1
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Mukherjee S, Poudyal M, Dave K, Kadu P, Maji SK. Protein misfolding and amyloid nucleation through liquid-liquid phase separation. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:4976-5013. [PMID: 38597222 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs01065a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) is an emerging phenomenon in cell physiology and diseases. The weak multivalent interaction prerequisite for LLPS is believed to be facilitated through intrinsically disordered regions, which are prevalent in neurodegenerative disease-associated proteins. These aggregation-prone proteins also exhibit an inherent property for phase separation, resulting in protein-rich liquid-like droplets. The very high local protein concentration in the water-deficient confined microenvironment not only drives the viscoelastic transition from the liquid to solid-like state but also most often nucleate amyloid fibril formation. Indeed, protein misfolding, oligomerization, and amyloid aggregation are observed to be initiated from the LLPS of various neurodegeneration-related proteins. Moreover, in these cases, neurodegeneration-promoting genetic and environmental factors play a direct role in amyloid aggregation preceded by the phase separation. These cumulative recent observations ignite the possibility of LLPS being a prominent nucleation mechanism associated with aberrant protein aggregation. The present review elaborates on the nucleation mechanism of the amyloid aggregation pathway and the possible early molecular events associated with amyloid-related protein phase separation. It also summarizes the recent advancement in understanding the aberrant phase transition of major proteins contributing to neurodegeneration focusing on the common disease-associated factors. Overall, this review proposes a generic LLPS-mediated multistep nucleation mechanism for amyloid aggregation and its implication in neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Semanti Mukherjee
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India.
| | - Manisha Poudyal
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India.
| | - Kritika Dave
- Sunita Sanghi Centre of Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Pradeep Kadu
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India.
| | - Samir K Maji
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India.
- Sunita Sanghi Centre of Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
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2
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Pareek G, Kundu M. Physiological functions of ULK1/2. J Mol Biol 2024:168472. [PMID: 38311233 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2024.168472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
UNC-51-like kinases 1 and 2 (ULK1/2) are serine/threonine kinases that are best known for their evolutionarily conserved role in the autophagy pathway. Upon sensing the nutrient status of a cell, ULK1/2 integrate signals from upstream cellular energy sensors such as mTOR and AMPK and relay them to the downstream components of the autophagy machinery. ULK1/2 also play indispensable roles in the selective autophagy pathway, removing damaged mitochondria, invading pathogens, and toxic protein aggregates. Additional functions of ULK1/2 have emerged beyond autophagy, including roles in protein trafficking, RNP granule dynamics, and signaling events impacting innate immunity, axon guidance, cellular homeostasis, and cell fate. Therefore, it is no surprise that alterations in ULK1/2 expression and activity have been linked with pathophysiological processes, including cancer, neurological disorders, and cardiovascular diseases. Growing evidence suggests that ULK1/2 function as biological rheostats, tuning cellular functions to intra and extra-cellular cues. Given their broad physiological relevance, ULK1/2 are candidate targets for small molecule activators or inhibitors that may pave the way for the development of therapeutics for the treatment of diseases in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gautam Pareek
- Cell and Molecular Biology Department, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Mondira Kundu
- Cell and Molecular Biology Department, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA.
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3
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Bruyer A, Dutrieux L, de Boussac H, Martin T, Chemlal D, Robert N, Requirand G, Cartron G, Vincent L, Herbaux C, Lutzmann M, Bret C, Pasero P, Moreaux J, Ovejero S. Combined inhibition of Wee1 and Chk1 as a therapeutic strategy in multiple myeloma. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1271847. [PMID: 38125947 PMCID: PMC10730928 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1271847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is a hematological malignancy characterized by an abnormal clonal proliferation of malignant plasma cells. Despite the introduction of novel agents that have significantly improved clinical outcome, most patients relapse and develop drug resistance. MM is characterized by genomic instability and a high level of replicative stress. In response to replicative and DNA damage stress, MM cells activate various DNA damage signaling pathways. In this study, we reported that high CHK1 and WEE1 expression is associated with poor outcome in independent cohorts of MM patients treated with high dose melphalan chemotherapy or anti-CD38 immunotherapy. Combined targeting of Chk1 and Wee1 demonstrates synergistic toxicities on MM cells and was associated with higher DNA double-strand break induction, as evidenced by an increased percentage of γH2AX positive cells subsequently leading to apoptosis. The therapeutic interest of Chk1/Wee1 inhibitors' combination was validated on primary MM cells of patients. The toxicity was specific of MM cells since normal bone marrow cells were not significantly affected. Using deconvolution approach, MM patients with high CHK1 expression exhibited a significant lower percentage of NK cells whereas patients with high WEE1 expression displayed a significant higher percentage of regulatory T cells in the bone marrow. These data emphasize that MM cell adaptation to replicative stress through Wee1 and Chk1 upregulation may decrease the activation of the cell-intrinsic innate immune response. Our study suggests that association of Chk1 and Wee1 inhibitors may represent a promising therapeutic approach in high-risk MM patients characterized by high CHK1 and WEE1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laure Dutrieux
- Institute of Human Genetics, UMR CNRS-UM 9002, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Thibaut Martin
- Institute of Human Genetics, UMR CNRS-UM 9002, Montpellier, France
| | - Djamila Chemlal
- Diag2Tec, Montpellier, France
- Institute of Human Genetics, UMR CNRS-UM 9002, Montpellier, France
| | - Nicolas Robert
- Department of Biological Hematology, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Guilhem Requirand
- Department of Biological Hematology, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Guillaume Cartron
- Department of Clinical Hematology, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- University of Montpellier, UFR Medicine, Montpellier, France
| | - Laure Vincent
- Department of Clinical Hematology, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Charles Herbaux
- Institute of Human Genetics, UMR CNRS-UM 9002, Montpellier, France
- Department of Clinical Hematology, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- University of Montpellier, UFR Medicine, Montpellier, France
| | - Malik Lutzmann
- Institute of Human Genetics, UMR CNRS-UM 9002, Montpellier, France
| | - Caroline Bret
- Institute of Human Genetics, UMR CNRS-UM 9002, Montpellier, France
- Department of Biological Hematology, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- University of Montpellier, UFR Medicine, Montpellier, France
| | - Philippe Pasero
- Institute of Human Genetics, UMR CNRS-UM 9002, Montpellier, France
| | - Jérôme Moreaux
- Institute of Human Genetics, UMR CNRS-UM 9002, Montpellier, France
- Department of Biological Hematology, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- University of Montpellier, UFR Medicine, Montpellier, France
- Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), Paris, France
| | - Sara Ovejero
- Institute of Human Genetics, UMR CNRS-UM 9002, Montpellier, France
- Department of Biological Hematology, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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4
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Qian H, Ding WX. SQSTM1/p62 and Hepatic Mallory-Denk Body Formation in Alcohol-Associated Liver Disease. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2023; 193:1415-1426. [PMID: 36906265 PMCID: PMC10642158 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2023.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
Sequestosome 1 (SQSTM1/p62; hereafter p62) is an autophagy receptor protein for selective autophagy primarily due to its direct interaction with the microtubule light chain 3 protein that specifically localizes on autophagosome membranes. As a result, impaired autophagy leads to the accumulation of p62. p62 is also a common component of many human liver disease-related cellular inclusion bodies, such as Mallory-Denk bodies, intracytoplasmic hyaline bodies, α1-antitrypsin aggregates, as well as p62 bodies and condensates. p62 also acts as an intracellular signaling hub, and it involves multiple signaling pathways, including nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2, NF-κB, and the mechanistic target of rapamycin, which are critical for oxidative stress, inflammation, cell survival, metabolism, and liver tumorigenesis. This review discusses the recent insights of p62 in protein quality control, including the role of p62 in the formation and degradation of p62 stress granules and protein aggregates as well as regulation of multiple signaling pathways in the pathogenesis of alcohol-associated liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Qian
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutics, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Wen-Xing Ding
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutics, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas; Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas.
