1
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Ludwig SD, Meksiriporn B, Tan J, Kureshi R, Mishra A, Kaeo KJ, Zhu A, Stavrakis G, Lee SJ, Schodt DJ, Wester MJ, Kumar D, Lidke KA, Cox AL, Dooley HM, Nimmagadda S, Spangler JB. Multiparatopic antibodies induce targeted downregulation of programmed death-ligand 1. Cell Chem Biol 2024; 31:904-919.e11. [PMID: 38547863 PMCID: PMC11102303 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2024.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) drives inhibition of antigen-specific T cell responses through engagement of its receptor programmed death-1 (PD-1) on activated T cells. Overexpression of these immune checkpoint proteins in the tumor microenvironment has motivated the design of targeted antibodies that disrupt this interaction. Despite clinical success of these antibodies, response rates remain low, necessitating novel approaches to enhance performance. Here, we report the development of antibody fusion proteins that block immune checkpoint pathways through a distinct mechanism targeting molecular trafficking. By engaging multiple receptor epitopes on PD-L1, our engineered multiparatopic antibodies induce rapid clustering, internalization, and degradation in an epitope- and topology-dependent manner. The complementary mechanisms of ligand blockade and receptor downregulation led to more durable immune cell activation and dramatically reduced PD-L1 availability in mouse tumors. Collectively, these multiparatopic antibodies offer mechanistic insight into immune checkpoint protein trafficking and how it may be manipulated to reprogram immune outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seth D Ludwig
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Bunyarit Meksiriporn
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Biology, School of Science, King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Bangkok 10520, Thailand
| | - Jiacheng Tan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Rakeeb Kureshi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Akhilesh Mishra
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA; Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Kyle J Kaeo
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Angela Zhu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Georgia Stavrakis
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Stephen J Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - David J Schodt
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Michael J Wester
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Dhiraj Kumar
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA; Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Keith A Lidke
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Andrea L Cox
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Helen M Dooley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology (IMET), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Sridhar Nimmagadda
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; Bloomberg∼Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Jamie B Spangler
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Bloomberg∼Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA; Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA; Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA.
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2
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Scherer D, Burger M, Leroux JC. Revival of Bioengineered Proteins as Carriers for Nucleic Acids. Bioconjug Chem 2024; 35:561-566. [PMID: 38621363 PMCID: PMC11099893 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.4c00079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- David Scherer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich 8093, Switzerland
| | - Michael Burger
- Institute of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich 8093, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Christophe Leroux
- Institute of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich 8093, Switzerland
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3
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Gu Y, Wang Z, Wang Y. Bispecific antibody drug conjugates: Making 1+1>2. Acta Pharm Sin B 2024; 14:1965-1986. [PMID: 38799638 PMCID: PMC11119582 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2024.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Bispecific antibody‒drug conjugates (BsADCs) represent an innovative therapeutic category amalgamating the merits of antibody‒drug conjugates (ADCs) and bispecific antibodies (BsAbs). Positioned as the next-generation ADC approach, BsADCs hold promise for ameliorating extant clinical challenges associated with ADCs, particularly pertaining to issues such as poor internalization, off-target toxicity, and drug resistance. Presently, ten BsADCs are undergoing clinical trials, and initial findings underscore the imperative for ongoing refinement. This review initially delves into specific design considerations for BsADCs, encompassing target selection, antibody formats, and the linker-payload complex. Subsequent sections delineate the extant progress and challenges encountered by BsADCs, illustrated through pertinent case studies. The amalgamation of BsAbs with ADCs offers a prospective solution to prevailing clinical limitations of ADCs. Nevertheless, the symbiotic interplay among BsAb, linker, and payload necessitates further optimizations and coordination beyond a simplistic "1 + 1" to effectively surmount the extant challenges facing the BsADC domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilin Gu
- Targeted Tracer Research and Development Laboratory, Institute of Respiratory Health, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Zhijia Wang
- Targeted Tracer Research and Development Laboratory, Institute of Respiratory Health, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yuxi Wang
- Targeted Tracer Research and Development Laboratory, Institute of Respiratory Health, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Frontiers Medical Center, Tianfu Jincheng Laboratory, Chengdu 610212, China
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4
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Niquille DL, Fitzgerald KM, Gera N. Biparatopic antibodies: therapeutic applications and prospects. MAbs 2024; 16:2310890. [PMID: 38439551 PMCID: PMC10936611 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2024.2310890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Biparatopic antibodies (bpAbs) bind distinct, non-overlapping epitopes on an antigen. This unique binding mode enables new mechanisms of action beyond monospecific and bispecific antibodies (bsAbs) that can make bpAbs effective therapeutics for various indications, including oncology and infectious diseases. Biparatopic binding can lead to superior affinity and specificity, promote antagonism, lock target conformation, and result in higher-order target clustering. Such antibody-target complexes can elicit strong agonism, increase immune effector function, or result in rapid target downregulation and lysosomal trafficking. These are not only attractive properties for therapeutic antibodies but are increasingly being explored for other modalities such as antibody-drug conjugates, T-cell engagers and chimeric antigen receptors. Recent advances in bpAb engineering have enabled the construction of ever more sophisticated formats that are starting to show promise in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nimish Gera
- Biologics, Mythic Therapeutics, Waltham, MA, USA
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5
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Yang H, Karl MN, Wang W, Starich B, Tan H, Kiemen A, Pucsek AB, Kuo YH, Russo GC, Pan T, Jaffee EM, Fertig EJ, Wirtz D, Spangler JB. Engineered bispecific antibodies targeting the interleukin-6 and -8 receptors potently inhibit cancer cell migration and tumor metastasis. Mol Ther 2022; 30:3430-3449. [PMID: 35841152 PMCID: PMC9637575 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2022.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Revised: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Simultaneous inhibition of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interleukin-8 (IL-8) signaling diminishes cancer cell migration, and combination therapy has recently been shown to synergistically reduce metastatic burden in a preclinical model of triple-negative breast cancer. Here, we have engineered two novel bispecific antibodies that target the IL-6 and IL-8 receptors to concurrently block the signaling activity of both ligands. We demonstrate that a first-in-class bispecific antibody design has promising therapeutic potential, with enhanced selectivity and potency compared with monoclonal antibody and small-molecule drug combinations in both cellular and animal models of metastatic triple-negative breast cancer. Mechanistic characterization revealed that our engineered bispecific antibodies have no impact on cell viability, but profoundly reduce the migratory potential of cancer cells; hence they constitute a true anti-metastatic treatment. Moreover, we demonstrate that our antibodies can be readily combined with standard-of-care anti-proliferative drugs to develop effective anti-cancer regimens. Collectively, our work establishes an innovative metastasis-focused direction for cancer drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huilin Yang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA; Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Michelle N Karl
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA; Institute for Nano Biotechnology (INBT), the Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Wentao Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA; Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Bartholomew Starich
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA; Institute for Nano Biotechnology (INBT), the Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Haotian Tan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA; Institute for Nano Biotechnology (INBT), the Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Ashley Kiemen
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA; Institute for Nano Biotechnology (INBT), the Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Alexandra B Pucsek
- Department of Oncology, the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Yun-Huai Kuo
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA; Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Gabriella C Russo
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA; Institute for Nano Biotechnology (INBT), the Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Tim Pan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA; Institute for Nano Biotechnology (INBT), the Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Elizabeth M Jaffee
- Department of Oncology, the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA; Department of Pathology, the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA; Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, the Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Elana J Fertig
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA; Department of Oncology, the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA; Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, the Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA; Department of Applied Mathematics and Statistics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA; Convergence Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Denis Wirtz
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA; Institute for Nano Biotechnology (INBT), the Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA; Department of Oncology, the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA; Department of Pathology, the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA; Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, the Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Jamie B Spangler
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA; Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA; Department of Oncology, the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA; Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, the Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA; Bloomberg Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA.
