1
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Silvaroli JA, Bisunke B, Kim JY, Stayton A, Jayne LA, Martinez SA, Nguyen C, Patel PS, Vanichapol T, Verma V, Akhter J, Bolisetty S, Madhavan SM, Kuscu C, Coss CC, Zepeda-Orozco D, Parikh SV, Satoskar AA, Davidson AJ, Eason JD, Szeto HH, Pabla NS, Bajwa A. Genome-Wide CRISPR Screen Identifies Phospholipid Scramblase 3 as the Biological Target of Mitoprotective Drug SS-31. J Am Soc Nephrol 2024:00001751-990000000-00273. [PMID: 38530359 DOI: 10.1681/asn.0000000000000338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Key Points
Szeto–Schiller-31–mediated mitoprotection is phospholipid scramblase 3–dependent.Phospholipid scramblase 3 is required for recovery after AKI.
Background
The synthetic tetrapeptide Szeto–Schiller (SS)-31 shows promise in alleviating mitochondrial dysfunction associated with common diseases. However, the precise pharmacological basis of its mitoprotective effects remains unknown.
Methods
To uncover the biological targets of SS-31, we performed a genome-scale clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats screen in human kidney-2, a cell culture model where SS-31 mitigates cisplatin-associated cell death and mitochondrial dysfunction. The identified hit candidate gene was functionally validated using knockout cell lines, small interfering RNA-mediated downregulation, and tubular epithelial–specific conditional knockout mice. Biochemical interaction studies were also performed to examine the interaction of SS-31 with the identified target protein.
Results
Our primary screen and validation studies in hexokinase 2 and primary murine tubular epithelial cells showed that phospholipid scramblase 3 (PLSCR3), an understudied inner mitochondrial membrane protein, was essential for the protective effects of SS-31. For in vivo validation, we generated tubular epithelial–specific knockout mice and found that Plscr3 gene ablation did not influence kidney function under normal conditions or affect the severity of cisplatin and rhabdomyolysis-associated AKI. However, Plscr3 gene deletion completely abrogated the protective effects of SS-31 during cisplatin and rhabdomyolysis-associated AKI. Biochemical studies showed that SS-31 directly binds to a previously uncharacterized N-terminal domain and stimulates PLSCR3 scramblase activity. Finally, PLSCR3 protein expression was found to be increased in the kidneys of patients with AKI.
Conclusions
PLSCR3 was identified as the essential biological target that facilitated the mitoprotective effects of SS-31 in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josie A Silvaroli
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Bijay Bisunke
- Department of Genetics, Genomics, and Informatics; College of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Ji Young Kim
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Amanda Stayton
- Department of Genetics, Genomics, and Informatics; College of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Laura A Jayne
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Shirely A Martinez
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Christopher Nguyen
- Department of Genetics, Genomics, and Informatics; College of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Prisha S Patel
- Department of Genetics, Genomics, and Informatics; College of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Thitinee Vanichapol
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Vivek Verma
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Juheb Akhter
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama
| | | | - Sethu M Madhavan
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Cem Kuscu
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Transplant Research Institute, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Christopher C Coss
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Diana Zepeda-Orozco
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine and Kidney and Urinary Tract Research Center, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Samir V Parikh
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Anjali A Satoskar
- Division of Renal and Transplant Pathology, Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Alan J Davidson
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - James D Eason
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Transplant Research Institute, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Hazel H Szeto
- Social Profit Network Research Lab, Menlo Park, California
| | - Navjot S Pabla
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Amandeep Bajwa
- Department of Genetics, Genomics, and Informatics; College of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Transplant Research Institute, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Biochemistry; College of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
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2
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Castano A, Silvestre M, Wells CI, Sanderson JL, Ferrer CA, Ong HW, Lang Y, Richardson W, Silvaroli JA, Bashore FM, Smith JL, Genereux IM, Dempster K, Drewry DH, Pabla NS, Bullock AN, Benke TA, Ultanir SK, Axtman AD. Discovery and characterization of a specific inhibitor of serine-threonine kinase cyclin-dependent kinase-like 5 (CDKL5) demonstrates role in hippocampal CA1 physiology. eLife 2023; 12:e88206. [PMID: 37490324 PMCID: PMC10406435 DOI: 10.7554/elife.88206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathological loss-of-function mutations in cyclin-dependent kinase-like 5 (CDKL5) cause CDKL5 deficiency disorder (CDD), a rare and severe neurodevelopmental disorder associated with severe and medically refractory early-life epilepsy, motor, cognitive, visual, and autonomic disturbances in the absence of any