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Sass JO, Sellin ML, Kauertz E, Johannsen J, Weinmann M, Stenzel M, Frank M, Vogel D, Bader R, Jonitz-Heincke A. Advanced Ti-Nb-Ta Alloys for Bone Implants with Improved Functionality. J Funct Biomater 2024; 15:46. [PMID: 38391899 PMCID: PMC10889793 DOI: 10.3390/jfb15020046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The additive manufacturing of titanium-niobium-tantalum alloys with nominal chemical compositions Ti-xNb-6Ta (x = 20, 27, 35) by means of laser beam powder bed fusion is reported, and their potential as implant materials is elaborated by mechanical and biological characterization. The properties of dense specimens manufactured in different build orientations and of open porous Ti-20Nb-6Ta specimens are evaluated. Compression tests indicate that strength and elasticity are influenced by the chemical composition and build orientation. The minimum elasticity is always observed in the 90° orientation. It is lowest for Ti-20Nb-6Ta (43.2 ± 2.7 GPa) and can be further reduced to 8.1 ± 1.0 GPa for open porous specimens (p < 0.001). Furthermore, human osteoblasts are cultivated for 7 and 14 days on as-printed specimens and their biological response is compared to that of Ti-6Al-4V. Build orientation and cultivation time significantly affect the gene expression profile of osteogenic differentiation markers. Incomplete cell spreading is observed in specimens manufactured in 0° build orientation, whereas widely stretched cells are observed in 90° build orientation, i.e., parallel to the build direction. Compared to Ti-6Al-4V, Ti-Nb-Ta specimens promote improved osteogenesis and reduce the induction of inflammation. Accordingly, Ti-xNb-6Ta alloys have favorable mechanical and biological properties with great potential for application in orthopedic implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan-Oliver Sass
- Research Laboratory for Biomechanics and Implant Technology, Department of Orthopaedics, Rostock University Medical Center, Doberaner Straße 142, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Marie-Luise Sellin
- Research Laboratory for Biomechanics and Implant Technology, Department of Orthopaedics, Rostock University Medical Center, Doberaner Straße 142, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Elisa Kauertz
- Research Laboratory for Biomechanics and Implant Technology, Department of Orthopaedics, Rostock University Medical Center, Doberaner Straße 142, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Jan Johannsen
- Fraunhofer Research Institution for Additive Manufacturing Technologies IAPT, Am Schleusengraben 14, 21029 Hamburg, Germany
| | | | | | - Marcus Frank
- Medical Biology and Electron Microscopy Center, Rostock University Medical Center, Strempelstraße 14, 18057 Rostock, Germany
- Department Life, Light and Matter, University of Rostock, 18051 Rostock, Germany
| | - Danny Vogel
- Research Laboratory for Biomechanics and Implant Technology, Department of Orthopaedics, Rostock University Medical Center, Doberaner Straße 142, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Rainer Bader
- Research Laboratory for Biomechanics and Implant Technology, Department of Orthopaedics, Rostock University Medical Center, Doberaner Straße 142, 18057 Rostock, Germany
- Department Life, Light and Matter, University of Rostock, 18051 Rostock, Germany
| | - Anika Jonitz-Heincke
- Research Laboratory for Biomechanics and Implant Technology, Department of Orthopaedics, Rostock University Medical Center, Doberaner Straße 142, 18057 Rostock, Germany
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Torres-Sanchez C, Alabort E, Herring O, Bell H, Tam CY, Yang S, Conway PP. Multidimensional analysis for the correlation of physico-chemical attributes to osteoblastogenesis in TiNbZrSnTa alloys. BIOMATERIALS ADVANCES 2023; 153:213572. [PMID: 37566936 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioadv.2023.213572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Data-enabled approaches that complement experimental testing offer new capabilities to investigate the interplay between chemical, physical and mechanical attributes of alloys and elucidate their effect on biological behaviours. Reported here, instead of physical causation, statistical correlations were used to study the factors responsible for the adhesion, proliferation and maturation of pre-osteoblasts MC3T3-E1 cultured on Titanium alloys. Eight alloys with varying wt% of Niobium, Zirconium, Tin and Tantalum (Ti- (2-22 wt%)Nb- (5-20 wt%)Zr- (0-18 wt%)Sn- (0-14 wt%)Ta) were designed to achieve exemplars of allotropes (incl., metastable-β, β + α', α″). Following confirmation of their compositions (ICP, EDX) and their crystal structure (XRD, SEM), their compressive bulk properties were measured and their surface features characterised (XPS, SFE). Because these alloys are intended for the manufacture of implantable orthopaedic devices, the correlation focuses on the effect of surface properties on cellular behaviour. Physico-chemical attributes were paired to biological performance, and these highlight the positive interdependencies between oxide composition and proliferation (esp. Ti4+), and maturation (esp. Zr4+). The correlation reveals the negative effect of oxide thickness, esp. TiOx and TaOx on osteoblastogenesis. This study also shows that the characterisation of the chemical state and elemental electronic structure of the alloys' surface is more predictive than physical properties, namely SFE and roughness.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Torres-Sanchez
- Multifunctional Materials Manufacturing Lab, Wolfson School of Mechanical, Electrical and Manufacturing Engineering, Loughborough University, LE11 3TU Loughborough, Leics, UK.