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6
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Bispecific Antibody Molecule Inhibits Tumor Cell Proliferation More Efficiently Than the Two-Molecule Combination. Drugs R D 2021; 21:157-168. [PMID: 33721246 PMCID: PMC8206453 DOI: 10.1007/s40268-021-00339-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have proved to be a valuable tool for the treatment of different cancer types. However, clinical use of an increasing number of mAbs, have also highlighted limitations with monotherapy for cancers, in particular for such with more complex mechanisms, requiring action on additional molecules or pathways, or for cancers quickly acquiring resistance following monotherapy. An example for the latter is the mAb trastuzumab, FDA approved for treatment of metastatic gastric carcinoma. To circumvent this, researchers have reported synergistic, anti-proliferative effects by combination targeting of HER2 and EGFR by trastuzumab and the EGFR-targeting mAb Cetuximab overcoming trastuzumab resistance. Methods Maintaining the proven functionality of trastuzumab, we have designed bi-specific antibody molecules, called AffiMabs, by fusing an EGFR-targeting Affibody molecule to trastuzumab’s heavy or light chains. Having confirmed binding to EGFR and Her2 and cytotoxicity of our AffiMabs, we analyzed apoptosis rate, receptor surface levels, phosphorylation levels of receptors and associated signaling pathways as well as differentially expressed genes on transcriptome level with the aim to elucidate the mode of action of our AffiMabs. Results The AffiMabs are able to simultaneously bind HER2 and EGFR and show increased cytotoxic effect compared to the original trastuzumab therapeutic molecule and, more importantly, even to the combination of trastuzumab and EGFR-targeting Affibody molecule. Analyzing the mode of action, we could show that bi-specific AffiMabs lead to reduced surface receptor levels and a downregulation of cell cycle associated genes on transcriptome level. Conclusion Our study shows that transcriptome analysis can be used to validate the choice of receptor targets and guide the design of novel multi-specific molecules. The inherent modularity of the AffiMab format renders it readily applicable to other receptor targets. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40268-021-00339-2.
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7
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Yang B, Li X, Fu Y, Guo E, Ye Y, Li F, Liu S, Xiao R, Liu C, Lu F, Huang J, Qin T, Han L, Peng G, Mills GB, Sun C, Chen G. MEK Inhibition Remodels the Immune Landscape of Mutant KRAS Tumors to Overcome Resistance to PARP and Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors. Cancer Res 2021; 81:2714-2729. [PMID: 33589518 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-20-2370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Mutant KRAS tumors are associated with poor outcomes, at least in part, due to decreased therapeutic sensitivity. Here, we show that KRAS mutations are associated with resistance to monotherapy and combination therapy with PARP inhibitors (PARPi) and immune checkpoint blockade with anti-PD-L1 antibodies. In mutant KRAS tumors, inhibition of KRAS signaling with MEK inhibitors (MEKi) triggered and amplified PARPi-induced DNA damage, cytosolic double-stranded DNA accumulation, STING pathway activation, and CD8+ T-cell recruitment. Moreover, MEKi decreased myeloid-derived suppressor cell infiltration, in part, by inhibiting IL6 and GMCSF production. Importantly, addition of MEKi to PARPi and anti-PD-L1 resulted in marked tumor inhibition in immunocompetent mutant KRAS tumor models. This study provides the underlying mechanistic data to support evaluation of PARPi, MEKi, and anti-PD-L1 combination in clinical trials of mutant KRAS tumors. SIGNIFICANCE: This study provides key insights into the potential for using MEKi combined with PARPi and anti-PD-L1 for the treatment of all mutant KRAS tumors. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT: http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/canres/81/10/2714/F1.large.jpg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Yang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China
| | - Xi Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China
| | - Yu Fu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China
| | - Ensong Guo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China
| | - Youqiong Ye
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston McGovern Medical School, Houston, Texas
| | - Fuxia Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China
| | - Si Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China
| | - Rourou Xiao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China
| | - Chen Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China
| | - Funian Lu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China
| | - Jia Huang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China
| | - Tianyu Qin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China
| | - Leng Han
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston McGovern Medical School, Houston, Texas
| | - Guang Peng
- Division of Cancer Prevention and Population Sciences, Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Gordon B Mills
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon.,Knight Cancer Institute, Portland, Oregon.,Department of Systems Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Chaoyang Sun
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China.
| | - Gang Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China.
