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Sultana J, Ragagnin AMG, Parakh S, Saravanabavan S, Soo KY, Vidal M, Jagaraj CJ, Ding K, Wu S, Shadfar S, Don EK, Deva A, Nicholson G, Rowe DB, Blair I, Yang S, Atkin JD. C9orf72-Associated Dipeptide Repeat Expansions Perturb ER-Golgi Vesicular Trafficking, Inducing Golgi Fragmentation and ER Stress, in ALS/FTD. Mol Neurobiol 2024; 61:10318-10338. [PMID: 38722513 PMCID: PMC11584443 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-024-04187-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 11/24/2024]
Abstract
Hexanucleotide repeat expansions (HREs) in the chromosome 9 open reading frame 72 (C9orf72) gene are the most frequent genetic cause of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD). Both are debilitating neurodegenerative conditions affecting either motor neurons (ALS) in the brain and spinal cord or neurons in the frontal and/or temporal cortical lobes (FTD). HREs undergo repeat-associated non-ATG (RAN) translation on both sense and anti-sense strands, generating five distinct dipeptide repeat proteins (DPRs), poly-GA, -GR, -GP, -PA and -PR. Perturbed proteostasis is well-recognised in ALS pathogenesis, including processes affecting the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and Golgi compartments. However, these mechanisms have not been well characterised for C9orf72-mediated ALS/FTD. In this study we demonstrate that C9orf72 DPRs polyGA, polyGR and polyGP (× 40 repeats) disrupt secretory protein transport from the ER to the Golgi apparatus in neuronal cells. Consistent with this finding, these DPRs also induce fragmentation of the Golgi apparatus, activate ER stress, and inhibit the formation of the omegasome, the precursor of the autophagosome that originates from ER membranes. We also demonstrate Golgi fragmentation in cells undergoing RAN translation that express polyGP. Furthermore, dysregulated ER-Golgi transport was confirmed in C9orf72 patient dermal fibroblasts. Evidence of aberrant ER-derived vesicles in spinal cord motor neurons from C9orf72 ALS patients compared to controls was also obtained. These data thus confirm that ER proteostasis and ER-Golgi transport is perturbed in C9orf72-ALS in the absence of protein over-expression. Hence this study identifies novel molecular mechanisms associated with the ER and Golgi compartments induced by the C9orf72 HRE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Sultana
- Motor Neuron Disease Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Audrey M G Ragagnin
- Motor Neuron Disease Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Sonam Parakh
- Motor Neuron Disease Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Sayanthooran Saravanabavan
- Motor Neuron Disease Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Kai Ying Soo
- La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Melbourne, VIC, 3086, Australia
| | - Marta Vidal
- Motor Neuron Disease Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Cyril Jones Jagaraj
- Motor Neuron Disease Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Kunjie Ding
- Motor Neuron Disease Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Sharlynn Wu
- Motor Neuron Disease Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Sina Shadfar
- Motor Neuron Disease Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Emily K Don
- Motor Neuron Disease Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Anand Deva
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, and The Integrated Specialist Healthcare Education and Research Foundation, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Garth Nicholson
- Motor Neuron Disease Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
- ANZAC Research Institute, Concord Hospital, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Dominic B Rowe
- Motor Neuron Disease Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Ian Blair
- Motor Neuron Disease Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Shu Yang
- Motor Neuron Disease Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Julie D Atkin
- Motor Neuron Disease Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia.
- La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Melbourne, VIC, 3086, Australia.
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2
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Yagita K, Sasagasako N, Koyama S, Noguchi H, Honda H. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis with TDP-43 abnormalities exhibiting globular glial tau inclusions in frontotemporal lobes and pallido-nigral system. Neuropathology 2023; 43:117-126. [PMID: 36003035 DOI: 10.1111/neup.12862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Here we present the autopsy case of an 80-year-old woman with a 9-year history of motor neuron disease and atypical Parkinsonism. Her initial symptom was gait disturbance, and she subsequently developed limb weakness and Parkinsonism without response to levodopa. Her motor symptoms progressed to bulbar palsy, and she died of respiratory failure. Postmortem examination revealed characteristic findings of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), including motor neuronal loss with astrogliosis, corticospinal tract degeneration, and TAR DNA-binding protein of 43 kDa abnormalities, including nuclear loss and skein-like inclusions. In contrast, severe tau pathological changes were seen in the frontotemporal lobes and pallido-nigral system. Tau pathologies affected not only neuronal components, such as neurofibrillary tangles and neuropil threads, but also glial cells (astrocytes and oligodendrocytes). Some glial tau pathologies exhibited peculiar round accumulations, reminiscent of globular glial inclusions (GGIs) in globular glial tauopathy. This unique autopsy case demonstrates that ALS with TDP-43 could be comorbid with globular glial tau inclusions and indicates that common pathological mechanisms exist among ALS and GGI formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaoru Yagita
- Department of Neuropathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Naokazu Sasagasako
- Department of Neurology, Neuro-Muscular Center, National Omuta Hospital, Omuta, Japan
| | - Sachiko Koyama
- Department of Neuropathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hideko Noguchi
- Department of Neuropathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Honda
- Department of Neuropathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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3
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Lambert-Smith IA, Saunders DN, Yerbury JJ. Progress in biophysics and molecular biology proteostasis impairment and ALS. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 174:3-27. [PMID: 35716729 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2022.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a rapidly progressive and fatal neurodegenerative disease that results from the loss of both upper and lower motor neurons. It is the most common motor neuron disease and currently has no effective treatment. There is mounting evidence to suggest that disturbances in proteostasis play a significant role in ALS pathogenesis. Proteostasis is the maintenance of the proteome at the right level, conformation and location to allow a cell to perform its intended function. In this review, we present a thorough synthesis of the literature that provides evidence that genetic mutations associated with ALS cause imbalance to a proteome that is vulnerable to such pressure due to its metastable nature. We propose that the mechanism underlying motor neuron death caused by defects in mRNA metabolism and protein degradation pathways converges on proteostasis dysfunction. We propose that the proteostasis network may provide an effective target for therapeutic development in ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella A Lambert-Smith
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW, Australia; Molecular Horizons and School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Darren N Saunders
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Justin J Yerbury
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW, Australia; Molecular Horizons and School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia.
