1
|
Tsunokuma N, Tetteh DN, Isono K, Kuniishi-Hikosaka M, Tsuneto M, Ishii K, Yamazaki H. Depletion of Neural Crest-Derived Cells Leads to Plasma Noradrenaline Decrease and Alters T Cell Development. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2023; 211:1494-1505. [PMID: 37747298 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2300045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
The differentiation of neural crest (NC) cells into various cell lineages contributes to the formation of many organs, including the thymus. In this study, we explored the role of NC cells in thymic T cell development. In double-transgenic mice expressing NC-specific Cre and the Cre-driven diphtheria toxin receptor, plasma noradrenaline and adrenaline levels were significantly reduced, as were thymic T cell progenitors, when NC-derived cells were ablated with short-term administration of diphtheria toxin. Additionally, yellow fluorescent protein+ NC-derived mesenchymal cells, perivascular cells, and tyrosine hydroxylase+ sympathetic nerves in the thymus significantly decreased. Furthermore, i.p. administration of 6-hydroxydopamine, a known neurotoxin for noradrenergic neurons, resulted in a significant decrease in thymic tyrosine hydroxylase+ nerves, a phenotype similar to that of depleted NC-derived cells, whereas administration of a noradrenaline precursor for ablating NC-derived cells or sympathetic nerves rarely rescued this phenotype. To clarify the role of NC-derived cells in the adult thymus, we transplanted thymus into the renal capsules of wild-type mice and observed abnormal T cell development in lethally irradiated thymus with ablation of NC-derived cells or sympathetic nerves, suggesting that NC-derived cells inside and outside of the thymus contribute to T cell development. In particular, the ablation of NC-derived mesenchymal cells in the thymus decreases the number of thymocytes and T cell progenitors. Overall, ablation of NC-derived cells, including sympathetic nerves, in the thymus leads to abnormal T cell development in part by lowering plasma noradrenalin levels. This study reveals that NC-derived cells including mesenchymal cells and sympathetic nerves within thymus regulate T cell development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Tsunokuma
- Department of Stem Cell and Developmental Biology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan
| | - Doris Narki Tetteh
- Department of Stem Cell and Developmental Biology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan
| | - Kana Isono
- Department of Stem Cell and Developmental Biology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan
| | - Mari Kuniishi-Hikosaka
- Department of Stem Cell and Developmental Biology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmacological Science, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Motokazu Tsuneto
- Department of Stem Cell and Developmental Biology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan
- Division of Regenerative Medicine and Therapeutics, Department of Genetic Medicine and Regenerative Therapeutics, Tottori University, Yonago, Japan
| | - Kenichiro Ishii
- Department of Nursing, Nagoya University of Arts and Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Yamazaki
- Department of Stem Cell and Developmental Biology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Moraes RM, Elefteriou F, Anbinder AL. Response of the periodontal tissues to β-adrenergic stimulation. Life Sci 2021; 281:119776. [PMID: 34186048 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Stimulation of β-adrenergic receptors (βAR) in osteoblasts by isoproterenol (ISO) was shown to induce Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) and angiogenesis in long bones. We thus aimed to determine the vascular response of mandibular tissues to βAR stimulation regarding blood vessel formation. MAIN METHODS Six-week-old wild-type C57BL6 female mice received daily intraperitoneal injections of ISO or phosphate buffered saline (PBS) for 1 month. Hemimandibles and tibias were collected for immunolocalization of endomucin, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), neuropeptide Y (NPY) and norepinephrine transporter (NET). Moreover, Vegfa, Il-1 β, Il-6, Adrb2 and Rankl mRNA expression was assessed in mandibles and tibias 2 h after PBS or ISO treatment. KEY FINDINGS Despite similar sympathetic innervation and Adrb2 expression between mandibular tissues and tibias, with TH and NPY+ nerve fibers distributed around blood vessels, ISO treatment did not increase endomucin+ vessel area or the total number of endomucin+ vessels in any of the regions investigated (alveolar bone, periodontal ligament, and dental pulp). Consistent with these results, the expression of Vegfα, Il-6, Il-1β, and Rankl in the mandibular molar region did not change following ISO administration. We detected high expression of NET by immunofluorescence in mandible alveolar osteoblasts, osteocytes, and periodontal ligament fibroblasts, in addition to significantly higher Net expression by qPCR compared to the tibia from the same animals. SIGNIFICANCE These findings indicate a differential response to βAR agonists between mandibular and tibial tissues, since the angiogenic potential of sympathetic outflow observed in long bones is absent in periodontal tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Renata Mendonça Moraes