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8
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Ding X, Gu W, Zhong Y, Hao X, Liu J, Xia S, Luo L, Chen M, Zhang C. A novel HER2-targeting antibody 5G9 identified by large-scale trastuzumab-based screening exhibits potent synergistic antitumor activity. EBioMedicine 2020; 60:102996. [PMID: 32950002 PMCID: PMC7501074 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2020.102996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pertuzumab is currently used in combination with trastuzumab as the first-line treatment for HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer. However, pertuzumab was originally developed independently from trastuzumab and was later incidentally found to have synergistic efficacy when combined with trastuzumab, it remains to be seen whether a more potent synergistic efficacy partner exists for trastuzumab. Methods A trastuzumab-based functional assay was used to screen anti-HER2 antibodies harboring trastuzumab-synergistic antitumor activity. The lead candidate 5G9, in combination with trastuzumab, was further characterized for its bioactivities in cell proliferation, cell apoptosis, antigen-antibody endocytosis and HER2-mediated cell signaling pathway blocking. Finally, animal models were used to evaluate the in vivo synergistic antitumor efficacy of 5G9 in combination with trastuzumab. Findings Compared to pertuzumab, 5G9 demonstrated more potent synergistic cell growth inhibitory activity when combined with trastuzumab (85% vs. 55%, P<0.001). In addition, 5G9 exhibited a higher internalization rate than pertuzumab (20% vs. 9%, P<0.05), and was able to further synergize with trastuzumab to promote antigen-antibody endocytosis. The internalization rate of the combination of 5G9 and trastuzumab was higher than that of pertuzumab and trastuzumab (35% vs. 14%, P<0.001). In vivo animal studies demonstrated that 5G9 in combination with trastuzumab showed more potent synergistic antitumor efficacy than the combination of pertuzumab and trastuzumab. Interpretation 5G9, together with trastuzumab, may provide a potential opportunity for more efficacious treatment of HER2-positive cancers. Funding National Natural Science Foundation of China; State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Ding
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Jinling Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China; State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wanjian Gu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yujie Zhong
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Jinling Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China; State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | | | - Jinyu Liu
- Biosion Inc., Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | | | - Lan Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
| | | | - Chunni Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Jinling Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China; State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
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9
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Sanches M, D'Angelo I, Jaramillo M, Baardsnes J, Zwaagstra J, Schrag J, Schoenhofen I, Acchione M, Lawn S, Wickman G, Weisser N, Poon DKY, Ng G, Dixit S. AlbuCORE: an albumin-based molecular scaffold for multivalent biologics design. MAbs 2020; 12:1802188. [PMID: 32816577 PMCID: PMC7531512 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2020.1802188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
As biologics have become a mainstay in the development of novel therapies, protein engineering tools to expand on their structural advantages, namely specificity, affinity, and valency are of interest. Antibodies have dominated this field as the preferred scaffold for biologics development while there has been limited exploration into the use of albumin with its unique physiological characteristics as a platform for biologics design. There has been a great deal of interest to create bispecific and more complex multivalent molecules to build on the advantages offered by protein-based therapeutics relative to small molecules. Here, we explore the use of human serum albumin (HSA) as a scaffold for the design of multispecific biologics. In particular, we describe a structure-guided approach to the design of split HSA molecules we refer to as AlbuCORE, that effectively and spontaneously forms a native albumin-like molecule, but in a heterodimeric state upon co-expression. We show that the split AlbuCORE designs allow the creation of novel fusion entities with unique alternate geometries. We also show that, apart from these AlbuCORE fusion entities, there is an opportunity to explore their albumin-like small hydrophobic molecule carrying capacity as a drug conjugate in these designs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Igor D'Angelo
- One Amgen Center Dr, Amgen Inc ., Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
| | - Maria Jaramillo
- Human Health Therapeutics Portfolio, NRC-CNRC , Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jason Baardsnes
- Human Health Therapeutics Portfolio, NRC-CNRC , Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - John Zwaagstra
- Human Health Therapeutics Portfolio, NRC-CNRC , Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Joe Schrag
- Human Health Therapeutics Portfolio, NRC-CNRC , Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Ian Schoenhofen
- Human Health Therapeutics Portfolio, NRC-CNRC , Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Mauro Acchione
- Human Health Therapeutics Portfolio, NRC-CNRC , Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Sam Lawn
- R&D, Zymeworks Inc , Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Gordon Ng
- Search and Evaluation, Abbvie Inc , North Chicago, Illinois, USA
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10
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Hober S, Lindbo S, Nilvebrant J. Bispecific applications of non-immunoglobulin scaffold binders. Methods 2019; 154:143-152. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2018.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Revised: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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11
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Divac Rankov A, Ljujić M, Petrić M, Radojković D, Pešić M, Dinić J. Targeting autophagy to modulate cell survival: a comparative analysis in cancer, normal and embryonic cells. Histochem Cell Biol 2017; 148:529-544. [PMID: 28664293 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-017-1590-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is linked to multiple cancer-related signaling pathways, and represents a defense mechanism for cancer cells under therapeutic stress. The crosstalk between apoptosis and autophagy is essential for both tumorigenesis and embryonic development. We studied the influence of autophagy on cell survival in pro-apoptotic conditions induced by anticancer drugs in three model systems: human cancer cells (NCI-H460, COR-L23 and U87), human normal cells (HaCaT and MRC-5) and zebrafish embryos (Danio rerio). Autophagy induction with AZD2014 and tamoxifen antagonized the pro-apoptotic effect of chemotherapeutics doxorubicin and cisplatin in cell lines, while autophagy inhibition by wortmannin and chloroquine synergized the action of both anticancer agents. This effect was further verified by assessing cleaved caspase-3 and PARP-1 levels. Autophagy inhibitors significantly increased both apoptotic markers when applied in combination with doxorubicin while autophagy inducers had the opposite effect. In a similar manner, autophagy induction in zebrafish embryos prevented cisplatin-induced apoptosis in the tail region while autophagy inhibition increased cell death in the tail and retina of cisplatin-treated animals. Autophagy modulation with direct inhibitors of the PI3kinase/Akt/mTOR pathway (AZD2014 and wortmannin) triggered the cellular response to anticancer drugs more effectively in NCI-H460 and zebrafish embryonic models compared to HaCaT suggesting that these modulators are selective towards rapidly proliferating cells. Therefore, evaluating the autophagic properties of chemotherapeutics could help determine more accurately the fate of different cell types under treatment. Our study underlines the importance of testing autophagic activity of potential anticancer agents in a comparative approach to develop more rational anticancer therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Divac Rankov
- Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 444a, 11010, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Mila Ljujić
- Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 444a, 11010, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marija Petrić
- Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 444a, 11010, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Dragica Radojković
- Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 444a, 11010, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milica Pešić
- Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković", Department of Neurobiology, University of Belgrade, Despota Stefana 142, 11060, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jelena Dinić
- Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković", Department of Neurobiology, University of Belgrade, Despota Stefana 142, 11060, Belgrade, Serbia.