structural brain pathology. Analysis of genetic variants in CDD has indicated that CDKL5 kinase function is central to disease pathology. CDKL5 encodes a serine-threonine kinase with significant homology to GSK3β, which has also been linked to synaptic function. Further, Cdkl5 knock-out rodents have increased GSK3β activity and often increased long-term potentiation (LTP). Thus, development of a specific CDKL5 inhibitor must be careful to exclude cross-talk with GSK3β activity. We synthesized and characterized specific, high-affinity inhibitors of CDKL5 that do not have detectable activity for GSK3β. These compounds are very soluble in water but blood-brain barrier penetration is low. In rat hippocampal brain slices, acute inhibition of CDKL5 selectively reduces postsynaptic function of AMPA-type glutamate receptors in a dose-dependent manner. Acute inhibition of CDKL5 reduces hippocampal LTP. These studies provide new tools and insights into the role of CDKL5 as a newly appreciated key kinase necessary for synaptic plasticity. Comparisons to rodent knock-out studies suggest that compensatory changes have limited the understanding of the roles of CDKL5 in synaptic physiology, plasticity, and human neuropathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Castano
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of MedicineAuroraUnited States
| | - Margaux Silvestre
- Kinases and Brain Development Laboratory, The Francis Crick InstituteLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Carrow I Wells
- Structural Genomics Consortium, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillUnited States
| | - Jennifer L Sanderson
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of MedicineAuroraUnited States
| | - Carla A Ferrer
- Structural Genomics Consortium, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillUnited States
| | - Han Wee Ong
- Structural Genomics Consortium, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillUnited States
| | - Yi Lang
- Structural Genomics Consortium, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillUnited States
| | - William Richardson
- Centre for Medicines Discovery, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Josie A Silvaroli
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State UniversityColumbusUnited States
| | - Frances M Bashore
- Structural Genomics Consortium, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillUnited States
| | - Jeffery L Smith
- Structural Genomics Consortium, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillUnited States
| | - Isabelle M Genereux
- Structural Genomics Consortium, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillUnited States
| | - Kelvin Dempster
- Kinases and Brain Development Laboratory, The Francis Crick InstituteLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - David H Drewry
- Structural Genomics Consortium, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillUnited States
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillUnited States
| | - Navlot S Pabla
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State UniversityColumbusUnited States
| | - Alex N Bullock
- Centre for Medicines Discovery, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Tim A Benke
- Departments of Pediatrics, Pharmacology, Neurology and Otolaryngology, University of Colorado School of MedicineAuroraUnited States
| | - Sila K Ultanir
- Kinases and Brain Development Laboratory, The Francis Crick InstituteLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Alison D Axtman
- Structural Genomics Consortium, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillUnited States
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3
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Castano A, Silvestre M, Wells CI, Sanderson JL, Ferrer CA, Ong HW, Liang Y, Richardson W, Silvaroli JA, Bashore FM, Smith JL, Genereux IM, Dempster K, Drewry DH, Pabla NS, Bullock AN, Benke TA, Ultanir SK, Axtman AD. Discovery and characterization of a specific inhibitor of serine-threonine kinase cyclin dependent kinase-like 5 (CDKL5) demonstrates role in hippocampal CA1 physiology. bioRxiv 2023:2023.04.24.538049. [PMID: 37162893 PMCID: PMC10168277 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.24.538049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Pathological loss-of-function mutations in cyclin-dependent kinase-like 5 ( CDKL5 ) cause CDKL5 deficiency disorder (CDD), a rare and severe neurodevelopmental disorder associated with severe and medically refractory early-life epilepsy, motor, cognitive, visual and autonomic disturbances in the absence of any structural brain pathology. Analysis of genetic variants in CDD have indicated that CDKL5 kinase function is central to disease pathology. CDKL5 encodes a serine-threonine kinase with significant homology to GSK3β, which has also been linked to synaptic function. Further, Cdkl5 knock-out rodents have increased GSK3β activity and often increased long-term potentiation (LTP). Thus, development of a specific CDKL5 inhibitor must be careful to exclude cross-talk with GSK3β activity. We synthesized and characterized specific, high-affinity inhibitors of CDKL5 that do not have detectable activity for GSK3β. These compounds are very soluble in water but blood-brain barrier penetration is low. In rat hippocampal brain slices, acute inhibition of CDKL5 selectively reduces post-synaptic function of AMPA-type glutamate receptors in a dose-dependent manner. Acute inhibition of CDKL5 reduces hippocampal LTP. These studies provide new tools and insights into the role of CDKL5 as a newly appreciated, key kinase necessary for synaptic plasticity. Comparisons to rodent knock-out studies suggest that compensatory changes have limited the understanding of the roles of CDKL5 in synaptic physiology, plasticity and human neuropathology.
