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Fn14 Participates in Neuropathic Pain Through NF-κB Pathway in Primary Sensory Neurons. Mol Neurobiol 2019; 56:7085-7096. [PMID: 30976982 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-019-1545-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor-inducible-14 (Fn14), a receptor for tumor necrosis-like weak inducer of apoptosis, is expressed in the neurons of dorsal root ganglion (DRG). Its mRNA is increased in the injured DRG following peripheral nerve injury. Whether this increase contributes to neuropathic pain is unknown. We reported here that peripheral nerve injury caused by spinal nerve ligation (SNL) increased the expression of Fn14 at both protein and mRNA levels in the injured DRG. Blocking this increase attenuated the development of SNL-induced mechanical, thermal, and cold pain hypersensitivities. Conversely, mimicking this increase produced the increases in the levels of phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase ½ and glial fibrillary acidic protein in ipsilateral dorsal horn and the enhanced responses to mechanical, thermal, and cold stimuli in the absence of SNL. Mechanistically, the increased Fn14 activated the NF-κB pathway through promoting the translocation of p65 into the nucleus of the injured DRG neurons. Our findings suggest that Fn14 may be a potential target for the therapeutic treatment of peripheral neuropathic pain.
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Kichev A, Baburamani AA, Vontell R, Gressens P, Burkly L, Thornton C, Hagberg H. TWEAK Receptor Deficiency Has Opposite Effects on Female and Male Mice Subjected to Neonatal Hypoxia-Ischemia. Front Neurol 2018; 9:230. [PMID: 29706927 PMCID: PMC5906546 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.00230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-like weak inducer of apoptosis (TWEAK) is a multifunctional cytokine member of the TNF family. TWEAK binds to its only known receptor, Fn14, enabling it to activate downstream signaling processes in response to tissue injury. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of TWEAK signaling in neonatal hypoxia–ischemia (HI). We found that after neonatal HI, both TWEAK and Fn14 expression were increased to a greater extent in male compared with female mice. To assess the role of TWEAK signaling after HI, the size of the injury was measured in neonatal mice genetically deficient in Fn14 and compared with their wild-type and heterozygote littermates. A significant sex difference in the Fn14 knockout (KO) animals was observed. Fn14 gene KO was beneficial in females; conversely, reducing Fn14 expression exacerbated the brain injury in male mice. Our findings indicate that the TWEAK/Fn14 pathway is critical for development of hypoxic–ischemic brain injury in immature animals. However, as the responses are different in males and females, clinical implementation depends on development of sex-specific therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Kichev
- Perinatal Brain Injury Group, Centre for the Developing Brain, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, Kings College London, King's Health Partners, St. Thomas' Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ana A Baburamani
- Perinatal Brain Injury Group, Centre for the Developing Brain, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, Kings College London, King's Health Partners, St. Thomas' Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Regina Vontell
- Perinatal Brain Injury Group, Centre for the Developing Brain, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, Kings College London, King's Health Partners, St. Thomas' Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Pierre Gressens
- Perinatal Brain Injury Group, Centre for the Developing Brain, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, Kings College London, King's Health Partners, St. Thomas' Hospital, London, United Kingdom.,PROTECT, INSERM, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Linda Burkly
- Department of Neuroinflammation, Biogen, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Claire Thornton
- Perinatal Brain Injury Group, Centre for the Developing Brain, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, Kings College London, King's Health Partners, St. Thomas' Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Henrik Hagberg
- Perinatal Brain Injury Group, Centre for the Developing Brain, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, Kings College London, King's Health Partners, St. Thomas' Hospital, London, United Kingdom.,Perinatal Center, Institute of Clinical Sciences, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Perinatal Center, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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3
