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Bittner-Frank M, Reisinger AG, Andriotis OG, Pahr DH, Thurner PJ. Cortical and trabecular mechanical properties in the femoral neck vary differently with changes in bone mineral density. JBMR Plus 2024; 8:ziae049. [PMID: 38736661 PMCID: PMC11088358 DOI: 10.1093/jbmrpl/ziae049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Graphical Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Bittner-Frank
- Division of Biomechanics, Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, A-3500 Krems an der Donau, Austria
| | - Andreas G Reisinger
- Division of Biomechanics, Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, A-3500 Krems an der Donau, Austria
| | - Orestis G Andriotis
- Institute of Lightweight Design and Structural Biomechanics, TU Wien, A-1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Dieter H Pahr
- Division of Biomechanics, Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, A-3500 Krems an der Donau, Austria
- Institute of Lightweight Design and Structural Biomechanics, TU Wien, A-1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Philipp J Thurner
- Institute of Lightweight Design and Structural Biomechanics, TU Wien, A-1060 Vienna, Austria
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Kochetkova T, Hanke MS, Indermaur M, Groetsch A, Remund S, Neuenschwander B, Michler J, Siebenrock KA, Zysset P, Schwiedrzik J. Composition and micromechanical properties of the femoral neck compact bone in relation to patient age, sex and hip fracture occurrence. Bone 2023; 177:116920. [PMID: 37769956 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2023.116920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Current clinical methods of bone health assessment depend to a great extent on bone mineral density (BMD) measurements. However, these methods only act as a proxy for bone strength and are often only carried out after the fracture occurs. Besides BMD, composition and tissue-level mechanical properties are expected to affect the whole bone's strength and toughness. While the elastic properties of the bone extracellular matrix (ECM) have been extensively investigated over the past two decades, there is still limited knowledge of the yield properties and their relationship to composition and architecture. In the present study, morphological, compositional and micropillar compression bone data was collected from patients who underwent hip arthroplasty. Femoral neck samples from 42 patients were collected together with anonymous clinical information about age, sex and primary diagnosis (coxarthrosis or hip fracture). The femoral neck cortex from the inferomedial region was analyzed in a site-matched manner using a combination of micromechanical testing (nanoindentation, micropillar compression) together with micro-CT and quantitative polarized Raman spectroscopy for both morphological and compositional characterization. Mechanical properties, as well as the sample-level mineral density, were constant over age. Only compositional properties demonstrate weak dependence on patient age: decreasing mineral to matrix ratio (p = 0.02, R2 = 0.13, 2.6 % per decade) and increasing amide I sub-peak ratio I∼1660/I∼1683 (p = 0.04, R2 = 0.11, 1.5 % per decade). The patient's sex and diagnosis did not seem to influence investigated bone properties. A clear zonal dependence between interstitial and osteonal cortical zones was observed for compositional and elastic bone properties (p < 0.0001). Site-matched microscale analysis confirmed that all investigated mechanical properties except yield strain demonstrate a positive correlation with the mineral fraction of bone. The output database is the first to integrate the experimentally assessed microscale yield properties, local tissue composition and morphology with the available patient clinical information. The final dataset was used for bone fracture risk prediction in-silico through the principal component analysis and the Naïve Bayes classification algorithm. The analysis showed that the mineral to matrix ratio, indentation hardness and micropillar yield stress are the most relevant parameters for bone fracture risk prediction at 70 % model accuracy (0.71 AUC). Due to the low number of samples, further studies to build a universal fracture prediction algorithm are anticipated with the higher number of patients (N > 200). The proposed classification algorithm together with the output dataset of bone tissue properties can be used for the future comparison of existing methods to evaluate bone quality as well as to form a better understanding of the mechanisms through which bone tissue is affected by aging or disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Kochetkova
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Thun, Switzerland.
| | - Markus S Hanke
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Inselspital, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Michael Indermaur
- ARTORG Center for Biomedical Engineering Research, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Groetsch
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Thun, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Remund
- Institute for Applied Laser, Photonics and Surface Technologies (ALPS), Bern University of Applied Sciences, Burgdorf, Switzerland
| | - Beat Neuenschwander
- Institute for Applied Laser, Photonics and Surface Technologies (ALPS), Bern University of Applied Sciences, Burgdorf, Switzerland
| | - Johann Michler
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Thun, Switzerland
| | - Klaus A Siebenrock
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Inselspital, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Philippe Zysset
- ARTORG Center for Biomedical Engineering Research, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jakob Schwiedrzik
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Thun, Switzerland.