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4
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Kon T, Mori F, Tanji K, Miki Y, Nishijima H, Nakamura T, Kinoshita I, Suzuki C, Kurotaki H, Tomiyama M, Wakabayashi K. Accumulation of Nonfibrillar TDP-43 in the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum Is the Early-Stage Pathology in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2022; 81:271-281. [PMID: 35294549 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nlac015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Transactivation response DNA-binding protein 43 (TDP-43)-immunoreactive neuronal cytoplasmic inclusions (NCIs) are the histopathological hallmarks of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). They are classified as skein-like inclusions, round inclusions, dot-like inclusions, linear wisps, and diffuse punctate cytoplasmic staining (DPCS). We hypothesized that TDP-43-immunoreactive DPCS may form the early-stage pathology of ALS. Hence, we investigated phosphorylated TDP-43 pathology in the upper and lower motor neurons of patients with ALS and control participants. We designated patients whose disease duration was ≤1 year as short-duration ALS (n = 7) and those whose duration equaled 3-5 years as standard-duration ALS (n = 6). DPCS and skein-like inclusions were the most common NCIs in short-duration and standard-duration ALS, respectively. The density of DPCS was significantly higher in short-duration ALS than that in standard-duration ALS and was inversely correlated with disease duration. DPCS was not ubiquitinated and disappeared after proteinase K treatment, suggesting that it was not aggregated. Immunoelectron microscopy revealed that DPCS corresponded to nonfibrillar TDP-43 localized to the ribosomes of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER). These findings suggest that nonfibrillar TDP-43 accumulation in the rough ER is the earliest TDP-43 pathology in ALS, which may be helpful in developing future TDP-43 breakdown strategies for ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoya Kon
- From the Department of Neurology, Institute of Brain Science, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Fumiaki Mori
- Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Brain Science, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Kunikazu Tanji
- Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Brain Science, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Yasuo Miki
- Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Brain Science, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Haruo Nishijima
- From the Department of Neurology, Institute of Brain Science, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Takashi Nakamura
- From the Department of Neurology, Institute of Brain Science, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Iku Kinoshita
- From the Department of Neurology, Institute of Brain Science, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Chieko Suzuki
- From the Department of Neurology, Institute of Brain Science, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Hidekachi Kurotaki
- Department of Pathology, Aomori Prefectural Central Hospital, Aomori, Japan
| | - Masahiko Tomiyama
- From the Department of Neurology, Institute of Brain Science, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Koichi Wakabayashi
- Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Brain Science, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
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Ferrer I, Andrés-Benito P, Carmona M, Assialioui A, Povedano M. TDP-43 Vasculopathy in the Spinal Cord in Sporadic Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (sALS) and Frontal Cortex in sALS/FTLD-TDP. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2021; 80:229-239. [PMID: 33421065 PMCID: PMC7899266 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nlaa162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (sALS) and FTLD-TDP are neurodegenerative diseases within the spectrum of TDP-43 proteinopathies. Since abnormal blood vessels and altered blood-brain barrier have been described in sALS, we wanted to know whether TDP-43 pathology also occurs in blood vessels in sALS/FTLD-TDP. TDP-43 deposits were identified in association with small blood vessels of the spinal cord in 7 of 14 cases of sALS and in small blood vessels of frontal cortex area 8 in 6 of 11 FTLD-TDP and sALS cases, one of them carrying a GRN mutation. This was achieved using single and double-labeling immunohistochemistry, and double-labeling immunofluorescence and confocal microscopy. In the sALS spinal cord, P-TDP43 Ser403-404 deposits were elongated and parallel to the lumen, whereas others were granular, seldom forming clusters. In the frontal cortex, the inclusions were granular, or elongated and parallel to the lumen, or forming small globules within or in the external surface of the blood vessel wall. Other deposits were localized in the perivascular space. The present findings are in line with previous observations of TDP-43 vasculopathy in a subset of FTLD-TDP cases and identify this pathology in the spinal cord and frontal cortex in a subset of cases within the sALS/FTLD-TDP spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isidro Ferrer
- From the Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Barcelona, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.,Biomedical Network Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Institute Carlos III, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.,Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.,Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Neuropathology, Pathologic Anatomy Service, Bellvitge University Hospital, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pol Andrés-Benito
- From the Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Barcelona, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.,Biomedical Network Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Institute Carlos III, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.,Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.,Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Margarita Carmona
- From the Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Barcelona, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.,Biomedical Network Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Institute Carlos III, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.,Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Abdelilah Assialioui
- Functional Unit of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (UFELA), Service of Neurology, Bellvitge University Hospital, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mónica Povedano
- Functional Unit of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (UFELA), Service of Neurology, Bellvitge University Hospital, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.,International Initiative for Treatment and Research Initiative to Cure ALS (TRICALS), Utrecht, The Netherlands
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6
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Ikenaka K, Ishigaki S, Iguchi Y, Kawai K, Fujioka Y, Yokoi S, Abdelhamid RF, Nagano S, Mochizuki H, Katsuno M, Sobue G. Characteristic Features of FUS Inclusions in Spinal Motor Neurons of Sporadic Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2020; 79:370-377. [PMID: 32142134 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nlaa003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Alterations of RNA metabolism caused by mutations in RNA-binding protein genes, such as transactivating DNA-binding protein-43 (TDP-43) and fused in sarcoma (FUS), have been implicated in the pathogenesis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Unlike the accumulation of TDP43, which is accepted as a pathological hall mark of sporadic ALS (sALS), FUS pathology in sALS is still under debate. Although immunoreactive inclusions of FUS have been detected in sALS patients previously, the technical limitation of signal detection, including the necessity of specific antigen retrieval, restricts our understanding of FUS-associated ALS pathology. In this study, we applied a novel detection method using a conventional antigen retrieval technique with Sudan Black B treatment to identify FUS-positive inclusions in sALS patients. We classified pathological motor neurons into 5 different categories according to the different aggregation characteristics of FUS and TDP-43. Although the granular type was more dominant for inclusions with TDP-43, the skein-like type was more often observed in FUS-positive inclusions, suggesting that these 2 proteins undergo independent aggregation processes. Moreover, neurons harboring FUS-positive inclusions demonstrated substantially reduced expression levels of dynactin-1, a retrograde motor protein, indicating that perturbation of nucleocytoplasmic transport is associated with the formation of cytoplasmic inclusions of FUS in sALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kensuke Ikenaka
- Department of Neurology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.,Department of Neurology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Ishigaki
- Department of Neurology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.,Research Division of Dementia and Neurodegenerative Disease, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yohei Iguchi
- Department of Neurology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kaori Kawai
- Department of Neurology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yusuke Fujioka
- Department of Neurology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Satoshi Yokoi
- Department of Neurology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Rehab F Abdelhamid
- Department of Neurology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Seiichi Nagano
- Department of Neurology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Hideki Mochizuki
- Department of Neurology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Masahisa Katsuno
- Department of Neurology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Gen Sobue
- Department of Neurology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.,Research Division of Dementia and Neurodegenerative Disease, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.,Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan
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7
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Bräuer S, Günther R, Sterneckert J, Glaß H, Hermann A. Human Spinal Motor Neurons Are Particularly Vulnerable to Cerebrospinal Fluid of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Patients. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21103564. [PMID: 32443559 PMCID: PMC7278966 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21103564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is the most common and devastating motor neuron (MN) disease. Its pathophysiological cascade is still enigmatic. More than 90% of ALS patients suffer from sporadic ALS, which makes it specifically demanding to generate appropriate model systems. One interesting aspect considering the seeding, spreading and further disease development of ALS is the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). We therefore asked whether CSF from sporadic ALS patients is capable of causing disease typical changes in human patient-derived spinal MN cultures and thus could represent a novel model system for sporadic ALS. By using induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived MNs from healthy controls and monogenetic forms of ALS we could demonstrate a harmful effect of ALS-CSF on healthy donor-derived human MNs. Golgi fragmentation—a typical finding in lower organism models and human postmortem tissue—was induced solely by addition of ALS-CSF, but not control-CSF. No other neurodegenerative hallmarks—including pathological protein aggregation—were found, underpinning Golgi fragmentation as early event in the neurodegenerative cascade. Of note, these changes occurred predominantly in MNs, the cell type primarily affected in ALS. We thus present a novel way to model early features of sporadic ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Bräuer
- Department of Neurology, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany; (S.B.); (R.G.)
- Department of Neurology, Städtisches Klinikum Dresden, 01129 Dresden, Germany
| | - René Günther
- Department of Neurology, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany; (S.B.); (R.G.)
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Jared Sterneckert
- Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (CRTD), Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany;
| | - Hannes Glaß
- Translational Neurodegeneration Section “Albrecht-Kossel”, Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Rostock, University of Rostock, 18147 Rostock, Germany;
| | - Andreas Hermann
- Department of Neurology, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany; (S.B.); (R.G.)
