1
|
Popovich KJ, Aureden K, Ham DC, Harris AD, Hessels AJ, Huang SS, Maragakis LL, Milstone AM, Moody J, Yokoe D, Calfee DP. SHEA/IDSA/APIC Practice Recommendation: Strategies to prevent methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus transmission and infection in acute-care hospitals: 2022 Update. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2023; 44:1039-1067. [PMID: 37381690 PMCID: PMC10369222 DOI: 10.1017/ice.2023.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Previously published guidelines have provided comprehensive recommendations for detecting and preventing healthcare-associated infections (HAIs). The intent of this document is to highlight practical recommendations in a concise format designed to assist acute-care hospitals in implementing and prioritizing efforts to prevent methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) transmission and infection. This document updates the "Strategies to Prevent Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Transmission and Infection in Acute Care Hospitals" published in 2014.1 This expert guidance document is sponsored by the Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America (SHEA). It is the product of a collaborative effort led by SHEA, the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA), the Association for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology (APIC), the American Hospital Association (AHA), and The Joint Commission, with major contributions from representatives of a number of organizations and societies with content expertise.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kyle J. Popovich
- Department of Internal Medicine, RUSH Medical College, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Kathy Aureden
- Infection Prevention, Advocate Aurora Health, Downers Grove, Illinois
| | - D. Cal Ham
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Anthony D. Harris
- Health Care Outcomes Research, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Amanda J. Hessels
- Columbia School of Nursing, New York, New York
- Hackensack Meridian Health, Edison, New Jersey
| | - Susan S. Huang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, California
| | - Lisa L. Maragakis
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Aaron M. Milstone
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Julia Moody
- Infection Prevention, HCA Healthcare, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Deborah Yokoe
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, California
- Transplant Infectious Diseases, UCSF Medical Center, San Francisco, California
| | - David P. Calfee
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Adediran TY, Hitchcock S, Johnson JK, Stine OC, Leekha S, Thom KA, Liang Y, Rasko DA, Harris AD. Molecular concordance of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates from healthcare workers and patients. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2023; 44:578-588. [PMID: 36177884 PMCID: PMC10060437 DOI: 10.1017/ice.2022.159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a significant nosocomial pathogen in the ICU. MRSA contamination of healthcare personnel (HCP) gloves and gowns after providing care to patients with MRSA occurs at a rate of 14%-16% in the ICU setting. Little is known about whether the MRSA isolates identified on HCP gown and gloves following patient care activities are the same as MRSA isolates identified as colonizing or infecting the patient. METHODS From a multisite cohort of 388 independent patient MRSA isolates and their corresponding HCP gown and glove isolates, we selected 91 isolates pairs using a probability to proportion size (PPS) sampling method. To determine whether the patient and HCP gown or gloves isolates were genetically similar, we used 5 comparative genomic typing methods: phylogenetic analysis, spa typing, multilocus sequence typing (MLST), large-scale BLAST score ratio (LSBSR), and single-nucleotide variant (SNV) analysis. RESULTS We identified that 56 (61.5%) of isolate pairs were genetically similar at least by 4 of the methods. Comparably, the spa typing and the LSBSR analyses revealed that >75% of the examined isolate pairs were concordant, with the thresholds established for each analysis. CONCLUSIONS Many of the patient MRSA isolates were genetically similar to those on the HCP gown or gloves following a patient care activity. This finding indicates that the patient is often the primary source of the MRSA isolates transmitted to the HCP, which can potentially be spread to other patients or hospital settings through HCP vectors. These results have important implications because they provide additional evidence for hospitals considering ending the use of contact precautions (gloves and gowns) for MRSA patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Timileyin Y. Adediran
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Stephanie Hitchcock
- Department of Pathology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - J. Kristie Johnson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Pathology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - O. Colin Stine
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Surbhi Leekha
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Kerri A. Thom
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Yuanyuan Liang
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - David A. Rasko
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Anthony D. Harris
