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Zhang Z, Reece MD, Roa S, Tyor W, Franklin DR, Letendre SL, Marconi VC, Anderson AM, Gavegnano C. The identification of intact HIV proviral DNA from human cerebrospinal fluid. Neurotherapeutics 2024; 21:e00373. [PMID: 38749843 PMCID: PMC11284557 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurot.2024.e00373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/15/2024] Open
Abstract
We evaluated the HIV-1 DNA reservoir in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in people with HIV (PWH) and associations to cognitive dysfunction. Using the intact proviral DNA assay (IPDA), an emerging technique to identify provirus that may be the source of viral rebound, we assessed HIV DNA in CSF and PBMC in PWH regardless of antiretroviral therapy (ART). CSF was used as a sampling surrogate for the central nervous system (CNS) as opposed to tissue. IDPA results (3' defective, 5' defective, and intact HIV DNA) were analyzed by compartment (Wilcoxon signed rank; matched and unmatched pairs). Cognitive performance, measured via a battery of nine neuropsychological (NP) tests, were analyzed for correlation to HIV DNA (Spearman's rho). 11 CSF and 8 PBMC samples from PWH were evaluated both unmatched and matched. Total CSF HIV DNA was detectable in all participants and was significantly higher than in matched PBMCs (p = 0.0039). Intact CSF HIV DNA was detected in 7/11 participants and correlated closely with those in PBMCs but tended to be higher in CSF than in PBMC. CSF HIV DNA did not correlate with global NP performance, but higher values did correlate with worse executive function (p = 0.0440). Intact HIV DNA is frequently present in the CSF of PWH regardless of ART. This further supports the presence of an HIV CNS reservoir and provides a method to study CNS reservoirs during HIV cure studies. Larger studies are needed to evaluate relationships with CNS clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhan Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA; Atlanta VA Medical Center, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Monica D Reece
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Sebastian Roa
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - William Tyor
- Atlanta VA Medical Center, Atlanta, GA, USA; Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Donald R Franklin
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California at San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Scott L Letendre
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California at San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Vincent C Marconi
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA; Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA; Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Albert M Anderson
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Christina Gavegnano
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA; Center for the Study of Human Health, Emory College, Atlanta, GA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Center for Bioethics, Boston, MA, USA.
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de Almeida SM, Beltrame MP, Tang B, Rotta I, Abramson I, Vaida F, Schrier R, Ellis RJ. Cerebrospinal fluid CD14 ++CD16 + monocytes in HIV-1 subtype C compared with subtype B. J Neurovirol 2023; 29:308-324. [PMID: 37219809 PMCID: PMC10769008 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-023-01137-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
CD14++CD16+ monocytes are susceptible to HIV-1 infection, and cross the blood-brain barrier. HIV-1 subtype C (HIV-1C) shows reduced Tat protein chemoattractant activity compared to HIV-1B, which might influence monocyte trafficking into the CNS. We hypothesized that the proportion of monocytes in CSF in HIV-1C is lower than HIV-1B group. We sought to assess differences in monocyte proportions in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and peripheral blood (PB) between people with HIV (PWH) and without HIV (PWoH), and by HIV-1B and -C subtypes. Immunophenotyping was performed by flow cytometry, monocytes were analyzed within CD45 + and CD64 + gated regions and classified in classical (CD14++CD16-), intermediate (CD14++CD16+), and non-classical (CD14lowCD16+). Among PWH, the median [IQR] CD4 nadir was 219 [32-531] cell/mm3; plasma HIV RNA (log10) was 1.60 [1.60-3.21], and 68% were on antiretroviral therapy (ART). Participants with HIV-1C and -B were comparable in terms of age, duration of infection, CD4 nadir, plasma HIV RNA, and ART. The proportion of CSF CD14++CD16+ monocytes was higher in participants with HIV-1C than those with HIV-1B [2.00(0.00-2.80) vs. 0.00(0.00-0.60) respectively, p = 0.03 after BH correction p = 0.10]. Despite viral suppression, the proportion of total monocytes in PB increased in PWH, due to the increase in CD14++CD16+ and CD14lowCD16+ monocytes. The HIV-1C Tat substitution (C30S31) did not interfere with the migration of CD14++CD16+ monocytes to the CNS. This is the first study to evaluate these monocytes in the CSF and PB and compare their proportions according to HIV subtype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio M de Almeida
- Complexo Hospital de Clínicas-UFPR, Seção de Virologia, Setor Análises Clínicas, Rua Padre Camargo, 280, Curitiba, PR, 80060-240, Brazil.