- Translational Neurodegeneration Section “Albrecht-Kossel”, Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Rostock, University of Rostock, 18147 Rostock, Germany;
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Rostock, 18147 Rostock, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-(0)-381-494-9541
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8
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Gerbino V, Kaunga E, Ye J, Canzio D, O'Keeffe S, Rudnick ND, Guarnieri P, Lutz CM, Maniatis T. The Loss of TBK1 Kinase Activity in Motor Neurons or in All Cell Types Differentially Impacts ALS Disease Progression in SOD1 Mice. Neuron 2020; 106:789-805.e5. [PMID: 32220666 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2020.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
DNA sequence variants in the TBK1 gene associate with or cause sporadic or familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Here we show that mice bearing human ALS-associated TBK1 missense loss-of-function mutations, or mice in which the Tbk1 gene is selectively deleted in motor neurons, do not display a neurodegenerative disease phenotype. However, loss of TBK1 function in motor neurons of the SOD1G93A mouse model of ALS impairs autophagy, increases SOD1 aggregation, and accelerates early disease onset without affecting lifespan. By contrast, point mutations that decrease TBK1 kinase activity in all cells also accelerate disease onset but extend the lifespan of SOD1 mice. This difference correlates with the failure to activate high levels of expression of interferon-inducible genes in glia. We conclude that loss of TBK1 kinase activity impacts ALS disease progression through distinct pathways in different spinal cord cell types and further implicate the importance of glia in neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Gerbino
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain and Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Esther Kaunga
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain and Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Junqiang Ye
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain and Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Daniele Canzio
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain and Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Sean O'Keeffe
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Noam D Rudnick
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Paolo Guarnieri
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Cathleen M Lutz
- The Jackson Laboratory, 600 Main Street, Bar Harbor, ME 04609, USA
| | - Tom Maniatis
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain and Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA; New York Genome Center, New York, NY 10013, USA; Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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9
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Mejzini R, Flynn LL, Pitout IL, Fletcher S, Wilton SD, Akkari PA. ALS Genetics, Mechanisms, and Therapeutics: Where Are We Now? Front Neurosci 2019; 13:1310. [PMID: 31866818 PMCID: PMC6909825 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.01310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 515] [Impact Index Per Article: 85.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The scientific landscape surrounding amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) continues to shift as the number of genes associated with the disease risk and pathogenesis, and the cellular processes involved, continues to grow. Despite decades of intense research and over 50 potentially causative or disease-modifying genes identified, etiology remains unexplained and treatment options remain limited for the majority of ALS patients. Various factors have contributed to the slow progress in understanding and developing therapeutics for this disease. Here, we review the genetic basis of ALS, highlighting factors that have contributed to the elusiveness of genetic heritability. The most commonly mutated ALS-linked genes are reviewed with an emphasis on disease-causing mechanisms. The cellular processes involved in ALS pathogenesis are discussed, with evidence implicating their involvement in ALS summarized. Past and present therapeutic strategies and the benefits and limitations of the model systems available to ALS researchers are discussed with future directions for research that may lead to effective treatment strategies outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Mejzini
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Innovative Therapeutics, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
- The Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Loren L. Flynn
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Innovative Therapeutics, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
- The Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Perth, WA, Australia
- Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Ianthe L. Pitout
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Innovative Therapeutics, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
- The Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Perth, WA, Australia
- Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Sue Fletcher
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Innovative Therapeutics, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
- The Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Perth, WA, Australia
- Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Steve D. Wilton
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Innovative Therapeutics, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
- The Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Perth, WA, Australia
- Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - P. Anthony Akkari
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Innovative Therapeutics, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
- The Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Perth, WA, Australia
- Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
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10
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Golgi Fragmentation in Neurodegenerative Diseases: Is There a Common Cause? Cells 2019; 8:cells8070748. [PMID: 31331075 PMCID: PMC6679019 DOI: 10.3390/cells8070748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In most mammalian cells, the Golgi complex forms a continuous ribbon. In neurodegenerative diseases, the Golgi ribbon of a specific group of neurons is typically broken into isolated elements, a very early event which happens before clinical and other pathological symptoms become evident. It is not known whether this phenomenon is caused by mechanisms associated with cell death or if, conversely, it triggers apoptosis. When the phenomenon was studied in diseases such as Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, it was attributed to a variety of causes, including the presence of cytoplasmatic protein aggregates, malfunctioning of intracellular traffic and/or alterations in the cytoskeleton. In the present review, we summarize the current findings related to these and other neurodegenerative diseases and try to search for clues on putative common causes.
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11
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Burk K, Pasterkamp RJ. Disrupted neuronal trafficking in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Acta Neuropathol 2019; 137:859-877. [PMID: 30721407 PMCID: PMC6531423 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-019-01964-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Revised: 01/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive, adult-onset neurodegenerative disease caused by degeneration of motor neurons in the brain and spinal cord leading to muscle weakness. Median survival after symptom onset in patients is 3-5 years and no effective therapies are available to treat or cure ALS. Therefore, further insight is needed into the molecular and cellular mechanisms that cause motor neuron degeneration and ALS. Different ALS disease mechanisms have been identified and recent evidence supports a prominent role for defects in intracellular transport. Several different ALS-causing gene mutations (e.g., in FUS, TDP-43, or C9ORF72) have been linked to defects in neuronal trafficking and a picture is emerging on how these defects may trigger disease. This review summarizes and discusses these recent findings. An overview of how endosomal and receptor trafficking are affected in ALS is followed by a description on dysregulated autophagy and ER/Golgi trafficking. Finally, changes in axonal transport and nucleocytoplasmic transport are discussed. Further insight into intracellular trafficking defects in ALS will deepen our understanding of ALS pathogenesis and will provide novel avenues for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Burk
- Department of Neurologie, Universitätsmedizin Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany.
- Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration, Von-Siebold-Str. 3A, 37075, Göttingen, Germany.