| | - E Alabort
- Alloyed Ltd., Unit 15, Oxford Industrial Park, Yarnton OX5 1QU, UK
| | - O Herring
- Multifunctional Materials Manufacturing Lab, Wolfson School of Mechanical, Electrical and Manufacturing Engineering, Loughborough University, LE11 3TU Loughborough, Leics, UK
| | - H Bell
- Multifunctional Materials Manufacturing Lab, Wolfson School of Mechanical, Electrical and Manufacturing Engineering, Loughborough University, LE11 3TU Loughborough, Leics, UK
| | - C Y Tam
- Multifunctional Materials Manufacturing Lab, Wolfson School of Mechanical, Electrical and Manufacturing Engineering, Loughborough University, LE11 3TU Loughborough, Leics, UK
| | - S Yang
- Multifunctional Materials Manufacturing Lab, Wolfson School of Mechanical, Electrical and Manufacturing Engineering, Loughborough University, LE11 3TU Loughborough, Leics, UK
| | - P P Conway
- Multifunctional Materials Manufacturing Lab, Wolfson School of Mechanical, Electrical and Manufacturing Engineering, Loughborough University, LE11 3TU Loughborough, Leics, UK
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The Use of Electrochemical Methods to Determine the Effect of Nitrides of Alloying Elements on the Electrochemical Properties of Titanium β-Alloys. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021656. [PMID: 36675171 PMCID: PMC9864084 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Titanium beta alloys represent the new generation of materials for the manufacturing of joint implants. Their Young's modulus is lower and thus closer to the bone tissue compared to commonly used alloys. The surface tribological properties of these materials should be improved by ion implantation. The influence of this surface treatment on corrosion behaviour is unknown. The surface of Ti-36Nb-6Ta, Ti-36Nb-4Zr, and Ti-39Nb titanium β-alloys was modified using nitrogen ion implantation. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy was used for surface analysis, which showed the presence of titanium, niobium, and tantalum nitrides in the treated samples and the elimination of less stable oxides. Electrochemical methods, electrochemical impedance spectra, polarisation resistance, and Mott-Schottky plot were measured in a physiological saline solution. The results of the measurements showed that ion implantation does not have a significant negative effect on the corrosion behaviour of the material. The best results of the alloys investigated were achieved by the Ti-36Nb-6Ta alloy. The combination of niobium and tantalum nitrides had a positive effect on the corrosion resistance of this alloy. After surface treatment, the polarization resistance of this alloy increased, 2.3 × 106 Ω·cm2, demonstrating higher corrosion resistance of the alloy. These results were also supported by the results of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy.