| | | | - Bin Tang
- HIV Neurobehavioral Research Center (HNRC), UCSD, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Indianara Rotta
- Complexo Hospital de Clínicas-UFPR, Seção de Virologia, Setor Análises Clínicas, Rua Padre Camargo, 280, Curitiba, PR, 80060-240, Brazil
| | - Ian Abramson
- HIV Neurobehavioral Research Center (HNRC), UCSD, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Florin Vaida
- HIV Neurobehavioral Research Center (HNRC), UCSD, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Rachel Schrier
- HIV Neurobehavioral Research Center (HNRC), UCSD, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Ronald J Ellis
- HIV Neurobehavioral Research Center (HNRC), UCSD, San Diego, CA, USA
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Xiao H, Xiao H, Zhang Y, Guo L, Dou Z, Liu L, Zhu L, Feng W, Liu B, Hu B, Chen T, Liu G, Wen T. High-throughput sequencing unravels the cell heterogeneity of cerebrospinal fluid in the bacterial meningitis of children. Front Immunol 2022; 13:872832. [PMID: 36119025 PMCID: PMC9478118 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.872832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial meningitis (BM) is a common life-threatening infection in children that occurs in the central nervous system (CNS). The cytologic examination of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is a key parameter in the diagnosis of BM, but the heterogeneity of cells in the CSF has not been elucidated, which limits the current understanding of BM neuroinflammation. In this study, CSF samples were collected from a number of BM patients who were in different stages of disease progression. Single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq), with additional bulk transcriptome sequencing, was conducted to decipher the characteristics of CSF cells in BM progression. A total of 18 immune cell clusters in CSF were identified, including two neutrophils, two monocytes, one macrophage, four myeloid dendritic cells, five T cells, one natural killer cell, one B cell, one plasmacytoid dendritic cell, and one plasma cell subtype. Their population profiles and dynamics in the initial onset, remission, and recovery stages during BM progression were also characterized, which showed decreased proportions of myeloid cells and increased proportions of lymphoid cells with disease progression. One novel neutrophil subtype, FFAR2+TNFAIP6+ neutrophils, and one novel monocyte subtype, THBS1+IL1B+ monocytes, were discovered, and their quantity changes positively correlated with the intensity of the inflammatory response in the CSF during BM. In addition, the CSF of BM patients with unsatisfactory therapeutic responses presented with different cell heterogeneity compared to the CSF of BM patients with satisfactory therapeutic responses, and their CSF featured altered intercellular communications and increased proportions of type II myeloid dendritic cells and plasmacytoid dendritic cells. Moreover, the bulk transcriptome profiles of autologous CSF cells and peripheral blood leukocytes of BM patients showed that the immune cells in these two physiological compartments exhibited distinct immune responses under different onset conditions. In particular, the CSF cells showed a high expression of macrophage characteristic genes and a low expression of platelet characteristic genes compared with peripheral blood leukocytes. Our study conducted an in-depth exploration of the characteristics of CSF cells in BM progression, which provided novel insights into immune cell engagement in acute CNS infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haihan Xiao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Haijuan Xiao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Ministry of Education, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children’s Health, Beijing, China
| | - Yun Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lingyun Guo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Ministry of Education, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children’s Health, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenzhen Dou
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Ministry of Education, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children’s Health, Beijing, China
| | - Linlin Liu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Ministry of Education, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children’s Health, Beijing, China
| | - Liang Zhu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Ministry of Education, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children’s Health, Beijing, China
| | - Wenya Feng
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Ministry of Education, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children’s Health, Beijing, China
| | - Bing Liu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Ministry of Education, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children’s Health, Beijing, China
| | - Bing Hu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Ministry of Education, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children’s Health, Beijing, China
| | - Tianming Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Ministry of Education, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children’s Health, Beijing, China
| | - Gang Liu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Ministry of Education, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children’s Health, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Tingyi Wen, ; Gang Liu,
| | - Tingyi Wen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Tingyi Wen, ; Gang Liu,
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de Almeida SM, Beltrame MP, Tang B, Rotta I, Schluga Y, Justus JLP, da Rocha MT, Abramson I, Vaida F, Schrier R, Ellis RJ. Main lymphocyte subpopulations in cerebrospinal fluid and peripheral blood in HIV-1 subtypes C and B. J Neurovirol 2022; 28:291-304. [PMID: 35190973 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-022-01054-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