| | - R Jeroen Pasterkamp
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 100, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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12
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Parakh S, Perri ER, Jagaraj CJ, Ragagnin AMG, Atkin JD. Rab-dependent cellular trafficking and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 53:623-651. [PMID: 30741580 DOI: 10.1080/10409238.2018.1553926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Rab GTPases are becoming increasingly implicated in neurodegenerative disorders, although their role in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) has been somewhat overlooked. However, dysfunction of intracellular transport is gaining increasing attention as a pathogenic mechanism in ALS. Many previous studies have focused axonal trafficking, and the extreme length of axons in motor neurons may contribute to their unique susceptibility in this disorder. In contrast, the role of transport defects within the cell body has been relatively neglected. Similarly, whilst Rab GTPases control all intracellular membrane trafficking events, their role in ALS is poorly understood. Emerging evidence now highlights this family of proteins in ALS, particularly the discovery that C9orf72 functions in intra transport in conjunction with several Rab GTPases. Here, we summarize recent updates on cellular transport defects in ALS, with a focus on Rab GTPases and how their dysfunction may specifically target neurons and contribute to pathophysiology. We discuss the molecular mechanisms associated with dysfunction of Rab proteins in ALS. Finally, we also discuss dysfunction in other modes of transport recently implicated in ALS, including nucleocytoplasmic transport and the ER-mitochondrial contact regions (MAM compartment), and speculate whether these may also involve Rab GTPases.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Parakh
- a Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Centre for MND Research , Macquarie University , Sydney , Australia.,b Department of Biochemistry and Genetics , La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University , Melbourne , Australia
| | - E R Perri
- a Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Centre for MND Research , Macquarie University , Sydney , Australia.,b Department of Biochemistry and Genetics , La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University , Melbourne , Australia
| | - C J Jagaraj
- a Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Centre for MND Research , Macquarie University , Sydney , Australia
| | - A M G Ragagnin
- a Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Centre for MND Research , Macquarie University , Sydney , Australia
| | - J D Atkin
- a Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Centre for MND Research , Macquarie University , Sydney , Australia.,b Department of Biochemistry and Genetics , La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University , Melbourne , Australia
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13
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Abstract
The Golgi apparatus is a central intracellular membrane-bound organelle with key functions in trafficking, processing, and sorting of newly synthesized membrane and secretory proteins and lipids. To best perform these functions, Golgi membranes form a unique stacked structure. The Golgi structure is dynamic but tightly regulated; it undergoes rapid disassembly and reassembly during the cell cycle of mammalian cells and is disrupted under certain stress and pathological conditions. In the past decade, significant amount of effort has been made to reveal the molecular mechanisms that regulate the Golgi membrane architecture and function. Here we review the major discoveries in the mechanisms of Golgi structure formation, regulation, and alteration in relation to its functions in physiological and pathological conditions to further our understanding of Golgi structure and function in health and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Li
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Erpan Ahat
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Yanzhuang Wang
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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14
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Nana AL, Sidhu M, Gaus SE, Hwang JHL, Li L, Park Y, Kim EJ, Pasquini L, Allen IE, Rankin KP, Toller G, Kramer JH, Geschwind DH, Coppola G, Huang EJ, Grinberg LT, Miller BL, Seeley WW. Neurons selectively targeted in frontotemporal dementia reveal early stage TDP-43 pathobiology. Acta Neuropathol 2019; 137:27-46. [PMID: 30511086 PMCID: PMC6339592 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-018-1942-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
TAR DNA-binding protein 43 (TDP-43) aggregation is the most common pathological hallmark in frontotemporal dementia (FTD) and characterizes nearly all patients with motor neuron disease (MND). The earliest stages of TDP-43 pathobiology are not well-characterized, and whether neurodegeneration results from TDP-43 loss-of-function or aggregation remains unclear. In the behavioral variant of FTD (bvFTD), patients undergo selective dropout of von Economo neurons (VENs) and fork cells within the frontoinsular (FI) and anterior cingulate cortices. Here, we examined TDP-43 pathobiology within these vulnerable neurons in the FI across a clinical spectrum including 17 patients with sporadic bvFTD, MND, or both. In an exploratory analysis based on our initial observations, we further assessed ten patients with C9orf72-associated bvFTD/MND. VENs and fork cells showed early, disproportionate TDP-43 aggregation that correlated with anatomical and clinical severity, including loss of emotional empathy. The presence of a TDP-43 inclusion was associated with striking nuclear and somatodendritic atrophy. An intriguing minority of neurons lacked detectable nuclear TDP-43 despite the apparent absence of a cytoplasmic TDP-43 inclusion. These cells showed neuronal atrophy comparable to inclusion-bearing neurons, suggesting that the loss of nuclear TDP-43 function promotes neurodegeneration, even when TDP-43 aggregation is inconspicuous or absent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alissa L Nana
- Department of Neurology, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Manu Sidhu
- Department of Neurology, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Stephanie E Gaus
- Department of Neurology, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ji-Hye L Hwang
- Department of Neurology, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Libo Li
- Department of Neurology, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Psychopharmacology, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, China
| | - Youngsoon Park
- Department of Neurology, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Eun-Joo Kim
- Department of Neurology, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Lorenzo Pasquini
- Department of Neurology, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Isabel E Allen
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Katherine P Rankin
- Department of Neurology, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Gianina Toller
- Department of Neurology, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Joel H Kramer
- Department of Neurology, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Daniel H Geschwind
- Neurogenetics Program, Department of Neurology and Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Giovanni Coppola
- Neurogenetics Program, Department of Neurology and Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Eric J Huang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Lea T Grinberg
- Department of Neurology, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Global Brain Health Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Bruce L Miller
- Department of Neurology, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - William W Seeley
- Department of Neurology, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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15
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Theme 3 In vivo experimental models. Amyotroph Lateral Scler Frontotemporal Degener 2018; 19:130-153. [DOI: 10.1080/21678421.2018.1510570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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16
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Shahheydari H, Ragagnin A, Walker AK, Toth RP, Vidal M, Jagaraj CJ, Perri ER, Konopka A, Sultana JM, Atkin JD. Protein Quality Control and the Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis/Frontotemporal Dementia Continuum. Front Mol Neurosci 2017; 10:119. [PMID: 28539871 PMCID: PMC5423993 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein homeostasis, or proteostasis, has an important regulatory role in cellular function. Protein quality control mechanisms, including protein folding and protein degradation processes, have a crucial function in post-mitotic neurons. Cellular protein quality control relies on multiple strategies, including molecular chaperones, autophagy, the ubiquitin proteasome system, endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-associated degradation (ERAD) and the formation of stress granules (SGs), to regulate proteostasis. Neurodegenerative diseases are characterized by the presence of misfolded protein aggregates, implying that protein quality control mechanisms are dysfunctional in these conditions. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD) are neurodegenerative diseases that are now recognized to overlap clinically and pathologically, forming a continuous disease spectrum. In this review article, we detail the evidence for dysregulation of protein quality control mechanisms across the whole ALS-FTD continuum, by discussing the major proteins implicated in ALS and/or FTD. We also discuss possible ways in which protein quality mechanisms could be targeted therapeutically in these disorders and highlight promising protein quality control-based therapeutics for clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamideh Shahheydari
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie UniversitySydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Audrey Ragagnin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie UniversitySydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Adam K Walker
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie UniversitySydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Reka P Toth
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie UniversitySydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Marta Vidal
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie UniversitySydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Cyril J Jagaraj
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie UniversitySydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Emma R Perri
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie UniversitySydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Anna Konopka
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie UniversitySydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jessica M Sultana
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie UniversitySydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Julie D Atkin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie UniversitySydney, NSW, Australia.,Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe UniversityMelbourne, VIC, Australia
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17
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Kweon JH, Kim S, Lee SB. The cellular basis of dendrite pathology in neurodegenerative diseases. BMB Rep 2017; 50:5-11. [PMID: 27502014 PMCID: PMC5319658 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2017.50.1.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the characteristics of the neurons that distinguishes them from other cells is their complex and polarized structure consisting of dendrites, cell body, and axon. The complexity and diversity of dendrites are particularly well recognized, and accumulating evidences suggest that the alterations in the dendrite structure are associated with many neurodegenerative diseases. Given the importance of the proper dendritic structures for neuronal functions, the dendrite pathology appears to have crucial contribution to the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. Nonetheless, the cellular and molecular basis of dendritic changes in the neurodegenerative diseases remains largely elusive. Previous studies in normal condition have revealed that several cellular components, such as local cytoskeletal structures and organelles located locally in dendrites, play crucial roles in dendrite growth. By reviewing what has been unveiled to date regarding dendrite growth in terms of these local cellular components, we aim to provide an insight to categorize the potential cellular basis that can be applied to the dendrite pathology manifested in many neurodegenerative diseases. [BMB Reports 2017; 50(1): 5-11].