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5
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Goel S, Oliva R, Jeganathan S, Bader V, Krause LJ, Kriegler S, Stender ID, Christine CW, Nakamura K, Hoffmann JE, Winter R, Tatzelt J, Winklhofer KF. Linear ubiquitination induces NEMO phase separation to activate NF-κB signaling. Life Sci Alliance 2023; 6:e202201607. [PMID: 36720498 PMCID: PMC9889916 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202201607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The NF-κB essential modulator NEMO is the core regulatory component of the inhibitor of κB kinase complex, which is a critical checkpoint in canonical NF-κB signaling downstream of innate and adaptive immune receptors. In response to various stimuli, such as TNF or IL-1β, NEMO binds to linear or M1-linked ubiquitin chains generated by LUBAC, promoting its oligomerization and subsequent activation of the associated kinases. Here we show that M1-ubiquitin chains induce phase separation of NEMO and the formation of NEMO assemblies in cells after exposure to IL-1β. Phase separation is promoted by both binding of NEMO to linear ubiquitin chains and covalent linkage of M1-ubiquitin to NEMO and is essential but not sufficient for its phase separation. Supporting the functional relevance of NEMO phase separation in signaling, a pathogenic NEMO mutant, which is impaired in both binding and linkage to linear ubiquitin chains, does not undergo phase separation and is defective in mediating IL-1β-induced NF-κB activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simran Goel
- Department Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Rosario Oliva
- Physical Chemistry I-Biophysical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Sadasivam Jeganathan
- Department Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Verian Bader
- Department Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
- Department Biochemistry of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Institute of Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Laura J Krause
- Department Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
- RESOLV Cluster of Excellence, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Simon Kriegler
- Physical Chemistry I-Biophysical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Isabelle D Stender
- Protein Chemistry Facility, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Germany
| | | | - Ken Nakamura
- Department of Neurology, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jan-Erik Hoffmann
- Protein Chemistry Facility, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Roland Winter
- Physical Chemistry I-Biophysical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany
- RESOLV Cluster of Excellence, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Jörg Tatzelt
- RESOLV Cluster of Excellence, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
- Department Biochemistry of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Institute of Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Konstanze F Winklhofer
- Department Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
- RESOLV Cluster of Excellence, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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6
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Kohler V, Andréasson C. Reversible protein assemblies in the proteostasis network in health and disease. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1155521. [PMID: 37021114 PMCID: PMC10067754 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1155521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
While proteins populating their native conformations constitute the functional entities of cells, protein aggregates are traditionally associated with cellular dysfunction, stress and disease. During recent years, it has become clear that large aggregate-like protein condensates formed via liquid-liquid phase separation age into more solid aggregate-like particles that harbor misfolded proteins and are decorated by protein quality control factors. The constituent proteins of the condensates/aggregates are disentangled by protein disaggregation systems mainly based on Hsp70 and AAA ATPase Hsp100 chaperones prior to their handover to refolding and degradation systems. Here, we discuss the functional roles that condensate formation/aggregation and disaggregation play in protein quality control to maintain proteostasis and why it matters for understanding health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Kohler
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Claes Andréasson
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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7
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Chen Q, Wu Y, Dai Z, Zhang Z, Yang X. Phosphorylation and specific DNA improved the incorporation ability of p53 into functional condensates. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 230:123221. [PMID: 36634798 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The transcription factor p53 acted as a critical tumor suppressor by activating the expression of various target genes to regulate diverse cellular responses. The phosphorylation of p53 influenced the binding of p53 to promotor-specific DNA and the choice of cell fate. In this study, we found that full-length wild-type p53 and pol II CTD could form heterotypic phase separation condensates in vitro. The heterotypic condensates of p53 and pol II CTD were mediated by electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions between pol II CTD and multiple domains of p53. The mobility of heterotypic p53 and pol II CTD droplets was significantly higher than that of p53 droplet. The phosphorylation promoted p53 to be recruited into pol II CTD droplets and transcription condensates. The specific DNA could further enhance the incorporation ability of p53 into functional condensates. Therefore, we proposed that the p53 droplet might be in a mediate state, the mutations resulting in p53 mutants with gain-of-function impelled the aggregate of p53, while the phosphorylation promoted p53 to be recruited into functional condensates as a client molecule to exert its function. This study might provide insights into the regulation mechanism that the phosphorylation and nuclei acid affected the phase behavior of p53.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qunyang Chen
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Fermentation and Enzyme Engineering, School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510006, PR China
| | - Yiping Wu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Fermentation and Enzyme Engineering, School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510006, PR China
| | - Zhuojun Dai
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Fermentation and Enzyme Engineering, School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510006, PR China
| | - Zhuqing Zhang
- College of life sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Xiaorong Yang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Fermentation and Enzyme Engineering, School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510006, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New and Renewable Energy Research and Development, Guangzhou 510640, PR China.