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4
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Ong HW, Liang Y, Richardson W, Lowry ER, Wells CI, Chen X, Silvestre M, Dempster K, Silvaroli JA, Smith JL, Wichterle H, Pabla NS, Ultanir SK, Bullock AN, Drewry DH, Axtman AD. Discovery of a Potent and Selective CDKL5/GSK3 Chemical Probe That Is Neuroprotective. ACS Chem Neurosci 2023; 14:1672-1685. [PMID: 37084253 PMCID: PMC10161233 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.3c00135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite mediating several essential processes in the brain, including during development, cyclin-dependent kinase-like 5 (CDKL5) remains a poorly characterized human protein kinase. Accordingly, its substrates, functions, and regulatory mechanisms have not been fully described. We realized that availability of a potent and selective small molecule probe targeting CDKL5 could enable illumination of its roles in normal development as well as in diseases where it has become aberrant due to mutation. We prepared analogs of AT-7519, a compound that has advanced to phase II clinical trials and is a known inhibitor of several cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) and cyclin-dependent kinase-like kinases (CDKLs). We identified analog 2 as a highly potent and cell-active chemical probe for CDKL5/GSK3 (glycogen synthase kinase 3). Evaluation of its kinome-wide selectivity confirmed that analog 2 demonstrates excellent selectivity and only retains GSK3α/β affinity. We next demonstrated the inhibition of downstream CDKL5 and GSK3α/β signaling and solved a co-crystal structure of analog 2 bound to human CDKL5. A structurally similar analog (4) proved to lack CDKL5 affinity and maintain potent and selective inhibition of GSK3α/β, making it a suitable negative control. Finally, we used our chemical probe pair (2 and 4) to demonstrate that inhibition of CDKL5 and/or GSK3α/β promotes the survival of human motor neurons exposed to endoplasmic reticulum stress. We have demonstrated a neuroprotective phenotype elicited by our chemical probe pair and exemplified the utility of our compounds to characterize the role of CDKL5/GSK3 in neurons and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Wee Ong
- Structural Genomics Consortium, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Yi Liang
- Structural Genomics Consortium, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - William Richardson
- Centre for Medicines Discovery, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FZ, U.K
| | - Emily R Lowry
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, United States
- The Project ALS Therapeutics Core, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, United States
| | - Carrow I Wells
- Structural Genomics Consortium, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Xiangrong Chen
- Centre for Medicines Discovery, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FZ, U.K
| | - Margaux Silvestre
- Kinases and Brain Development Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, U.K
| | - Kelvin Dempster
- Kinases and Brain Development Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, U.K
| | - Josie A Silvaroli
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Jeffery L Smith
- Structural Genomics Consortium, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Hynek Wichterle
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, United States
- The Project ALS Therapeutics Core, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, United States
- Departments of Neurology, Neuroscience, Rehabilitation and Regenerative Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, United States
- Center for Motor Neuron Biology and Disease, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, United States
- Columbia Stem Cell Initiative, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, United States
| | - Navjot S Pabla
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Sila K Ultanir
- Kinases and Brain Development Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, U.K
| | - Alex N Bullock
- Centre for Medicines Discovery, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FZ, U.K
| | - David H Drewry
- Structural Genomics Consortium, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
- UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Alison D Axtman
- Structural Genomics Consortium, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
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5
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Kim JY, Silvaroli JA, Vasquez Martinez G, Bisunke B, Luna Ramirez AV, Jayne LA, Feng MJHH, Girotra B, Acosta Martinez SM, Vermillion CR, Karel IZ, Ferrell N, Weisleder N, Chung S, Christman JW, Brooks CR, Madhavan SM, Hoyt KR, Cianciolo RE, Satoskar AA, Zepeda-Orozco D, Sullivan JC, Davidson AJ, Bajwa A, Pabla NS. Zinc finger protein 24-dependent transcription factor SOX9 up-regulation protects tubular epithelial cells during acute kidney injury. Kidney Int 2023; 103:1093-1104. [PMID: 36921719 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2023.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Abstract
Transcriptional profiling studies have identified several protective genes upregulated in tubular epithelial cells during acute kidney injury (AKI). Identifying upstream transcriptional regulators could lead to the development of therapeutic strategies augmenting the repair processes. SOX9 is a transcription factor controlling cell-fate during embryonic development and adult tissue homeostasis in multiple organs including the kidneys. SOX9 expression is low in adult kidneys, however, stress conditions can trigger its transcriptional upregulation in tubular epithelial cells. SOX9 plays a protective role during the early phase of AKI and facilitates repair during the recovery phase. To identify the upstream transcriptional regulators that drive SOX9 upregulation in tubular epithelial cells, we used an unbiased transcription factor screening approach. Preliminary screening and validation studies show that zinc finger protein 24 (ZFP24) governs SOX9 upregulation in tubular epithelial cells. ZFP24, a Cys2-His2 (C2H2) zinc finger protein is essential for oligodendrocyte maturation and myelination, however, its role in the kidneys or in SOX9 regulation remains unknown. Here, we found that tubular epithelial ZFP24 gene ablation exacerbated ischemia, rhabdomyolysis, and cisplatin-associated AKI. Importantly, ZFP24 gene deletion resulted in suppression of SOX9 upregulation in injured tubular epithelial cells. Chromatin immunoprecipitation and promoter luciferase assays confirmed that ZFP24 bound to a specific site in both murine and human SOX9 promoters. Importantly, CRISPR/Cas9 mediated mutation in the ZFP24 binding site in the SOX9 promoter in vivo led to suppression of SOX9 upregulation during AKI. Thus, our findings identify ZFP24 as a critical stress-responsive transcription factor protecting tubular epithelial cells through SOX9 upregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Young Kim
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy & Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