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12
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Superior Suppression of ErbB2-positive Tumor Cells by a Novel Human Triparatopic Tribody. J Immunother 2017; 40:117-128. [DOI: 10.1097/cji.0000000000000152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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13
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Veugelen S, Dewilde M, De Strooper B, Chávez-Gutiérrez L. Screening and Characterization Strategies for Nanobodies Targeting Membrane Proteins. Methods Enzymol 2016; 584:59-97. [PMID: 28065273 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2016.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
The study of membrane protein function and structure requires their successful detection, expression, solubilization, and/or reconstitution, which poses a challenging task and relies on the availability of suitable tools. Several research groups have successfully applied Nanobodies in the purification, as well as the functional and structural characterization of membrane proteins. Nanobodies are small, single-chain antibody fragments originating from camelids presenting on average a longer CDR3 which enables them to bind in cavities and clefts (such as active and allosteric sites). Notably, Nanobodies generally bind conformational epitopes making them very interesting tools to stabilize, dissect, and characterize specific protein conformations. In the clinic, several Nanobodies are under evaluation either as potential drug candidates or as diagnostic tools. In recent years, we have successfully generated high-affinity, conformation-sensitive anti-γ-secretase Nanobodies. γ-Secretase is a multimeric membrane protease involved in processing of the amyloid precursor protein with high clinical relevance as mutations in its catalytic subunit (Presenilin) cause early-onset Alzheimer's disease. Advancing our knowledge on the mechanisms governing γ-secretase intramembrane proteolysis through various strategies may lead to novel therapeutic avenues for Alzheimer's disease. In this chapter, we present the strategies we have developed and applied for the screening and characterization of anti-γ-secretase Nanobodies. These protocols could be of help in the generation of Nanobodies targeting other membrane proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Veugelen
- University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; VIB Center for Brain and Disease, Leuven, Belgium
| | - M Dewilde
- University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; VIB Center for Brain and Disease, Leuven, Belgium
| | - B De Strooper
- University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; VIB Center for Brain and Disease, Leuven, Belgium; UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - L Chávez-Gutiérrez
- University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; VIB Center for Brain and Disease, Leuven, Belgium.
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14
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Kintzing JR, Filsinger Interrante MV, Cochran JR. Emerging Strategies for Developing Next-Generation Protein Therapeutics for Cancer Treatment. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2016; 37:993-1008. [PMID: 27836202 PMCID: PMC6238641 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2016.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Revised: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Protein-based therapeutics have been revolutionizing the oncology space since they first appeared in the clinic two decades ago. Unlike traditional small-molecule chemotherapeutics, protein biologics promote active targeting of cancer cells by binding to cell-surface receptors and other markers specifically associated with or overexpressed on tumors versus healthy tissue. While the first approved cancer biologics were monoclonal antibodies, the burgeoning field of protein engineering is spawning research on an expanded range of protein formats and modifications that allow tuning of properties such as target-binding affinity, serum half-life, stability, and immunogenicity. In this review we highlight some of these strategies and provide examples of modified and engineered proteins under development as preclinical and clinical-stage drug candidates for the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R Kintzing
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Maria V Filsinger Interrante
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer R Cochran
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
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15
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Rhoden JJ, Dyas GL, Wroblewski VJ. A Modeling and Experimental Investigation of the Effects of Antigen Density, Binding Affinity, and Antigen Expression Ratio on Bispecific Antibody Binding to Cell Surface Targets. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:11337-47. [PMID: 27022022 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.714287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the increasing number of multivalent antibodies, bispecific antibodies, fusion proteins, and targeted nanoparticles that have been generated and studied, the mechanism of multivalent binding to cell surface targets is not well understood. Here, we describe a conceptual and mathematical model of multivalent antibody binding to cell surface antigens. Our model predicts that properties beyond 1:1 antibody:antigen affinity to target antigens have a strong influence on multivalent binding. Predicted crucial properties include the structure and flexibility of the antibody construct, the target antigen(s) and binding epitope(s), and the density of antigens on the cell surface. For bispecific antibodies, the ratio of the expression levels of the two target antigens is predicted to be critical to target binding, particularly for the lower expressed of the antigens. Using bispecific antibodies of different valencies to cell surface antigens including MET and EGF receptor, we have experimentally validated our modeling approach and its predictions and observed several nonintuitive effects of avidity related to antigen density, target ratio, and antibody affinity. In some biological circumstances, the effect we have predicted and measured varied from the monovalent binding interaction by several orders of magnitude. Moreover, our mathematical framework affords us a mechanistic interpretation of our observations and suggests strategies to achieve the desired antibody-antigen binding goals. These mechanistic insights have implications in antibody engineering and structure/activity relationship determination in a variety of biological contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J Rhoden
- From the Department of Drug Disposition, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285
| | - Gregory L Dyas
- From the Department of Drug Disposition, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285
| | - Victor J Wroblewski