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8
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Vargas JNS, Hamasaki M, Kawabata T, Youle RJ, Yoshimori T. The mechanisms and roles of selective autophagy in mammals. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2023; 24:167-185. [PMID: 36302887 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-022-00542-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 188.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is a process that targets various intracellular elements for degradation. Autophagy can be non-selective - associated with the indiscriminate engulfment of cytosolic components - occurring in response to nutrient starvation and is commonly referred to as bulk autophagy. By contrast, selective autophagy degrades specific targets, such as damaged organelles (mitophagy, lysophagy, ER-phagy, ribophagy), aggregated proteins (aggrephagy) or invading bacteria (xenophagy), thereby being importantly involved in cellular quality control. Hence, not surprisingly, aberrant selective autophagy has been associated with various human pathologies, prominently including neurodegeneration and infection. In recent years, considerable progress has been made in understanding mechanisms governing selective cargo engulfment in mammals, including the identification of ubiquitin-dependent selective autophagy receptors such as p62, NBR1, OPTN and NDP52, which can bind cargo and ubiquitin simultaneously to initiate pathways leading to autophagy initiation and membrane recruitment. This progress opens the prospects for enhancing selective autophagy pathways to boost cellular quality control capabilities and alleviate pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Norberto S Vargas
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute, University College London, London, UK
- Biochemistry Section, Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Maho Hamasaki
- Department of Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.
- Department of Intracellular Membrane Dynamics, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.
| | - Tsuyoshi Kawabata
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Richard J Youle
- Biochemistry Section, Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Tamotsu Yoshimori
- Department of Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.
- Department of Intracellular Membrane Dynamics, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.
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9
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Yu K, Liu Z, Cheng H, Li S, Zhang Q, Liu J, Ju HQ, Zuo Z, Zhao Q, Kang S, Liu ZX. dSCOPE: a software to detect sequences critical for liquid-liquid phase separation. Brief Bioinform 2023; 24:6927233. [PMID: 36528388 DOI: 10.1093/bib/bbac550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Membrane-based cells are the fundamental structural and functional units of organisms, while evidences demonstrate that liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) is associated with the formation of membraneless organelles, such as P-bodies, nucleoli and stress granules. Many studies have been undertaken to explore the functions of protein phase separation (PS), but these studies lacked an effective tool to identify the sequence segments that critical for LLPS. In this study, we presented a novel software called dSCOPE (http://dscope.omicsbio.info) to predict the PS-driving regions. To develop the predictor, we curated experimentally identified sequence segments that can drive LLPS from published literature. Then sliding sequence window based physiological, biochemical, structural and coding features were integrated by random forest algorithm to perform prediction. Through rigorous evaluation, dSCOPE was demonstrated to achieve satisfactory performance. Furthermore, large-scale analysis of human proteome based on dSCOPE showed that the predicted PS-driving regions enriched various protein post-translational modifications and cancer mutations, and the proteins which contain predicted PS-driving regions enriched critical cellular signaling pathways. Taken together, dSCOPE precisely predicted the protein sequence segments critical for LLPS, with various helpful information visualized in the webserver to facilitate LLPS-related research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Zekun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Haoyang Cheng
- Department of Computer Science, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Shihua Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Qingfeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Jia Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Huai-Qiang Ju
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Zhixiang Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Qi Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Shiyang Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Ze-Xian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China
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10
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Lu Q, Chen Y, Li J, Zhu F, Zheng Z. Crosstalk between cGAS-STING pathway and autophagy in cancer immunity. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1139595. [PMID: 36936940 PMCID: PMC10014609 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1139595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The cyclic GMP-AMP synthase-stimulator of interferon genes (cGAS-STING) pathway is critical in cancer immunity. Autophagy is a highly conserved process that is responsible for the degradation of cytoplasmic material and is involved in both innate and adaptive immunity. Recently, cGAS-STING and autophagy have been shown to be interconnected, which may influence the progression of cancer. Although cGAS-STING and autophagy have been shown to be interrelated in innate immunity, little has been reported about cancer immunity. As cancer immunity is key to treating tumors, it is essential to summarize the relationship and interactions between the two. Based on this, we systematically sorted out the recent findings of cGAS-STING and autophagy in cancer immunity and explored the interactions between cGAS-STING and autophagy, although these interactions have not been extensively studied. Lastly, we provide an outlook on how cGAS-STING and autophagy can be combined, with the hope that our research can help people better understand their potential roles in cancer immunity and bring light to the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qijun Lu
- Department of Oncology, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yukun Chen
- Cancer Institute, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianwen Li
- Department of Oncology, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Feng Zhu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Huadong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhan Zheng
- Department of Oncology, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Zhan Zheng,
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11
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Chen X, Zhang M. Chaperonin-containing TCP-1 subunit 2-mediated aggrephagy: A potential target for treating neurodegeneration. Clin Transl Med 2022; 12:e1027. [PMID: 35988155 PMCID: PMC9393055 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.1027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Xueshen Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Min Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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12
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Zhou S, Yin X, Yuan J, Liang Z, Song J, Li Y, Peng C, Hylands PJ, Zhao Z, Xu Q. Antifibrotic activities of Scutellariae Radix extracts and flavonoids: Comparative proteomics reveals distinct and shared mechanisms. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 100:154049. [PMID: 35397287 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2022.154049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Scutellariae Radix (SR), the root of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi, and SR flavonoids have antifibrotic activities. It remains obscure, however, amongst SR aqueous extract (SRA), SR methanolic extract (SRM) and five major SR flavonoids (baicalein, baicalin, wogonoside, wogonin and oroxyloside), which ones are the most promising antifibrotics and what their mechanisms are. PURPOSE To compare the antifibrotic activities of SR extracts and flavonoids, and the proteomic signatures of selected SR extract and flavonoid, versus IN1130 phosphate, an antifibrotic positive control (abbreviated as IN1130), in TGF-β1-induced in vitro model of fibrosis in NRK-49F renal fibroblasts. METHODS Isobaric labelling-based mass spectrometry was used for proteomic studies. Differentially expressed proteins were further analyzed using Gene Ontology annotation enrichment, protein-protein interaction network analysis and pathway analysis. Selected proteins of interest were validated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS Baicalein was the SR flavonoid with the best efficacy-toxicity ratio. SRM contained 8-fold more flavonoids and was more potently antifibrotic than SRA. Proteomic analysis of cells treated by TGF-β1, with or without baicalein (40 and 80 μM), SRM (40 and 80 μg/ml) and IN1130 (1 μM) suggested that baicalein, SRM and IN1130 all repressed TGF-β1-induced ribosomal proteins in cell lysates, while baicalein and SRM, but not IN1130, regulated the intracellular lysosome pathway; secretomic analysis suggested that 40 and 80 μg/ml SRM and 80 μM baicalein, but not IN1130 and 40 μM baicalein increased ribosomal proteins in conditioned media, whereas only baicalein regulated the lysosome pathway. ELISA verified secretomic findings that baicalein, SRM and IN1130 repressed TGF-β1-induced PAI-1 (Serpine1), Plod2, Ctgf (Ccn2), Ccl2 and Ccl7; baicalein and IN1130, but not SRM, reversed TGF-β1-induced Cyr61 (Ccn1) and Tsku; only baicalein reversed TGF-β1 repression of Mmp3; only IN1130 reversed TGF-β1-repressed Nov (Ccn3). ELISA validated cell-lysate proteomic findings that baicalein, SRM and IN1130 all reversed TGF-β1-induced Enpp1; only IN1130 reversed TGF-β1-induced Impdh2 and Sqstm1 and TGF-β1-repressed Aldh3a1. Baicalein and SRM induced Ccdc80, while only baicalein induced Tfrc. CONCLUSION Baicalein, SRM and IN1130 repress TGF-β1-induced fibrogenesis in renal fibroblasts by regulating overlapping protein targets and biological pathways. Our findings offer a comprehensive view of shared, drug- and dose-specific pharmacological and toxicological mechanisms and provide a valuable resource for further research and development of more efficacious and safer antifibrotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shujun Zhou