| | - Josie A Silvaroli
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy & Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Gabriela Vasquez Martinez
- Kidney and Urinary Tract Center and Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Bijay Bisunke
- Department of Genetics, Genomics, and Informatics, College of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Alanys V Luna Ramirez
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy & Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Laura A Jayne
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy & Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Mei Ji He Ho Feng
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy & Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Bhavya Girotra
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy & Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Shirely M Acosta Martinez
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy & Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Corynne R Vermillion
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy & Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Isaac Z Karel
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy & Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Nicholas Ferrell
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Noah Weisleder
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute and Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Sangwoon Chung
- Pulmonary, Sleep and Critical Care Medicine, Wexner Medical Center, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - John W Christman
- Pulmonary, Sleep and Critical Care Medicine, Wexner Medical Center, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Craig R Brooks
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center
| | - Sethu M Madhavan
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Kari R Hoyt
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy & Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | | | - Anjali A Satoskar
- Division of Renal and Transplant Pathology, Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Diana Zepeda-Orozco
- Kidney and Urinary Tract Center and Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Jennifer C Sullivan
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Alan J Davidson
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Amandeep Bajwa
- Department of Genetics, Genomics, and Informatics, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Biochemistry, and Transplant Research Institute, James D. Eason Transplant Institute, Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Navjot Singh Pabla
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy & Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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6
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Ong HW, Liang Y, Richardson W, Lowry ER, Wells CI, Chen X, Silvestre M, Dempster K, Silvaroli JA, Smith JL, Wichterle H, Pabla NS, Ultanir SK, Bullock AN, Drewry DH, Axtman AD. A Potent and Selective CDKL5/GSK3 Chemical Probe is Neuroprotective. bioRxiv 2023:2023.02.09.527935. [PMID: 36798313 PMCID: PMC9934649 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.09.527935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
Despite mediating several essential processes in the brain, including during development, cyclin-dependent kinase-like 5 (CDKL5) remains a poorly characterized human protein kinase. Accordingly, its substrates, functions, and regulatory mechanisms have not been fully described. We realized that availability of a potent and selective small molecule probe targeting CDKL5 could enable illumination of its roles in normal development as well as in diseases where it has become aberrant due to mutation. We prepared analogs of AT-7519, a known inhibitor of several cyclin dependent and cyclin-dependent kinase-like kinases that has been advanced into Phase II clinical trials. We identified analog 2 as a highly potent and cell-active chemical probe for CDKL5/GSK3 (glycogen synthase kinase 3). Evaluation of its kinome-wide selectivity confirmed that analog 2 demonstrates excellent selectivity and only retains GSK3α/β affinity. As confirmation that our chemical probe is a high-quality tool to use in directed biological studies, we demonstrated inhibition of downstream CDKL5 and GSK3α/β signaling and solved a co-crystal structure of analog 2 bound to CDKL5. A structurally similar analog ( 4 ) proved to lack CDKL5 affinity and maintain potent and selective inhibition of GSK3α/β. Finally, we used our chemical probe pair ( 2 and 4 ) to demonstrate that inhibition of CDKL5 and/or GSK3α/β promotes the survival of human motor neurons exposed to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. We have demonstrated a neuroprotective phenotype elicited by our chemical probe pair and exemplified the utility of our compounds to characterize the role of CDKL5/GSK3 in neurons and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Wee Ong
- Structural Genomics Consortium, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, United States of America
| | - Yi Liang
- Structural Genomics Consortium, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, United States of America
| | - William Richardson
- Centre for Medicines Discovery, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, United Kingdom
| | - Emily R. Lowry
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, 10032, United States of America; The Project ALS Therapeutics Core, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, 10032, United States of America
| | - Carrow I. Wells
- Structural Genomics Consortium, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, United States of America
| | - Xiangrong Chen
- Centre for Medicines Discovery, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, United Kingdom
| | - Margaux Silvestre
- Kinases and Brain Development Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, NW1 1AT, United Kingdom
| | - Kelvin Dempster
- Kinases and Brain Development Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, NW1 1AT, United Kingdom
| | - Josie A. Silvaroli
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, 43210, United States of America
| | - Jeffery L. Smith
- Structural Genomics Consortium, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, United States of America
| | - Hynek Wichterle
- Departments of Pathology and Cell Biology, Neurology, Neuroscience, Rehabilitation and Regenerative Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, 10032, United States of America; Center for Motor Neuron Biology and Disease, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, 10032, United States of America; Columbia Stem Cell Initiative, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, 10032, United States of America; The Project ALS Therapeutics Core, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, 10032, United States of America
| | - Navjot S. Pabla
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, 43210, United States of America
| | - Sila K. Ultanir
- Kinases and Brain Development Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, NW1 1AT, United Kingdom