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Institute of Science and Technology, São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Florent Elefteriou
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics and Orthopedic Surgery, Center for Skeletal Medicine and Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Ana Lia Anbinder
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Institute of Science and Technology, São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Francelin C, Veneziani LP, Farias ADS, Mendes-da-Cruz DA, Savino W. Neurotransmitters Modulate Intrathymic T-cell Development. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:668067. [PMID: 33928093 PMCID: PMC8076891 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.668067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The existence of a crosstalk between the nervous and immune systems is well established. Neurotransmitters can be produced by immune cells, whereas cytokines can be secreted by cells of nervous tissues. Additionally, cells of both systems express the corresponding receptors. Herein, we discuss the thymus as a paradigm for studies on the neuroimmune network. The thymus is a primary lymphoid organ responsible for the maturation of T lymphocytes. Intrathymic T-cell development is mostly controlled by the thymic microenvironment, formed by thymic epithelial cells (TEC), dendritic cells, macrophages, and fibroblasts. Developing thymocytes and microenvironmental cells can be influenced by exogenous and endogenous stimuli; neurotransmitters are among the endogenous molecules. Norepinephrine is secreted at nerve endings in the thymus, but are also produced by thymic cells, being involved in controlling thymocyte death. Thymocytes and TEC express acetylcholine receptors, but the cognate neurotransmitter seems to be produced and released by lymphoid and microenvironmental cells, not by nerve endings. Evidence indicates that, among others, TECs also produce serotonin and dopamine, as well as somatostatin, substance P, vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and the typical pituitary neurohormones, oxytocin and arg-vasopressin. Although functional data of these molecules in the thymus are scarce, they are likely involved in intrathymic T cell development, as exemplified by somatostatin, which inhibits thymocyte proliferation, differentiation, migration and cytokine production. Overall, intrathymic neuroimmune interactions include various neurotransmitters, most of them of non-neuronal origin, and that should be placed as further physiological players in the general process of T-cell development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Francelin
- Autoimmune Research Laboratory, Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil.,National Institute of Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation (INCT-NIM), Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Luciana Peixoto Veneziani
- National Institute of Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation (INCT-NIM), Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Laboratory on Thymus Research, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Rio de Janeiro Research Network on Neuroinflammation (RENEURIN), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Alessandro Dos Santos Farias
- Autoimmune Research Laboratory, Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil.,National Institute of Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation (INCT-NIM), Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Daniella Arêas Mendes-da-Cruz
- National Institute of Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation (INCT-NIM), Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,National Institute of Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation (INCT-NIM), Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,National Institute of Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation (INCT-NIM), Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,National Institute of Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation (INCT-NIM), Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Wilson Savino
- National Institute of Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation (INCT-NIM), Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,National Institute of Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation (INCT-NIM), Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,National Institute of Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation (INCT-NIM), Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Moysidou M, Karaliota S, Kodela E, Salagianni M, Koutmani Y, Katsouda A, Kodella K, Tsakanikas P, Ourailidou S, Andreakos E, Kostomitsopoulos N, Skokos D, Chatzigeorgiou A, Chung KJ, Bornstein S, Sleeman MW, Chavakis T, Karalis KP. CD8+ T cells in beige adipogenesis and energy homeostasis. JCI Insight 2018. [PMID: 29515042 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.95456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Although accumulation of lymphocytes in the white adipose tissue (WAT) in obesity is linked to insulin resistance, it remains unclear whether lymphocytes also participate in the regulation of energy homeostasis in the WAT. Here, we demonstrate enhanced energy dissipation in Rag1-/- mice, increased