- King's Centre for Integrative Chinese Medicine, Renal Sciences Laboratory, Department of Inflammation Biology, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Xiaoke Yin
- School of Cardiovascular Medicine & Sciences and King's BHF Centre of Research Excellence, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jun Yuan
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhitao Liang
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | | | - Yunxia Li
- Pharmacy College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Cheng Peng
- Pharmacy College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Peter J Hylands
- School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Science and King's Centre for Integrative Chinese Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Zhongzhen Zhao
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Qihe Xu
- King's Centre for Integrative Chinese Medicine, Renal Sciences Laboratory, Department of Inflammation Biology, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.
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13
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Houghton OH, Mizielinska S, Gomez-Suaga P. The Interplay Between Autophagy and RNA Homeostasis: Implications for Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Frontotemporal Dementia. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:838402. [PMID: 35573690 PMCID: PMC9096704 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.838402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and frontotemporal dementia are neurodegenerative disorders that lie on a disease spectrum, sharing genetic causes and pathology, and both without effective therapeutics. Two pathways that have been shown to play major roles in disease pathogenesis are autophagy and RNA homeostasis. Intriguingly, there is an increasing body of evidence suggesting a critical interplay between these pathways. Autophagy is a multi-stage process for bulk and selective clearance of malfunctional cellular components, with many layers of regulation. Although the majority of autophagy research focuses on protein degradation, it can also mediate RNA catabolism. ALS/FTD-associated proteins are involved in many stages of autophagy and autophagy-mediated RNA degradation, particularly converging on the clearance of persistent pathological stress granules. In this review, we will summarise the progress in understanding the autophagy-RNA homeostasis interplay and how that knowledge contributes to our understanding of the pathobiology of ALS/FTD.
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Affiliation(s)
- O H Houghton
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, London, United Kingdom.,UK Dementia Research Institute at King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - S Mizielinska
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, London, United Kingdom.,UK Dementia Research Institute at King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - P Gomez-Suaga
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, London, United Kingdom.,Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Genética, Facultad de Enfermería y Terapia Ocupacional, Universidad de Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain.,Instituto Universitario de Investigación Biosanitaria de Extremadura (INUBE), Cáceres, Spain
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14
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Lu Y, Chang C. Phase Separation in Regulation of Autophagy. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:910640. [PMID: 35586341 PMCID: PMC9108453 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.910640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Lu
- Tongji University Cancer Center, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunmei Chang
- Institute of Metabolism and Integrative Biology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Chunmei Chang,
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15
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Ma X, Lu C, Chen Y, Li S, Ma N, Tao X, Li Y, Wang J, Zhou M, Yan YB, Li P, Heydari K, Deng H, Zhang M, Yi C, Ge L. CCT2 is an aggrephagy receptor for clearance of solid protein aggregates. Cell 2022; 185:1325-1345.e22. [PMID: 35366418 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2022.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Protein aggregation is a hallmark of multiple human pathologies. Autophagy selectively degrades protein aggregates via aggrephagy. How selectivity is achieved has been elusive. Here, we identify the chaperonin subunit CCT2 as an autophagy receptor regulating the clearance of aggregation-prone proteins in the cell and the mouse brain. CCT2 associates with aggregation-prone proteins independent of cargo ubiquitination and interacts with autophagosome marker ATG8s through a non-classical VLIR motif. In addition, CCT2 regulates aggrephagy independently of the ubiquitin-binding receptors (P62, NBR1, and TAX1BP1) or chaperone-mediated autophagy. Unlike P62, NBR1, and TAX1BP1, which facilitate the clearance of protein condensates with liquidity, CCT2 specifically promotes the autophagic degradation of protein aggregates with little liquidity (solid aggregates). Furthermore, aggregation-prone protein accumulation induces the functional switch of CCT2 from a chaperone subunit to an autophagy receptor by promoting CCT2 monomer formation, which exposes the VLIR to ATG8s interaction and, therefore, enables the autophagic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Beijing, China; Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing 100084, China; School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Caijing Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Beijing, China; Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing 100084, China; School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yuting Chen
- Department of Biochemistry, and Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shulin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Beijing, China; Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing 100084, China; School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Ningjia Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Beijing, China; Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing 100084, China; School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xuan Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Beijing, China; Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing 100084, China; School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Ying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Beijing, China; Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing 100084, China; School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Beijing, China; School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Min Zhou
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing 100084, China; School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology & Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yong-Bin Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Beijing, China; School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Pilong Li
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing 100084, China; School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology & Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Kartoosh Heydari
- Cancer Research Laboratory FACS Core Facility, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Haiteng Deng
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology & Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Beijing 100084, China; MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Beijing, China
| | - Min Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Cong Yi
- Department of Biochemistry, and Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Liang Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Beijing, China; Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing 100084, China; School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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16
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Kocot AM, Wróblewska B. Nutritional strategies for autophagy activation and health consequences of autophagy impairment. Nutrition 2022; 103-104:111686. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2022.111686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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17
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Nucleic acid actions on abnormal protein aggregation, phase transitions and phase separation. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2022; 73:102346. [PMID: 35247749 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2022.102346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) and phase transitions (PT) of proteins, which include the formation of gel- and solid-like species, have been characterized as physical processes related to the pathology of conformational diseases. Nucleic acid (NA)-binding proteins related to neurodegenerative disorders and cancer were shown by us and others to experience PT modulated by different NAs. Herein, we discuss recent work on phase separation and phase transitions of two amyloidogenic proteins, i.e. the prion protein (PrP) and p53, which undergo conformational changes and aggregate upon NA interaction. The role of different NAs in these processes is discussed to shed light on the relevance of PSs and PTs for both the functional and pathological roles of these mammalian proteins.