| | - Alex N. Bullock
- Centre for Medicines Discovery, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, United Kingdom
| | - David H. Drewry
- Structural Genomics Consortium, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, United States of America; UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, United States of America
| | - Alison D. Axtman
- Structural Genomics Consortium, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, United States of America
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7
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Calderon RM, Smith CA, Miedzybrodzka EL, Silvaroli JA, Golczak M, Gribble FM, Reimann F, Blaner WS. Intestinal Enteroendocrine Cell Signaling: Retinol-binding Protein 2 and Retinoid Actions. Endocrinology 2022; 163:bqac064. [PMID: 35552670 PMCID: PMC9162388 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqac064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Retinol-binding protein 2-deficient (Rbp2-/-) mice are more prone to obesity, glucose intolerance, and hepatic steatosis than matched controls. Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) blood levels are dysregulated in these mice. The present studies provide new insights into these observations. Single cell transcriptomic and immunohistochemical studies establish that RBP2 is highly expressed in enteroendocrine cells (EECs) that produce incretins, either GIP or glucagon-like peptide-1. EECs also express an enzyme needed for all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA) synthesis, aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 family member A1, and retinoic acid receptor-alpha, which mediates ATRA-dependent transcription. Total and GIP-positive EECs are significantly lower in Rbp2-/- mice. The plasma transport protein for retinol, retinol-binding protein 4 (RBP4) is also expressed in EECs and is cosecreted with GIP upon stimulation. Collectively, our data support direct roles for RBP2 and ATRA in cellular processes that give rise to GIP-producing EECs and roles for RBP2 and RBP4 within EECs that facilitate hormone storage and secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossana M Calderon
- Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Christopher A Smith
- Institute of Metabolic Sciences and MRC-Metabolic Diseases Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB0 0QQ 44106, UK
| | - Emily L Miedzybrodzka
- Institute of Metabolic Sciences and MRC-Metabolic Diseases Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB0 0QQ 44106, UK
| | - Josie A Silvaroli
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Marcin Golczak
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Cleveland Center for Membrane and Structural Biology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Fiona M Gribble
- Institute of Metabolic Sciences and MRC-Metabolic Diseases Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB0 0QQ 44106, UK
| | - Frank Reimann
- Institute of Metabolic Sciences and MRC-Metabolic Diseases Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB0 0QQ 44106, UK
| | - William S Blaner
- Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
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8
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Bai Y, Kim JY, Bisunke B, Jayne LA, Silvaroli JA, Balzer MS, Gandhi M, Huang KM, Sander V, Prosek J, Cianciolo RE, Baker SD, Sparreboom A, Jhaveri KD, Susztak K, Bajwa A, Pabla NS. Kidney toxicity of the BRAF-kinase inhibitor vemurafenib is driven by off-target ferrochelatase inhibition. Kidney Int 2021; 100:1214-1226. [PMID: 34534550 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2021.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A multitude of disease and therapy related factors drive the frequent development of kidney disorders in cancer patients. Along with chemotherapy, the newer targeted therapeutics can also cause kidney dysfunction through on and off-target mechanisms. Interestingly, among the small molecule inhibitors approved for the treatment of cancers that harbor BRAF-kinase activating mutations, vemurafenib can trigger tubular damage and acute kidney injury. BRAF is a proto-oncogene involved in cell growth. To investigate the underlying mechanisms, we developed cell culture and mouse models of vemurafenib kidney toxicity. At clinically relevant concentrations vemurafenib induces cell-death in transformed and primary mouse and human kidney tubular epithelial cells. In mice, two weeks of daily vemurafenib treatment causes moderate acute kidney injury with histopathological characteristics of kidney tubular epithelial cells injury. Importantly, kidney tubular epithelial cell-specific BRAF gene deletion did not influence kidney function under normal conditions or alter the severity of vemurafenib-associated kidney impairment. Instead, we found that inhibition of ferrochelatase, an enzyme involved in heme biosynthesis contributes to vemurafenib kidney toxicity. Ferrochelatase overexpression protected kidney tubular epithelial cells and conversely ferrochelatase knockdown increased the sensitivity to vemurafenib-induced kidney toxicity. Thus, our studies suggest that vemurafenib-associated kidney tubular epithelial cell dysfunction and kidney toxicity is BRAF-independent and caused, in part, by off-target ferrochelatase inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuntao Bai
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Ji Young Kim
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Bijay Bisunke
- Department of Genetics, Genomics, and Informatics, College of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Laura A Jayne
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Josie A Silvaroli
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Michael S Balzer
- Department of Medicine and Genetics, Renal Electrolyte and Hypertension Division, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Megha Gandhi
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Kevin M Huang
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Veronika Sander
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jason Prosek
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Rachel E Cianciolo
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Sharyn D Baker
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Alex Sparreboom
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Kenar D Jhaveri
- Division of Kidney Diseases and Hypertension, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra-Northwell, Northwell Health, Great Neck, New York, USA
| | - Katalin Susztak
- Department of Medicine and Genetics, Renal Electrolyte and Hypertension Division, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Amandeep Bajwa
- Department of Genetics, Genomics, and Informatics, College of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA; Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Biochemistry, College of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA; Transplant Research Institute, James D. Eason Transplant Institute, Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Navjot Singh Pabla
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA.