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Unal M, Uppuganti S, Dapaah DY, Ahmed R, Pennings JS, Willett TL, Voziyan P, Nyman JS. Effect of ribose incubation on physical, chemical, and mechanical properties of human cortical bone. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2023; 140:105731. [PMID: 36827936 PMCID: PMC10068591 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2023.105731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
Raman spectroscopy (RS) is sensitive to the accumulation of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs), and it measures matrix-sensitive properties that correlate with the fracture toughness of human cortical bone. However, it is unclear whether sugar-mediated accumulation of AGEs affects the fracture toughness of human cortical bone in a manner that is consistent with the negative correlations between amide I sub-peak ratios and fracture toughness. Upon machining 64 single-edge notched beam (SENB) specimens from cadaveric femurs (8 male and 7 female donors between 46 years and 61 years of age), pairs of SENB specimens were incubated in 15 mL of phosphate buffered saline with or without 0.1 M ribose for 4 weeks at 37 °C. After acquiring 10 Raman spectra per bone specimen (n = 32 per incubation group), paired SENB specimens were loaded in three-point bending at a quasi-static or a high loading rate approximating 10-4 s-1 or 10-2 s-1, respectively (n = 16 per incubation group per loading rate). While 2 amide I sub-peak ratios, I1670/I1640 and I1670/I1610, decreased by 3-5% with a 100% increase in AGE content, as confirmed by fluorescence measurements, the ribose incubation to accumulate AGEs in bone did not affect linear elastic (KIc) nor non-linear elastic (KJc) measurements of bone's ability to resist crack growth. Moreover, AGE accumulation did not affect the change in these properties when the loading rate changed. Increasing the loading rate increased KIc but decreased KJc. Ribose incubation did not affect mineral-related RS properties such as mineral-to-matrix ratios, Type B carbonate substitutions, and crystallinity. It did however increase the thermal stability of demineralized bone (differential scanning calorimetry), without affecting the network connectivity of the organic matrix (i.e., maximum slope during a hydrothermal isometric tension test of demineralized bone). In conclusion, RS is sensitive to AGE accumulation via the amide I band (plus the hydroxyproline-to-proline ratio), but the increase in AGE content due to ribose incubation was not sufficient to affect the fracture toughness of human cortical bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Unal
- Department of Bioengineering, Karamanoglu Mehmetbey University, Karaman, 70200, Turkey; Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Karamanoglu Mehmetbey University, Karaman, 70200, Turkey
| | - Sasidhar Uppuganti
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1215 21st Ave. S, Suite 4200, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Center for Bone Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 2215B Garland Ave, Nashville, TN, 37212, USA
| | - Daniel Y Dapaah
- Biomedical Engineering Program, Systems Design Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rafay Ahmed
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1215 21st Ave. S, Suite 4200, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Center for Bone Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 2215B Garland Ave, Nashville, TN, 37212, USA
| | - Jacquelyn S Pennings
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1215 21st Ave. S, Suite 4200, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Center for Musculoskeletal Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 2525 West End Avenue, Suite 1200, Nashville, TN, 37203, USA
| | - Thomas L Willett
- Biomedical Engineering Program, Systems Design Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Paul Voziyan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1215 21st Ave. S, Suite 4200, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Center for Matrix Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1611 21st Ave. S, Nashville, TN, 37212, USA
| | - Jeffry S Nyman
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1215 21st Ave. S, Suite 4200, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Center for Bone Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 2215B Garland Ave, Nashville, TN, 37212, USA; Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, 1310 24th Ave. S, Nashville, TN, 37212, USA; Vanderbilt Center for Musculoskeletal Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 2525 West End Avenue, Suite 1200, Nashville, TN, 37203, USA.