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Raddaoui A, Chebbi Y, Bouchami O, Frigui S, Messadi AA, Achour W, Thabet L. Dissemination of epidemic ST239/ST241-t037-agrI-SCCmecIII methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in a Tunisian trauma burn intensive care unit. Acta Microbiol Immunol Hung 2023; 70:52-60. [PMID: 36525058 DOI: 10.1556/030.2022.01884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is an important pathogen causing health care-infections in the world, especially in burns. The aim of this study was to assess the extent of dissemination of MRSA isolated from burn patients in Burn Intensive Care Unit in Tunisia and to evaluate the frequency of virulence and antibiotics resistance genes. Among the 72 S. aureus isolates analyzed in the study, 54% were MRSA. The majority of MRSA (94.8%) were multidrug resistant and they had a high resistance rates to kanamycin (94.8%), tobramycin (90%), tetracycline (94.8%) and ciprofloxacin and rifampicin (87%, each). The gene aac(6')-Ie-aph(2″)-Ia conferring resistance to kanamycine and tobtamycin were detected in all isolates and the aph(3')-Ia gene conferring resistance to gentamicin were detected in 2.8% of resistant isolates. Tetracycline resistance genes tet(M), tet(K) and tet(L) were detected in 100%, 10.8% and 2.8% of the isolates, respectively. The SCCmec type III and the agr type I were the most predominant (69.2% and 90%, respectively). The 27 SCCmecIII-agrI isolates were clustered into two PFGE types A and B. The two representative isolates of PFGE clusters A and B belonged to ST239-t037 and ST241-t037 respectively. As conclusion, our results showed a high prevalence of MRSA in trauma burn intensive care unit belonging to two multidrug resistant clones ST239/ST241-agrI-t037-SCCmecIII MRSA. We also demonstrated that MRSA was disseminated between burn patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anis Raddaoui
- 1Laboratory Ward, National Bone Marrow Transplant Center, 1006, Tunis, Tunisia.,2Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, Tunis El Manar University, LR18ES39, 1006, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Yosra Chebbi
- 1Laboratory Ward, National Bone Marrow Transplant Center, 1006, Tunis, Tunisia.,2Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, Tunis El Manar University, LR18ES39, 1006, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Ons Bouchami
- 3Laboratory of Bacterial Evolutionand Molecular Epidemiology, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica (ITQB-NOVA) António Xavier, 2780-157, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Siwar Frigui
- 1Laboratory Ward, National Bone Marrow Transplant Center, 1006, Tunis, Tunisia.,2Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, Tunis El Manar University, LR18ES39, 1006, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Amen Allah Messadi
- 4Burns Intensive Care Unit, Traumatology and Great Burned Center, 2074, Ben Arous, Tunisia
| | - Wafa Achour
- 1Laboratory Ward, National Bone Marrow Transplant Center, 1006, Tunis, Tunisia.,2Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, Tunis El Manar University, LR18ES39, 1006, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Lamia Thabet
- 5Laboratory Ward, Traumatology and Great Burned Center, 2074, Ben Arous, Tunisia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Shirata M, Ito I, Tanabe N, Konishi S, Oi I, Hamao N, Matsumoto H, Yasutomo Y, Kadowaki S, Hirai T. Risk factors associated with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolation from serially collected sputum samples of patients hospitalized with pneumonia. J Infect Chemother 2021; 27:1323-1328. [PMID: 34016538 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiac.2021.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Risk factors associated with the new detection of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) during hospitalization remain unclear. This study aimed to identify risk factors associated with MRSA isolation from the sputum of patients admitted with pneumonia, during their hospitalization. METHODS Patients were prospectively enrolled from 2003 to 2012. Sputum samples were collected for bacterial cultures on days 1, 4, 7, 11, and 14 of hospitalization and thereafter. Cases of MRSA first isolated from sputum obtained before day 4 were defined as "carriage on admission." Cases of MRSA first isolated on day 4 and thereafter, were defined as "new detection after admission." Statistical analysis was used to investigate the risk factors associated with MRSA isolation. RESULTS MRSA was isolated from 167 of 1,008 patients (carriage: 47; new detection: 120). Multivariate analysis revealed that the risk factors for MRSA carriage were activities of daily living (ADL) disability prior to admission (odds ratio [OR], 2.92; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.37-6.22) and hospitalization within the previous 90 days (OR, 3.75; 95% CI, 1.90-7.41). ADL disability prior to admission (risk ratio [RR], 1.82; 95% CI, 1.17-2.84) and a high pneumonia severity index score upon admission (RR, 2.20; 95% CI, 1.37-3.65) were risk factors for new detection of MRSA. CONCLUSIONS Several risk factors were found to be associated with MRSA carriage and/or its new detection, based on the sputum samples from patients admitted with pneumonia. These factors may be indicators for selective surveillance and the early implementation of infection control measures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Shirata
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Shogoin-Kawaharacho, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Isao Ito
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Shogoin-Kawaharacho, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan; Department of Internal Medicine, Ono Municipal Hospital, 323 Naka-cho, Ono, Hyogo, 675-1332, Japan.