- From the Department of Drug Disposition, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285
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16
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Zhang C, Welborn M, Zhu T, Yang NJ, Santos MS, Van Voorhis T, Pentelute BL. Π-Clamp-mediated cysteine conjugation. Nat Chem 2016; 8:120-8. [PMID: 26791894 PMCID: PMC4861612 DOI: 10.1038/nchem.2413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Site-selective functionalization of complex molecules is one of the most significant challenges in chemistry. Typically, protecting groups or catalysts must be used to enable the selective modification of one site among many that are similarly reactive, and general strategies that selectively tune the local chemical environment around a target site are rare. Here, we show a four-amino-acid sequence (Phe-Cys-Pro-Phe), which we call the 'π-clamp', that tunes the reactivity of its cysteine thiol for site-selective conjugation with perfluoroaromatic reagents. We use the π-clamp to selectively modify one cysteine site in proteins containing multiple endogenous cysteine residues. These examples include antibodies and cysteine-based enzymes that would be difficult to modify selectively using standard cysteine-based methods. Antibodies modified using the π-clamp retained binding affinity to their targets, enabling the synthesis of site-specific antibody-drug conjugates for selective killing of HER2-positive breast cancer cells. The π-clamp is an unexpected approach to mediate site-selective chemistry and provides new avenues to modify biomolecules for research and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Matthew Welborn
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Tianyu Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Nicole J. Yang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Michael S. Santos
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Troy Van Voorhis
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Bradley L. Pentelute
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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17
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Li JY, Perry SR, Muniz-Medina V, Wang X, Wetzel LK, Rebelatto MC, Hinrichs MJM, Bezabeh BZ, Fleming RL, Dimasi N, Feng H, Toader D, Yuan AQ, Xu L, Lin J, Gao C, Wu H, Dixit R, Osbourn JK, Coats SR. A Biparatopic HER2-Targeting Antibody-Drug Conjugate Induces Tumor Regression in Primary Models Refractory to or Ineligible for HER2-Targeted Therapy. Cancer Cell 2016; 29:117-29. [PMID: 26766593 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2015.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Revised: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) which delivers cytotoxic drugs specifically into targeted cells through internalization and lysosomal trafficking has emerged as an effective cancer therapy. We show that a bivalent biparatopic antibody targeting two non-overlapping epitopes on HER2 can induce HER2 receptor clustering, which in turn promotes robust internalization, lysosomal trafficking, and degradation. When conjugated with a tubulysin-based microtubule inhibitor, the biparatopic ADC demonstrates superior anti-tumor activity over ado-trastuzumab emtansine (T-DM1) in tumor models representing various patient subpopulations, including T-DM1 eligible, T-DM1 ineligible, and T-DM1 relapsed/refractory. Our findings indicate that this biparatopic ADC has promising potential as an effective therapy for metastatic breast cancer and a broader patient population may benefit from this unique HER2-targeting ADC.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Y Li
- Biosuperiors, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA.
| | - Samuel R Perry
- Biosuperiors, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | | | - Xinzhong Wang
- Biosuperiors, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | | | | | | | - Binyam Z Bezabeh
- Antibody Discovery & Protein Engineering, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Ryan L Fleming
- Antibody Discovery & Protein Engineering, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Nazzareno Dimasi
- Antibody Discovery & Protein Engineering, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Hui Feng
- Antibody Discovery & Protein Engineering, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Dorin Toader
- Antibody Discovery & Protein Engineering, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Andy Q Yuan
- Antibody Discovery & Protein Engineering, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Lan Xu
- Antibody Discovery & Protein Engineering, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Jia Lin
- Antibody Discovery & Protein Engineering, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Changshou Gao
- Antibody Discovery & Protein Engineering, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Herren Wu
- Antibody Discovery & Protein Engineering, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Rakesh Dixit
- Biologics Safety Assessment, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Jane K Osbourn
- Biosuperiors, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA; MedImmune Ltd, Granta Park, Cambridge CB21 6GH, UK
| | - Steven R Coats
- Biosuperiors, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
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18
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Vazquez-Lombardi R, Phan TG, Zimmermann C, Lowe D, Jermutus L, Christ D. Challenges and opportunities for non-antibody scaffold drugs. Drug Discov Today 2015; 20:1271-83. [PMID: 26360055 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2015.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Revised: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The first candidates from the promising class of small non-antibody protein scaffolds are now moving into clinical development and practice. Challenges remain, and scaffolds will need to be further tailored toward applications where they provide real advantages over established therapeutics to succeed in a rapidly evolving drug development landscape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Vazquez-Lombardi
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia; The University of New South Wales, Faculty of Medicine, St Vincent's Clinical School, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Tri Giang Phan
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia; The University of New South Wales, Faculty of Medicine, St Vincent's Clinical School, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Carsten Zimmermann
- University of San Diego, School of Business Administration, 5998 Alcala Park, San Diego, CA 92110, USA
| | - David Lowe
- MedImmune Ltd., Granta Park, Cambridge CB21 6GH, UK
| | - Lutz Jermutus
- MedImmune Ltd., Granta Park, Cambridge CB21 6GH, UK; Trinity Hall, University of Cambridge, Trinity Lane CB2 1TJ, UK.
| | - Daniel Christ
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia; The University of New South Wales, Faculty of Medicine, St Vincent's Clinical School, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia.