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Alabdah F, Alshammari A, Hidalgo-Bastida A, Cooper G. A Review of Conventional and Novel Treatments for Osteoporotic Hip Replacements. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:bioengineering10020161. [PMID: 36829655 PMCID: PMC9952074 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10020161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Osteoporosis is a skeletal disease that severely affects the mechanical properties of bone. It increases the porosity of cancellous bone and reduces the resistance to fractures. It has been reported in 2009 that there are approximately 500 million osteoporotic patients worldwide. Patients who suffer fractures due to fragility cost the National Healthcare Systems in the United Kingdom £4.4 billion in 2018, in Europe €56 billion in 2019, and in the United States $57 billion in 2018. Thus, osteoporosis is problematic for both patients and healthcare systems. AIM This review is conducted for the purpose of presenting and discussing all articles introducing or investigating treatment solutions for osteoporotic patients undergoing total hip replacement. METHODS Searches were implemented using three databases, namely Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science to extract all relevant articles. Predetermined eligibility criteria were used to exclude articles out of the scope of the study. RESULTS 29 articles out of 183 articles were included in this review. These articles were organised into three sections: (i) biomechanical properties and structure of osteoporotic bones, (ii) hip implant optimisations, and (iii) drug, cells, and bio-activators delivery through hydrogels. DISCUSSION The findings of this review suggest that diagnostic tools and measurements are crucial for understanding the characteristics of osteoporosis in general and for setting patient-specific treatment plans. It was also found that attempts to overcome complications associated with osteoporosis included design optimisation of the hip implant; however, only short-term success was reported, while the long-term stability of implants was compromised by the progressive nature of osteoporosis. Finally, it was also found that targeting implantation sites with cells, drugs, and growth factors has been outworked using hydrogels, where promising results have been reported regarding enhanced osteointegration and inhibited bacterial and osteoclastic activities. CONCLUSIONS These results may encourage investigations that explore the effects of these impregnated hydrogels on osteoporotic bones beyond metallic scaffolds and implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahad Alabdah
- Engineering College, University of Hail, Hail 55476, Saudi Arabia
- School of Engineering, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Adel Alshammari
- Engineering College, University of Hail, Hail 55476, Saudi Arabia
- School of Engineering, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Araida Hidalgo-Bastida
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science & Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester M15 6BH, UK
| | - Glen Cooper
- School of Engineering, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
- Correspondence:
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Uniyal P, Sharma A, Kumar N. Investigation on the sensitivity of indentation devices for detection of fatigue loading induced damage in bovine cortical bone. J Biomech 2022; 143:111274. [PMID: 36049386 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2022.111274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Daily physiological activities subject our skeletal system to cyclic loading with varying frequencies and magnitudes. These loadings interact with the microstructure of bone and create microdamage, which can cause stress-induced injuries if not repaired on the time. The early detection is required to prevent the complications associated with these fractures. In the present study, to examine fatigue loading-induced damage in cortical bone, the sensitivity of four different indentation devices was investigated. For this, cortical bone samples were fatigued in four-point bending configuration at 0.5 Hz, 2 Hz and 4 Hz frequencies. Following the fatigue loading, cyclic reference point indentation (cRPI), impact reference point indentation (iRPI), Vickers microhardness and nanoindentation tests were performed on the bone samples. Results show that indentation devices are sensitive to detect fatigue loading induced damage only in 0.5 Hz group samples on compressive region. On the other hand, the sensitivity of indentation devices for tensile stress-induced damage is not clear. Also, histological examination of fatigued bone samples shows a significant increase in the crack density and crack length with fatigue loading only for the 0.5 Hz group samples. The present study provides insight into the sensitivity of different indentation devices to fatigue loading induced damage, which could be helpful in the development of new devices for the early diagnosis of stress induced injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piyush Uniyal
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, IIT Ropar, India
| | - Akshay Sharma
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Ropar, India
| | - Navin Kumar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, IIT Ropar, India; Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Ropar, India.