| | - Naoya Tanabe
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Shogoin-Kawaharacho, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan; Department of Internal Medicine, Ono Municipal Hospital, 323 Naka-cho, Ono, Hyogo, 675-1332, Japan
| | - Satoshi Konishi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Shogoin-Kawaharacho, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan; Department of Internal Medicine, Ono Municipal Hospital, 323 Naka-cho, Ono, Hyogo, 675-1332, Japan
| | - Issei Oi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Shogoin-Kawaharacho, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Nobuyoshi Hamao
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Shogoin-Kawaharacho, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Hisako Matsumoto
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Shogoin-Kawaharacho, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Yoshiro Yasutomo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ono Municipal Hospital, 323 Naka-cho, Ono, Hyogo, 675-1332, Japan
| | - Seizo Kadowaki
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ono Municipal Hospital, 323 Naka-cho, Ono, Hyogo, 675-1332, Japan
| | - Toyohiro Hirai
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Shogoin-Kawaharacho, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Schulz A, Jiang L, de Vor L, Ehrström M, Wermeling F, Eidsmo L, Melican K. Neutrophil Recruitment to Noninvasive MRSA at the Stratum Corneum of Human Skin Mediates Transient Colonization. Cell Rep 2020; 29:1074-1081.e5. [PMID: 31665625 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.09.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a leading cause of skin and soft issue infection, but paradoxically, it also transiently, and often harmlessly, colonizes human skin. An obstacle to understanding this contradiction has been a shortage of in vivo models reproducing the unique structure and immunology of human skin. In this work, we developed a humanized model to study how healthy adult human skin responds to colonizing methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA). We demonstrate the importance of the outer stratum corneum as the major site of bacterial colonization and how noninvasive MRSA adhesion to corneocytes induces a local inflammatory response in underlying skin layers. This signaling recruits neutrophils to the skin, where they control bacterial numbers, mediating transiency in colonization. This work highlights the spatiotemporal aspects of human skin colonization and demonstrates a subclinical inflammatory response to noninvasive MRSA that allows human skin to regulate the bacterial population at its outer surface.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anette Schulz
- Swedish Medical Nanoscience Center, Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm 171 77, Sweden
| | - Long Jiang
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm 171 77, Sweden
| | - Lisanne de Vor
- Swedish Medical Nanoscience Center, Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm 171 77, Sweden
| | - Marcus Ehrström
- Department of Reconstructive Plastic Surgery, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm 171 77, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Wermeling
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm 171 77, Sweden
| | - Liv Eidsmo
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm 171 77, Sweden
| | - Keira Melican
- Swedish Medical Nanoscience Center, Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm 171 77, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Schubert M, Kämpf D, Jatzwauk L, Kynast F, Stein A, Strasser R, Dulon M, Nienhaus A, Seidler A. Prevalence and predictors of MRSA carriage among employees in a non-outbreak setting: a cross-sectional study in an acute care hospital. J Occup Med Toxicol 2019; 14:7. [PMID: 30923557 PMCID: PMC6419512 DOI: 10.1186/s12995-019-0226-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Health care workers have an increased risk of being infected with Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), though little information is available about how prevalent (dormant) MRSA colonization is among health care workers. The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence and predictors of MRSA carriage in a non-outbreak setting in a university hospital in Germany. Methods The entire staff of a university hospital heart center for cardiologic maximum medical care and cardiac surgery were invited to participate in a cross-sectional study (N = 575). The sampled population included health care workers as well as employees with no close patient contact. A questionnaire concerning personal and occupational risk factors as well as lifestyle and demographic factors was applied and nasal swabs were taken. In total 180 persons (31.3%) participated