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9
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Silvaroli JA, Plau J, Adams CH, Banerjee S, Widjaja-Adhi MAK, Blaner WS, Golczak M. Molecular basis for the interaction of cellular retinol binding protein 2 (CRBP2) with nonretinoid ligands. J Lipid Res 2021; 62:100054. [PMID: 33631211 PMCID: PMC8010219 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2021.100054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Present in the small intestine, cellular retinol binding protein 2 (CRBP2) plays an important role in the uptake, transport, and metabolism of dietary retinoids. However, the recent discovery of the interactions of CRBP2 with 2-arachidonoylglycerol and other monoacylglycerols (MAGs) suggests the broader involvement of this protein in lipid metabolism and signaling. To better understand the physiological role of CRBP2, we determined its protein-lipid interactome using a fluorescence-based retinol replacement assay adapted for a high-throughput screening format. By examining chemical libraries of bioactive lipids, we provided evidence for the selective interaction of CRBP2 with a subset of nonretinoid ligands with the highest affinity for sn-1 and sn-2 MAGs that contain polyunsaturated C18-C20 acyl chains. We also elucidated the structure-affinity relationship for nonretinoid ligands of this protein. We further dissect the molecular basis for this ligand's specificity by analyzing high-resolution crystal structures of CRBP2 in complex with selected derivatives of MAGs. Finally, we identify T51 and V62 as key amino acids that enable the broadening of ligand selectivity to MAGs in CRBP2 as compared with retinoid-specific CRBP1. Thus, our study provides the molecular framework for understanding the lipid selectivity and diverse functions of CRBPs in controlling lipid homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josie A. Silvaroli
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Jacqueline Plau
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Charlie H. Adams
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Surajit Banerjee
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA,Northeastern Collaborative Access Team, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, USA
| | | | - William S. Blaner
- Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Marcin Golczak
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA,Cleveland Center for Membrane and Structural Biology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA,For correspondence: Marcin Golczak
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10
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Widjaja-Adhi MAK, Silvaroli JA, Chelstowska S, Trischman T, Bederman I, Sayegh R, Golczak M. Deficiency in Acyl-CoA:Wax Alcohol Acyltransferase 2 causes evaporative dry eye disease by abolishing biosynthesis of wax esters. FASEB J 2020; 34:13792-13808. [PMID: 32851726 PMCID: PMC7722226 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202001191r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Lipids secreted by the meibomian glands (MGs) of the eyelids are essential to the protection of the eye's surface. An altered meibum composition represents the primary cause of evaporative dry eye disease (DED). Despite the critical importance of the meibum, its biosynthetic pathways and the roles of individual lipid components remain understudied. Here, we report that the genetic deletion of Acyl-CoA:wax alcohol acyltransferase 2 (AWAT2) causes the obstruction of MGs and symptoms of evaporative DED in mice. The lipid composition of the meibum isolated from Awat2-/- mice revealed the absence of wax esters, which was accompanied by a compensatory overproduction of cholesteryl esters. The resulting increased viscosity of meibum led to the dilation of the meibomian ducts, and the progressive degeneration of the MGs. Overall, we provide evidence for the main physiological role of AWAT2 and establish Awat2-/- mice as a model for DED syndrome that can be used in studies on tear film-oriented therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Josie A. Silvaroli
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Sylwia Chelstowska
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Thomas Trischman
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Ilya Bederman
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Rony Sayegh
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Marcin Golczak
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA,Cleveland Center for Membrane and Structural Biology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
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11
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Lee SA, Yang KJZ, Brun PJ, Silvaroli JA, Yuen JJ, Shmarakov I, Jiang H, Feranil JB, Li X, Lackey AI, Krężel W, Leibel RL, Libien J, Storch J, Golczak M, Blaner WS. Retinol-binding protein 2 (RBP2) binds monoacylglycerols and modulates gut endocrine signaling and body weight. Sci Adv 2020; 6:eaay8937. [PMID: 32195347 PMCID: PMC7065888 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aay8937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Expressed in the small intestine, retinol-binding protein 2 (RBP2) facilitates dietary retinoid absorption. Rbp2-deficient (Rbp2-/- ) mice fed a chow diet exhibit by 6-7 months-of-age higher body weights, impaired glucose metabolism, and greater hepatic triglyceride levels compared to controls. These phenotypes are also observed when young Rbp2-/- mice are fed a high fat diet. Retinoids do not account for the phenotypes. Rather, RBP2 is a previously unidentified monoacylglycerol (MAG)-binding protein, interacting with the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) and other MAGs with affinities comparable to retinol. X-ray crystallographic studies show that MAGs bind in the retinol binding pocket. When challenged with an oil gavage, Rbp2-/- mice show elevated mucosal levels of 2-MAGs. This is accompanied by significantly elevated blood levels of the gut hormone GIP (glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide). Thus, RBP2, in addition to facilitating dietary retinoid absorption, modulates MAG metabolism and likely signaling, playing a heretofore unknown role in systemic energy balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Ah Lee
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Human Nutrition, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kryscilla Jian Zhang Yang
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Human Nutrition, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Pierre-Jacques Brun
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Human Nutrition, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Josie A. Silvaroli
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Jason J. Yuen
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Human Nutrition, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Igor Shmarakov
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Human Nutrition, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Hongfeng Jiang
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Human Nutrition, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jun B. Feranil