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Zapata JM, Leal E, Hunter R, de Souza RF, Borie E. Biomechanical Behavior of Narrow Dental Implants Made with Aluminum- and Vanadium-Free Alloys: A Finite Element Analysis. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:8903. [PMID: 36556709 PMCID: PMC9786661 DOI: 10.3390/ma15248903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Titanium (Ti) alloys used for narrow dental implants usually contain aluminum (Al) and vanadium (V) for improved resistance. However, those elements are linked to possible cytotoxic effects. Thus, this study evaluated the biomechanical behavior of narrow dental implants made with Al- and V-free Ti alloys by the finite element method. A virtual model of a partially edentulous maxilla received single implants (diameter: 2.7 and 2.9 mm; length: 10 mm) at the upper lateral incisor area, with respective abutments and porcelain-fused-to-metal crowns. Simulations were performed for each implant diameter and the following eight alloys (and elastic moduli): (1) Ti-6Al-4V (control; 110 GPa), (2) Ti-35Nb-5Sn-6Mo-3Zr (85 GPa), (3) Ti-13Nb-13Zr (77 GPa), (4) Ti-15Zr (113 GPa), (5) Ti-8Fe-5Ta (120 GPa), (6) Ti-26.88Fe-4Ta (175 GPa), (7) TNTZ-2Fe-0.4O (107 GPa), and (8) TNTZ-2Fe-0.7O (109 GPa). The implants received a labially directed total static load of 100 N at a 45° angle relative to their long axis. Parameters for analysis included the maximum and minimum principal stresses for bone, and von Mises equivalent stress for implants and abutments. Ti-26.88Fe-4Ta reaches the lowest maximum (57 MPa) and minimum (125 MPa) principal stress values, whereas Ti-35Nb-5Sn-6Mo-3Zr (183 MPa) and Ti-13Nb-13Zr (191 MPa) models result in the highest principal stresses (the 2.7 mm model surpasses the threshold for bone overload). Implant diameters affect von Mises stresses more than the constituent alloys. It can be concluded that the narrow implants made of the Ti-26.88Fe-4Ta alloy have the most favorable biomechanical behavior, mostly by mitigating stress on peri-implant bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Manuel Zapata
- Master in Dental Sciences Program, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco PC 4811230, Chile
| | - Eduardo Leal
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco PC 4811230, Chile
| | - Renato Hunter
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco PC 4811230, Chile
| | - Raphael Freitas de Souza
- Faculty of Dental Medicine and Oral Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0G4, Canada
| | - Eduardo Borie
- CICO Research Centre, Integral Dentistry Department, Dental School, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco PC 4811230, Chile
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Kong W, Cox SC, Lu Y, Villapun V, Xiao X, Ma W, Liu M, Attallah MM. Microstructural Evolution, Mechanical Properties, and Preosteoblast Cell Response of a Post-Processing-Treated TNT5Zr β Ti Alloy Manufactured via Selective Laser Melting. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2022; 8:2336-2348. [PMID: 35537190 PMCID: PMC9198984 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.1c01277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
![]()
A Ti–34Nb–13Ta–5Zr
(TNT5Zr) β Ti alloy
with a high strength-to-modulus ratio has been developed, showing
its potential to become another candidate material in load-bearing
implant applications. This work mainly investigates the microstructural
evolution, mechanical properties, and biocompatibility of a post-processing-treated
TNT5Zr alloy manufactured via selective laser melting (SLM). Transmission
electron microscopy observation shows the existence of the single
beta grain matrix and alpha precipitates along the grain boundary
in the SLM + HIP manufactured TNT5Zr alloy (TNT5Zr-AF + HIP), and
ellipsoidal nano-sized intragranular α″ precipitates
(approx. 5–10 nm) were introduced after the subsequent low-temperature
aging treatment. The precipitation strengthening enables the SLM +
HIP + aging manufactured TNT5Zr (TNT5Zr-AF + HIPA) alloy to show a
comparable ultimate tensile strength (853 ± 9 MPa) to that of
the reference material (Ti64-AF + HIP, 926 ± 23 MPa). Including
the inferior notch-like surface of the test pieces, the slip-band
cracking that occurs in this ductile TNT5Zr-AF + HIPA alloy is regarded
as the main factor in determining its fatigue strength (170 MPa). In vitro short-term biocompatibility evaluation reveals
almost no significant difference in the preosteoblast viability, differentiation,
and mineralization between TNT5Zr-AF + HIPA and the reference biomaterial
(Ti64-AF + HIP).