in the study. Results The majority of study participants had close contact to patients at work (n = 149, 82.8%). Thereof, about one-third had contact to MRSA-patients (n = 53, 35.6%), and most reported wearing protective clothing (n = 44, 83.0%). None of the administrative staff tested positive for MRSA and only one in 149 persons (0.7%, CI 0.00–0.02) with close patient contact carried MRSA (strain CC1-MRSA-IV). This person had close contact to patients with MRSA, less than 1 year of work experience, and had been treated with antibiotics within the last 12 months. Conclusion The results of our study suggest low point prevalence rates of MRSA colonization in health care workers in a non-outbreak setting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Schubert
- 1Institute and Policlinic of Occupational and Social Medicine, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Daniel Kämpf
- 1Institute and Policlinic of Occupational and Social Medicine, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Lutz Jatzwauk
- 2Department of Hospital Infection Control, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Franziska Kynast
- 1Institute and Policlinic of Occupational and Social Medicine, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Annette Stein
- 3Heart Center, University Hospital of the Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Ruth Strasser
- 4Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Madeleine Dulon
- Department of Occupational Medicine, Public Health and Hazardous Substances, Institution for Statutory Accident Insurance and Prevention in the Health and Welfare Services, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Albert Nienhaus
- Department of Occupational Medicine, Public Health and Hazardous Substances, Institution for Statutory Accident Insurance and Prevention in the Health and Welfare Services, Hamburg, Germany.,6Competence Centre for Epidemiology and Health Services Research for Healthcare Professionals (CVcare), University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Seidler
- 1Institute and Policlinic of Occupational and Social Medicine, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Baldini A, Blevins K, Del Gaizo D, Enke O, Goswami K, Griffin W, Indelli PF, Jennison T, Kenanidis E, Manner P, Patel R, Puhto T, Sancheti P, Sharma R, Sharma R, Shetty R, Sorial R, Talati N, Tarity TD, Tetsworth K, Topalis C, Tsiridis E, W-Dahl A, Wilson M. General Assembly, Prevention, Operating Room - Personnel: Proceedings of International Consensus on Orthopedic Infections. J Arthroplasty 2019; 34:S97-S104. [PMID: 30360975 PMCID: PMC7111314 DOI: 10.1016/j.arth.2018.09.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
|
8
|
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus tracking spread among health-care workers and hospitalized patients in critical wards at a university hospital, Tehran, Iran. New Microbes New Infect 2018; 27:29-35. [PMID: 30534385 PMCID: PMC6278718 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmni.2018.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 11/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Health-care workers may serve as a reservoir for dissemination of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) to patients in hospital settings. The present study aimed to screen MRSA in nasal swabs of health-care workers and clinical specimens from patients and investigate the possible relationship between these isolates at a university hospital in Tehran, Iran. Additionally, we aimed to identify potential risk factors for MRSA colonization in health-care workers. Staphylococcus aureus strains were isolated from health-care workers and inpatients who completed a questionnaire on risk factors. Cefoxitin disc diffusion test was also used for detection of MRSA. Moreover, all of the MRSA isolates were subjected to pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Colonization rate of MRSA among health-care workers was 22.5%. Furthermore, out of 24 S. aureus isolates obtained from patients, nine (37.5%) were MRSA. Regarding risk factors, the prevalence of nasal MRSA carriage among hospital personnel who used masks was significantly lower than in those without masks (p 0.007). Using PFGE, 10 clusters and 14 singletons were identified among the MRSA isolates. In this regard, most of the MRSA isolates recovered from health-care carriers and patients in intensive care wards, especially general intensive care units, were grouped in certain clusters, indicating intra-ward transmission of the mentioned isolates in these restricted areas. We concluded that screening and decolonization of carriers, contact precautions, prudent use of antibiotics and implementation of active surveillance are recommended strategies for the prevention and control of MRSA transmission in hospital settings.