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Human Nutrition, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Xueting Li
- PhD Program in Nutritional and Metabolic Biology, Institute of Human Nutrition, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Atreju I. Lackey
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Rutgers Center for Lipid Research, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Wojciech Krężel
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, U1258, CNRS, UMR 7104, Unistra, Illkirch 67404, France
| | - Rudolph L. Leibel
- Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Human Nutrition, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jenny Libien
- Department of Pathology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Judith Storch
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Rutgers Center for Lipid Research, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Marcin Golczak
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Cleveland Center for Membrane and Structural Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - William S. Blaner
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Human Nutrition, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
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12
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Silvaroli JA, Widjaja-Adhi MAK, Trischman T, Chelstowska S, Horwitz S, Banerjee S, Kiser PD, Blaner WS, Golczak M. Abnormal Cannabidiol Modulates Vitamin A Metabolism by Acting as a Competitive Inhibitor of CRBP1. ACS Chem Biol 2019; 14:434-448. [PMID: 30721022 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.8b01070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Cellular retinol-binding proteins (CRBPs) facilitate the uptake and intracellular transport of vitamin A. They integrate retinoid metabolism, playing an important role in regulating the synthesis of bioactive vitamin A metabolites. Thus, CRBPs constitute potential pharmacological targets to modulate cellular retinoid status that in turn may have applications in the treatment of certain immunological, metabolic, and ocular disorders. Here we identify abnormal cannabidiol (abn-CBD) as a nonretinoid inhibitor of cellular retinol-binding protein 1 (CRBP1). X-ray crystal structures of CRBP1 in complex with abn-CBD and its derivatives revealed a distinctive mode of protein-ligand interaction and provided a molecular basis for the high affinity and selectivity of this compound. We demonstrated that abn-CBD modulates the flux of retinoids via the retinoid cycle in vivo. Furthermore, the biological activity of abn-CBD was evidenced by its ability to protect against light-induced retinal damage in Balb/cJ mice. Altogether, our findings indicate that targeting selected CRBPs with a small-molecule inhibitor can potentially lead to the development of new therapeutic agents to counteract diseases with etiologies involving imbalance in retinoid metabolism or signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Surajit Banerjee
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
- Northeastern Collaborative Access Team, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, United States
| | - Philip D. Kiser
- Research Service, Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - William S. Blaner
- Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
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13
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Silvaroli JA, Pleshinger MJ, Banerjee S, Kiser PD, Golczak M. Enzyme That Makes You Cry-Crystal Structure of Lachrymatory Factor Synthase from Allium cepa. ACS Chem Biol 2017; 12:2296-2304. [PMID: 28708375 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.7b00336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The biochemical pathway that gives onions their savor is part of the chemical warfare against microbes and animals. This defense mechanism involves formation of a volatile lachrymatory factor (LF) ((Z)-propanethial S-oxide) that causes familiar eye irritation associated with onion chopping. LF is produced in a reaction catalyzed by lachrymatory factor synthase (LFS). The principles by which LFS facilitates conversion of a sulfenic acid substrate into LF have been difficult to experimentally examine owing to the inherent substrate reactivity and lability of LF. To shed light on the mechanism of LF production in the onion, we solved crystal structures of LFS in an apo-form and in complex with a substrate analogue, crotyl alcohol. The enzyme closely resembles the helix-grip fold characteristic for plant representatives of the START (star-related lipid transfer) domain-containing protein superfamily. By comparing the structures of LFS to that of the abscisic acid receptor, PYL10, a representative of the START protein superfamily, we elucidated structural adaptations underlying the catalytic activity of LFS. We also delineated the architecture of the active site, and based on the orientation of the ligand, we propose a mechanism of catalysis that involves sequential proton transfer accompanied by formation of a carbanion intermediate. These findings reconcile chemical and biochemical information regarding thioaldehyde S-oxide formation and close a long-lasting gap in understanding of the mechanism responsible for LF production in the onion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josie A. Silvaroli
- Department
of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States
| | - Matthew J. Pleshinger
- Department
of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States
- College of Wooster, Wooster, Ohio, United States
| | - Surajit Banerjee
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States
- Northeastern
Collaborative Access Team, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois, United States
| | - Philip D. Kiser
- Department
of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States
- Research
Service, Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, United States
- Cleveland
Center for Membrane and Structural Biology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States
| | - Marcin Golczak
- Department
of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States
- Cleveland
Center for Membrane and Structural Biology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States
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14
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Abstract