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Abstract
Elevation of bone fluoride levels due to drinking beverages with high fluoride content or other means such as inhalation can result in skeletal fluorosis and lead to increased joint pain, skeletal deformities, and fracture. Because skeletal fluorosis alters bone's mineral composition, it is likely to affect bone's tissue-level mechanical properties with consequent effects on whole bone mechanical behavior. To investigate this, we determined whether incubation with in vitro sodium fluoride (NaF) altered bone's mechanical behavior at both the tissue- and whole bone-levels using cyclic reference point indentation (cRPI) and traditional 3-point bending, respectively. Forty-two ulnas from female adult rats (5-6 months) were randomly divided into 5 groups (vehicle, 0.05 M NaF, 0.25 M NaF, 0.75 M NaF, and 1.5 M NaF). Bones were washed in a detergent solution to remove organic barriers to ion exchange and incubated in respective treatment solutions (12 h, 23 °C). Cortical tissue mineral density (TMD) and geometry at the mid-diaphysis were determined by microCT. cRPI was performed on the distal diaphysis (9 N, 2 Hz, 10 cycles), and then bones were tested in 3-point bending to assess whole bone mechanical properties. The incubations in vehicle (0 M) up to 1.5 M in vitro NaF concentrations achieved bone fluoride levels ranging from approximately 0.70 to 15.8 ppm. NaF-incubated bones had significantly greater indentation distances, higher displacement-to-maximum force, and lower estimated elastic modulus, ultimate stress, and bending rigidity with increasing NaF concentration compared to vehicle-incubated bones. cRPI variables were moderately correlated to whole bone mechanical properties such that higher indentation distances were associated with lower estimated elastic modulus, ultimate stress, and bending rigidity. In conclusion, in vitro NaF incubation mostly has a deleterious effect on bone mechanical behavior with increasing NaF levels that is independent of bone turnover and reflected, in part, by less resistance of the tissue to cRPI-based indentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taraneh Rezaee
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, 285 Old Westport Road, Dartmouth, MA 02747, USA.
| | - Mary L Bouxsein
- Center for Advanced Orthopedic Studies, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Lamya Karim
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, 285 Old Westport Road, Dartmouth, MA 02747, USA.
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Thiagarajan G, Begonia MT, Dallas M, Lara-Castillo N, Scott JM, Johnson ML. Determination of Elastic Modulus in Mouse Bones Using a Nondestructive Micro-Indentation Technique Using Reference Point Indentation. J Biomech Eng 2019; 140:2679246. [PMID: 29801077 DOI: 10.1115/1.4039982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The determination of the elastic modulus of bone is important in studying the response of bone to loading and is determined using a destructive three-point bending method. Reference point indentation (RPI), with one cycle of indentation, offers a nondestructive alternative to determine the elastic modulus. While the elastic modulus could be determined using a nondestructive procedure for ex vivo experiments, for in vivo testing, the three-point bending technique may not be practical and hence RPI is viewed as a potential alternative and explored in this study. Using the RPI measurements, total indentation distance (TID), creep indentation distance, indentation force, and the unloading slope, we have developed a numerical analysis procedure using the Oliver-Pharr (O/P) method to estimate the indentation elastic modulus. Two methods were used to determine the area function: (1) Oliver-Pharr (O/P-based on a numerical procedure) and (2) geometric (based on the calculation of the projected area of indentation). The indentation moduli of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) calculated by the O/P (3.49-3.68 GPa) and geometric (3.33-3.49 GPa) methods were similar to values in literature (3.5-4 GPa). In a study using femurs from C57Bl/6 mice of different ages and genders, the three-point bending modulus was lower than the indentation modulus. In femurs from 4 to 5 months old TOPGAL mice, we found that the indentation modulus from the geometric (5.61 ± 1.25 GPa) and O/P (5.53 ± 1.27 GPa) methods was higher than the three-point bending modulus (5.28 ± 0.34 GPa). In females, the indentation modulus from the geometric (7.45 ± 0.86 GPa) and O/P (7.46 ± 0.92 GPa) methods was also higher than the three-point bending modulus (7.33 ± 1.13 GPa). We can conclude from this study that the RPI determined values are relatively close to three-point bending values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganesh Thiagarajan
- Department of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, University of Missouri-Kansas City, 350K Robert H. Flarsheim Hall, 5110 Rockhill Road, Kansas City, MO 64110 e-mail:
| | - Mark T Begonia
- Department of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, University of Missouri-Kansas City, 350K Robert H. Flarsheim Hall, 5110 Rockhill Road, Kansas City, MO 64110
| | - Mark Dallas
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Room 3143, 650 E 25th Street, Kansas City, MO 64108
| | - Nuria Lara-Castillo
