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Plau J, Morgan CE, Fedorov Y, Banerjee S, Adams DJ, Blaner WS, Yu EW, Golczak M. Discovery of Nonretinoid Inhibitors of CRBP1: Structural and Dynamic Insights for Ligand-Binding Mechanisms. ACS Chem Biol 2023; 18:2309-2323. [PMID: 37713257 PMCID: PMC10591915 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.3c00402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
The dysregulation of retinoid metabolism has been linked to prevalent ocular diseases including age-related macular degeneration and Stargardt disease. Modulating retinoid metabolism through pharmacological approaches holds promise for the treatment of these eye diseases. Cellular retinol-binding protein 1 (CRBP1) is the primary transporter of all-trans-retinol (atROL) in the eye, and its inhibition has recently been shown to protect mouse retinas from light-induced retinal damage. In this report, we employed high-throughput screening to identify new chemical scaffolds for competitive, nonretinoid inhibitors of CRBP1. To understand the mechanisms of interaction between CRBP1 and these inhibitors, we solved high-resolution X-ray crystal structures of the protein in complex with six selected compounds. By combining protein crystallography with hydrogen/deuterium exchange mass spectrometry, we quantified the conformational changes in CRBP1 caused by different inhibitors and correlated their magnitude with apparent binding affinities. Furthermore, using molecular dynamic simulations, we provided evidence for the functional significance of the "closed" conformation of CRBP1 in retaining ligands within the binding pocket. Collectively, our study outlines the molecular foundations for understanding the mechanism of high-affinity interactions between small molecules and CRBPs, offering a framework for the rational design of improved inhibitors for this class of lipid-binding proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Plau
- Department
of Pharmacology, Small Molecule Drug Development Core Facility, Department of Genetics, and Cleveland Center
for Membrane and Structural Biology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Christopher E. Morgan
- Department
of Pharmacology, Small Molecule Drug Development Core Facility, Department of Genetics, and Cleveland Center
for Membrane and Structural Biology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, Thiel College, Greenville, Pennsylvania 16125, United States
| | - Yuriy Fedorov
- Department
of Pharmacology, Small Molecule Drug Development Core Facility, Department of Genetics, and Cleveland Center
for Membrane and Structural Biology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Surajit Banerjee
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell
University, Ithaca, New York 14850, United States
- Northeastern
Collaborative Access Team, Argonne National
Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Drew J. Adams
- Department
of Pharmacology, Small Molecule Drug Development Core Facility, Department of Genetics, and Cleveland Center
for Membrane and Structural Biology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - William S. Blaner
- Department
of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, United States
| | - Edward W. Yu
- Department
of Pharmacology, Small Molecule Drug Development Core Facility, Department of Genetics, and Cleveland Center
for Membrane and Structural Biology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Marcin Golczak
- Department
of Pharmacology, Small Molecule Drug Development Core Facility, Department of Genetics, and Cleveland Center
for Membrane and Structural Biology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
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Calderon RM, Golczak M, Paik J, Blaner WS. Dietary Vitamin A Affects the Function of Incretin-Producing Enteroendocrine Cells in Male Mice Fed a High-Fat Diet. J Nutr 2023; 153:2901-2914. [PMID: 37648113 PMCID: PMC10613727 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2023.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Revised: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Retinol-binding protein 2 (RBP2) is an intracellular carrier for vitamin A in the absorptive enterocytes. Mice lacking RBP2 (Rbp2-/-) display an unexpected phenotype of obesity, glucose intolerance, and elevated glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) levels. GIP and glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) are incretin hormones secreted by enteroendocrine cells (EECs). We recently demonstrated the presence of RBP2 and other retinoid-related proteins in EECs. OBJECTIVES Given RBP2's role in intracellular retinoid trafficking, we aimed to evaluate whether dietary vitamin A affects incretin-secreting cell function and gene expression. METHODS Male Rbp2-/- mice and sex- and age-matched controls (n = 6-9) were fed a high-fat diet (HFD) for 18 wk containing normal (VAN, 4000 IU/kg of diet) or low (VAL, 25% of normal) vitamin A concentrations. Body weight was recorded biweekly. Plasma GIP and GLP-1 levels were obtained fasting and 30 min after an oral fat gavage at week 16. Glucose tolerance tests were also performed. Mice were killed at week 18, and blood and tissue samples were obtained. RESULTS Rbp2-/- mice displayed greater weight gain on the VAN compared with the VAL diet from week 7 of the intervention (P ≤ 0.01). Stimulated GIP levels were elevated in Rbp2-/- mice compared with their controls fed the VAN diet (P = 0.02), whereas their GIP response was lower when fed the VAL diet (P = 0.03). Although no differences in GLP-1 levels were observed in the VAN diet group, a lower GLP-1 response was seen in Rbp2-/- mice fed the VAL diet (P = 0.02). Changes in incretin gene expression and that of other genes associated with EEC lineage and function were consistent with these observations. Circulating and hepatic retinoid levels revealed no systemic vitamin A deficiency across dietary groups. CONCLUSIONS Our data support a role for RBP2 and dietary vitamin A in incretin secretion and gene expression in mice fed a HFD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossana M Calderon
- Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States.