Vitamin A (all-trans-retinol) is metabolized to the visual chromophore (11-cis-retinal) in the eyes and to all-trans-retinoic acid, a hormone like compound, in most tissues. A key enzyme in retinoid metabolism is lecithin:retinol acyltransferase (LRAT), which catalyzes the esterification of vitamin A. The importance of LRAT is indicated by pathogenic missense and nonsense mutations, which cause devastating blinding diseases. Retinoid-based chromophore replacement therapy has been proposed as treatment for these types of blindness based on studies in LRAT null mice. Here, we analyzed the structural and biochemical basis for retinal pathology caused by mutations in the human LRAT gene. Most LRAT missense mutations associated with retinal degeneration are localized within the catalytic domain, whereas E14L substitution is localized in an N-terminal α-helix, which has been implicated in interaction with the phospholipid bilayer. To elucidate the biochemical consequences of this mutation, we determined LRAT(E14L)'s enzymatic properties, protein stability, and impact on ocular retinoid metabolism. Bicistronic expression of LRAT(E14L) and enhanced green fluorescence protein revealed instability and accelerated proteosomal degradation of this mutant isoform. Surprisingly, instability of LRAT(E14L) did not abrogate the production of the visual chromophore in a cell-based assay. Instead, expression of LRAT(E14L) led to a rapid increase in cellular levels of retinoic acid upon retinoid supplementation. Thus, our study unveils the potential role of retinoic acid in the pathology of a degenerative retinal disease with important implications for the use of retinoid-based therapeutics in affected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia Chelstowska
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
- Laboratory of Hematology and Flow Cytometry, Department of Hematology, Military Institute of Medicine, Warsaw 04141, Poland
| | | | - Josie A. Silvaroli
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Marcin Golczak
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
- Cleveland Center for Membrane and Structural Biology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
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15
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Arne JM, Widjaja-Adhi MAK, Hughes T, Huynh KW, Silvaroli JA, Chelstowska S, Moiseenkova-Bell VY, Golczak M. Allosteric modulation of the substrate specificity of acyl-CoA wax alcohol acyltransferase 2. J Lipid Res 2017; 58:719-730. [PMID: 28096191 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m073692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Revised: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The esterification of alcohols with fatty acids is a universal mechanism to form inert storage forms of sterols, di- and triacylglycerols, and retinoids. In ocular tissues, formation of retinyl esters is an essential step in the enzymatic regeneration of the visual chromophore (11-cis-retinal). Acyl-CoA wax alcohol acyltransferase 2 (AWAT2), also known as multifunctional O-acyltransferase (MFAT), is an integral membrane enzyme with a broad substrate specificity that has been shown to preferentially esterify 11-cis-retinol and thus contribute to formation of a readily available pool of cis retinoids in the eye. However, the mechanism by which this promiscuous enzyme can gain substrate specificity is unknown. Here, we provide evidence for an allosteric modulation of the enzymatic activity by 11-cis retinoids. This regulation is independent from cellular retinaldehyde-binding protein (CRALBP), the major cis-retinoid binding protein. This positive-feedback regulation leads to decreased esterification rates for 9-cis, 13-cis, or all-trans retinols and thus enables preferential synthesis of 11-cis-retinyl esters. Finally, electron microscopy analyses of the purified enzyme indicate that this allosteric effect does not result from formation of functional oligomers. Altogether, these data provide the experimental basis for understanding regulation of AWAT2 substrate specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason M Arne
- Department of Pharmacology and School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
| | | | - Taylor Hughes
- Department of Pharmacology and School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
| | - Kevin W Huynh
- Department of Pharmacology and School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
| | - Josie A Silvaroli
- Department of Pharmacology and School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
| | - Sylwia Chelstowska
- Department of Pharmacology and School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Laboratory of Hematology and Flow Cytometry, Department of Hematology, Military Institute of Medicine, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Vera Y Moiseenkova-Bell
- Department of Pharmacology and School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Cleveland Center for Membrane and Structural Biology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; and
| | - Marcin Golczak
- Department of Pharmacology and School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Cleveland Center for Membrane and Structural Biology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; and.
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16
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Silvaroli JA, Arne JM, Chelstowska S, Kiser PD, Banerjee S, Golczak M. Ligand Binding Induces Conformational Changes in Human Cellular Retinol-binding Protein 1 (CRBP1) Revealed by Atomic Resolution Crystal Structures. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:8528-40. [PMID: 26900151 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.714535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Important in regulating the uptake, storage, and metabolism of retinoids, cellular retinol-binding protein 1 (CRBP1) is essential for trafficking vitamin A through the cytoplasm. However, the molecular details of ligand uptake and targeted release by CRBP1 remain unclear. Here we report the first structure of CRBP1 in a ligand-free form as well as ultra-high resolution structures of this protein bound to either all-trans-retinol or retinylamine, the latter a therapeutic retinoid that prevents light-induced retinal degeneration. Superpositioning of human apo- and holo-CRBP1 revealed major differences within segments surrounding the entrance to the retinoid-binding site. These included α-helix II and hairpin turns between β-strands βC-βD and βE-βF as well as several side chains, such as Phe-57, Tyr-60, and Ile-77, that change their orientations to accommodate the ligand. Additionally, we mapped hydrogen bond networks inside the retinoid-binding cavity and demonstrated their significance for the ligand affinity. Analyses of the crystallographic B-factors indicated several regions with higher backbone mobility in the apoprotein that became more rigid upon retinoid binding. This conformational flexibility of human apo-CRBP1 facilitates interaction with the ligands, whereas the more rigid holoprotein structure protects the labile retinoid moiety during vitamin A transport. These findings suggest a mechanism of induced fit upon ligand binding by mammalian cellular retinol-binding proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sylwia Chelstowska
- From the Department of Pharmacology and the Laboratory of Hematology and Flow Cytometry, Department of Hematology, Military Institute of Medicine, Warsaw 04-141, Poland
| | - Philip D Kiser
- From the Department of Pharmacology and the Research Service, Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio 44106
| | - Surajit Banerjee
- the Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14850, and the Northeastern Collaborative Access Team, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439
| | - Marcin Golczak
- From the Department of Pharmacology and the Cleveland Center for Membrane and Structural Biology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106,
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