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Hyun Kweon
- Department of Brain & Cognitive Sciences, DGIST, Daegu 42988, Korea
| | - Sunhong Kim
- Disease Target Structure Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141; Department of Biomolecular Science, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Sung Bae Lee
- Department of Brain & Cognitive Sciences, DGIST, Daegu 42988, Korea
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18
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Lu Y, Tang C, Zhu L, Li J, Liang H, Zhang J, Xu R. The Overexpression of TDP-43 Protein in the Neuron and Oligodendrocyte Cells Causes the Progressive Motor Neuron Degeneration in the SOD1 G93A Transgenic Mouse Model of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Int J Biol Sci 2016; 12:1140-9. [PMID: 27570488 PMCID: PMC4997058 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.15938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent investigation suggested that the TDP-43 protein was closely related to the motor neuron degeneration in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), but the pathogenesis contributed to motor neuron degeneration largely remained unknown. Therefore, we detected the alteration of TDP-43 expression and distribution in the adult spinal cord of the SOD1 G93A transgenic mouse model for searching the possible pathogenesis of ALS. We examined the TDP-43 expression and distribution in the different anatomic regions, segments and neural cells in the adult spinal cord at the different stages of the SOD1 wild-type and G93A transgenic model by the fluorescent immunohistochemical technology. We revealed that the amount of TDP-43 positive cell was cervical>lumbar>thoracic segment, that in the ventral horn was more than that in the dorsal horn, a few of TDP-43 protein sparsely expressed and distributed in the other regions, the TDP-43 protein weren't detected in the white matter and the central canal. The TDP-43 protein was mostly expressed and distributed in the nuclear of neuron cells and the cytoplasm of oligodendrocyte cells of the gray matter surrounding the central canal of spinal cord by the granular shape in the SOD1 wild-type and G93A transgenic mice. The amount of TDP-43 positive cell significantly increased at the onset and progression stages of ALS following with the increase of neuron death in spinal cord, particularly in the ventral horn of cervical segment at the progression stage. Our results suggested that the overexpression of TDP-43 protein in the neuron and oligodendrocyte cell causes the progressive motor neuron degeneration in the ALS-like mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Lu
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi, China
| | - Chunyan Tang
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi, China
| | - Lei Zhu
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi, China
| | - Jiao Li
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi, China
| | - Huiting Liang
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi, China;; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi, China
| | - Renshi Xu
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi, China
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19
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Haase G, Rabouille C. Golgi Fragmentation in ALS Motor Neurons. New Mechanisms Targeting Microtubules, Tethers, and Transport Vesicles. Front Neurosci 2015; 9:448. [PMID: 26696811 PMCID: PMC4672084 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathological alterations of the Golgi apparatus, such as its fragmentation represent an early pre-clinical feature of many neurodegenerative diseases and have been widely studied in the motor neuron disease amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Yet, the underlying molecular mechanisms have remained cryptic. In principle, Golgi fragmentation may result from defects in three major classes of proteins: structural Golgi proteins, cytoskeletal proteins and molecular motors, as well as proteins mediating transport to and through the Golgi. Here, we present the different mechanisms that may underlie Golgi fragmentation in animal and cellular models of ALS linked to mutations in SOD1, TARDBP (TDP-43), VAPB, and C9Orf72 and we propose a novel one based on findings in progressive motor neuronopathy (pmn) mice. These mice are mutated in the TBCE gene encoding the cis-Golgi localized tubulin-binding cofactor E, one of five chaperones that assist in tubulin folding and microtubule polymerization. Loss of TBCE leads to alterations in Golgi microtubules, which in turn impedes on the maintenance of the Golgi architecture. This is due to down-regulation of COPI coat components, dispersion of Golgi tethers and strong accumulation of ER-Golgi SNAREs. These effects are partially rescued by the GTPase ARF1 through recruitment of TBCE to the Golgi. We hypothesize that defects in COPI vesicles, microtubules and their interaction may also underlie Golgi fragmentation in human ALS linked to other mutations, spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), and related motor neuron diseases. We also discuss the functional relevance of pathological Golgi alterations, in particular their potential causative, contributory, or compensatory role in the degeneration of motor neuron cell bodies, axons and synapses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Haase
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique and Aix-Marseille Université UMR 7289, Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone Marseille, France
| | - Catherine Rabouille
- The Department of Cell Biology, Hubrecht Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences and University Medical Center Utrecht Utrecht, Netherlands
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20
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Sundaramoorthy V, Sultana JM, Atkin JD. Golgi fragmentation in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, an overview of possible triggers and consequences. Front Neurosci 2015; 9:400. [PMID: 26578862 PMCID: PMC4621950 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is an invariably fatal neurodegenerative disorder, which specifically targets motor neurons in the brain, brain stem and spinal cord. Whilst the etiology of ALS remains unknown, fragmentation of the Golgi apparatus is detected in ALS patient motor neurons and in animal/cellular disease models. The Golgi is a highly dynamic organelle that acts as a dispatching station for the vesicular transport of secretory/transmembrane proteins. It also mediates autophagy and maintains endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and axonal homeostasis. Both the trigger for Golgi fragmentation and the functional consequences of a fragmented Golgi apparatus in ALS remain unclear. However, recent evidence has highlighted defects in vesicular trafficking as a pathogenic mechanism in ALS. This review summarizes the evidence describing Golgi fragmentation in ALS, with possible links to other disease processes including cellular trafficking, ER stress, defective autophagy, and axonal degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinod Sundaramoorthy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University Sydney Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jessica M Sultana
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University Sydney Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Julie D Atkin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University Sydney Sydney, NSW, Australia ; Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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21
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Abstract
The wobbler mouse is an animal model for human motor neuron disease, such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). The spontaneous, recessive wobbler mutation causes degeneration of upper and lower motor neurons leading to progressive muscle weakness with striking similarities to the ALS pathology. The wobbler mutation is a point mutation affecting Vps54, a component of the Golgi-associated retrograde protein (GARP) complex. The GARP complex is a ubiquitously expressed Golgi-localized vesicle tethering complex, tethering endosome-derived vesicles to the trans Golgi network. The wobbler point mutation leads to a destabilization of the Vps54 protein and thereby the whole GARP complex. This effectuates impairments of the retrograde vesicle transport, mis-sorting of Golgi- and endosome localized proteins and on the long run defects in Golgi morphology and function. It is currently largely unknown how the destabilization of the GARP complex interferes with the pathological hallmarks, reported for the wobbler motor neuron degeneration, like neurofilament aggregation, axonal transport defects, hyperexcitability, mitochondrial dysfunction, and how these finally lead to motor neuron death. However, the impairments of the retrograde vesicle transport and the Golgi-function appear to be critical phenomena in the molecular pathology of the wobbler motor neuron disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Schmitt-John
- Neurogenetics, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University Aarhus, Denmark ; Tauros-Diagnostik Bielefeld, Germany
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22
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Lautenschläger J, Lautenschläger C, Tadic V, Süße H, Ortmann W, Denzler J, Stallmach A, Witte OW, Grosskreutz J. Novel computer vision algorithm for the reliable analysis of organelle morphology in whole cell 3D images--A pilot study for the quantitative evaluation of mitochondrial fragmentation in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Mitochondrion 2015; 25:49-59. [PMID: 26440825 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2015.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Revised: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The function of intact organelles, whether mitochondria, Golgi apparatus or endoplasmic reticulum (ER), relies on their proper morphological organization. It is recognized that disturbances of organelle morphology are early events in disease manifestation, but reliable and quantitative detection of organelle morphology is difficult and time-consuming. Here we present a novel computer vision algorithm for the assessment of organelle morphology in whole cell 3D images. The algorithm allows the numerical and quantitative description of organelle structures, including total number and length of segments, cell and nucleus area/volume as well as novel texture parameters like lacunarity and fractal dimension. Applying the algorithm we performed a pilot study in cultured motor neurons from transgenic G93A hSOD1 mice, a model of human familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. In the presence of the mutated SOD1 and upon excitotoxic treatment with kainate we demonstrate a clear fragmentation of the mitochondrial network, with an increase in the number of mitochondrial segments and a reduction in the length of mitochondria. Histogram analyses show a reduced number of tubular mitochondria and an increased number of small mitochondrial segments. The computer vision algorithm for the evaluation of organelle morphology allows an objective assessment of disease-related organelle phenotypes with greatly reduced examiner bias and will aid the evaluation of novel therapeutic strategies on a cellular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janin Lautenschläger
- Hans Berger Department of Neurology, University Hospital Jena, Erlanger Allee 101, 07747 Jena, Germany.