catecholaminergic input to subcutaneous WAT, and significant beige adipogenesis. Adoptive transfer experiments demonstrated that CD8+ T cell deficiency accounts for the enhanced beige adipogenesis in Rag1-/- mice. Consistently, we identified that CD8-/- mice also presented with enhanced beige adipogenesis. The inhibitory effect of CD8+ T cells on beige adipogenesis was reversed by blockade of IFN-γ. All together, our findings identify an effect of CD8+ T cells in regulating energy dissipation in lean WAT, mediated by IFN-γ modulation of the abundance of resident immune cells and of local catecholaminergic activity. Our results provide a plausible explanation for the clinical signs of metabolic dysfunction in diseases characterized by altered CD8+ T cell abundance and suggest targeting of CD8+ T cells as a promising therapeutic approach for obesity and other diseases with altered energy homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Moysidou
- Clinical, Experimental Surgery & Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece.,University of Crete, School of Medicine, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Sevasti Karaliota
- Clinical, Experimental Surgery & Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Elisavet Kodela
- Clinical, Experimental Surgery & Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece.,University of Crete, School of Medicine, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Maria Salagianni
- Clinical, Experimental Surgery & Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Yassemi Koutmani
- Clinical, Experimental Surgery & Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Antonia Katsouda
- Clinical, Experimental Surgery & Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Konstantia Kodella
- Clinical, Experimental Surgery & Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Panagiotis Tsakanikas
- Clinical, Experimental Surgery & Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Styliani Ourailidou
- Clinical, Experimental Surgery & Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Evangelos Andreakos
- Clinical, Experimental Surgery & Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Kostomitsopoulos
- Clinical, Experimental Surgery & Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | | | - Kyoung-Jin Chung
- Technische Universität Dresden, School of Medicine, Dresden, Germany
| | - Stefan Bornstein
- Technische Universität Dresden, School of Medicine, Dresden, Germany
| | - Mark W Sleeman
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Katia P Karalis
- Clinical, Experimental Surgery & Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece.,Technische Universität Dresden, School of Medicine, Dresden, Germany.,Endocrine Division, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Leposavić GM, Pilipović IM. Intrinsic and Extrinsic Thymic Adrenergic Networks: Sex Steroid-Dependent Plasticity. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:13. [PMID: 29441042 PMCID: PMC5797573 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The thymus is sexually differentiated organ providing microenvironment for T-cell precursor differentiation/maturation in the major histocompatibility complex-restricted self-tolerant T cells. With increasing age, the thymus undergoes involution leading to the decline in efficacy of thymopoiesis. Noradrenaline from thymic nerve fibers and "(nor)adrenergic" cells is involved in the regulation of thymopoiesis. In rodents, noradrenaline concentration in thymus and adrenoceptor (AR) expression on thymic cells depend on sex and age. These differences are suggested to be implicated in the development of sexual diergism and the age-related decline in thymopoiesis. The programming of both thymic sexual differentiation and its involution occurs during the critical early perinatal period and may be reprogrammed during peripubertal development. The thymic (re)programming is critically dependent on circulating levels of gonadal steroids. Although the underlying molecular mechanisms have not yet been elucidated fully, it is assumed that the gonadal steroid action during the critical perinatal/peripubertal developmental periods leads to long-lasting changes in the efficacy of thymopoiesis partly through (re)programming of "(nor)adrenergic" cell networks and AR expression on thymic cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gordana Momčilo Leposavić
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
- *Correspondence: Gordana Momčilo Leposavić,
| | - Ivan M. Pilipović
- Immunology Research Centre “Branislav Janković”, Institute of Virology, Vaccines and Sera “Torlak”, Belgrade, Serbia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Pilipović I, Vujnović I, Arsenović-Ranin N, Dimitrijević M, Kosec D, Stojić-Vukanić Z, Leposavić G. Peripubertal ovariectomy influences thymic adrenergic network plasticity in adult rats. J Neuroimmunol 2016; 297:103-16. [PMID: 27397083 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2016.