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihuan Kong
- School of Materials and Metallurgy, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K
| | - Sophie C Cox
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K
| | - Yu Lu
- School of Materials and Metallurgy, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K
| | - Victor Villapun
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K
| | - Xiaoling Xiao
- Guangdong Institute of Analysis, Guangzhou 510651, PR China
| | - Wenyou Ma
- Guangdong Institute of New Materials, Guangzhou 510651, PR China
| | - Min Liu
- Guangdong Institute of New Materials, Guangzhou 510651, PR China
| | - Moataz M Attallah
- School of Materials and Metallurgy, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K
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Luo X, Yang C, Li R, Wang H, Lu H, Song T, Ma H, Li D, Gebert A, Li Y. Effect of silicon content on the microstructure evolution, mechanical properties, and biocompatibility of β-type TiNbZrTa alloys fabricated by laser powder bed fusion. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2021; 133:112625. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2021.112625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Zareidoost A, Yousefpour M. Coinciding significance of the crystallographic orientation and nanostructuring on the biocompatibility of TZNT-Ag 1 .5 alloy deformed by the cold rolling process. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2021; 110:625-637. [PMID: 34585524 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.34941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the simultaneous significance of the crystallographic texture and nanostructuring on the cytocompatibility of as-cast (Ti55 Zr25 Nb10 Ta10 )98.5 -Ag1.5 alloy (at. %, TZNT-Ag1.5 ), subjected to cold rolling up to 90% reduction, along with the changes of Young's modulus and hardness under cold rolling were investigated. For this purpose, the as-cast and cold-rolled TZNT-Ag1.5 alloy test specimens were analyzed by XRD, TEM, HRTEM, SEM, contact angle, nanoindentation, and OM techniques. Moreover, to evaluate the effect of severe cold deformation on the biocompatibility, MG-63 osteoblastic cell was cultured on the surface of 90% cold-rolled and as-cast test specimens of TZNT-Ag1.5 alloy. The results showed that severe cold deformation was led to fast grain refinement of β grains of the as-cast TZNT-Ag1.5 alloy in the range of 50-100 nm. In addition to the nanostructuring, upon severe cold deformation, the <gamma>-fiber (<111>// normal direction) texture was formed and after 90% reduction, the (111)<1 1 ¯ 0 > γ-fiber component was strengthened. The micro-hardness and reduced Young's modulus are 235 ± 5.29, 246 ± 1.73, 271 ± 4.0, and 283 ± 6.25 (HV); and 73.725 ± 1.70, 83.98 ± 5.10, 81.26 ± 6.55, and 88.66 ± 7.16 (GPa) for TZNT-Ag1.5 (as-cast), TZNT-Ag1.5 (20%CR), TZNT-Ag1.5 (50%CR), and TZNT-Ag1.5 (90%CR) test specimens, respectively. Further, with increasing the cold deformation degree, the dislocation density of TZNT-Ag1.5 alloy increased as this parameter is 2.79 × 1015 (m-2 ) for the 90%CR test specimen. On the other hand, the values of the contact angle for the 90%CR test specimen (46.2 ± 3.5°) exhibit a higher hydrophilic and wettable surface as compared to the other studied test specimens. After 5 days of incubation, osteoblastic cells on the surface of the 90% cold-rolled TZNT-Ag1.5 test specimens revealed significant differences in cell proliferation and differentiation as compared to the as-cast alloy test specimens and/or CP-Ti. Finally, because the maximum orientation intensities were generally <3, it was deduced that grain refinement rather than the crystallographic texture plays a significant role in improving the surface biocompatibility of the new TZNT-Ag1.5 alloy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Zareidoost
- Faculty of Materials & Metallurgical Engineering, Semnan University, Semnan, Iran
| | - Mardali Yousefpour
- Faculty of Materials & Metallurgical Engineering, Semnan University, Semnan, Iran
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Tailoring a Low Young Modulus for a Beta Titanium Alloy by Combining Severe Plastic Deformation with Solution Treatment. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14133467. [PMID: 34206466 PMCID: PMC8269459 DOI: 10.3390/ma14133467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The present paper analyzed the microstructural characteristics and the mechanical properties of a Ti-Nb-Zr-Fe-O alloy of β-Ti type obtained by combining severe plastic deformation (SPD), for which the total reduction was of εtot = 90%, with two variants of super-transus solution treatment (ST). The objective was to obtain a low Young's modulus with sufficient high strength in purpose to use the alloy as a biomaterial for orthopedic implants. The microstructure analysis was conducted through X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) investigations. The analyzed mechanical properties reveal promising values for yield strength (YS) and ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of about 770 and 1100 MPa, respectively, with a low value of Young's modulus of about 48-49 GPa. The conclusion is that satisfactory mechanical properties for this type of alloy can be obtained if considering a proper combination of SPD + ST parameters and a suitable content of β-stabilizing alloying elements, especially the Zr/Nb ratio.
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Characterization of Titanium Surface Modification Strategies for Osseointegration Enhancement. METALS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/met11040618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
As biocompatible metallic materials, titanium and its alloys have been widely used in the orthopedic field due to their superior strength, low density, and ease of processing. However, further improvement in biological response is still required for rapid osseointegration. Here, various Ti surface-treatment technologies were applied: hydroxyapatite blasting, sand blasting and acid etching, anodic oxidation, and micro-arc oxidation. The surface characteristics of specimens subjected to these techniques were analyzed in terms of structure, elemental composition, and wettability. The adhesion strength of the coating layer was also assessed for the coated specimens. Biocompatibility was compared via tests of in vitro attachment and proliferation of pre-osteoblast cells.