| | - Christian Lautenschläger
- Clinic for Internal Medicine IV, University Hospital Jena, Erlanger Allee 101, 07747 Jena, Germany
| | - Vedrana Tadic
- Hans Berger Department of Neurology, University Hospital Jena, Erlanger Allee 101, 07747 Jena, Germany
| | - Herbert Süße
- Computer Vision Group, Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, Ernst-Abbe-Platz 2, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Ortmann
- Computer Vision Group, Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, Ernst-Abbe-Platz 2, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Joachim Denzler
- Computer Vision Group, Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, Ernst-Abbe-Platz 2, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Andreas Stallmach
- Clinic for Internal Medicine IV, University Hospital Jena, Erlanger Allee 101, 07747 Jena, Germany
| | - Otto W Witte
- Hans Berger Department of Neurology, University Hospital Jena, Erlanger Allee 101, 07747 Jena, Germany; Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Julian Grosskreutz
- Hans Berger Department of Neurology, University Hospital Jena, Erlanger Allee 101, 07747 Jena, Germany
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23
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Okamoto K, Fujita Y, Hoshino E, Tamura Y, Fukuda T, Hasegawa M, Takatama M. An autopsy case of familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis with aTARDBPQ343R mutation. Neuropathology 2015; 35:462-8. [DOI: 10.1111/neup.12209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Okamoto
- Department of Neurology; Geriatrics Research Institute and Hospital; Maebashi Japan
| | - Yukio Fujita
- Department of Neurology; Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine; Maebashi Japan
| | - Eri Hoshino
- Department of Neurology; Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine; Maebashi Japan
| | - Yuhji Tamura
- Department of Internal Medicine; Kiboukan Hospital; Takasaki Japan
| | - Toshio Fukuda
- Department of Histopathology and Cytopathology; Gunma University Graduate School of Health Sciences; Maebashi Japan
| | - Masato Hasegawa
- Department of Neuropathology and Cell Biology; Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science; Tokyo Japan
| | - Masamitsu Takatama
- Department of Internal Medicine; Geriatrics Research Institute and Hospital; Maebashi Japan
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24
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Muñoz-Sáez E, de Munck García E, Arahuetes Portero RM, Martínez A, Solas Alados MT, Miguel BG. Analysis of β-N-methylamino-L-alanine (L-BMAA) neurotoxicity in rat cerebellum. Neurotoxicology 2015; 48:192-205. [PMID: 25898785 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2015.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Revised: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Due to its structural similarity to glutamate, L-BMAA could be a trigger for neurodegenerative disorders caused by changes in the intracellular medium, such as increased oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, impaired synthesis and protein degradation and the imbalance of some enzymes. It is also important to note that according to some published studies, L-BMAA will be incorporated into proteins, causing the alteration of protein homeostasis. Neuronal cells are particularly prone to suffer damage in protein folding and protein accumulation because they have not performed cellular division. In this work, we will analyse the cerebellum impairment triggered by L-BMAA in treated rats. The cerebellum is one of the most important subcortical motor centres and ensures that movements are performed with spatial and temporal precision. Cerebellum damage caused by L-BMAA can contribute to motor impairment. To characterize this neurodegenerative pathology, we first carried out ultrastructure analysis in Purkinje cells showing altered mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum (ER), and Golgi apparatus (GA). We then performed biochemical assays of GSK3 and TDP-43 in cerebellum, obtaining an increase of both biomarkers with L-BMAA treatment and, finally, performed autophagy studies that revealed a higher level of these processes after treatment. This work provides evidence of cerebellar damage in rats after treatment with L-BMAA. Three months after treatment, affected rats cannot restore the normal functions of the cerebellum regarding motor coordination and postural control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Muñoz-Sáez
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular I, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | | | | | - Ana Martínez
- Instituto de Química Médica - Centro Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ma Teresa Solas Alados
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Begoña Gómez Miguel
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular I, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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25
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van Dis V, Kuijpers M, Haasdijk ED, Teuling E, Oakes SA, Hoogenraad CC, Jaarsma D. Golgi fragmentation precedes neuromuscular denervation and is associated with endosome abnormalities in SOD1-ALS mouse motor neurons. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2014; 2:38. [PMID: 24708899 PMCID: PMC4023628 DOI: 10.1186/2051-5960-2-38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Fragmentation of stacked cisterns of the Golgi apparatus into dispersed smaller elements is a feature associated with degeneration of neurons in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and some other neurodegenerative disorders. However, the role of Golgi fragmentation in motor neuron degeneration is not well understood. Results Here we use a SOD1-ALS mouse model (low-copy Gurney G93A-SOD1 mouse) to show that motor neurons with Golgi fragmentation are retrogradely labeled by intramuscularly injected CTB (beta subunit of cholera toxin), indicating that Golgi fragmentation precedes neuromuscular denervation and axon retraction. We further show that Golgi fragmentation may occur in the absence of and precede two other pathological markers, i.e. somatodendritic SOD1 inclusions, and the induction of ATF3 expression. In addition, we show that Golgi fragmentation is associated with an altered dendritic organization of the Golgi apparatus, does not depend on intact apoptotic machinery, and is facilitated in transgenic mice with impaired retrograde dynein-dependent transport (BICD2-N mice). A connection to altered dynein-dependent transport also is suggested by reduced expression of endosomal markers in neurons with Golgi fragmentation, which also occurs in neurons with impaired dynein function. Conclusions Together the data indicate that Golgi fragmentation is a very early event in the pathological cascade in ALS that is associated with altered organization of intracellular trafficking.