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Mammele S, Frauenknecht K, Sevimli S, Diederich K, Bauer H, Grimm C, Minnerup J, Schäbitz WR, Sommer CJ. Prevention of an increase in cortical ligand binding to AMPA receptors may represent a novel mechanism of endogenous brain protection by G-CSF after ischemic stroke. Restor Neurol Neurosci 2018; 34:665-75. [PMID: 26410211 DOI: 10.3233/rnn-150543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Using G-CSF deficient mice we recently demonstrated neuroprotective properties of endogenous G-CSF after ischemic stroke. The present follow-up study was designed to check, whether specific alterations in ligand binding densities of excitatory glutamate or inhibitory GABAA receptors may participate in this effect. METHODS Three groups of female mice were subjected to 45 minutes of MCAO: wildtype, G-CSF deficient and G-CSF deficient mice substituted with G-CSF. Infarct volumes were determined after 24 hours and quantitative in vitro receptor autoradiography was performed using [3H]MK-801, [3H]AMPA and [3H]muscimol for labeling of NMDA, AMPA and GABAA receptors, respectively. Ligand binding densities were analyzed in regions in the ischemic core, peri-infarct areas and corresponding contralateral regions. RESULTS Infarct volumes did not significantly differ between the experimental groups. Ligand binding densities of NMDA and GABAA receptors were widely in the same range. However, AMPA receptor binding densities in G-CSF deficient mice were substantially enhanced compared to wildtype mice. G-CSF substitution in mice lacking G-CSF largely reversed this effect. CONCLUSIONS Although infarct volumes did not differ 24 hours after ischemia the increase of AMPA receptor binding densities in G-CSF deficient mice may explain the bigger infarcts previously observed at later time-points with the same stroke model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Mammele
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Katrin Frauenknecht
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Sevgi Sevimli
- Department of Neurology, University of Münster, Germany
| | - Kai Diederich
- Department of Neurology, University of Münster, Germany
| | - Henrike Bauer
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Christina Grimm
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Jens Minnerup
- Department of Neurology, University of Münster, Germany
| | - Wolf-Rüdiger Schäbitz
- Department of Neurology, University of Münster, Germany.,Neurology, Bethel, EVKB, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Clemens J Sommer
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
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Ingberg E, Dock H, Theodorsson E, Theodorsson A, Ström JO. Method parameters' impact on mortality and variability in mouse stroke experiments: a meta-analysis. Sci Rep 2016; 6:21086. [PMID: 26876353 PMCID: PMC4753409 DOI: 10.1038/srep21086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Although hundreds of promising substances have been tested in clinical trials,
thrombolysis currently remains the only specific pharmacological treatment for
ischemic stroke. Poor quality, e.g. low statistical power, in the preclinical
studies has been suggested to play an important role in these failures. Therefore,
it would be attractive to use animal models optimized to minimize unnecessary
mortality and outcome variability, or at least to be able to power studies more
exactly by predicting variability and mortality given a certain experimental setup.
The possible combinations of methodological parameters are innumerous, and an
experimental comparison of them all is therefore not feasible. As an alternative
approach, we extracted data from 334 experimental mouse stroke articles and, using a
hypothesis-driven meta-analysis, investigated the method parameters’
impact on infarct size variability and mortality. The use of Swiss and C57BL6 mice
as well as permanent occlusion of the middle cerebral artery rendered the lowest
variability of the infarct size while the emboli methods increased variability. The
use of Swiss mice increased mortality. Our study offers guidance for researchers
striving to optimize mouse stroke models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edvin Ingberg
- Division of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Center for Diagnostics, Region Östergötland, Sweden
| | - Hua Dock
- Division of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Center for Diagnostics, Region Östergötland, Sweden
| | - Elvar Theodorsson
- Division of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Center for Diagnostics, Region Östergötland, Sweden
| | - Annette Theodorsson
- Division of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Center for Diagnostics, Region Östergötland, Sweden.,Division of Neuro and Inflammation Science, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Department of Neurosurgery, Anaesthetics, Operations and Specialty Surgery Center, Region Östergötland, Sweden
| | - Jakob O Ström
- Division of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Center for Diagnostics, Region Östergötland, Sweden.,Vårdvetenskapligt Forskningscentrum/Centre for Health Sciences, Örebro University Hospital, County Council of Örebro, Örebro, Sweden.,School of Health and Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