Collapse
|
9
|
Perspective of Health Care Providers about Barriers of Instructional Programs: A Qualitative Study. HEALTH SCOPE 2017. [DOI: 10.5812/jhealthscope.15116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
10
|
Staff exchange within and between nursing homes in The Netherlands and potential implications for MRSA transmission. Epidemiol Infect 2016; 145:739-745. [PMID: 27917736 PMCID: PMC5426333 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268816002831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A recent countrywide MRSA spa-type 1081 outbreak in The Netherlands predominantly affected nursing homes, generating questions on how infection spreads within and between nursing homes despite a low national prevalence. Since the transfer of residents between nursing homes is uncommon in The Netherlands, we hypothesized that staff exchange plays an important role in transmission. This exploratory study investigated the extent of former (last 2 years) and current staff exchange within and between nursing homes in The Netherlands. We relied on a questionnaire that was targeted towards nursing-home staff members who had contact with residents. We found that 17·9% and 12·4% of the nursing-home staff formerly (last 2 years) or currently worked in other healthcare institutes besides their job in the nursing home through which they were selected to participate in this study. Moreover, 39·7% of study participants worked on more than one ward. Our study shows that, in The Netherlands, nursing-home staff form a substantial number of links between wards within nursing homes and nursing homes are linked to a large network of healthcare institutes through their staff members potentially providing a pathway for MRSA transmission between nursing homes and throughout the country.
Collapse
|
11
|
Frieri M, Kumar K, Boutin A. Antibiotic resistance. J Infect Public Health 2016; 10:369-378. [PMID: 27616769 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2016.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 471] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance in bacterial pathogens is a challenge that is associated with high morbidity and mortality. Multidrug resistance patterns in Gram-positive and -negative bacteria are difficult to treat and may even be untreatable with conventional antibiotics. There is currently a shortage of effective therapies, lack of successful prevention measures, and only a few new antibiotics, which require development of novel treatment options and alternative antimicrobial therapies. Biofilms are involved in multidrug resistance and can present challenges for infection control. Virulence, Staphylococcus aureus, Clostridium difficile infection, vancomycin-resistant enterococci, and control in the Emergency Department are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Frieri
- Division of Allergy Immunology, Department of Medicine, Nassau University Medical Center, 2201 Hempstead Turnpike, East Meadow, NY 11554, United States.
| | - Krishan Kumar
- Division of Pediatric, Department of Emergency Medicine, Nassau University Medical Center, 2201 Hempstead Turnpike, East Meadow, NY 11554, United States.
| | - Anthony Boutin
- Adult Emergency Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine, Nassau University Medical Center, 2201 Hempstead Turnpike, East Meadow, NY 11554, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) contamination in bedside surfaces of a hospital ward and the potential effectiveness of enhanced disinfection with an antimicrobial polymer surfactant. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2015; 12:3026-41. [PMID: 25768241 PMCID: PMC4377950 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph120303026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Revised: 03/07/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The aim in this study was to assess the effectiveness of a quaternary ammonium chloride (QAC) surfactant in reducing surface staphylococcal contamination in a routinely operating medical ward occupied by patients who had tested positive for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). The QAC being tested is an antibacterial film that is sprayed onto a surface and can remain active for up to 8 h. A field experimental study was designed with the QAC plus daily hypochlorite cleaning as the experimental group and hypochlorite cleaning alone as the control group. The method of swabbing on moistened surfaces was used for sampling. It was found that 83% and 77% of the bedside surfaces of MRSA-positive and MRSA-negative patients respectively were contaminated with staphylococci at 08:00 hours, and that the staphylococcal concentrations increased by 80% at 1200 h over a 4-hour period with routine ward and clinical activities. Irrespective of the MRSA status of the patients, high-touch surfaces around the bed-units within the studied medical ward were heavily contaminated (ranged 1 to 276 cfu/cm2 amongst the sites with positive culture) with staphylococcal bacteria including MRSA, despite the implementation of daily hypochlorite wiping. However, the contamination rate dropped significantly from 78% to 11% after the application of the QAC polymer. In the experimental group, the mean staphylococcal concentration of bedside surfaces was significantly (p < 0.0001) reduced from 4.4 ± 8.7 cfu/cm2 at 08:00 hours to 0.07 ± 0.26 cfu/cm2 at 12:00 hours by the QAC polymer. The results of this study support the view that, in addition to hypochlorite wiping, the tested QAC surfactant is a potential environmental decontamination strategy for preventing the transmission of clinically important pathogens in medical wards.