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19
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Yang NJ, Liu DV, Sklaviadis D, Gui DY, Vander Heiden MG, Wittrup KD. Antibody-mediated neutralization of perfringolysin o for intracellular protein delivery. Mol Pharm 2015; 12:1992-2000. [PMID: 25881713 PMCID: PMC4876977 DOI: 10.1021/mp500797n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Perfringolysin O (PFO) is a member of the cholesterol-dependent cytolysin (CDC) family of bacterial pore-forming proteins, which are highly efficient in delivering exogenous proteins to the cytoplasm. However, the indiscriminate and potent cytotoxicity of PFO limits its practical use as an intracellular delivery system. In this study, we describe the design and engineering of a bispecific, neutralizing antibody against PFO, which targets reversibly attenuated PFO to endocytic compartments via receptor-mediated internalization. This PFO-based system efficiently mediated the endosomal release of a co-targeted gelonin construct with high specificity and minimal toxicity in vitro. Consequently, the therapeutic window of PFO was improved by more than 5 orders of magnitude. Our results demonstrating that the activity of pore-forming proteins can be controlled by antibody-mediated neutralization present a novel strategy for utilizing these potent membrane-lytic agents as a safe and effective intracellular delivery vehicle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole J. Yang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - David V. Liu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Demetra Sklaviadis
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Dan Y. Gui
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Matthew G. Vander Heiden
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - K. Dane Wittrup
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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20
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Heinzelman P, Krais J, Ruben E, Pantazes R. Engineering pH responsive fibronectin domains for biomedical applications. J Biol Eng 2015; 9:6. [PMID: 26106447 PMCID: PMC4477602 DOI: 10.1186/s13036-015-0004-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Engineered antibodies with pH responsive cell surface target antigen-binding affinities that decrease at the acidic pH (5.5-5.8) within the endosomes have been found to have reduced susceptibility to degradation within the lysosomes and increased serum half-life. Such pH responsive recombinant antibodies have been developed for the treatment of cancer and cardiovascular disease. Engineered tenth type III human fibronectin (Fn3) domains are emerging as a class of target antigen-binding biopharmaceuticals that could complement or be superior to recombinant antibodies in a number of biomedical contexts. As such, there is strong motivation for demonstrating the feasibility of engineering Fn3s with pH responsive antigen binding behavior that could lead to improved Fn3 pharmacokinetics. RESULTS A yeast surface-displayed Fn3 histidine (His) mutant library screening approach yielded epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-binding Fn3 domains with EGFR binding affinities that markedly decrease at endosomal pH; the first reported case of engineering Fn3s with pH responsive antigen binding. Yeast surface-displayed His mutant Fn3s, which contain either one or two His mutations, have equilibrium binding dissociation constants (KDs) that increase up to four-fold relative to wild type when pH is decreased from 7.4 to 5.5. Assays in which Fn3-displaying yeast were incubated with soluble EGFR after ligand-free incubation in respective neutral and acidic buffers showed that His mutant Fn3 pH responsiveness is due to reversible changes in Fn3 conformation and/or EGFR binding interface properties rather than irreversible unfolding. CONCLUSIONS We have established a generalizable method for efficiently constructing and screening Fn3 His mutant libraries that could enable both our laboratory and others to develop pH responsive Fn3s for use in a wide range of biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pete Heinzelman
- Department of Chemical, Biological & Materials Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Sarkeys Energy Center, 100 East Boyd Street, Room T-301, 73019 Norman, OK USA
| | - John Krais
- Department of Chemical, Biological & Materials Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Sarkeys Energy Center, 100 East Boyd Street, Room T-301, 73019 Norman, OK USA
| | - Eliza Ruben
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, 73019 Norman, OK USA
| | - Robert Pantazes
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California-Santa Barbara, 93106 Santa Barbara, CA USA
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21
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Popov-Čeleketić D, van Bergen En Henegouwen PMP. Membrane domain formation-a key factor for targeted intracellular drug delivery. Front Physiol 2014; 5:462. [PMID: 25520666 PMCID: PMC4251288 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2014.00462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein molecules, toxins and viruses internalize into the cell via receptor-mediated endocytosis (RME) using specific proteins and lipids in the plasma membrane. The plasma membrane is a barrier for many pharmaceutical agents to enter into the cytoplasm of target cells. In the case of cancer cells, tissue-specific biomarkers in the plasma membrane, like cancer-specific growth factor receptors, could be excellent candidates for RME-dependent drug delivery. Recent data suggest that agent binding to these receptors at the cell surface, resulting in membrane domain formation by receptor clustering, can be used for the initiation of RME. As a result, these pharmaceutical agents are internalized into the cells and follow different routes until they reach their final intracellular targets like lysosomes or Golgi. We propose that clustering induced formation of plasma membrane microdomains enriched in receptors, sphingolipids, and inositol lipids, leads to membrane bending which functions as the onset of RME. In this review we will focus on the role of domain formation in RME and discuss potential applications for targeted intracellular drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dušan Popov-Čeleketić
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University Utrecht, Netherlands
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22
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Brack S, Attinger-Toller I, Schade B, Mourlane F, Klupsch K, Woods R, Hachemi H, von der Bey U, Koenig-Friedrich S, Bertschinger J, Grabulovski D. A bispecific HER2-targeting FynomAb with superior antitumor activity and novel mode of action. Mol Cancer Ther 2014; 13:2030-9. [PMID: 24994770 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-14-0046-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Upregulation of HER2 is a hallmark of 20% to 30% of invasive breast cancers, rendering this receptor an attractive target for cancer therapy. Although HER2-targeting agents have provided substantial clinical benefit as cancer therapeutics, there is a need for the development of new agents aiming at circumventing anti-HER2 resistance. On the basis of the approved antibody pertuzumab, we have created a panel of bispecific FynomAbs, which target two epitopes on HER2. FynomAbs are fusion proteins of an antibody and a Fyn SH3-derived binding protein. One bispecific FynomAb, COVA208, was characterized in detail and showed a remarkable ability to induce rapid HER2 internalization and apoptosis in vitro. Moreover, it elicited a strong inhibition of downstream HER2 signaling by reducing HER2, HER3, and EGFR levels in vitro and in vivo. Importantly, COVA208 demonstrated superior activity in four different xenograft models as compared with the approved antibodies trastuzumab and pertuzumab. The bispecific FynomAb COVA208 has the potential to enhance the clinical efficacy and expand the scope of HER2-directed therapies, and delineates a paradigm for designing a new class of antibody-based therapeutics for other receptor targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Brack
- Covagen AG, Wagistrasse, Schlieren, Switzerland
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23