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Frauenknecht K, Katzav A, Weiss Lavi R, Sabag A, Otten S, Chapman J, Sommer CJ. Mice with experimental antiphospholipid syndrome display hippocampal dysfunction and a reduction of dendritic complexity in hippocampal CA1 neurones. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2015; 41:657-71. [PMID: 25201289 DOI: 10.1111/nan.12180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is an autoimmune disease characterized by high titres of auto-antibodies (aPL) leading to thrombosis and consequent infarcts. However, many affected patients develop neurological symptoms in the absence of stroke. Similarly, in a mouse model of this disease (eAPS), animals consistently develop behavioural abnormalities despite lack of ischemic brain injury. Therefore, the present study was designed to identify structural alterations of hippocampal neurones underlying the neurological symptoms in eAPS. METHODS Adult female Balb/C mice were subjected to either induction of eAPS by immunization with β2-Glycoprotein 1 or to a control group. After sixteen weeks animals underwent behavioural and cognitive testing using Staircase test (experiment 1 and 2) and Y-maze alternation test (experiment 1) and were tested for serum aPL levels (both experiments). Animals of experiment 1 (n = 7/group) were used for hippocampal neurone analysis using Golgi-Cox staining. Animals of experiment 2 (n = 7/group) were used to analyse molecular markers of total dendritic integrity (MAP2), presynaptic plasticity (synaptobrevin 2/VAMP2) and dendritic spines (synaptopodin) using immunohistochemistry. RESULTS eAPS mice developed increased aPL titres and presented with abnormal behaviour and impaired short term memory. Further, they revealed a reduction of dendritic complexity of hippocampal CA1 neurones as reflected by decreased dendritic length, arborization and spine density, respectively. Additional decrease of the spine-associated protein expression of Synaptopodin points to dendritic spines as major targets in the pathological process. CONCLUSION Reduction of hippocampal dendritic complexity may represent the structural basis for the behavioural and cognitive abnormalities of eAPS mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Frauenknecht
- Department of Neuropathology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Aviva Katzav
- Department of Neurology, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Ronen Weiss Lavi
- Department of Neurology, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Hashomer, Israel.,Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Avishag Sabag
- Department of Neurology, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Susanne Otten
- Department of Neuropathology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Joab Chapman
- Department of Neurology, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Clemens J Sommer
- Department of Neuropathology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany.,Focus Program Translational Neurosciences (FTN), Rhine Main Neuroscience Network (rmn2), Germany
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Kamp MA, Dibué M, Sommer C, Steiger HJ, Schneider T, Hänggi D. Evaluation of a murine single-blood-injection SAH model. PLoS One 2014; 9:e114946. [PMID: 25545775 PMCID: PMC4278886 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0114946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 11/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular pathways underlying the pathogenesis after subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH) are poorly understood and continue to be a matter of debate. A valid murine SAH injection model is not yet available but would be the prerequisite for further transgenic studies assessing the mechanisms following SAH. Using the murine single injection model, we examined the effects of SAH on regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) in the somatosensory (S1) and cerebellar cortex, neuro-behavioural and morphological integrity and changes in quantitative electrocorticographic and electrocardiographic parameters. Micro CT imaging verified successful blood delivery into the cisterna magna. An acute impairment of rCBF was observed immediately after injection in the SAH and after 6, 12 and 24 hours in the S1 and 6 and 12 hours after SAH in the cerebellum. Injection of blood into the foramen magnum reduced telemetric recorded total ECoG power by an average of 65%. Spectral analysis of ECoGs revealed significantly increased absolute delta power, i.e., slowing, cortical depolarisations and changes in ripples and fast ripple oscillations 12 hours and 24 hours after SAH. Therefore, murine single-blood-injection SAH model is suitable for pathophysiological and further molecular analysis following SAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel A. Kamp
- Department for Neurosurgery, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Moorenstraße 5, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
- Institute for Neurophysiology, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Robert-Koch-Str. 39, D-50931 Köln, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Maxine Dibué
- Department for Neurosurgery, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Moorenstraße 5, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
- Institute for Neurophysiology, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Robert-Koch-Str. 39, D-50931 Köln, Germany
- Center of Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), Robert-Koch-Str. 39, D-50931 Köln, Germany
| | - Clemens Sommer
- Department for Neuropathology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Langenbeckstr. 1, D-55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Hans-Jakob Steiger
- Department for Neurosurgery, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Moorenstraße 5, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Toni Schneider
- Institute for Neurophysiology, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Robert-Koch-Str. 39, D-50931 Köln, Germany
- Center of Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), Robert-Koch-Str. 39, D-50931 Köln, Germany
| | - Daniel Hänggi