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Revised: 05/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The study investigated the influence of peripubertal ovariectomy on the thymic noradrenaline (NA) concentration, and the thymocyte NA content and β2- and α1-adrenoceptor (AR) expression in adult 2- and 11-month-old rats. In control rats, the thymic NA concentration increased with age. This increase reflected rise in the density of catecholamine (CA)-containing fluorescent nerve fibers and cells and their CA content. Additionally, the average β2- and α1-AR thymocyte surface density changed in the opposite direction with age; the density of β2-AR decreased, whereas that of α1-AR increased. Ovariectomy diminished the thymic NA concentration in 2-month-old rats. This reflected the decrease in the density of fluorescent nerve fibers, and CA content in fluorescent nerve fibers and non-lymphoid cells, since the thymocyte NA content was increased in ovariectomized (Ox) rats. Estrogen supplementation prevented the ovariectomy-induced changes. In Ox rats, the density of CA-synthesizing nerve fibers and non-lymphoid cells diminished with age. To the contrary, NA content in thymocytes increased with age, but it did not exceed that in 11-month-old controls. Additionally, ovariectomy diminished the average thymocyte surface density of β2-ARs, but it increased that of α1-ARs in 2-month-old-rats (due to estrogen, and estrogen and progesterone deficiency, respectively). These changes, despite of the rise in circulating estrogen level post-ovariectomy, remained stable with age. This most likely reflected a decreased sensitivity to estrogen action, as a consequence of the hormone misprinting in peripubertal age. The analysis of thymocyte proliferation in culture suggested that age- and ovariectomy-induced alterations in thymocyte NA synthesis and AR expression altered NA autocrine/paracrine action on thymocytes. In conclusion, the study indicates that the ovarian hormone deficiency in peripubertal age affects ovarian steroid-dependent remodeling of thymic adrenergic regulatory network in adult rats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Pilipović
- Immunology Research Centre "Branislav Janković", Institute of Virology, Vaccines and Sera "Torlak", 458 Vojvode Stepe, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ivana Vujnović
- Immunology Research Centre "Branislav Janković", Institute of Virology, Vaccines and Sera "Torlak", 458 Vojvode Stepe, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Nevena Arsenović-Ranin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, 450 Vojvode Stepe, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Mirjana Dimitrijević
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković", University of Belgrade, Bulevar Despota Stefana 142, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Duško Kosec
- Immunology Research Centre "Branislav Janković", Institute of Virology, Vaccines and Sera "Torlak", 458 Vojvode Stepe, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Zorica Stojić-Vukanić
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, 450 Vojvode Stepe, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Gordana Leposavić
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, 450 Vojvode Stepe, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Radojević K, Rakin A, Pilipović I, Kosec D, Djikić J, Bufan B, Vujnović I, Leposavić G. Effects of catecholamines on thymocyte apoptosis and proliferation depend on thymocyte microenvironment. J Neuroimmunol 2014; 272:16-28. [PMID: 24837703 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2014.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Revised: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The present study, through quantification of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) expression and catecholamine (CA) content in the presence and in the absence of α-methyl-p-tyrosine (AMPT), a TH inhibitor, in adult thymic organ (ATOC) and thymocyte culture, demonstrated that thymic cells produce CAs. In addition, in ATOC an increase in β2-adrenoceptor (AR) mRNA expression and β2-AR thymocyte surface density was registered. Furthermore, AMPT (10(-4)M), as propranolol (10(-4)M), augmented thymocyte apoptosis and diminished thymocyte proliferation in ATOC. Propranolol exerted these effects acting on CD3(high) thymocytes. However, in thymocyte cultures, propranolol (10(-6)M) acting on the same thymocyte subset exerted the opposing effect on thymocyte apoptosis and ConA-stimulated proliferation. This suggested that, depending on thymocyte microenvironment, differential effects can be induced through the same type of AR. Additionally, arterenol (10(-8) to 10(-6)M), similar to propranolol, diminished apoptosis, but increased ConA-stimulated thymocyte proliferation in thymocyte culture. However, differently from propranolol, arterenol affected manly CD3- thymocyte subset, which harbors majority of α1-AR+thymocytes. Additionally, arterenol showed a dose-dependent decrease in efficiency of thymocyte apoptosis and proliferation modulation with the rise in its concentration. Considering greater affinity of arterenol for α1-ARs than for β2-ARs, the previous findings could be attributable to increased engagement of β2-ARs with the rise of arterenol concentration. Consistently, in the presence of propranolol (10(-6)M), a β-AR blocker, the arterenol (10(-8)M) effects on thymocytes were augmented. In conclusion, thymic endogenous CAs, acting through distinct AR types and, possible, the same AR type (but in different cell microenvironment) may exert the opposing effects on thymocyte apoptosis/proliferation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katarina Radojević