Collapse
|
13
|
Gomes IM, Marlow MA, Pinheiro MG, Freitas MDFND, Fonseca FF, Cardoso CAA, Aguiar-Alves F. Risk factors for Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant S aureus colonization among health care workers in pediatrics departments. Am J Infect Control 2014; 42:918-20. [PMID: 25087145 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajic.2014.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2014] [Revised: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Risk factors for Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant S aureus (MRSA) were evaluated for 178 health care workers from a public hospital pediatrics department in Brazil. Colonization rates were 33.1% for S aureus and 5.1% for MRSA. Risk factors for S aureus colonization differed from those for MRSA. Results suggest nurses with prolonged pediatric patient contact in inpatient units are at higher risk for MRSA colonization.
Collapse
|
14
|
Dulon M, Peters C, Schablon A, Nienhaus A. MRSA carriage among healthcare workers in non-outbreak settings in Europe and the United States: a systematic review. BMC Infect Dis 2014; 14:363. [PMID: 24996225 PMCID: PMC4094410 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-14-363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstarct
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Madeleine Dulon
- Department of Occupational Health Research, Institution for Statutory Accident Insurance and Prevention in the Health and Welfare Services, Pappelallee 33/35/37, 22089 Hamburg, Germany.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Seibert DJ, Speroni KG, Oh KM, DeVoe MC, Jacobsen KH. Knowledge, perceptions, and practices of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus transmission prevention among health care workers in acute-care settings. Am J Infect Control 2014; 42:254-9. [PMID: 24406259 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajic.2013.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2013] [Revised: 08/26/2013] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Health care workers (HCWs) play a critical role in prevention of health care-associated infections such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), but glove and gown contact precautions and hand hygiene may not be consistently used with vulnerable patients. METHODS A cross-sectional survey of MRSA knowledge, attitudes/perceptions, and practices among 276 medical, nursing, allied health, and support services staff at an acute-care hospital in the eastern United States was completed in 2012. Additionally, blinded observations of hand hygiene behaviors of 104 HCWs were conducted. RESULTS HCWs strongly agreed that preventive behaviors reduce the spread of MRSA. The vast majority reported that they almost always engage in preventive practices, but observations of hand hygiene found lower rates of adherence among nearly all HCW groups. HCWs who reported greater comfort with telling others to take action to prevent MRSA transmission were significantly more likely to self-report adherence to recommended practices. CONCLUSIONS It is important to reduce barriers to adherence with preventive behaviors and to help all HCWs, including support staff who do not have direct patient care responsibilities, to translate knowledge about MRSA transmission prevention methods into consistent adherence of themselves and their coworkers to prevention guidelines.