- Department for Neurosurgery, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Moorenstraße 5, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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Abstract
The neurovascular unit (NVU) is a dynamic structure assembled by endothelial cells (EC), a basement membrane (BM), perivascular astrocytes (PA), pericytes, and surrounding neurons. The NVU regulates the passage of substances and cellular elements from the intravascular space into the brain parenchyma. This function, also known as blood-brain barrier (BBB), is regulated by the integrity of tight junctions proteins between EC, and the interaction between PA and the basal lamina. The cytokine tumor necrosis factor-like weak inducer of apoptosis (TWEAK) and its receptor fibroblast growth factor-inducible 14 (Fn14) are abundantly expressed in the NVU. Here we will review data indicating that the interaction between TWEAK and Fn14 in the endothelial cell-BM-astrocyte interface regulates the function of the BBB following an ischemic/hypoxic injury, and that pharmacological inhibition of TWEAK-Fn14 is a promising target for the treatment of patients with neurological diseases that have a direct impact on the structure and function of the NVU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Yepes
- Department of Neurology and Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta, GA , USA ; Department of Neurology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta, GA , USA
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Local delivery of nimodipine by prolonged-release microparticles-feasibility, effectiveness and dose-finding in experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage. PLoS One 2012; 7:e42597. [PMID: 23049732 PMCID: PMC3458040 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0042597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2012] [Accepted: 07/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Purpose To investigate the effect of locally applied nimodipine prolonged-release microparticles on angiographic vasospasm and secondary brain injury after experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Methods 70 male Wistar rats were categorized into three groups: 1) sham operated animals (control), 2) animals with SAH only (control) and the 3) treatment group. SAH was induced using the double hemorrhage model. The treatment group received different concentrations (20%, 30% or 40%) of nimodipine microparticles. Angiographic vasospasm was assessed 5 days later using digital subtraction angiography (DSA). Histological analysis of frozen sections was performed using H&E-staining as well as Iba1 and MAP2 immunohistochemistry. Results DSA images were sufficient for assessment in 42 animals. Severe angiographic vasospasm was present in group 2 (SAH only), as compared to the sham operated group (p<0.001). Only animals within group 3 and the highest nimodipine microparticles concentration (40%) as well as group 1 (sham) demonstrated the largest intracranial artery diameters. Variation in vessel calibers, however, did not result in differences in Iba-1 or MAP2 expression, i.e. in histological findings for secondary brain injury. Conclusions Local delivery of high-dose nimodipine prolonged-release microparticles at high concentration resulted in significant reduction in angiographic vasospasm after experimental SAH and with no histological signs for matrix toxicity.
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Frauenknecht K, Katzav A, Grimm C, Chapman J, Sommer CJ. Neurological impairment in experimental antiphospholipid syndrome is associated with increased ligand binding to hippocampal and cortical serotonergic 5-HT1A receptors. Immunobiology 2012; 218:517-26. [PMID: 22884359 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2012.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2012] [Accepted: 06/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is an autoimmune disease where the presence of high titers of circulating autoantibodies causes thrombosis with consecutive infarcts. In experimental APS (eAPS), a mouse model of APS, behavioral abnormalities develop in the absence of vessel occlusion or infarcts. Using brain hemispheres of control and eAPS mice with documented neurological and cognitive deficits, we checked for lymphocytic infiltration, activation of glia and macrophages, as well as alterations of ligand binding densities of various neurotransmitter receptors to unravel the molecular basis of this abnormal behavior. Lymphocytic infiltrates were immunohistochemically characterized using antibodies against CD3, CD4, CD8 and forkhead box P3 (Foxp3), respectively. GFAP, Iba1 and CD68-immunohistochemistry was performed, to check for activation of astrocytes, microglia and macrophages. Ligand binding densities of NMDA, AMPA, GABAA and 5-HT1A receptors were analyzed by in vitro receptor autoradiography. No significant inflammatory reaction occurred in eAPS mice. There was neither activation of astrocytes or microglia nor accumulation of macrophages. Binding values of excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitter receptors were largely unchanged. However, ligand binding densities of the modulatory serotonergic 5-HT1A receptors in the hippocampus and in the primary somatosensory cortex of eAPS mice were significantly upregulated which is suggested to induce the behavioral abnormalities observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Frauenknecht
- Department of Neuropathology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany.