- Immunology Research Centre "Branislav Janković", Institute of Virology, Vaccines and Sera "Torlak", 458 Vojvode Stepe, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ana Rakin
- Immunology Research Centre "Branislav Janković", Institute of Virology, Vaccines and Sera "Torlak", 458 Vojvode Stepe, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ivan Pilipović
- Immunology Research Centre "Branislav Janković", Institute of Virology, Vaccines and Sera "Torlak", 458 Vojvode Stepe, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Duško Kosec
- Immunology Research Centre "Branislav Janković", Institute of Virology, Vaccines and Sera "Torlak", 458 Vojvode Stepe, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jasmina Djikić
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, 450 Vojvode Stepe, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Biljana Bufan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, 450 Vojvode Stepe, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ivana Vujnović
- Immunology Research Centre "Branislav Janković", Institute of Virology, Vaccines and Sera "Torlak", 458 Vojvode Stepe, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Gordana Leposavić
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, 450 Vojvode Stepe, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Mignini F, Sabbatini M, Mattioli L, Cosenza M, Artico M, Cavallotti C. Neuro-immune modulation of the thymus microenvironment (review). Int J Mol Med 2014; 33:1392-400. [PMID: 24676230 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2014.1709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The thymus is the primary site for T-cell lympho-poiesis. Its function includes the maturation and selection of antigen specific T cells and selective release of these cells to the periphery. These highly complex processes require precise parenchymal organization and compartmentation where a plethora of signalling pathways occur, performing strict control on the maturation and selection processes of T lymphocytes. In this review, the main morphological characteristics of the thymus microenvironment, with particular emphasis on nerve fibers and neuropeptides were assessed, as both are responsible for neuro-immune‑modulation functions. Among several neurotransmitters that affect thymus function, we highlight the dopaminergic system as only recently has its importance on thymus function and lymphocyte physiology come to light.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fiorenzo Mignini
- Human Anatomy, School of Drug and Health Products Science, University of Camerino, Ι-62032 Camerino, Italy
| | - Maurizio Sabbatini
- Human Anatomy, Department of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Piedmont ̔Amedeo Avogadro̓, I-28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Laura Mattioli
- Human Anatomy, School of Drug and Health Products Science, University of Camerino, Ι-62032 Camerino, Italy
| | - Monica Cosenza
- Human Anatomy, School of Drug and Health Products Science, University of Camerino, Ι-62032 Camerino, Italy
| | - Marco Artico
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Medico-legal and Locomotor System Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Ι-00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Carlo Cavallotti
- Department of Sensory Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, Ι-00185 Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Bellinger DL, Lorton D. Autonomic regulation of cellular immune function. Auton Neurosci 2014; 182:15-41. [PMID: 24685093 DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2014.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Accepted: 01/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The nervous system and the immune system (IS) are two integrative systems that work together to detect threats and provide host defense, and to maintain/restore homeostasis. Cross-talk between the nervous system and the IS is vital for health and well-being. One of the major neural pathways responsible for regulating host defense against injury and foreign antigens and pathogens is the sympathetic nervous system (SNS). Stimulation of adrenergic receptors (ARs) on immune cells regulates immune cell development, survival, proliferative capacity, circulation, trafficking for immune surveillance and recruitment, and directs the cell surface expression of molecules and cytokine production important for cell-to-cell interactions necessary for a coordinated immune response. Finally, AR stimulation of effector immune cells regulates the activational state of immune cells and modulates their functional capacity. This review focuses on our current understanding of the role of the SNS in regulating host defense and immune homeostasis. SNS regulation of IS functioning is a critical link to the development and exacerbation of chronic immune-mediated diseases. However, there are many mechanisms that need to be further unraveled in order to develop sound treatment strategies that act on neural-immune interaction to resolve or prevent chronic inflammatory diseases, and to improve health and quality of life.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Denise L Bellinger
- Department of Pathology and Human Anatomy, Loma Linda University, School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA.