Collapse
|
16
|
Taheri M, Bazrafkan H, Habibagahi M. Determining the Latent Tuberculosis Infection by IFN - γ Elispot Assay in Healthcare Workers From University Hospitals of Shiraz, South West of Iran. IRANIAN RED CRESCENT MEDICAL JOURNAL 2013; 15:477-82. [PMID: 24349745 PMCID: PMC3840834 DOI: 10.5812/ircmj.3635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2011] [Revised: 06/17/2012] [Accepted: 05/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Background Classical screening methods are incapable to properly detect LTBI (Latent TB Infection) and HCWs (Healthcare Workers) are at the high risk of exposure. Only few reports estimated the prevalence of LTBI among Iranian HCWs and they mostly used the TST (Tuberculin Skin Test), rather than assessing the response against TB-specific antigens. Objectives The current study aimed to determine the frequency of IFN - γ producing blood cells of microbiology and radiology ward technicians by an in-house IFN - γ ELISPOT assay in the University hospitals of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences (SUMS) against recombinant ESAT - 6 and PPD antigens. Materials and Methods 89 HCWs from medical laboratory and radiology departments of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences’ hospitals, South of Iran, were screened for LTBI. To achieve the goal, an in-house IFN - γ (Interferon - gamma) ELISPOT (Enzyme Linked ImmunoSpot) assay was used to detect the reactivity against ESAT - 6 (Early Secreted Antigen Target protein - 6) and the PPD (Purified Protein Derivate). Results Almost 8% of the personnel showed positive TST (over 10 mm) reaction while 29% of them had considerable T - cell reactivity against PPD in ELISPOT assays. However, the ESAT - 6 reactivity was found only in one case of HCWs. No correlation was found between the patterns of the reactions and the age or the duration of the employment or previous vaccination history of the participants. The ELISPOT results were not correlated with the TST results. Conclusions Considering the hindrance of TST, the IFN - γ ESAT - 6 ELISPOT assay, even in forms of in-house tests, could replace traditional methods to properly spot the LTBI among the high risk groups from Iran’s health system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Taheri
- Department of Microbiology, School of Paramedical Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, IR Iran
| | - Hamid Bazrafkan
- Immunotherapy laboratory, Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, IR Iran
| | - Mojtaba Habibagahi
- Immunotherapy laboratory, Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, IR Iran
- Corresponding author: Mojtaba Habibagahi, Immunotherapy Laboratory, Department of Immunology School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Zand Blvd. 3119, Shiraz, IR IRAN. Tel/Fax: +98-7112351575, E-mail: ,
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Camus C. Faut-il décoloniser les patients porteurs de staphylocoques dorés résistants à la méticilline en réanimation ? MEDECINE INTENSIVE REANIMATION 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s13546-013-0671-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
|
18
|
Tan XE, Neoh HM, Hussin S, Zin NM. Clonal distribution and possible microevolution of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains in a teaching hospital in Malaysia. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2013; 3:224-8. [PMID: 23620843 PMCID: PMC3631755 DOI: 10.1016/s2221-1691(13)60055-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2013] [Accepted: 02/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To genotypically characterize methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains isolated from medical and surgical wards in Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre (UKMMC) in 2009. METHODS MRSA strains were collected and molecularly typed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). RESULTS PFGE typing on 180 MRSA isolated in UKMMC identified 5 pulsotypes (A-E) and 6 singletons, where pulsotypes B and C were suspected to be divergent clones originating from a single ancestor. This study also showed that most MRSA strains were isolated from swab (119 isolates), followed by blood (22 isolates), tracheal aspirate (11 isolates) and sputum (10 isolates). On the other hand, urine and bone isolates were less, which were 4 and 1 isolates, respectively. The distribution of different pulsotypes of MRSA among wards suggested that MRSA was communicated in surgical and medical wards in UKMMC, with pulsotype B MRSA as the dominant strain. Besides, it was found that most deceased patients were infected by pulsotype B MRSA, however, no particular pulsotype could be associated with patient age, underlying disease, or ward of admittance. CONCLUSIONS Five pulsotypes of MRSA and 6 singletons were identified, with pulsotype B MRSA as the endemic strains circulating in these wards, which is useful in establishment of preventive measures against MRSA transmission.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Ee Tan
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Malaysia
| | - Hui-min Neoh
- UKM Medical Molecular Biology Institute (UMBI), Malaysia
| | - Salasawati Hussin
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 56000 Kuala Lumpur,Malaysia
| | - Noraziah Mohamad Zin