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Clark CA, Laskin CA, Spitzer KA. Anticardiolipin antibodies and recurrent early pregnancy loss: a century of equivocal evidence. Hum Reprod Update 2012; 18:474-84. [DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dms020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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Diederich K, Frauenknecht K, Minnerup J, Schneider BK, Schmidt A, Altach E, Eggert V, Sommer CJ, Schäbitz WR. Citicoline enhances neuroregenerative processes after experimental stroke in rats. Stroke 2012; 43:1931-40. [PMID: 22581817 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.112.654806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The neuroprotective potential of citicoline in acute ischemic stroke has been shown in many experimental studies and, although the exact mechanisms are still unknown, a clinical Phase III trial is currently underway. Our present study was designed to check whether citicoline also enhances neuroregeneration after experimental stroke. METHODS Forty Wistar rats were subjected to photothrombotic stroke and treated either with daily injections of citicoline (100 mg/kg) or vehicle for 10 consecutive days starting 24 hours after ischemia induction. Sensorimotor tests were performed after an adequate training period at Days 1, 10, 21, and 28 after stroke. Then brains were removed and analyzed for infarct size, glial scar formation, neurogenesis, and ligand binding densities of excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitter receptors. RESULTS Animals treated with citicoline showed a significantly better neurological outcome at Days 10, 21, and 28 after ischemia, which could not be attributed to differences in infarct volumes or glial scar formation. However, neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus, subventricular zone, and peri-infarct area was significantly increased by citicoline. Furthermore, enhanced neurological outcome after citicoline treatment was associated with a shift toward excitation in the perilesional cortex. CONCLUSIONS Our present data demonstrate that, apart from the well-known neuroprotective effects in acute ischemic stroke, citicoline also possesses a substantial neuroregenerative potential. Thanks to its multimodal effects, easy applicability, and history as a well-tolerated drug, promising possibilities of neurological treatment including chronic stroke open up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Diederich
- Department of Neurology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
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Yang JP, Li SL. Clinical pathological significance of expression of TWEAK and its receptor Fn14 in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2011; 19:3217-3221. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v19.i31.3217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To explore the role of TWEAK and its receptor Fn14 in the development, progression, invasion and metastasis of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC).
METHODS: Immunohistochemistry was used to detect the expression of TWEAK and Fn14 in 45 cases of ESCC specimens, 22 cases of adjacent atypical hyperplasia epithelial specimens and 22 cases of normal esophageal epithelial specimens.
RESULTS: The expression of TWEAK protein was closely correlated with tumor infiltration, lymphatic metastasis and TNM grade in ESCC (χ2 = 6.455, 11.645 and 4.185, all P < 0.05). The positive rate of TWEAK protein expression in normal esophageal epithelium, adjacent atypical hyperplasia epithelium and ESCC were 27.3% (6/22), 40.9% (9/22) and 64.4% (29/45), respectively, showing a significant upward trend (χ2 = 9.018, P < 0. 05). The expression of Fn14 protein was closely correlated with the tumor grade, infiltration, lymphatic metastasis and TNM grade in ESCC (χ2 = 10.873, 12.513, 9.244 and 13.137, all P < 0. 05). The positive rate of Fn14 protein expression in normal esophageal epithelium, adjacent atypical hyperplasia epithelium and ESCC were 22.7% (5/22), 59.1% (13/22) and 62.2%(28/45), also showing a significant upward trend ( χ2 = 9.872, P < 0.05). There was a positive correlation between the expression of TWEAK and Fn14 in ESCC ( γp = 0.091, P < 0.05).
CONCLUSION: TWEAK and Fn14 play an important role in the development, infiltration, and metastasis of ESCC.
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Current world literature. Curr Opin Pediatr 2011; 23:356-63. [PMID: 21566469 DOI: 10.1097/mop.0b013e3283481706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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