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Biocompatibility and Cellular Behavior of TiNbTa Alloy with Adapted Rigidity for the Replacement of Bone Tissue. METALS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/met11010130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In this work, the mechanical and bio-functional behavior of a TiNbTa alloy is evaluated as a potential prosthetic biomaterial used for cortical bone replacement. The results are compared with the reference Ti c.p. used as biomaterials for bone-replacement implants. The estimated mechanical behavior for TiNbTa foams was also compared with the experimental Ti c.p. foams fabricated by the authors in previous studies. A TiNbTa alloy with a 20–30% porosity could be a candidate for the replacement of cortical bone, while levels of 80% would allow the manufacture of implants for the replacement of trabecular bone tissue. Regarding biocompatibility, in vitro TiNbTa, cellular responses (osteoblast adhesion and proliferation) were compared with cell growth in Ti c.p. samples. Cell adhesion (presence of filopodia) and propagation were promoted. The TiNbTa samples had a bioactive response similar to that of Ti c.p. However, TiNbTa samples show a better balance of bio-functional behavior (promoting osseointegration) and biomechanical behavior (solving the stress-shielding phenomenon and guaranteeing mechanical resistance).
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Singh S, Prakash C, Pramanik A, Basak A, Shabadi R, Królczyk G, Bogdan-Chudy M, Babbar A. Magneto-Rheological Fluid Assisted Abrasive Nanofinishing of β-Phase Ti-Nb-Ta-Zr Alloy: Parametric Appraisal and Corrosion Analysis. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13225156. [PMID: 33207671 PMCID: PMC7698243 DOI: 10.3390/ma13225156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The present work explores the potential of magneto-rheological fluid assisted abrasive finishing (MRF-AF) for obtaining precise surface topography of an in-house developed β-phase Ti-Nb-Ta-Zr (TNTZ) alloy for orthopedic applications. Investigations have been made to study the influence of the concentration of carbonyl iron particles (CIP), rotational speed (Nt), and working gap (Gp) in response to material removal (MR) and surface roughness (Ra) of the finished sample using a design of experimental technique. Further, the corrosion performance of the finished samples has also been analyzed through simulated body fluid (SBF) testing. It has been found that the selected input process parameters significantly influenced the observed MR and Ra values at 95% confidence level. Apart from this, it has been found that Gp and Nt exhibited the maximum contribution in the optimized values of the MR and Ra, respectively. Further, the corrosion analysis of the finished samples specified that the resistance against corrosion is a direct function of the surface finish. The morphological analysis of the corroded morphologies indicated that the rough sites of the implant surface have provided the nuclei for corrosion mechanics that ultimately resulted in the shredding of the appetite layer. Overall results highlighted that the MRF-AF is a potential technique for obtaining nano-scale finishing of the high-strength β-phase Ti-Nb-Ta-Zr alloy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunpreet Singh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119077, Singapore;
| | - Chander Prakash
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab 144411, India
- Correspondence: (C.P.); (G.K.)
| | - Alokesh Pramanik
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Curtin University Australia, Perth 6102, Australia;
| | - Animesh Basak
- Adelaide Microscopy, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia;
| | - Rajasekhara Shabadi
- Unité Matériaux et Transformations CNRS UMR 8207, Université de Lille, 59000 Lille, France;
| | - Grzegorz Królczyk
- Department of Mechanical engineering, Opole University of Technology, 45-758 Opole, Poland;
- Correspondence: (C.P.); (G.K.)