| | - Marcin Golczak
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States; Cleveland Center for Membrane and Structural Biology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Jisun Paik
- Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - William S Blaner
- Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
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Plau J, Golczak M, Paik J, Calderon RM, Blaner WS. Retinol-binding protein 2 (RBP2): More than just dietary retinoid uptake. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2022; 1867:159179. [PMID: 35533980 PMCID: PMC9191623 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2022.159179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Retinol-binding protein 2 (RBP2, also known as cellular retinol-binding protein 2 (CRBP2)) is a member of the fatty acid-binding protein family and has been extensively studied for its role in facilitating dietary vitamin A (retinol) uptake and metabolism within enterocytes of the small intestine. RBP2 is present in highest concentrations in the proximal small intestine where it constitutes approximately 0.1-0.5% of soluble protein. Recent reports have established that RBP2 binds monoacylglycerols (MAGs) with high affinity, including the canonical endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG). Crystallographic studies reveal that retinol, 2-AG, or other long-chain MAGs alternatively can bind in the retinol-binding pocket of RBP2. It also has been demonstrated recently that Rbp2-deficient mice are more susceptible to developing obesity and associated metabolic phenotypes when exposed to a high fat diet, or as they age when fed a conventional chow diet. When subjected to an oral fat challenge, the Rbp2-deficient mice release into the circulation significantly more, compared to littermate controls, of the intestinal hormone glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP). These new findings regarding RBP2 structure and actions within the intestine are the focus of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Plau
- Department of Pharmacology and Cleveland Center for Membrane and Structural Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States of America
| | - Marcin Golczak
- Department of Pharmacology and Cleveland Center for Membrane and Structural Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States of America
| | - Jisun Paik
- Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Rossana M Calderon
- Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - William S Blaner
- Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States of America.
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Calderon RM, Smith CA, Miedzybrodzka EL, Silvaroli JA, Golczak M, Gribble FM, Reimann F, Blaner WS. Intestinal Enteroendocrine Cell Signaling: Retinol-binding Protein 2 and Retinoid Actions. Endocrinology 2022; 163:bqac064. [PMID: 35552670 PMCID: PMC9162388 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqac064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Retinol-binding protein 2-deficient (Rbp2-/-) mice are more prone to obesity, glucose intolerance, and hepatic steatosis than matched controls. Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) blood levels are dysregulated in these mice. The present studies provide new insights into these observations. Single cell transcriptomic and immunohistochemical studies establish that RBP2 is highly expressed in enteroendocrine cells (EECs) that produce incretins, either GIP or glucagon-like peptide-1. EECs also express an enzyme needed for all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA) synthesis, aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 family member A1, and retinoic acid receptor-alpha, which mediates ATRA-dependent transcription. Total and GIP-positive EECs are significantly lower in Rbp2-/- mice. The plasma transport protein for retinol, retinol-binding protein 4 (RBP4) is also expressed in EECs and is cosecreted with GIP upon stimulation. Collectively, our data support direct roles for RBP2 and ATRA in cellular processes that give rise to GIP-producing EECs and roles for RBP2 and RBP4 within EECs that facilitate hormone storage and secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossana M Calderon
- Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Christopher A Smith
- Institute of Metabolic Sciences and MRC-Metabolic Diseases Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB0 0QQ 44106, UK
| | - Emily L Miedzybrodzka
- Institute of Metabolic Sciences and MRC-Metabolic Diseases Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB0 0QQ 44106, UK
| | - Josie A Silvaroli
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Marcin Golczak
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Cleveland Center for Membrane and Structural Biology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Fiona M Gribble
- Institute of Metabolic Sciences and MRC-Metabolic Diseases Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB0 0QQ 44106, UK
| | - Frank Reimann
- Institute of Metabolic Sciences and MRC-Metabolic Diseases Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB0 0QQ 44106, UK
| | - William S Blaner
- Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
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Baker NC, Pierro JD, Taylor LW, Knudsen TB. Identifying candidate reference chemicals for in vitro testing of the retinoid pathway for predictive developmental toxicity. ALTEX 2022; 40:217–236. [PMID: 35796328 PMCID: PMC10765368 DOI: 10.14573/altex.2202231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Evaluating chemicals for potential in vivo toxicity based on their in vitro bioactivity profile is an important step toward animal- free testing. A compendium of reference chemicals and data describing their bioactivity on specific molecular targets, cellular pathways, and biological processes is needed to bolster confidence in the predictive value of in vitro hazard detection. Endogenous signaling by all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) is an important pathway in developmental processes and toxicities. Employing data extraction methods and advanced literature extraction tools, we assembled a set of candidate reference chemicals with demonstrated activity on ten protein family targets in the retinoid system. The compendium was culled from Protein Data Bank, ChEMBL, ToxCast/Tox21, and the biomedical literature in PubMed. Finally, we performed a case study on one chemical in our collection, citral, an inhibitor of endogenous ATRA production, to determine whether the literature supports an adverse outcome pathway explaining the compound’s developmental toxicity initiated by disruption of the retinoid pathway. We also deliver an updated Abstract Sifter tool populated with these reference compounds and complex search terms designed to query the literature for the downstream consequences to support concordance with targeted retinoid pathway disruption.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jocylin D. Pierro
- Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Laura W. Taylor
- Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Thomas B. Knudsen
- Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
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Huang X, Ke K, Jin W, Zhu Q, Zhu Q, Mei R, Zhang R, Yu S, Shou L, Sun X, Feng J, Duan T, Mou Y, Xie T, Wu Q, Sui X. Identification of Genes Related to 5-Fluorouracil Based Chemotherapy for Colorectal Cancer. Front Immunol 2022; 13:887048. [PMID: 35784334 PMCID: PMC9247273 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.887048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common malignancies and its incidence and mortality are increasing yearly. 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) has long been used as a standard first-line treatment for CRC patients. Although 5-FU-based chemotherapy is effective for advanced CRC, the consequent resistance remains a key problem and causes the poor prognosis of CRC patients. Thus, there is an urgent need to identify new biomarkers to predict the response to 5-FU-based chemotherapy. Methods CRC samples were retrieved from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) and The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). The immune-related genes were retrieved from the ImmPort database. Single-cell sequencing results from colorectal cancer were obtained by the ArrayExpress database. 5-FU resistance-related genes were filtered and validated by R packages. ESTIMATE algorithms were used to assess the tumor microenvironment (TME). KEGG and GO analysis were performed to explore the biological signaling pathway for resistant-response patients and sensitive-response patients in the tumor microenvironment. pRRophetic algorithms were used to predict 5-FU sensitivity. GSEA and GSVA analysis was performed to excavate the biological signaling pathway of the RBP7 gene. Results Nine immune-related genes were identified to be associated with 5-FU resistance and poor disease-free survival (DFS) of CRC patients and the signature of these genes was developed in a DFS-prognostic model. Four immune-related genes were determined to be associated with 5-FU resistance and overall survival (OS) of CRC patients. The signature of these genes was developed an OS-prognostic model. ESTIMATE scores showed a significant difference between 5-FU resistant and 5-FU sensitive CRC patients. Resistant-response patients and sensitive-response patients to 5-FU based chemotherapy showed different GO and KEGG enrichment on the tumor microenvironment. RBP7, as a tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) related gene, was found to have the potential of predicting chemotherapy resistance and poor prognosis of CRC patients. GSEA analysis showed multiple signaling differences between the high and low expression of RBP7 in CRC patients. Hypoxia and TNFα signaling via NFκB gene sets were significantly different between chemotherapy resistant (RBP7High) and chemotherapy sensitive (RBP7Low) patients. Single-cell RNA-seq suggested RBP7 was centrally distributed in endothelial stalk cells, endothelial tip cells, and myeloid cells. Conclusions Immune-related genes will hopefully be potential prognostic biomarkers to predict chemotherapy resistance for CRC. RBP7 may function as a tumor microenvironment regulator to induce 5-FU resistance, thereby affecting the prognosis of CRC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingxing Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, Macau SAR, China
- School of Pharmacy and Department of Medical Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kun Ke
- Department of Gastrointestinal-Pancreatic Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, People’s Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Weiwei Jin
- Department of Gastrointestinal-Pancreatic Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, People’s Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qianru Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, Macau SAR, China
- School of Pharmacy and Department of Medical Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qicong Zhu
- Department of Gastrointestinal-Pancreatic Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, People’s Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ruyi Mei
- School of Pharmacy and Department of Medical Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ruonan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, Macau SAR, China
- School of Pharmacy and Department of Medical Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shuxian Yu
- School of Pharmacy and Department of Medical Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lan Shou
- School of Pharmacy and Department of Medical Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xueni Sun
- School of Pharmacy and Department of Medical Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiao Feng
- School of Pharmacy and Department of Medical Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ting Duan
- School of Pharmacy and Department of Medical Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yiping Mou
- Department of Gastrointestinal-Pancreatic Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, People’s Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Yiping Mou, ; Tian Xie, ; Qibiao Wu, ; Xinbing Sui,
| | - Tian Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, Macau SAR, China
- School of Pharmacy and Department of Medical Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Yiping Mou, ; Tian Xie, ; Qibiao Wu, ; Xinbing Sui,
| | - Qibiao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, Macau SAR, China
- School of Pharmacy and Department of Medical Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Yiping Mou, ; Tian Xie, ; Qibiao Wu, ; Xinbing Sui,
| | - Xinbing Sui
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, Macau SAR, China
- School of Pharmacy and Department of Medical Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Yiping Mou, ; Tian Xie, ; Qibiao Wu, ; Xinbing Sui,
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