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18
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Shi Q, Jin X, Zhang P, Li Q, Lv Z, Ding Y, He H, Wang Y, He Y, Zhao X, Zhao SM, Li Y, Gao K, Wang C. SPOP mutations promote p62/SQSTM1-dependent autophagy and Nrf2 activation in prostate cancer. Cell Death Differ 2022; 29:1228-1239. [PMID: 34987184 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-021-00913-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
p62/SQSTM1 is a selective autophagy receptor that drives ubiquitinated cargos towards autophagic degradation. This receptor is also a stress-induced scaffold protein that helps cells to cope with oxidative stress through activation of the Nrf2 pathway. Functional disorders of p62 are closely associated with multiple neurodegenerative diseases and cancers. The gene encoding the E3 ubiquitin ligase substrate-binding adapter SPOP is frequently mutated in prostate cancer (PCa), but the molecular mechanisms underlying how SPOP mutations contribute to PCa tumorigenesis remain poorly understood. Here, we report that cytoplasmic SPOP binds and induces the non-degradative ubiquitination of p62 at residue K420 within the UBA domain. This protein modification decreases p62 puncta formation, liquid phase condensation, dimerization, and ubiquitin-binding capacity, thereby suppressing p62-dependent autophagy. Moreover, we show that SPOP relieves p62-mediated Keap1 sequestration, which ultimately decreases Nrf2-mediated transcriptional activation of antioxidant genes. We further show that PCa-associated SPOP mutants lose the capacity to ubiquitinate p62 and instead promote autophagy and the redox response in a dominant-negative manner. Thus, our findings indicate oncogenic roles of autophagy and Nrf2 activation in the tumorigenesis of SPOP-mutated PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, MOE Engineering Research Center of Gene Technology, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Industrial Microorganisms, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China.,Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Xiaofeng Jin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Pingzhao Zhang
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Qian Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Zeheng Lv
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Yan Ding
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Huiying He
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, MOE Engineering Research Center of Gene Technology, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Industrial Microorganisms, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Yijun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, MOE Engineering Research Center of Gene Technology, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Industrial Microorganisms, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Yuanlong He
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, MOE Engineering Research Center of Gene Technology, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Industrial Microorganisms, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Xiaying Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, MOE Engineering Research Center of Gene Technology, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Industrial Microorganisms, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Shi-Min Zhao
- Obstetrics & Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, State Key Lab of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Reproduction Regulation of NPFPC, and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, 200438, Shanghai, China
| | - Yao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, MOE Engineering Research Center of Gene Technology, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Industrial Microorganisms, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Kun Gao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China.
| | - Chenji Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, MOE Engineering Research Center of Gene Technology, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Industrial Microorganisms, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China.
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19
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How the Innate Immune DNA Sensing cGAS-STING Pathway Is Involved in Autophagy. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222413232. [PMID: 34948027 PMCID: PMC8704322 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The cGAS–STING pathway is a key component of the innate immune system and exerts crucial roles in the detection of cytosolic DNA and invading pathogens. Accumulating evidence suggests that the intrinsic cGAS–STING pathway not only facilitates the production of type I interferons (IFN-I) and inflammatory responses but also triggers autophagy. Autophagy is a homeostatic process that exerts multiple effects on innate immunity. However, systematic evidence linking the cGAS–STING pathway and autophagy is still lacking. Therefore, one goal of this review is to summarize the known mechanisms of autophagy induced by the cGAS–STING pathway and their consequences. The cGAS–STING pathway can trigger canonical autophagy through liquid-phase separation of the cGAS–DNA complex, interaction of cGAS and Beclin-1, and STING-triggered ER stress–mTOR signaling. Furthermore, both cGAS and STING can induce non-canonical autophagy via LC3-interacting regions and binding with LC3. Subsequently, autophagy induced by the cGAS–STING pathway plays crucial roles in balancing innate immune responses, maintaining intracellular environmental homeostasis, alleviating liver injury, and limiting tumor growth and transformation.