| | - Marta Bogdan-Chudy
- Department of Mechanical engineering, Opole University of Technology, 45-758 Opole, Poland;
| | - Atul Babbar
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Shree Guru Gobind Singh Tricentenary University, Gurugram 122505, India;
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Ma N, Liu S, Liu W, Xie L, Wei D, Wang L, Li L, Zhao B, Wang Y. Research Progress of Titanium-Based High Entropy Alloy: Methods, Properties, and Applications. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:603522. [PMID: 33262981 PMCID: PMC7686467 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.603522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
With the continuous progress and development in the biomedicine field, metallic biomedical materials have attracted the considerable attention of researchers, but the related procedures need to be further developed. Since the traditional metal implant materials are not highly compatible with the human body, the modern materials with excellent mechanical properties and proper biocompatibility should be developed urgently in order to solve any adverse reactions caused by the long-term implantations. The advent of the high-entropy alloy (HEA) as an innovative and advanced idea emerged to develop the medical implant materials through the specific HEA designs. The properties of these HEA materials can be predicted and regulated. In this paper, the progression and application of titanium-based HEAs, as well as their preparation and biological evaluation methods, are comprehensively reviewed. Additionally, the prospects for the development and use of these alloys in implant applications are put forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Ma
- School of Metallurgical Engineering, Xi’an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi’an, China
| | - Shifeng Liu
- School of Metallurgical Engineering, Xi’an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi’an, China
| | - Wei Liu
- School of Metallurgical Engineering, Xi’an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi’an, China
| | - Lechun Xie
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Automotive Components, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Daixiu Wei
- Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Liqiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Material Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lanjie Li
- Chengsteel Group Co., Ltd., HBIS Group Co., Ltd., Chengde, China
| | - Beibei Zhao
- Chengsteel Group Co., Ltd., HBIS Group Co., Ltd., Chengde, China
| | - Yan Wang
- School of Metallurgical Engineering, Xi’an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi’an, China
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Abstract
The influence of complex thermo-mechanical processing (TMP) on the mechanical properties of a Ti-Nb-Zr-Fe-O bio-alloy was investigated in this study. The proposed TMP program involves a schema featuring a series of severe plastic deformation (SPD) and solution treatment (STs). The purpose of this study was to find the proper parameter combination for the applied TMP and thus enhance the mechanical strength and diminish the Young’s modulus. The proposed chemical composition of the studied β-type Ti-alloy was conceived from already-appreciated Ti-Nb-Ta-Zr alloys with high β-stability by replacing the expensive Ta with more accessible Fe and O. These chemical additions are expected to better enhance β-stability and thus avoid the generation of ω, α’, and α” during complex TMP, as well as allow for the processing of a single bcc β-phase with significant grain diminution, increased mechanical strength, and a low elasticity value/Young’s modulus. The proposed TMP program considers two research directions of TMP experiments. For comparisons using structural and mechanical perspectives, the two categories of the experimental samples were analyzed using SEM microscopy and a series of tensile tests. The comparison also included some already published results for similar alloys. The analysis revealed the advantages and disadvantages for all compared categories, with the conclusions highlighting that the studied alloys are suitable for expanding the database of possible β-Ti bio-alloys that could be used depending on the specific requirements of different biomedical implant applications.
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Savin A, Craus ML, Bruma A, Novy F, Malo S, Chlada M, Steigmann R, Vizureanu P, Harnois C, Turchenko V, Prevorovsky Z. Microstructural Analysis and Mechanical Properties of TiMo 20Zr 7Ta 15Si x Alloys as Biomaterials. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13214808. [PMID: 33126523 PMCID: PMC7663523 DOI: 10.3390/ma13214808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
TiMoZrTaSi alloys appertain to a new generation of metallic biomaterials, labeled high-entropy alloys, that assure both biocompatibility as well as improved mechanical properties required by further medical applications. This paper presents the use of nondestructive evaluation techniques for new type of alloys, TiMo20Zr7Ta15Six, with x = 0; 0.5; 0.75; 1.0, which were obtained by vacuum melting. In Ti alloys, the addition of Mo improves tensile creep strength, Si improves both the creep and oxidation properties, Zr leads to an α crystalline structure, which increases the mechanical strength and assures a good electrochemical behavior, and Ta is a β stabilizer sustaining the formation of solid β-phases and contributes to tensile strength improvement and Young modulus decreasing. The effects of Si content on the mechanical properties of the studied alloys and the effect of the addition of Ta and Zr under the presence of Si on the evolution of crystallographic structure was studied. The influence of composition on fracture behavior and strength was evaluated using X-ray diffraction, resonant ultrasound spectroscopy (RUS) analyses, SEM with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and acoustic emission (AE) within compression tests. The β-type TiMo20Zr7Ta15Six alloys had a good compression strength of over 800 MPa, lower Young modulus (69.11–89.03 GPa) and shear modulus (24.70–31.87 GPa), all offering advantages for use in medical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Savin
- Nondestructive Testing Department, National Institute for Research and Development for Technical Physics, 700050 Iasi, Romania;
- Correspondence: (A.S.); (M.L.C.); Tel.: +40-232-430680 (A.S.)
| | - Mihail Liviu Craus
- Nondestructive Testing Department, National Institute for Research and Development for Technical Physics, 700050 Iasi, Romania;
- Frank Laboratory for Neutron Physics, Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna 141980, Russia;
- Correspondence: (A.S.); (M.L.C.); Tel.: +40-232-430680 (A.S.)