| | - Dianne Lorton
- College of Arts and Sciences, Kent State University and the Kent Summa Initiative for Clinical and Translational Research, Summa Health System, Akron, OH 44304, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
End-point effector stress mediators in neuroimmune interactions: their role in immune system homeostasis and autoimmune pathology. Immunol Res 2012; 52:64-80. [PMID: 22396175 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-012-8275-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Much evidence has identified a direct anatomical and functional link between the brain and the immune system, with glucocorticoids (GCs), catecholamines (CAs), and neuropeptide Y (NPY) as its end-point mediators. This suggests the important role of these mediators in immune system homeostasis and the pathogenesis of inflammatory autoimmune diseases. However, although it is clear that these mediators can modulate lymphocyte maturation and the activity of distinct immune cell types, their putative role in the pathogenesis of autoimmune disease is not yet completely understood. We have contributed to this field by discovering the influence of CAs and GCs on fine-tuning thymocyte negative selection and, in particular, by pointing to the putative CA-mediated mechanisms underlying this influence. Furthermore, we have shown that CAs are implicated in the regulation of regulatory T-cell development in the thymus. Moreover, our investigations related to macrophage biology emphasize the complex interaction between GCs, CAs and NPY in the modulation of macrophage functions and their putative significance for the pathogenesis of autoimmune inflammatory diseases.
Collapse
|
11
|
Leposavić G, Pilipović I, Perišić M. Cellular and nerve fibre catecholaminergic thymic network: steroid hormone dependent activity. Physiol Res 2011; 60:S71-82. [PMID: 21777027 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.932175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The thymus plays a critical role in establishing and maintaining the peripheral T-cell pool. It does so by providing a microenvironment within which T-cell precursors differentiate and undergo selection processes to create a functional population of major histocompatibility complex-restricted, self-tolerant T cells. These cells are central to adaptive immunity. Thymic T-cell development is influenced by locally produced soluble factors and cell-to-cell interactions, as well as by sympathetic noradrenergic and endocrine system signalling. Thymic lymphoid and non-lymphoid cells have been shown not only to express beta- and alpha(1)- adrenoceptors (ARs), but also to synthesize catecholamines (CAs). Thus, it is suggested that CAs influence T-cell development via both neurocrine/endocrine and autocrine/paracrine action, and that they serve as immunotransmitters between thymocytes and nerves. CAs acting at multiple sites along the thymocyte developmental route affect T-cell generation not only numerically, but also qualitatively. Thymic CA level and synthesis, as well as AR expression exhibit sex steroid-mediated sexual dimorphism. Moreover, the influence of CAs on T-cell development exhibits glucocorticoid-dependent plasticity. This review summarizes recent findings in this field and our current understanding of complex and multifaceted neuroendocrine-immune communications at thymic level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Leposavić
- Immunology Research Centre Branislav Janković, Institute of Virology, Vaccines and Sera Torlak, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Grisanti LA, Perez DM, Porter JE. Modulation of immune cell function by α(1)-adrenergic receptor activation. CURRENT TOPICS IN MEMBRANES 2011; 67:113-38. [PMID: 21771488 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-384921-2.00006-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The sympathetic nervous system regulates human immune system functions through epinephrine (Epi) and norepinephrine (NE) activation of adrenergic receptors (AR) expressed on immunocompetent cell populations. The anti-inflammatory effects that are most often attributed to increased sympathetic activity have been shown to occur through β2- and α2-AR stimulation. However, dichotomous AR effects on immune system function are becoming increasingly apparent. Reports of α1-AR expression on immune cell populations have been conflicting due to a lack of specific antibodies or subtype-selective receptor ligands. This has made α1-AR identification difficult and further characterization of α1-AR subtype expression limited. Nevertheless, there is some evidence suggesting an induction of α1-AR expression on immunocompetent cells under certain physiological conditions and disease states. Also, the function of α1-AR activation to modulate immune responses is just beginning to emerge in the literature. Changes in the secretion of inflammatory mediators as well as increased cell migration and differentiation have been described following α1-AR stimulation on immunocompetent cells. These observations demonstrate the significance of α1-AR activity in immune cell biology and emphasize the importance for understanding α1-AR effects on the immune system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laurel A Grisanti