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26
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Furuta N, Makioka K, Fujita Y, Ikeda M, Takatama M, Matsuoka M, Okamoto K. Reduced expression of BTBD10 in anterior horn cells with
G
olgi fragmentation and
pTDP
‐43‐positive inclusions in patients with sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neuropathology 2013; 33:397-404. [DOI: 10.1111/neup.12010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2012] [Revised: 11/16/2012] [Accepted: 11/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Natsumi Furuta
- Department of Neurology Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Kouki Makioka
- Department of Neurology Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Yukio Fujita
- Department of Neurology Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Masaki Ikeda
- Department of Neurology Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Masamitsu Takatama
- Department of Internal Medicine Geriatrics Research Institute and Hospital Gunma
| | | | - Koichi Okamoto
- Department of Neurology Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine
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27
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Tong J, Huang C, Bi F, Wu Q, Huang B, Zhou H. XBP1 depletion precedes ubiquitin aggregation and Golgi fragmentation in TDP-43 transgenic rats. J Neurochem 2012; 123:406-16. [PMID: 22970712 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Protein inclusion is a prominent feature of neurodegenerative diseases including frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) that is characterized by the presence of ubiquitinated TDP-43 inclusion. Presence of protein inclusions indicates an interruption to protein degradation machinery or the overload of misfolded proteins. In response to the increase in misfolded proteins, cells usually initiate a mechanism called unfolded protein response (UPR) to reduce misfolded proteins in the lumen of endoplasmic reticules. Here, we examined the effects of mutant TDP-43 on the UPR in transgenic rats that express mutant human TDP-43 restrictedly in the neurons of the forebrain. Over-expression of mutant TDP-43 in rats caused prominent aggregation of ubiquitin and remarkable fragmentation of Golgi complexes prior to neuronal loss. While ubiquitin aggregates and Golgi fragments were accumulating, neurons expressing mutant TDP-43 failed to up-regulate chaperones residing in the endoplasmic reticules and failed to initiate the UPR. Prior to ubiquitin aggregation and Golgi fragmentation, neurons were depleted of X-box-binding protein 1 (XBP1), a key player of UPR machinery. Although it remains to determine how mutation of TDP-43 leads to the failure of the UPR, our data demonstrate that failure of the UPR is implicated in TDP-43 pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianbin Tong
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy & Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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28
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Farg MA, Soo KY, Warraich ST, Sundaramoorthy V, Blair IP, Atkin JD. Ataxin-2 interacts with FUS and intermediate-length polyglutamine expansions enhance FUS-related pathology in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Hum Mol Genet 2012; 22:717-28. [PMID: 23172909 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/dds479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Fused in sarcoma (FUS) is mutated in both sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and familial ALS patients. The mechanisms underlying neurodegeneration are not fully understood, but FUS redistributes from the nucleus to the cytoplasm in affected motor neurons, where it triggers endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Ataxin-2 is a polyglutamine protein which normally contains 22 repeats, but expanded repeats (>34) are found in Spinocerebellar Ataxia type 2. Recently ataxin-2 with intermediate length repeats (27-33) was found to increase the risk of ALS. Here we show that ataxin-2 with an ALS-linked intermediate length repeat (Q31) is a potent modifier of FUS pathology in cellular disease models. Translocation of FUS to the cytoplasm and ER stress were significantly enhanced by co-expression of mutant FUS with ataxin-2 Q31. Ataxin-2 also co-localized with FUS in sporadic and FUS-linked familial ALS patient motor neurons, co-precipitated with FUS in ALS spinal cord lysates, and co-localized with FUS in the ER-Golgi compartments in neuronal cell lines. Fragmentation of the Golgi apparatus is linked to neurodegeneration in ALS and here we show that Golgi fragmentation is induced in cells expressing mutant FUS. Moreover, Golgi fragmentation was enhanced, and the early stages of apoptosis were triggered, when ataxin-2 Q31 was co-expressed with mutant FUS. These findings describe new cellular mechanisms linking ALS with ataxin-2 intermediate length polyQ expansions and provide further evidence linking disruption to ER-Golgi compartments and FUS pathology in ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manal A Farg
- Department of Biochemistry, La Trobe University, Vic., Australia
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29
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Cozzolino M, Pesaresi MG, Gerbino V, Grosskreutz J, Carrì MT. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: new insights into underlying molecular mechanisms and opportunities for therapeutic intervention. Antioxid Redox Signal 2012; 17:1277-330. [PMID: 22413952 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2011.4328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Recent years have witnessed a renewed interest in the pathogenic mechanisms of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), a late-onset progressive degeneration of motor neurons. The discovery of new genes associated with the familial form of the disease, along with a deeper insight into pathways already described for this disease, has led scientists to reconsider previous postulates. While protein misfolding, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative damage, defective axonal transport, and excitotoxicity have not been dismissed, they need to be re-examined as contributors to the onset or progression of ALS in the light of the current knowledge that the mutations of proteins involved in RNA processing, apparently unrelated to the previous "old partners," are causative of the same phenotype. Thus, newly envisaged models and tools may offer unforeseen clues on the etiology of this disease and hopefully provide the key to treatment.
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30
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Lautenschlaeger J, Prell T, Grosskreutz J. Endoplasmic reticulum stress and the ER mitochondrial calcium cycle in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 13:166-77. [PMID: 22292840 DOI: 10.3109/17482968.2011.641569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a multifunctional organelle involved in protein synthesis, processing and folding, in intracellular transport and calcium signalling. ER stress can be triggered by depletion of ER calcium content and the accumulation of un- and mis-folded proteins, and relays stress signals to the ER mitochondria calcium cycle (ERMCC) and to the nucleus and protein translation machinery. The ensuing unfolded protein response (UPR) helps to cope with ER stress. Total protein synthesis is inhibited to keep protein load low, while the synthesis of ER chaperones, which assist protein folding, is induced. If cell integrity cannot be restored, signal cascades mediating cell death are activated. This review focuses on the role of ER stress and the UPR in the pathology of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). The triggers for ER stress are as yet unclear, but induction of UPR sensor proteins, up-regulation of chaperones and induction of cell death proteins have been described in human post mortem ALS tissue and in mutant superoxide dismutase-1 (SOD1) expressing models of ALS. TDP-43 and VAPB seem to be involved in UPR signalling as well. Recent reports raise hope that UPR sensor proteins become effective therapeutic targets in the treatment of ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janin Lautenschlaeger
- Hans-Berger Department of Neurology, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Erlanger Allee 101, Jena, Germany.
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31
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Ying H, Yue BYJT. Cellular and molecular biology of optineurin. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2012; 294:223-58. [PMID: 22364875 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-394305-7.00005-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Optineurin is a gene linked to glaucoma, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, other neurodegenerative diseases, and Paget's disease of bone. This review describes the characteristics of optineurin and summarizes the cellular and molecular biology investigations conducted so far on optineurin. Data from a number of laboratories indicate that optineurin is a cytosolic protein containing 577 amino acid residues. Interacting with proteins such as myosin VI, Rab8, huntingtin, transferrin receptor, and TANK-binding kinase 1, optineurin is involved in basic cellular functions including protein trafficking, maintenance of the Golgi apparatus, as well as NF-κB pathway, antiviral, and antibacteria signaling. Mutation or alteration of homeostasis of optineurin (such as overexpression or knockdown) results in adverse consequences in the cells, leading to the development of neurodegenerative diseases including glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyu Ying
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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32
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Lee EB, Lee VMY, Trojanowski JQ. Gains or losses: molecular mechanisms of TDP43-mediated neurodegeneration. Nat Rev Neurosci 2011; 13:38-50. [PMID: 22127299 DOI: 10.1038/nrn3121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 519] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
RNA-binding proteins, and in particular TAR DNA-binding protein 43 (TDP43), are central to the pathogenesis of motor neuron diseases and related neurodegenerative disorders. Studies on human tissue have implicated several possible mechanisms of disease and experimental studies are now attempting to determine whether TDP43-mediated neurodegeneration results from a gain or a loss of function of the protein. In addition, the distinct possibility of pleotropic or combined effects - in which gains of toxic properties and losses of normal TDP43 functions act together - needs to be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward B Lee
- Translational Neuropathology Research Laboratory, Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 605B Stellar Chance Laboratories, 422 Curie Boulevard, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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33
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Okamoto K. [108th Scientific Meeting of the Japanese Society of Internal Medicine: symposium: 1. Progress in dementia research--dementia disorders and protein; (5) TDP-43]. NIHON NAIKA GAKKAI ZASSHI. THE JOURNAL OF THE JAPANESE SOCIETY OF INTERNAL MEDICINE 2011; 100:2489-2494. [PMID: 22117339 DOI: 10.2169/naika.100.2489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Okamoto
- Department of Neurology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
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34
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Clinicopathologic study on an ALS family with a heterozygous E478G optineurin mutation. Acta Neuropathol 2011; 122:223-9. [PMID: 21644038 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-011-0842-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2011] [Accepted: 05/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
We investigated a family manifesting amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) with a heterozygous E478G mutation in the optineurin (OPTN) gene. Clinically, slow deterioration of motor function, mood and personality changes, temporal lobe atrophy on neuroimaging, and bizarre finger deformity were noted. Neuropathologically, TAR DNA-binding protein 43 (TDP-43)-positive neuronal intracytoplasmic inclusions were observed in the spinal and medullary motor neurons. In these cells, the immunoreactivity of nuclear TDP-43 was reduced. Consecutive sections revealed that the inclusions were also reactive with anti-ubiquitin and anti-p62 antibodies, but noticeably negative for OPTN. In addition, TDP-43/p62-positive glial cytoplasmic inclusions (GCIs) were scattered throughout the spinal cord and the medullary motor nuclei. Furthermore, Golgi fragmentation was identified in 70% of the anterior horn cells (AHCs). The presence of AHCs with preserved nuclear TDP-43 and a fragmented Golgi apparatus, which are unrecognizable in sporadic ALS, indicates that patients with the E4787G OPTN mutation would manifest Golgi fragmentation before loss of nuclear TDP-43. In the neocortex, GCIs were sparsely scattered among the primary motor and temporal cortices, but no neuronal TDP-43-positive inclusions were detected. In the amygdala and the ambient gyrus, argyrophilic grains and ballooned neurons were seen. The thorough neuropathologic investigations performed in this work demonstrated that OPTN-positive inclusion bodies, if any, were not prominent. We postulate that optineurinopathy is closely linked with TDP-proteinopathy and speculate that this heterozygous E478G mutation would cause ALS by acting through a dominant-negative mechanism.