| | - Alina Bruma
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA;
| | - František Novy
- Department of Materials Engineering, University of Zilina, 010 26 Zilina, Slovak Republic;
| | - Sylvie Malo
- Normandie Université, ENSICAEN, UNICAEN, CNRS, CRISMAT, 14000 Caen, France; (S.M.); (C.H.)
| | - Milan Chlada
- Institute of Thermomechanics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 182 00 Prague, Czech Republic; (M.C.); (Z.P.)
| | - Rozina Steigmann
- Nondestructive Testing Department, National Institute for Research and Development for Technical Physics, 700050 Iasi, Romania;
| | - Petrica Vizureanu
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Technical University Gheorghe Asachi, 700050 Iasi, Romania;
| | - Christelle Harnois
- Normandie Université, ENSICAEN, UNICAEN, CNRS, CRISMAT, 14000 Caen, France; (S.M.); (C.H.)
| | - Vitalii Turchenko
- Frank Laboratory for Neutron Physics, Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna 141980, Russia;
| | - Zdenek Prevorovsky
- Institute of Thermomechanics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 182 00 Prague, Czech Republic; (M.C.); (Z.P.)
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Influence of Titanium Alloy Scaffolds on Enzymatic Defense against Oxidative Stress and Bone Marrow Cell Differentiation. Int J Biomater 2020; 2020:1708214. [PMID: 32802064 PMCID: PMC7411454 DOI: 10.1155/2020/1708214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies have been directed towards the production of new titanium alloys, aiming for the replacement of Ti-6 Aluminium-4 Vanadium (TiAlV) alloy in the future. Many mechanisms related to biocompatibility and chemical characteristics have been studied in the field of implantology, but enzymatic defenses against oxidative stress remain underexplored. Bone marrow stromal cells have been explored as source of cells, which have the potential to differentiate into osteoblasts and therefore could be used as cells-based therapy. The objective of this study was to evaluate the activity of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) in porous scaffolds of Ti-6 Aluminium-4 Vanadium (TiAlV), Ti-35 Niobium (TiNb), and Ti-35 Niobium-7 Zirconium-5 Tantalum (TiNbZrTa) on mouse bone marrow stromal cells. Porous titanium alloy scaffolds were prepared by powder metallurgy. After 24 hours, cells plated on the scaffolds were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The antioxidant enzyme activity was measured 72 hours after cell plating. Quantitative real time PCR (qRT-PCR) was performed after 3, 7, and 14 days, and Runx2 (Runt-related transcription factor2) expression was evaluated. The SEM images showed the presence of interconnected pores and growth, adhesion, and cell spreading in the 3 scaffolds. Although differences were noted for SOD and CAT activity for all scaffolds analyzed, no statistical differences were observed (p > 0.05). The osteogenic gene Runx2 presented high expression levels for TiNbZrTa at day 7, compared to the control group (TiAlV day 3). At day 14, all scaffolds had more than 2-fold induction for Runx2 mRNA levels, with statistically significant differences compared to the control group. Even though we were not able to confirm statistically significant differences to justify the replacement of TiAlV regarding antioxidant enzymes, TiNbZrTa was able to induce faster bone formation at early time points, making it a good choice for biomedical and tissue bioengineering applications.
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Zareidoost A, Yousefpour M. A study on the mechanical properties and corrosion behavior of the new as-cast TZNT alloys for biomedical applications. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2020; 110:110725. [PMID: 32204036 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2020.110725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In this study, four different TZNT based alloys, (Ti55Zr25Nb10Ta10, (Ti55Zr25Nb10Ta10)99.5Fe0.5, (Ti55Zr25Nb10Ta10)98Sn2, and (Ti55Zr25Nb10Ta10)98.5Ag1.5, (at. %), designated TZNT, TZNT-Fe, TZNT-Sn, TZNT-Ag, respectively) are produced by non-consumable vacuum arc melting and suction casting. These alloys using the d-electron alloy design method and considering the criteria of [Mo]eq and (e/a) ratio for β-phase Ti alloys are designed. The microstructure, mechanical properties, and corrosion behavior of the alloys are investigated via optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, nanoindentation, and electrochemical tests. The designed alloys exhibit dendritic morphology, however, the TZNT-Ag alloy indicates a more homogenous microstructure after suction casting. X-ray diffraction analyses reveal not only the beta phase in the TZNT, TZNT-Fe, and TZNT-Ag alloys, but also beta lean/beta rich separation in the TZNT-Sn alloy. In addition to the microstructural features, the new TZNT alloys show very high ductility upon cold compressive deformation, as well as the lowest Young's modulus (65.54±1.7 GPa, P<0.05) is achieved in TZNT-Ag alloy. Furthermore, the compressive yield stress to Young's modulus (Ycys/E) ratio of the designed alloys is in the range of 0.92-1.08%. In terms of corrosion behavior, Ag increases the corrosion resistance of the TZNT alloy in Ringer's solution. As a result, owing to the effect of Ag on the optimization of the mechanical properties and corrosion resistance of the TZNT alloy, the as-cast Ag-containing TZNT alloy can be developed to be a promising candidate for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Zareidoost
- Faculty of Materials & Metallurgical Engineering, Semnan University, Semnan, Iran
| | - Mardali Yousefpour
- Faculty of Materials & Metallurgical Engineering, Semnan University, Semnan, Iran.