HIV-1 subtype C (HIV-1C) shows reduced Tat protein chemoattractant activity compared with HIV-1B. The impact of HIV-1C Tat on the chemotaxis of the main lymphocyte subpopulations in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and the peripheral blood (PB) is unclear. We hypothesized that there would be a lower frequency of specific lymphocyte subpopulations CD3+ or CD19+ in CSF in HIV-1C than in HIV-1B. The objectives were to detect the differences in the proportions of main lymphocyte subpopulations in CSF and PB, between people with HIV (PWH) and HIV-1-uninfected volunteers (PWoH) and in HIV-1B and HIV-1C. Lymphocyte immunophenotyping was studied in CSF and paired PB samples of PWH (n = 22) and PWoH (n = 14). Lymphocytes were analyzed within the CD45+ gated region. The proportions of CSF CD3+CD4+, CD3+CD8+, and CD3-CD19+ lymphocytes in CSF were comparable in HIV-1B and C. There was an increase in the proportion of CD3+CD8+ cells and a decrease in CD3+CD4+ T cells (ps = 0.016) in the CSF samples of the PWH compared with the PWoH group. In the PWH group, both CD3+CD4+ and CD3+CD8+ lymphocytes were significantly higher in the CSF than in the PB (p = 0.047 and 0.005). The proportion of CD3+CD4+ was lower and that of CD3+CD8+ was higher in the CSF samples of the aviremic group than that of HIV-negative control (p = 0.0008 and < 0.0001, respectively). HIV-1C Tat substitution (C30S) did not interfere with the CNS migration of the main lymphocyte subpopulations. This is the first study to evaluate these lymphocytes in CSF and PB of HIV-1C compared with HIV-1B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio M de Almeida
- Laboratório de Virologia, Hospital de Clínicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil.
| | - Miriam Perlingeiro Beltrame
- Laboratório de Citometria de Fluxo, Hospital de Clínicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Bin Tang
- HNRC- HIV Neurobehavioral Research Center, UCSD, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Indianara Rotta
- Laboratório de Virologia, Hospital de Clínicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Yara Schluga
- Laboratório de Citometria de Fluxo, Hospital de Clínicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Julie Lilian P Justus
- Laboratório de Citometria de Fluxo, Hospital de Clínicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Maria Tadeu da Rocha
- Laboratório de Citometria de Fluxo, Hospital de Clínicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Ian Abramson
- HNRC- HIV Neurobehavioral Research Center, UCSD, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Florin Vaida
- HNRC- HIV Neurobehavioral Research Center, UCSD, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Rachel Schrier
- HNRC- HIV Neurobehavioral Research Center, UCSD, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Ronald J Ellis
- HNRC- HIV Neurobehavioral Research Center, UCSD, San Diego, CA, USA
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Womersley JS, Spies G, Tromp G, Seedat S, Hemmings SMJ. Longitudinal telomere length profile does not reflect HIV and childhood trauma impacts on cognitive function in South African women. J Neurovirol 2021; 27:735-749. [PMID: 34448146 PMCID: PMC8602727 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-021-01009-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) present a challenge in South Africa where the burden of HIV infection is the highest. Identification of biological correlates of HAND is required to improve diagnosis and inform interventions. Telomeres maintain genomic integrity and their shortening is a marker of biological aging sensitive to environmental influences. This study examined relative telomere length (rTL) as a predictor of cognitive function in the context of HIV and childhood trauma (CT), a risk factor for HAND. Two hundred and eighty-six women completed a neurocognitive assessment battery and the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire-Short Form (CTQ). Quantitative polymerase chain reaction for amplification of telomeric repeats and the reference gene human beta-globin was used to calculate rTL. Neurocognitive and rTL assessments were repeated at 1 year in 110 participants. Cross-sectional and longitudinal data were assessed using linear and mixed models, respectively. Participants with HIV (n = 135 in cross-sectional and n = 62 in longitudinal study groups) reported more severe CT and had shorter baseline rTL compared to seronegative controls. Participants without HIV had a greater 1-year decline in rTL. Global cognitive and attention/working memory scores declined in participants with HIV. Our data indicate that baseline rTL in the context of CT and HIV did not predict decline in cognitive scores. HIV-associated pathophysiological processes driving cognitive decline may also engage mechanisms that protect against telomere shortening. The results highlight the importance of examining biological correlates in longitudinal studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Samantha Womersley
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa.
- South African Medical Research Council/Stellenbosch University Genomics of Brain Disorders Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Georgina Spies
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
- South African Medical Research Council/Stellenbosch University Genomics of Brain Disorders Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Gerard Tromp
- Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Bioinformatics Unit, South African Tuberculosis Bioinformatics Initiative, DST-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Centre for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Soraya Seedat
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
- South African Medical Research Council/Stellenbosch University Genomics of Brain Disorders Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Sian Megan Joanna Hemmings
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
- South African Medical Research Council/Stellenbosch University Genomics of Brain Disorders Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
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