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Therapeutics, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Roggero E, Besedovsky HO, del Rey A. The role of the sympathetic nervous system in the thymus in health and disease. Neuroimmunomodulation 2011; 18:339-49. [PMID: 21952686 DOI: 10.1159/000329581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The existence of a network of immunoneuroendocrine interactions that results in the reciprocal modulation of the classical functions of each system is well established at present. Most of the evidence derives from studies on secondary lymphoid organs, such as the spleen and lymph nodes. In this article, several aspects relevant to understand the role of the sympathetic nervous system in the establishment of these interactions in the thymus are discussed. At present, the sympathetic innervation of the thymus, the expression of adrenergic receptors in thymic cells, particularly of β-adrenergic receptors, and the effect of sympathetic neurotransmitters, although mainly derived from in vitro or pharmacological studies, seem to be relatively well studied. However, other aspects, such as the relevance that immune-sympathetic interactions at the thymic level may have for certain diseases, specially autoimmune or other diseases that primarily involve the activation of the immune system, as well as how the integration of sympathetic and hormonal signals at local levels may affect thymic functions, certainly deserve further investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Roggero
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Abierta Interamericana, Rosario, Argentina
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Leposavić G, Pilipović I, Perišić M. Age-associated remodeling of neural and nonneural thymic catecholaminergic network affects thymopoietic productivity. Neuroimmunomodulation 2011; 18:290-308. [PMID: 21952681 DOI: 10.1159/000329499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Ageing is associated with a progressive decline in thymic cytoarchitecture followed by a less efficient T cell development and decreased emigration of naïve T cells to the periphery. These thymic changes are linked to increased morbidity and mortality from infectious, malignant and autoimmune diseases in old age. Therefore, it is of paramount importance to understand the thymic homeostatic processes across the life span, as well as to identify factors and elucidate mechanisms driving or contributing to the thymic involution. Catecholamines (CAs) derived from sympathetic nerves and produced locally by thymic cells represent an important component of the thymic microenvironment. In young rats, they provide a subtle tonic suppressive influence on T cell development acting via β(2)- and α(1)-adrenoceptors (ARs) expressed on thymic nonlymphoid cells and thymocytes. In the face of thymic involution, a progressive increase in the thymic noradrenaline level, reflecting a rise in the density of noradrenergic nerve fibers and CA-synthesizing cells, occurs. In addition, the density of β(2)- and α(1)-AR-expressing thymic nonlymphoid cells and the α(1)-AR thymocyte surface density also exhibit a pronounced increase with age. The data obtained from studies investigating effects of AR blockade on T cell development indicated that age-related changes in CA-mediated thymic communications, certainly those involving α(1)-ARs, may contribute to diminished thymopoietic efficiency in the elderly. Having in mind thymic plasticity in the course of ageing, and broadening possibilities for pharmacological modulation of CA signaling, we here present and discuss the progress in research related to a role of CAs in thymic homeostasis and age-related decay in the thymic naïve T cell output.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gordana Leposavić
- Immunology Research Centre 'Branislav Janković', Institute of Virology, Vaccines and Sera 'Torlak', Belgrade, Serbia. Gordana.Leposavic @ pharmacy.bg.ac.rs
| | | | | |
Collapse
|