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Preisler D, Janeček M, Harcuba P, Džugan J, Halmešová K, Málek J, Veverková A, Stráský J. The Effect of Hot Working on the Mechanical Properties of High Strength Biomedical Ti-Nb-Ta-Zr-O Alloy. MATERIALS 2019; 12:ma12244233. [PMID: 31861121 PMCID: PMC6947503 DOI: 10.3390/ma12244233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Beta titanium alloy Ti-35Nb-6Ta-7Zr-0.7O (wt%) was developed as a material intended for the manufacturing of a stem of a hip joint replacement. This alloy contains only biocompatible elements and possesses a very high yield strength already in the cast condition (900 MPa). However, the porosity, large grain size and chemical inhomogeneity reduce the fatigue performance below the limits required for utilization in the desired application. Two methods of hot working, die forging and hot rolling, were used for processing of this alloy. Microstructural evolution, tensile properties and fatigue performance of the hot worked material were investigated and compared to the cast material. Microstructural observations revealed that porosity is removed in all hot-worked conditions and the grain size is significantly reduced when the area reduction exceeds 70%. Static tensile properties were improved by both processing methods and ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of 1200 MPa was achieved. Fatigue results were more reproducible in the hot rolled material due to better microstructural homogeneity, but forging leads to an improved fatigue performance. Fatigue limit of 400 MPa was achieved in the die-forged condition after 70% of area reduction and in the hot rolled condition after 86% of area reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalibor Preisler
- Department of Physics of Materials, Charles University, 121 16 Prague, Czech Republic; (M.J.); (P.H.); (A.V.)
- Correspondence: (D.P.); (J.S.)
| | - Miloš Janeček
- Department of Physics of Materials, Charles University, 121 16 Prague, Czech Republic; (M.J.); (P.H.); (A.V.)
| | - Petr Harcuba
- Department of Physics of Materials, Charles University, 121 16 Prague, Czech Republic; (M.J.); (P.H.); (A.V.)
| | - Jan Džugan
- COMTES FHT, 334 41 Dobřany, Czech Republic; (J.D.); (K.H.)
| | | | - Jaroslav Málek
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, 121 35 Prague, Czech Republic;
| | - Anna Veverková
- Department of Physics of Materials, Charles University, 121 16 Prague, Czech Republic; (M.J.); (P.H.); (A.V.)
| | - Josef Stráský
- Department of Physics of Materials, Charles University, 121 16 Prague, Czech Republic; (M.J.); (P.H.); (A.V.)
- Correspondence: (D.P.); (J.S.)
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Mechanical Properties of Ti-15Mo Alloy Prepared by Cryogenic Milling and Spark Plasma Sintering. METALS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/met9121280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Metastable β-Ti alloy Ti-15Mo was prepared by cryogenic ball milling in a slurry of liquid argon. Material remained ductile even at low temperatures, which suppressed particle refinement, but promoted intensive plastic deformation of individual powder particles. Repetitive deformation of powder particles is similar to the multidirectional rolling and resembles bulk severe plastic deformation (SPD) methods. Initial and milled powders were compacted by spark plasma sintering. Sintered milled powder exhibited a refined microstructure with small β-grains and submicrometer sized α-phase precipitates. The microhardness and the yield tensile strength of the milled powder after sintering at 850 °C attained 350 HV and 1200 MPa, respectively. Low ductility of the material can be attributed to high oxygen content originating from the cryogenic milling. This pioneering work shows that cryogenic milling followed by spark plasma sintering is able to produce two-phase β-Ti alloys with refined microstructure and very high strength levels.
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