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Liu DV, Yang NJ, Wittrup KD. A Nonpolycationic Fully Proteinaceous Multiagent System for Potent Targeted Delivery of siRNA. MOLECULAR THERAPY-NUCLEIC ACIDS 2014; 3:e162. [PMID: 24825362 PMCID: PMC4041992 DOI: 10.1038/mtna.2014.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Protein-based methods of targeted short-interfering RNA (siRNA) delivery have the potential to solve some of the problems faced by nanoparticle-based methods, such as poor pharmacokinetics and biodistribution, low tumor penetration, and polydispersity. However, protein-based targeted delivery has been limited to fusion proteins with polycationic peptides as siRNA carriers, whose high charge density in some cases results in undesirable biophysical and in vivo properties. Here, we present a fully proteinaceous, multiagent approach for targeted siRNA delivery to epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), using a nonpolycationic carrier for siRNA. Each agent contributes a fundamentally different mechanism of action that work together for potent targeted RNA interference. The first agent is an EGFR-targeted fusion protein that uses a double-stranded RNA-binding domain as a nonpolycationic siRNA carrier. This double-stranded RNA-binding domain fusion protein can deliver siRNA to the endosomes of an EGFR-expressing cell line. A second agent delivers the cholesterol-dependent cytolysin, perfringolysin O, in a targeted manner, which enhances the endosomal escape of siRNA and induces gene silencing. A third agent that clusters EGFR increases gene-silencing potency and decreases cytolysin toxicity. Altogether, this system is potent, with only 16 nmol/l siRNA required for gene silencing and a therapeutic window that spans two orders of magnitude of targeted cytolysin concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- David V Liu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Nicole J Yang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - K Dane Wittrup
- 1] Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA [2] Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA [3] Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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24
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Abdiche YN, Miles A, Eckman J, Foletti D, Van Blarcom TJ, Yeung YA, Pons J, Rajpal A. High-throughput epitope binning assays on label-free array-based biosensors can yield exquisite epitope discrimination that facilitates the selection of monoclonal antibodies with functional activity. PLoS One 2014; 9:e92451. [PMID: 24651868 PMCID: PMC3961344 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0092451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 02/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we demonstrate how array-based label-free biosensors can be applied to the multiplexed interaction analysis of large panels of analyte/ligand pairs, such as the epitope binning of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). In this application, the larger the number of mAbs that are analyzed for cross-blocking in a pairwise and combinatorial manner against their specific antigen, the higher the probability of discriminating their epitopes. Since cross-blocking of two mAbs is necessary but not sufficient for them to bind an identical epitope, high-resolution epitope binning analysis determined by high-throughput experiments can enable the identification of mAbs with similar but unique epitopes. We demonstrate that a mAb's epitope and functional activity are correlated, thereby strengthening the relevance of epitope binning data to the discovery of therapeutic mAbs. We evaluated two state-of-the-art label-free biosensors that enable the parallel analysis of 96 unique analyte/ligand interactions and nearly ten thousand total interactions per unattended run. The IBIS-MX96 is a microarray-based surface plasmon resonance imager (SPRi) integrated with continuous flow microspotting technology whereas the Octet-HTX is equipped with disposable fiber optic sensors that use biolayer interferometry (BLI) detection. We compared their throughput, versatility, ease of sample preparation, and sample consumption in the context of epitope binning assays. We conclude that the main advantages of the SPRi technology are its exceptionally low sample consumption, facile sample preparation, and unparalleled unattended throughput. In contrast, the BLI technology is highly flexible because it allows for the simultaneous interaction analysis of 96 independent analyte/ligand pairs, ad hoc sensor replacement and on-line reloading of an analyte- or ligand-array. Thus, the complementary use of these two platforms can expedite applications that are relevant to the discovery of therapeutic mAbs, depending upon the sample availability, and the number and diversity of the interactions being studied.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Adam Miles
- Wasatch Microfluidics, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Josh Eckman
- Wasatch Microfluidics, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Davide Foletti
- Rinat-Pfizer Inc, South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | | | - Yik Andy Yeung
- Rinat-Pfizer Inc, South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Jaume Pons
- Rinat-Pfizer Inc, South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Arvind Rajpal
- Rinat-Pfizer Inc, South San Francisco, California, United States of America
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25
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Understanding the role of cross-arm binding efficiency in the activity of monoclonal and multispecific therapeutic antibodies. Methods 2014; 65:95-104. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2013.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2013] [Revised: 07/08/2013] [Accepted: 07/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
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LaFleur DW, Abramyan D, Kanakaraj P, Smith RG, Shah RR, Wang G, Yao XT, Kankanala S, Boyd E, Zaritskaya L, Nam V, Puffer BA, Buasen P, Kaithamana S, Burnette AF, Krishnamurthy R, Patel D, Roschke VV, Kiener PA, Hilbert DM, Barbas CF. Monoclonal antibody therapeutics with up to five specificities: functional enhancement through fusion of target-specific peptides. MAbs 2013; 5:208-18. [PMID: 23575268 PMCID: PMC3893231 DOI: 10.4161/mabs.23043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The recognition that few human diseases are thoroughly addressed by mono-specific, monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) continues to drive the development of antibody therapeutics with additional specificities and enhanced activity. Historically, efforts to engineer additional antigen recognition into molecules have relied predominantly on the reformatting of immunoglobulin domains. In this report we describe a series of fully functional mAbs to which additional specificities have been imparted through the recombinant fusion of relatively short polypeptides sequences. The sequences are selected for binding to a particular target from combinatorial libraries that express linear, disulfide-constrained, or domain-based structures. The potential for fusion of peptides to the N- and C- termini of both the heavy and light chains affords the bivalent expression of up to four different peptides. The resulting molecules, called zybodies, can gain up to four additional specificities, while retaining the original functionality and specificity of the scaffold antibody. We explore the use of two clinically significant oncology antibodies, trastuzumab and cetuximab, as zybody scaffolds and demonstrate functional enhancements in each case. The affect of fusion position on both peptide and scaffold function is explored, and penta-specific zybodies are demonstrated to simultaneously engage five targets (ErbB2, EGFR, IGF-1R, Ang2 and integrin αvβ3). Bispecific, trastuzumab-based zybodies targeting ErbB2 and Ang2 are shown to exhibit superior efficacy to trastuzumab in an angiogenesis-dependent xenograft tumor model. A cetuximab-based bispecific zybody that targeting EGFR and ErbB3 simultaneously disrupted multiple intracellular signaling pathways; inhibited tumor cell proliferation; and showed efficacy superior to that of cetuximab in a xenograft tumor model.