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20
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Liu W, Liu Z, Mo Z, Guo S, Liu Y, Xie Q. ATG8-Interacting Motif: Evolution and Function in Selective Autophagy of Targeting Biological Processes. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:783881. [PMID: 34912364 PMCID: PMC8666691 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.783881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved vacuolar process functioning in the degradation of cellular components for reuse. In plants, autophagy is generally activated upon stress and its regulation is executed by numbers of AuTophaGy-related genes (ATGs), of which the ATG8 plays a dual role in both biogenesis of autophagosomes and recruitment of ATG8-interacting motif (AIM) anchored selective autophagy receptors (SARs). Such motif is either termed as AIM or ubiquitin-interacting motif (UIM), corresponding to the LC3-interacting region (LIR)/AIM docking site (LDS) or the UIM docking site (UDS) of ATG8, respectively. To date, dozens of AIM or UIM containing SARs have been characterized. However, the knowledge of these motifs is still obscured. In this review, we intend to summarize the current understanding of SAR proteins and discuss the conservation and diversification of the AIMs/UIMs, expectantly providing new insights into the evolution of them in various biological processes in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanqing Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Breeding, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Rice Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Guangdong Key Laboratory of New Technology in Rice Breeding/Guangdong Rice Engineering Laboratory, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zinan Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Breeding, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zulong Mo
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Breeding, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shaoying Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Breeding, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yunfeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Qingjun Xie
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Breeding, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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21
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Aberrant Stress Granule Dynamics and Aggrephagy in ALS Pathogenesis. Cells 2021; 10:cells10092247. [PMID: 34571896 PMCID: PMC8468025 DOI: 10.3390/cells10092247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress granules are conserved cytosolic ribonucleoprotein (RNP) compartments that undergo dynamic assembly and disassembly by phase separation in response to stressful conditions. Gene mutations may lead to aberrant phase separation of stress granules eliciting irreversible protein aggregations. A selective autophagy pathway called aggrephagy may partially alleviate the cytotoxicity mediated by these protein aggregates. Cells must perceive when and where the stress granules are transformed into toxic protein aggregates to initiate autophagosomal engulfment for subsequent autolysosomal degradation, therefore, maintaining cellular homeostasis. Indeed, defective aggrephagy has been causally linked to various neurodegenerative diseases, including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). In this review, we discuss stress granules at the intersection of autophagy and ALS pathogenesis.
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22
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Chen W, Shen T, Wang L, Lu K. Oligomerization of Selective Autophagy Receptors for the Targeting and Degradation of Protein Aggregates. Cells 2021; 10:cells10081989. [PMID: 34440758 PMCID: PMC8394947 DOI: 10.3390/cells10081989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Revised: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The selective targeting and disposal of solid protein aggregates are essential for cells to maintain protein homoeostasis. Autophagy receptors including p62, NBR1, Cue5/TOLLIP (CUET), and Tax1-binding protein 1 (TAX1BP1) proteins function in selective autophagy by targeting ubiquitinated aggregates through ubiquitin-binding domains. Here, we summarize previous beliefs and recent findings on selective receptors in aggregate autophagy. Since there are many reviews on selective autophagy receptors, we focus on their oligomerization, which enables receptors to function as pathway determinants and promotes phase separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; (W.C.); (T.S.); (L.W.)
- Department of Neurology, Shanxi Provincial People’s Hospital, Taiyuan 030012, China
| | - Tianyun Shen
- Department of Neurosurgery, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; (W.C.); (T.S.); (L.W.)
| | - Lijun Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; (W.C.); (T.S.); (L.W.)
| | - Kefeng Lu
- Department of Neurosurgery, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; (W.C.); (T.S.); (L.W.)
- Correspondence:
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23
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Willbold D, Strodel B, Schröder GF, Hoyer W, Heise H. Amyloid-type Protein Aggregation and Prion-like Properties of Amyloids. Chem Rev 2021; 121:8285-8307. [PMID: 34137605 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This review will focus on the process of amyloid-type protein aggregation. Amyloid fibrils are an important hallmark of protein misfolding diseases and therefore have been investigated for decades. Only recently, however, atomic or near-atomic resolution structures have been elucidated from various in vitro and ex vivo obtained fibrils. In parallel, the process of fibril formation has been studied in vitro under highly artificial but comparatively reproducible conditions. The review starts with a summary of what is known and speculated from artificial in vitro amyloid-type protein aggregation experiments. A partially hypothetic fibril selection model will be described that may be suitable to explain why amyloid fibrils look the way they do, in particular, why at least all so far reported high resolution cryo-electron microscopy obtained fibril structures are in register, parallel, cross-β-sheet fibrils that mostly consist of two protofilaments twisted around each other. An intrinsic feature of the model is the prion-like nature of all amyloid assemblies. Transferring the model from the in vitro point of view to the in vivo situation is not straightforward, highly hypothetic, and leaves many open questions that need to be addressed in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dieter Willbold
- Institute of Biological Information Processing, Structural Biochemistry, IBI-7, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany.,Institut für Physikalische Biologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.,Research Center for Molecular Mechanisms of Aging and Age-Related Diseases, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (State University), 141700 Dolgoprudny, Russia
| | - Birgit Strodel
- Institute of Biological Information Processing, Structural Biochemistry, IBI-7, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany.,Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Gunnar F Schröder
- Institute of Biological Information Processing, Structural Biochemistry, IBI-7, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany.,Physics Department, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Hoyer
- Institut für Physikalische Biologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Henrike Heise
- Institute of Biological Information Processing, Structural Biochemistry, IBI-7, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany.,Institut für Physikalische Biologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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24
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Qian H, Chao X, Williams J, Fulte S, Li T, Yang L, Ding WX. Autophagy in liver diseases: A review. Mol Aspects Med 2021; 82:100973. [PMID: 34120768 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2021.100973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The liver is a highly dynamic metabolic organ that plays critical roles in plasma protein synthesis, gluconeogenesis and glycogen storage, cholesterol metabolism and bile acid synthesis as well as drug/xenobiotic metabolism and detoxification. Research from the past decades indicate that autophagy, the cellular catabolic process mediated by lysosomes, plays an important role in maintaining cellular and metabolic homeostasis in the liver. Hepatic autophagy fluctuates with hormonal cues and the availability of nutrients that respond to fed and fasting states as well as circadian activities. Dysfunction of autophagy in liver parenchymal and non-parenchymal cells can lead to various liver diseases including non-alcoholic fatty liver diseases, alcohol associated liver disease, drug-induced liver injury, cholestasis, viral hepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Therefore, targeting autophagy may be a potential strategy for treating these various liver diseases. In this review, we will discuss the current progress on the understanding of autophagy in liver physiology. We will also discuss several forms of selective autophagy in the liver and the molecular signaling pathways in regulating autophagy of different cell types and their implications in various liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Qian
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - Xiaojuan Chao
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - Jessica Williams
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - Sam Fulte
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - Tiangang Li
- Harold Hamm Diabetes Center, Department of Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Ling Yang
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, Pappajohn Biomedical Institute, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Wen-Xing Ding
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA.