- Programme of Biomedical Science, School of Diagnostic and Applied Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 50300 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Boroumand MA, Anvari MS, Pourgholi L, Shoar S, Naderan M, Amelimojarad E, Goodarzynejad H. Local factors affecting cost/benefit of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus screening, a study from a low-income country. Am J Infect Control 2011; 39:703-705. [PMID: 21784560 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajic.2011.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2010] [Accepted: 01/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Ali Boroumand
- Department of Surgical and Clinical Pathology, Tehran Heart Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Maryam Sotoudeh Anvari
- Department of Surgical and Clinical Pathology, Tehran Heart Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Leila Pourgholi
- Department of Surgical and Clinical Pathology, Tehran Heart Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeed Shoar
- Department of Surgical and Clinical Pathology, Tehran Heart Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Naderan
- Department of Surgical and Clinical Pathology, Tehran Heart Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elham Amelimojarad
- Department of Research, Tehran Heart Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamidreza Goodarzynejad
- Department of Research, Tehran Heart Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Rodríguez M, Valero A, Posada-Izquierdo GD, Carrasco E, Zurera G. Evaluation of food handler practices and microbiological status of ready-to-eat foods in long-term care facilities in the Andalusia region of Spain. J Food Prot 2011; 74:1504-12. [PMID: 21902920 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-10-468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Food safety measures in long-term care facilities (LTCFs) are being improved by the introduction of quality control management systems during food production and by the implementation of good manufacturing practices. This study was conducted in LTCFs (geriatric homes) in Andalusia, Spain, during 2008 and 2009 to evaluate sanitary conditions and the microbiological quality and safety of salads and cooked meat products served. A regulation-based checklist was applied to the evaluated centers. Samples of ready-to-eat foods (n = 60) were examined for mesophilic aerobic bacteria (MAB), total coliforms, coagulase-positive staphylococci (CPS), Escherichia coli, Listeria spp., and Salmonella. In parallel, food contact surfaces (working tables, cutting boards, sinks, and faucets) were swabbed and analyzed for MAB and Enterobacteriaceae. The air quality in processing rooms, near sinks, and in canteens also was measured through an active air sampling method for MAB and Staphyloccocus spp. The results obtained revealed some deficiencies regarding handling practices and sanitary conditions tested (i.e., use and change of gloves, hand washing, and cleanliness of work surfaces). The microbial safety of foods examined indicated the absence of pathogens. Average levels of coagulase-positive staphylococci were below 10² CFU/g, and prevalence of E. coli was 6.3% in samples collected. Surface counts were higher on cutting boards and faucets, indicating insufficient cleanliness procedures. This study provides a descriptive analysis of the sanitary conditions of food service systems in LTCF, and this information can help risk managers to better define control measures needed to prevent foodborne infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Rodríguez
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Cordoba, Campus de Rabanales, Edificio Darwin, 14014 Córdoba, Spain.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Cimolai N. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Canada: a historical perspective and lessons learned. Can J Microbiol 2010; 56:89-120. [PMID: 20237572 DOI: 10.1139/w09-109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The history of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in Canada has many similarities to MRSA evolution worldwide, but especially to that in the United States and United Kingdom. Reports of MRSA occurred as early as 1964, and community isolates were cited in the 1970s. Nosocomial outbreaks were becoming common by 1978 and flourished gradually thereafter. Endemic institutional MRSA became predominant in the 1990s, threatening large teaching hospitals in particular. In the last decade, both hospital-acquired and community-acquired MRSA have created major medical problems in Canada. More recently, an epidemic of Canadian community-acquired MRSA-10, has led to heightened public health concerns. Canadian contributions to MRSA science are numerous, with organized surveillance continuing to mature across the nation. A typing system for epidemic clones is now available and is being judiciously applied. Estimated costs for MRSA surveillance, treatment, and control are extraordinary, paralleling the dramatic rise in the number of MRSA isolations. Whereas surveillance continues to form an essential aspect of MRSA management, control, eradication, and overall diminution, MRSA reservoirs deserve much greater attention. Such efforts, however, must be as widely publicized in the community and in patient homes as they are in medical institutions responsible for both acute and long-term care.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nevio Cimolai
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's and Women's Health Centre of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| |
Collapse
|