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Room 3143, 650 E 25th Street, Kansas City, MO 64108
| | - JoAnna M Scott
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Room 3143, 650 E 25th Street, Kansas City, MO 64108
| | - Mark L Johnson
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Room 3143, 650 E 25th Street, Kansas City, MO 64108
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Katsamenis OL, Olding M, Warner JA, Chatelet DS, Jones MG, Sgalla G, Smit B, Larkin OJ, Haig I, Richeldi L, Sinclair I, Lackie PM, Schneider P. X-ray Micro-Computed Tomography for Nondestructive Three-Dimensional (3D) X-ray Histology. Am J Pathol 2019; 189:1608-1620. [PMID: 31125553 PMCID: PMC6680277 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2019.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Historically, micro-computed tomography (μCT) has been considered unsuitable for histologic analysis of unstained formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded soft tissue biopsy specimens because of a lack of image contrast between the tissue and the paraffin. However, we recently demonstrated that μCT can successfully resolve microstructural detail in routinely prepared tissue specimens. Herein, we illustrate how μCT imaging of standard formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded biopsy specimens can be seamlessly integrated into conventional histology workflows, enabling nondestructive three-dimensional (3D) X-ray histology, the use and benefits of which we showcase for the exemplar of human lung biopsy specimens. This technology advancement was achieved through manufacturing a first-of-kind μCT scanner for X-ray histology and developing optimized imaging protocols, which do not require any additional sample preparation. 3D X-ray histology allows for nondestructive 3D imaging of tissue microstructure, resolving structural connectivity and heterogeneity of complex tissue networks, such as the vascular network or the respiratory tract. We also demonstrate that 3D X-ray histology can yield consistent and reproducible image quality, enabling quantitative assessment of a tissue's 3D microstructures, which is inaccessible to conventional two-dimensional histology. Being nondestructive, the technique does not interfere with histology workflows, permitting subsequent tissue characterization by means of conventional light microscopy-based histology, immunohistochemistry, and immunofluorescence. 3D X-ray histology can be readily applied to a plethora of archival materials, yielding unprecedented opportunities in diagnosis and research of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orestis L Katsamenis
- μ-VIS X-ray Imaging Centre, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom.
| | - Michael Olding
- Biomedical Imaging Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Jane A Warner
- School of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - David S Chatelet
- Biomedical Imaging Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Mark G Jones
- School of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom; National Institute for Health Research Respiratory Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Giacomo Sgalla
- National Institute for Health Research Respiratory Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Bennie Smit
- Nikon X-Tek Systems Ltd., Tring, United Kingdom
| | | | - Ian Haig
- Nikon X-Tek Systems Ltd., Tring, United Kingdom
| | - Luca Richeldi
- National Institute for Health Research Respiratory Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Ian Sinclair
- μ-VIS X-ray Imaging Centre, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom; Engineering Materials Research Group, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Peter M Lackie
- Biomedical Imaging Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom; School of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Philipp Schneider
- μ-VIS X-ray Imaging Centre, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom; Bioengineering Science Research Group, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom.
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Boughton OR, Ma S, Cai X, Yan L, Peralta L, Laugier P, Marrow J, Giuliani F, Hansen U, Abel RL, Grimal Q, Cobb JP. Computed tomography porosity and spherical indentation for determining cortical bone millimetre-scale mechanical properties. Sci Rep 2019; 9:7416. [PMID: 31092837 PMCID: PMC6520408 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-43686-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The cortex of the femoral neck is a key structural element of the human body, yet there is not a reliable metric for predicting the mechanical properties of the bone in this critical region. This study explored the use of a range of non-destructive metrics to measure femoral neck cortical bone stiffness at the millimetre length scale. A range of testing methods and imaging techniques were assessed for their ability to measure or predict the mechanical properties of cortical bone samples obtained from the femoral neck of hip replacement patients. Techniques that can potentially be applied in vivo to measure bone stiffness, including computed tomography (CT), bulk wave ultrasound (BWUS) and indentation, were compared against in vitro techniques, including compression testing, density measurements and resonant ultrasound spectroscopy. Porosity, as measured by micro-CT, correlated with femoral neck cortical bone's elastic modulus and ultimate compressive strength at the millimetre length scale. Large-tip spherical indentation also correlated with bone mechanical properties at this length scale but to a lesser extent. As the elastic mechanical properties of cortical bone correlated with porosity, we would recommend further development of technologies that can safely measure cortical porosity in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver R Boughton