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25
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Takahashi D, Arimoto H. Selective autophagy as the basis of autophagy-based degraders. Cell Chem Biol 2021; 28:1061-1071. [PMID: 34087173 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2021.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Degrader technologies, which enable the chemical knockdown of disease-causing proteins, are promising for drug discovery. After two decades of research, degraders using the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) are currently in clinical trials. However, the UPS substrates are mainly limited to soluble proteins. Autophagy-targeting chimeras and autophagosome-tethering compounds are degraders that use autophagy, which has functions complementary to the UPS. They can degrade organelles and aggregate-prone proteins, making them promising treatments against age-related conditions such as mitochondrial dysfunction and neurodegenerative diseases. The molecular mechanism of selective autophagy is an ongoing research topic, which explains why autophagy-based degraders were not available until recently. In this review, we introduce four classifications of selective autophagy mechanisms to facilitate the understanding of the degrader design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiki Takahashi
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Arimoto
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan.
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26
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Lei L, Wu Z, Winklhofer KF. Protein quality control by the proteasome and autophagy: A regulatory role of ubiquitin and liquid-liquid phase separation. Matrix Biol 2021; 100-101:9-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2020.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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27
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Autophagy in Plant Abiotic Stress Management. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22084075. [PMID: 33920817 PMCID: PMC8071135 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22084075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants can be considered an open system. Throughout their life cycle, plants need to exchange material, energy and information with the outside world. To improve their survival and complete their life cycle, plants have developed sophisticated mechanisms to maintain cellular homeostasis during development and in response to environmental changes. Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved self-degradative process that occurs ubiquitously in all eukaryotic cells and plays many physiological roles in maintaining cellular homeostasis. In recent years, an increasing number of studies have shown that autophagy can be induced not only by starvation but also as a cellular response to various abiotic stresses, including oxidative, salt, drought, cold and heat stresses. This review focuses mainly on the role of autophagy in plant abiotic stress management.
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Melia TJ, Lystad AH, Simonsen A. Autophagosome biogenesis: From membrane growth to closure. J Cell Biol 2021; 219:151729. [PMID: 32357219 PMCID: PMC7265318 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202002085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagosome biogenesis involves de novo formation of a membrane that elongates to sequester cytoplasmic cargo and closes to form a double-membrane vesicle (an autophagosome). This process has remained enigmatic since its initial discovery >50 yr ago, but our understanding of the mechanisms involved in autophagosome biogenesis has increased substantially during the last 20 yr. Several key questions do remain open, however, including, What determines the site of autophagosome nucleation? What is the origin and lipid composition of the autophagosome membrane? How is cargo sequestration regulated under nonselective and selective types of autophagy? This review provides key insight into the core molecular mechanisms underlying autophagosome biogenesis, with a specific emphasis on membrane modeling events, and highlights recent conceptual advances in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Melia
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Alf H Lystad
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences and Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anne Simonsen
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences and Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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29
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Fujioka Y, Noda NN. Biomolecular condensates in autophagy regulation. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2021; 69:23-29. [PMID: 33445149 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2020.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is an intracellular degradation system that contributes to cellular homeostasis. Autophagosome formation is a landmark event in autophagy, which sequesters and delivers cytoplasmic components to the lysosome for degradation. Based on selectivity, autophagy can be classified into bulk and selective autophagy, which are mechanistically distinct from each other, especially in the requirement of cargos for autophagosome formation. Recent studies revealed that liquid-like biomolecular condensates, which are formed through liquid-liquid phase separation, regulate the autophagosome formation of both bulk and selective autophagy. Here, we focus on recent findings on the involvement of biomolecular condensates in autophagy regulation and discuss their significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Fujioka
- Institute of Microbial Chemistry, 3-14-23 Kamiosaki, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 141-0021, Japan
| | - Nobuo N Noda
- Institute of Microbial Chemistry, 3-14-23 Kamiosaki, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 141-0021, Japan.
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30
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Brambilla L, Lahiri T, Cammer M, Levy DE. STAT3 Inhibitor OPB-51602 Is Cytotoxic to Tumor Cells Through Inhibition of Complex I and ROS Induction. iScience 2020; 23:101822. [PMID: 33305182 PMCID: PMC7708861 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
STAT3 is a transcription factor involved in several cellular activities including inflammation, proliferation, and survival, but it also plays a non-transcriptional role in modulating mitochondrial metabolism. Given its diverse functions in human cancers, it is an emerging therapeutic target. Here we show that OPB-51602, a small molecule inhibitor of STAT3, is highly toxic in a STAT3-dependent manner. Specifically, drug toxicity depends on mitochondrial STAT3 as tumor cells expressing only a mitochondrially restricted form of STAT3 are sensitive to the compound, whereas STAT3-null cells are protected. OPB-51602 inhibited complex I activity and led to increased ROS production, which in turn induced mitophagy, actin rearrangements, and cell death. Cells undergoing reduced oxidative phosphorylation or expressing NDI1 NADH dehydrogenase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which bypasses mammalian complex I, were resistant to OPB-51602 toxicity. These results show that targeting mitochondrial STAT3 function causes synthetic lethality through complex I inhibition that could be exploited for cancer chemotherapy. OPB-51602 is cytotoxic to human tumor cell lines in a STAT3-dependent manner Cytotoxicity depends on ROS induction and leads to mitophagy and actin remodeling OPB-51602 affects oxidative phosphorylation by inhibiting complex I via STAT3 Expression of a STAT3-independent form of complex I is cytoprotective
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Brambilla
- Department of Pathology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, 550 1st Avenue MSB548A, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Tanaya Lahiri
- Department of Pathology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, 550 1st Avenue MSB548A, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Michael Cammer
- Microscopy Core, Division of Advanced Research Technologies, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, 55- 1st Avenue SK2, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - David E Levy
- Department of Pathology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, 550 1st Avenue MSB548A, New York, NY 10016, USA
