and 22% at 12°C, and showed no differences between the CT and FT treatments. Development times were similar between the CT and FT treatments at 16°C (average ± SD: 22.7 ± 2.0 d) and at 14°C (average ± SD: 30.5 ± 2.5 d), whereas at 12°C, they lasted longer under CT (average ± SD: 46.6 ± 5.1 d) than under FT (average ± SD: 37 ± 6.5 d). The sizes of the adults at 12 and 14°C were similar but larger than those at 16°C, and showed no differences between the CT and FT treatments. Compared to populations of other geographical regions assessed in previous studies, the shorter development times and the high survival at 14 and 16°C, and the ability to complete development at 12°C, a fact not previously reported, suggest that the Ae. aegypti population of Buenos Aires city has a higher tolerance to these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Sol De Majo
- Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución, and IEGEBA (UBA-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gabriela Zanotti
- Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución, and IEGEBA (UBA-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Raúl E Campos
- Instituto de Limnología "Dr. Raúl A. Ringuelet", Universidad Nacional de La Plata - CONICET, CCT La Plata, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sylvia Fischer
- Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución, and IEGEBA (UBA-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Štětina T, Poupardin R, Moos M, Šimek P, Šmilauer P, Koštál V. Larvae of Drosophila melanogaster exhibit transcriptional activation of immune response pathways and antimicrobial peptides during recovery from supercooling stress. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 105:60-68. [PMID: 30660665 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2019.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The biochemical and molecular mechanisms underlying insect cold acclimation prior to cold stress are relatively well explored, but the mechanisms linked to recovery and repair after cold stress have received much less attention. Here we focus on recovery from cold stress in the larvae of the vinegar fly (Drosophila melanogaster) that were exposed to two physiologically distinct cold stress situations: supercooling (S, survival > 95%) and freezing (F, survival < 10%), both at -5 °C. We analysed the metabolic and transcriptomic responses to cold stress via GC-MS/LC-MS and whole-genome microarrays, respectively. Both stresses (S and F) caused metabolic perturbations which were transient in supercooled larvae but deeper and irreversible in frozen larvae. Differential gene expression analysis revealed a clear disparity in responses to supercooling and freezing (less than 10% of DE genes overlapped between S and F larvae). Using GO term enrichment analysis and KEGG pathway mapping, we identified the stimulation of immune response pathways as a strong candidate mechanism for coping with supercooling. Supercooling caused complex transcriptional activation of innate immunity potential: from Lysozyme-mediated degradation of bacterial cell walls, recognition of pathogen signals, through phagocytosis and lysosomal degradation, Toll and Imd signaling, to upregulation of genes coding for different antimicrobial peptides. The transcriptomic response to freezing was instead dominated by degradation of macromolecules and death-related processes such as autophagy and apoptosis. Of the 45 upregulated DE genes overlapping in responses to supercooling and freezing, 26 were broadly ascribable to defense and repair functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomáš Štětina
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, 37005, České Budějovice, Czech Republic; Biology Centre, Institute of Entomology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 37005, České Budějovice, Czech Republic.
| | - Rodolphe Poupardin
- Biology Centre, Institute of Entomology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 37005, České Budějovice, Czech Republic.
| | - Martin Moos
- Biology Centre, Institute of Entomology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 37005, České Budějovice, Czech Republic.
| | - Petr Šimek
- Biology Centre, Institute of Entomology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 37005, České Budějovice, Czech Republic.
| | - Petr Šmilauer
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, 37005, České Budějovice, Czech Republic.
| | - Vladimír Koštál
- Biology Centre, Institute of Entomology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 37005, České Budějovice, Czech Republic.
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