- The MSk Lab, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
- The Biomechanics Group, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Shaocheng Ma
- The MSk Lab, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- The Biomechanics Group, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Xiran Cai
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Laboratoire d'Imagerie Biomédicale, F-75006, Paris, France
| | - Liye Yan
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Laura Peralta
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Laboratoire d'Imagerie Biomédicale, F-75006, Paris, France
| | - Pascal Laugier
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Laboratoire d'Imagerie Biomédicale, F-75006, Paris, France
| | - James Marrow
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Finn Giuliani
- Centre for Advanced Structural Ceramics, Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ulrich Hansen
- The Biomechanics Group, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Richard L Abel
- The MSk Lab, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Quentin Grimal
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Laboratoire d'Imagerie Biomédicale, F-75006, Paris, France
| | - Justin P Cobb
- The MSk Lab, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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Bowman L, Ellerbrock ER, Hausfeld GC, Neumeyer JM, Loucks AB. A new noninvasive mechanical bending test accurately predicts ulna bending strength in cadaveric human arms. Bone 2019; 120:336-346. [PMID: 30496886 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2018.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND High error rates in the prediction of fragility fractures by bone mineral density have motivated searches for better clinical indicators of bone strength, and the high incidence of non-hip, non-spine fractures has raised interest in cortical bone. The aim of this study was to assess the accuracy of Cortical Bone Mechanics Technology™. CBMT is a new non-invasive 3-point bending technique for measuring the mechanical properties of cortical bone in the ulnas of living humans. METHODS 35 cadaveric human arms were obtained from small women and large men ranging widely in age (17 < Age < 99 years) and body size (14 < BMI < 40 kg/m2). Noninvasive CBMT measurements of the flexural rigidity of the ulna bones within these arms (EICBMT) were compared to measurements of EI by Quasistatic Mechanical Testing in the ulnas excised from those arms (EIQMT). Ulna bending strength was also measured by QMT as the peak moment before fracture (Mpeak). The open source BoneJ plugin to ImageJ image processing software was used to calculate cortical porosity (CP) in micro-computed tomography images of a 2 mm length of the mid-shaft of each fractured ulna, and the interosseous diameter (IOD) of each ulna was also measured in those images. RESULTS EICBMT measurements (13 < EICBMT < 97 Nm2) explained 99% of the variance in QMT measurements of ulna bending strength (11 < Mpeak < 90 Nm), but EICBMT was biased high by 30% (p < 0.0001) relative to EIQMT (11 < EIQMT < 69 Nm2). After correcting this bias, EICBMT and EIQMT measurements lay along the identity line (y = 1.00x, R2 = 0.99, SEE = 3.1 Nm2). Predictions of Mpeak by EICBMT were less accurate than predictions by EIQMT (both R2 = 0.99; SEECBMT = 5.9 Nm vs SEEQMT = 4.5 Nm, F = 2.92, p = 0.001), but EICBMT predictions were substantially more accurate than those by IOD (R2 = 0.79; SEEIOD = 10.6 Nm, F = 3.30, p < 0.001) and CP (R2 = 0.35; SEECP = 18.9 Nm, F = 10.45, p < 10-9). Predictions by EICBMT were also more accurate than predictions by arm donor height (R2 = 0.63; SEE = 14.3 Nm, F = 5.87, p < 10-6), body weight (R2 = 0.77; SEE = 11.1 Nm, F = 3.54, p < 0.001) and BMI (R2 = 0.64; SEE = 14.1 Nm, F = 2.39, p < 0.01). In forward stepwise multiple regression beginning with EICBMT, only age explained any additional variance in ulna bending strength (ΔR2 = 0.3%, F = 8.03, p = 0.008). CONCLUSION Noninvasive CBMT measurements of ulna EI explain 99% of individual differences in QMT measurements of ulna bending strength in cadaveric human arms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyn Bowman
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, United States of America; Ohio Musculoskeletal and Neurological Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, United States of America
| | - Emily R Ellerbrock
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, United States of America
| | - Gabrielle C Hausfeld
- Honors Tutorial College, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, United States of America
| | - Jennifer M Neumeyer
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, United States of America
| | - Anne B Loucks
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, United States of America; Ohio Musculoskeletal and Neurological Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, United States of America.