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Xu W, Ocak U, Gao L, Tu S, Lenahan CJ, Zhang J, Shao A. Selective autophagy as a therapeutic target for neurological diseases. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 78:1369-1392. [PMID: 33067655 PMCID: PMC7904548 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03667-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The neurological diseases primarily include acute injuries, chronic neurodegeneration, and others (e.g., infectious diseases of the central nervous system). Autophagy is a housekeeping process responsible for the bulk degradation of misfolded protein aggregates and damaged organelles through the lysosomal machinery. Recent studies have suggested that autophagy, particularly selective autophagy, such as mitophagy, pexophagy, ER-phagy, ribophagy, lipophagy, etc., is closely implicated in neurological diseases. These forms of selective autophagy are controlled by a group of important proteins, including PTEN-induced kinase 1 (PINK1), Parkin, p62, optineurin (OPTN), neighbor of BRCA1 gene 1 (NBR1), and nuclear fragile X mental retardation-interacting protein 1 (NUFIP1). This review highlights the characteristics and underlying mechanisms of different types of selective autophagy, and their implications in various forms of neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weilin Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Umut Ocak
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Bursa Yuksek Ihtisas Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, 16310, Bursa, Turkey.,Department of Emergency Medicine, Bursa City Hospital, 16110, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Liansheng Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Sheng Tu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, China
| | | | - Jianmin Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China. .,Brain Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China. .,Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Anwen Shao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
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Sheng J, Olrichs NK, Gadella BM, Kaloyanova DV, Helms JB. Regulation of Functional Protein Aggregation by Multiple Factors: Implications for the Amyloidogenic Behavior of the CAP Superfamily Proteins. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E6530. [PMID: 32906672 PMCID: PMC7554809 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The idea that amyloid fibrils and other types of protein aggregates are toxic for cells has been challenged by the discovery of a variety of functional aggregates. However, an identification of crucial differences between pathological and functional aggregation remains to be explored. Functional protein aggregation is often reversible by nature in order to respond properly to changing physiological conditions of the cell. In addition, increasing evidence indicates that fast fibril growth is a feature of functional amyloids, providing protection against the long-term existence of potentially toxic oligomeric intermediates. It is becoming clear that functional protein aggregation is a complexly organized process that can be mediated by a multitude of biomolecular factors. In this overview, we discuss the roles of diverse biomolecules, such as lipids/membranes, glycosaminoglycans, nucleic acids and metal ions, in regulating functional protein aggregation. Our studies on the protein GAPR-1 revealed that several of these factors influence the amyloidogenic properties of this protein. These observations suggest that GAPR-1, as well as the cysteine-rich secretory proteins, antigen 5 and pathogenesis-related proteins group 1 (CAP) superfamily of proteins that it belongs to, require the assembly into an amyloid state to exert several of their functions. A better understanding of functional aggregate formation may also help in the prevention and treatment of amyloid-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - J. Bernd Helms
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands; (J.S.); (N.K.O.); (B.M.G.); (D.V.K.)
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Islam M, Diwan A, Mani K. Come Together: Protein Assemblies, Aggregates and the Sarcostat at the Heart of Cardiac Myocyte Homeostasis. Front Physiol 2020; 11:586. [PMID: 32581848 PMCID: PMC7287178 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Homeostasis in vertebrate systems is contingent on normal cardiac function. This, in turn, depends on intricate protein-based cellular machinery, both for contractile function, as well as, durability of cardiac myocytes. The cardiac small heat shock protein (csHsp) chaperone system, highlighted by αB-crystallin (CRYAB), a small heat shock protein (sHsp) that forms ∼3–5% of total cardiac mass, plays critical roles in maintaining proteostatic function via formation of self-assembled multimeric chaperones. In this work, we review these ancient proteins, from the evolutionarily preserved role of homologs in protists, fungi and invertebrate systems, as well as, the role of sHsps and chaperones in maintaining cardiac myocyte structure and function. We propose the concept of the “sarcostat” as a protein quality control mechanism in the sarcomere. The roles of the proteasomal and lysosomal proteostatic network, as well as, the roles of the aggresome, self-assembling protein complexes and protein aggregation are discussed in the context of cardiac myocyte homeostasis. Finally, we will review the potential for targeting the csHsp system as a novel therapeutic approach to prevent and treat cardiomyopathy and heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moydul Islam
- Division of Cardiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States.,Center for Cardiovascular Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States.,Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Abhinav Diwan
- Division of Cardiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States.,Center for Cardiovascular Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States.,John Cochran Veterans Affairs Medical Center, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Kartik Mani
- Division of Cardiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States.,Center for Cardiovascular Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States.,John Cochran Veterans Affairs Medical Center, St. Louis, MO, United States
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Ning W, Guo Y, Lin S, Mei B, Wu Y, Jiang P, Tan X, Zhang W, Chen G, Peng D, Chu L, Xue Y. DrLLPS: a data resource of liquid-liquid phase separation in eukaryotes. Nucleic Acids Res 2020; 48:D288-D295. [PMID: 31691822 PMCID: PMC7145660 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkz1027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Here, we presented an integrative database named DrLLPS (http://llps.biocuckoo.cn/) for proteins involved in liquid–liquid phase separation (LLPS), which is a ubiquitous and crucial mechanism for spatiotemporal organization of various biochemical reactions, by creating membraneless organelles (MLOs) in eukaryotic cells. From the literature, we manually collected 150 scaffold proteins that are drivers of LLPS, 987 regulators that contribute in modulating LLPS, and 8148 potential client proteins that might be dispensable for the formation of MLOs, which were then categorized into 40 biomolecular condensates. We searched potential orthologs of these known proteins, and in total DrLLPS contained 437 887 known and potential LLPS-associated proteins in 164 eukaryotes. Furthermore, we carefully annotated LLPS-associated proteins in eight model organisms, by using the knowledge integrated from 110 widely used resources that covered 16 aspects, including protein disordered regions, domain annotations, post-translational modifications (PTMs), genetic variations, cancer mutations, molecular interactions, disease-associated information, drug-target relations, physicochemical property, protein functional annotations, protein expressions/proteomics, protein 3D structures, subcellular localizations, mRNA expressions, DNA & RNA elements, and DNA methylations. We anticipate DrLLPS can serve as a helpful resource for further analysis of LLPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanshan Ning
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, Hubei Bioinformatics and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Yaping Guo
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, Hubei Bioinformatics and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Shaofeng Lin
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, Hubei Bioinformatics and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Bin Mei
- Hepatic Surgery Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Yu Wu
- Hepatic Surgery Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Peiran Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, Hubei Bioinformatics and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Xiaodan Tan
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, Hubei Bioinformatics and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Weizhi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, Hubei Bioinformatics and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Guowei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, Hubei Bioinformatics and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Di Peng
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, Hubei Bioinformatics and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Liang Chu
- Hepatic Surgery Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Yu Xue
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, Hubei Bioinformatics and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
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