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Abstract
The ERBB family of receptor tyrosine kinases has a central role in the tumorigenesis of many types of solid tumour. Various therapeutics targeting these receptors have been approved for the treatment of several cancers. Considerable preclinical data have shown that the administration of two inhibitors against an individual ERBB family member--particularly epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) or ERBB2--leads to markedly higher antitumour activity than the administration of single agents. This Opinion article describes the preclinical and clinical performance of these dual-targeting approaches, discusses the key mechanisms that mediate their increased efficacy and highlights areas for ongoing investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niall Tebbutt
- Ludwig Oncology Unit, Austin Health, Studley Road, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia
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28
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Kariolis MS, Kapur S, Cochran JR. Beyond antibodies: using biological principles to guide the development of next-generation protein therapeutics. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2013; 24:1072-7. [PMID: 23587963 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2013.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2012] [Revised: 03/05/2013] [Accepted: 03/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Protein-based biologics, which leverage the inherent affinity and specificity of protein-protein interactions, offer an effective strategy for targeting and modulating disease pathways. Despite the broad diversity of the proteome, monoclonal antibodies have been the major focus of such drug discovery efforts. While antibodies have shown great clinical value, the breadth and complexity of human disease highlight the need for alternatives that expand the therapeutic repertoire beyond this single class of proteins. The elucidation of molecular mechanisms underlying human disease has provided new opportunities for protein-based drugs to address challenging clinical problems. Natural ligands and receptors, which inherently modulate complex biological processes, have emerged as promising candidates for protein-based drug discovery efforts. Protein engineering strategies, guided by biological principles, are allowing ligands and receptors to be developed as next-generation therapeutics with improved safety and efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihalis S Kariolis
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, USA; Stanford Cancer Institute and Bio-X Program, Stanford University, USA
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29
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Shen Y, Zeng L, Zhu A, Blanc T, Patel D, Pennello A, Bari A, Ng S, Persaud K, Kang YK, Balderes P, Surguladze D, Hindi S, Zhou Q, Ludwig DL, Snavely M. Removal of a C-terminal serine residue proximal to the inter-chain disulfide bond of a human IgG1 lambda light chain mediates enhanced antibody stability and antibody dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity. MAbs 2013; 5:418-31. [PMID: 23567210 PMCID: PMC4169035 DOI: 10.4161/mabs.24291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Optimization of biophysical properties is a critical success factor for the developability of monoclonal antibodies with potential therapeutic applications. The inter-domain disulfide bond between light chain (Lc) and heavy chain (Hc) in human IgG1 lends structural support for antibody scaffold stability, optimal antigen binding, and normal Fc function. Recently, human IgG1λ has been suggested to exhibit significantly greater susceptibility to reduction of the inter Lc-Hc disulfide bond relative to the same disulfide bond in human IgG1κ. To understand the molecular basis for this observed difference in stability, the sequence and structure of human IgG1λ and human IgG1κ were compared. Based on this Lc comparison, three single mutations were made in the λ Lc proximal to the cysteine residue, which forms a disulfide bond with the Hc. We determined that deletion of S214 (dS) improved resistance of the association between Lc and Hc to thermal stress. In addition, deletion of this terminal serine from the Lc of IgG1λ provided further benefit, including an increase in stability at elevated pH, increased yield from transient transfection, and improved in vitro antibody dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC). These observations support the conclusion that the presence of the terminal serine of the λ Lc creates a weaker inter-chain disulfide bond between the Lc and Hc, leading to slightly reduced stability and a potential compromise in IgG1λ function. Our data from a human IgG1λ provide a basis for further investigation of the effects of deleting terminal serine from λLc on the stability and function of other human IgG1λ antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Shen
- Department of Antibody Technology; ImClone Systems, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Eli Lilly and Company; New York, NY USA
| | - Lin Zeng
- Department of Antibody Technology; ImClone Systems, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Eli Lilly and Company; New York, NY USA
| | - Aiping Zhu
- Department of Antibody Technology; ImClone Systems, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Eli Lilly and Company; New York, NY USA
| | - Tim Blanc
- Department of Bioanalytical Sciences; ImClone Systems, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Eli Lilly and Company; Branchburg, NJ USA
| | - Dipa Patel
- Department of Immunology; ImClone Systems, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Eli Lilly and Company; New York, NY USA
| | - Anthony Pennello
- Department of Oncology Translational Medicine; ImClone Systems, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Eli Lilly and Company; New York, NY USA
| | - Amtul Bari
- Department of BioProcess Sciences; ImClone Systems, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Eli Lilly and Company; New York, NY USA
| | - Stanley Ng
- Department of BioProcess Sciences; ImClone Systems, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Eli Lilly and Company; New York, NY USA
| | - Kris Persaud
- Department of BioProcess Sciences; ImClone Systems, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Eli Lilly and Company; New York, NY USA
| | - Yun Kenneth Kang
- Department of BioProcess Sciences; ImClone Systems, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Eli Lilly and Company; New York, NY USA
| | - Paul Balderes
- Department of BioProcess Sciences; ImClone Systems, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Eli Lilly and Company; New York, NY USA
| | - David Surguladze
- Department of Oncology Translational Medicine; ImClone Systems, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Eli Lilly and Company; New York, NY USA
| | - Sagit Hindi
- Department of BioProcess Sciences; ImClone Systems, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Eli Lilly and Company; New York, NY USA
| | - Qinwei Zhou
- Department of Bioanalytical Sciences; ImClone Systems, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Eli Lilly and Company; Branchburg, NJ USA
| | - Dale L Ludwig
- Department of BioProcess Sciences; ImClone Systems, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Eli Lilly and Company; New York, NY USA
| | - Marshall Snavely
- Department of Antibody Technology; ImClone Systems, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Eli Lilly and Company; New York, NY USA
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30
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Abstract
Yeast surface display (YSD) presents proteins on the surface of yeast through interaction of the agglutinin subunits Aga1p and Aga2p. The human 10th type III fibronectin (Fn3) is a small, 10-kDa protein domain that maintains its native fold without disulfide bonds. A YSD library of Fn3s has been engineered with a loop amino acid composition similar to that of human antibody complementarity-determining region heavy chain loop 3 (CDR-H3) and varying loop lengths, which has been shown to improve binding ability. There are many advantages of using these small, stable domains that maintain binding capabilities similar to that of antibodies. Here, we outline a YSD methodology to isolate Fn3 binders to a diverse set of target antigens.
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