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Sroga GE, Vashishth D. Phosphorylation of Extracellular Bone Matrix Proteins and Its Contribution to Bone Fragility. J Bone Miner Res 2018; 33:2214-2229. [PMID: 30001467 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.3552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Revised: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Phosphorylation of bone matrix proteins is of fundamental importance to all vertebrates including humans. However, it is currently unknown whether increase or decline of total protein phosphorylation levels, particularly in hypophosphatemia-related osteoporosis, osteomalacia, and rickets, contribute to bone fracture. To address this gap, we combined biochemical measurements with mechanical evaluation of bone to discern fracture characteristics associated with age-related development of skeletal fragility in relation to total phosphorylation levels of bone matrix proteins and one of the key representatives of bone matrix phosphoproteins, osteopontin (OPN). Here for the first time, we report that as people age the total phosphorylation level declines by approximately 20% for bone matrix proteins and approximately 30% for OPN in the ninth decade of human life. Moreover, our results suggest that the decline of total protein phosphorylation of extracellular matrix (ECM) contributes to bone fragility, but less pronouncedly than glycation. We theorize that the separation of two sources of OPN negative charges, acidic backbone amino acids and phosphorylation, would be nature's means of assuring that OPN functions in both energy dissipation and biomineralization. We propose that total phosphorylation decline could be an important contributor to the development of osteoporosis, increased fracture risk and skeletal fragility. Targeting the enzymes kinase FamC20 and bone alkaline phosphatase involved in the regulation of matrix proteins' phosphorylation could be a means for the development of suitable therapeutic treatments. © 2018 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grażyna E Sroga
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA
| | - Deepak Vashishth
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA
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12
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Karim L, Moulton J, Van Vliet M, Velie K, Robbins A, Malekipour F, Abdeen A, Ayres D, Bouxsein ML. Bone microarchitecture, biomechanical properties, and advanced glycation end-products in the proximal femur of adults with type 2 diabetes. Bone 2018; 114:32-39. [PMID: 29857063 PMCID: PMC6141002 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2018.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Revised: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal fragility is a major complication of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D), but there is a poor understanding of mechanisms underlying T2D skeletal fragility. The increased fracture risk has been suggested to result from deteriorated bone microarchitecture or poor bone quality due to accumulation of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs). We conducted a clinical study to determine whether: 1) bone microarchitecture, AGEs, and bone biomechanical properties are altered in T2D bone, 2) bone AGEs are related to bone biomechanical properties, and 3) serum AGE levels reflect those in bone. To do so, we collected serum and proximal femur specimens from T2D (n = 20) and non-diabetic (n = 33) subjects undergoing total hip replacement surgery. A section from the femoral neck was imaged by microcomputed tomography (microCT), tested by cyclic reference point indentation, and quantified for AGE content. A trabecular core taken from the femoral head was imaged by microCT and subjected to uniaxial unconfined compression tests. T2D subjects had greater HbA1c (+23%, p ≤ 0.0001), but no difference in cortical tissue mineral density, cortical porosity, or trabecular microarchitecture compared to non-diabetics. Cyclic reference point indentation revealed that creep indentation distance (+18%, p ≤ 0.05) and indentation distance increase (+20%, p ≤ 0.05) were greater in cortical bone from T2D than in non-diabetics, but no other indentation variables differed. Trabecular bone mechanical properties were similar in both groups, except for yield stress, which tended to be lower in T2D than in non-diabetics. Neither serum pentosidine nor serum total AGEs were different between groups. Cortical, but not trabecular, bone AGEs tended to be higher in T2D subjects (21%, p = 0.09). Serum AGEs and pentosidine were positively correlated with cortical and trabecular bone AGEs. Our study presents new data on biomechanical properties and AGEs in adults with T2D, which are needed to better understand mechanisms contributing to diabetic skeletal fragility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lamya Karim
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, Dartmouth, MA 02747, USA.
| | - Julia Moulton
- Center for Advanced Orthopedic Studies, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
| | - Miranda Van Vliet
- Center for Advanced Orthopedic Studies, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Kelsey Velie
- Center for Advanced Orthopedic Studies, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Ann Robbins
- Center for Advanced Orthopedic Studies, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
| | - Fatemeh Malekipour
- Center for Advanced Orthopedic Studies, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Ayesha Abdeen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
| | - Douglas Ayres
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
| | - Mary L Bouxsein
- Center for Advanced Orthopedic Studies, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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