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35
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Fujita Y, Fujita S, Takatama M, Ikeda M, Okamoto K. Numerous FUS-positive inclusions in an elderly woman with motor neuron disease. Neuropathology 2011; 31:170-6. [PMID: 20667018 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1789.2010.01146.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
We report an autopsy case of a 75-year-old Japanese woman with motor neuron disease (MND) showing numerous neuronal and glial inclusions immunostained with anti-fused in sarcoma (FUS) antibody. At 73 years, she received a diagnosis of MND and died of respiratory insufficiency 2 years later. No mutation was found in all exons of the FUS gene. Neuropathological examination revealed a reduced number of anterior horn cells and degeneration of the pyramidal tracts. Neither Bunina bodies nor inclusions positive for ubiquitin/phosphorylated TAR DNA binding protein of 43 kD (pTDP-43), such as skein-like or round inclusions, were observed. However, basophilic inclusions (BIs) were frequently observed in the remaining neurons of the anterior horns, facial nuclei, hypoglossal nuclei, vestibular nuclei, dentate nuclei and inferior olivary nuclei. In an immunohistochemical analysis, the BIs showed strong immunoreactivity with anti-FUS and anti-ubiquitin-binding protein p62 (p62) antibodies. The nuclear staining of FUS was preserved in some neurons with FUS-positive inclusions, and a few FUS-positive glial inclusions were found. FUS-positive inclusions were more common than p62-positive inclusions in some anatomical regions, and in some neurons, p62 immunoreactivity was observed in only parts of the BIs. These results suggest that BI formation and TDP-43 aggregation have different pathogenic mechanisms, and FUS may play an important role in the pathogenesis of MND with BIs. This patient has the oldest reported age of onset for MND with BIs, and clinical features observed in this patient were indistinguishable from those of classic sporadic MND. Therefore, we consider that the age of onset and clinical features of FUS-related disorders may be variable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukio Fujita
- Department of Neurology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan.
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36
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Fujita Y, Watabe K, Ikeda K, Mizuno Y, Okamoto K. Morphological changes of Golgi apparatus in adult rats after facial nerve injuries. Neuropathology 2011; 31:42-7. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1789.2010.01123.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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37
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Nassif M, Matus S, Castillo K, Hetz C. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis pathogenesis: a journey through the secretory pathway. Antioxid Redox Signal 2010; 13:1955-89. [PMID: 20560784 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2009.2991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is the most common adult-onset motoneuron degenerative disease characterized by the selective loss of motoneurons in the spinal ventral horn, most brainstem nuclei, and the cerebral cortex. Although approximately 90% of ALS cases are sporadic (sALS), analyses of familial ALS (fALS)-causative genes have generated relevant insight into molecular events involved in the pathology. Here we overview an emerging concept indicating the occurrence of secretory pathway stress in the disease process. These alterations include a failure in the protein folding machinery at the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), engagement of the unfolded protein response (UPR), modifications of the Golgi apparatus network, impaired vesicular trafficking, inhibition of protein quality control mechanisms, oxidative damage to ER proteins, and sustained activation of degradative pathways such as autophagy. A common feature predicted for most of these alterations is abnormal protein homeostasis associated with the accumulation of misfolded proteins at the ER, possibly leading to chronic ER stress and neuronal dysfunction. Signs of ER stress are observed even during presymptomatic stages in fALS mouse models, and pharmacological strategies to alleviate protein misfolding slow disease progression. Because the secretory pathway stress occurs in both sALS and several forms of fALS, it may offer a unique common target for possible therapeutic strategies to treat this devastating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Nassif
- Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences , Faculty of Medicine, NEMO Millennium Nucleus, Santiago, Chile
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38
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Geser F, Robinson JL, Malunda JA, Xie SX, Clark CM, Kwong LK, Moberg PJ, Moore EM, Van Deerlin VM, Lee VMY, Arnold SE, Trojanowski JQ. Pathological 43-kDa transactivation response DNA-binding protein in older adults with and without severe mental illness. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 67:1238-50. [PMID: 20937952 DOI: 10.1001/archneurol.2010.254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Major psychiatric diseases such as schizophrenia and mood disorders have not been linked to a specific pathology, but their clinical features overlap with some aspects of the behavioral variant of frontotemporal lobar degeneration. Although the significance of pathological 43-kDa (transactivation response) DNA-binding protein (TDP-43) for frontotemporal lobar degeneration was appreciated only recently, the prevalence of TDP-43 pathology in patients with severe mental illness vs controls has not been systematically addressed. OBJECTIVE To examine patients with chronic psychiatric diseases, mainly schizophrenia, for evidence of neurodegenerative TDP-43 pathology in comparison with controls. DESIGN Prospective longitudinal clinical evaluation and retrospective medical record review, immunohistochemical identification of pathological TDP-43 in the central nervous system, and genotyping for gene alterations known to cause TDP-43 proteinopathies including the TDP-43 (TARDBP) and progranulin (GRN) genes. SETTING University health system. PARTICIPANTS One hundred fifty-one subjects including 91 patients with severe mental illness (mainly schizophrenia) and 60 controls. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Clinical medical record review, neuronal and glial TDP-43 pathology, and TARDP and GRN genotyping status. RESULTS Significant TDP-43 pathology in the amygdala/periamygdaloid region or the hippocampus/transentorhinal cortex was absent in both groups in subjects younger than 65 years but present in elderly subjects (29% [25 of 86] of the psychiatric patients and 29% [10 of 34] of control subjects). Twenty-three percent (8 of 35) of the positive cases showed significant TDP-43 pathology in extended brain scans. There were no evident differences between the 2 groups in the frequency, degree, or morphological pattern of TDP-43 pathology. The latter included (1) subpial and subependymal, (2) focal, or (3) diffuse lesions in deep brain parenchyma and (4) perivascular pathology. A new GRN variant of unknown significance (c.620T>C, p.Met207Thr) was found in 1 patient with schizophrenia with TDP-43 pathology. No known TARDBP mutations or other variants were found in any of the subjects studied herein. CONCLUSIONS The similar findings of TDP-43 pathology in elderly patients with severe mental illness and controls suggest common age-dependent TDP-43 changes in limbic brain areas that may signify that these regions are affected early in the course of a cerebral TDP-43 multisystem proteinopathy. Finally, our data provide an age-related baseline for the development of whole-brain pathological TDP-43 evolution schemata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Geser
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104-4283, USA
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Braak H, Ludolph A, Thal DR, Del Tredici K. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: dash-like accumulation of phosphorylated TDP-43 in somatodendritic and axonal compartments of somatomotor neurons of the lower brainstem and spinal cord. Acta Neuropathol 2010; 120:67-74. [PMID: 20379728 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-010-0683-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2010] [Revised: 03/12/2010] [Accepted: 03/29/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Skein-like and spherical inclusions within the somatodendritic compartment of a few types of susceptible neurons in the human nervous system are the currently acknowledged pathological hallmarks of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). These inclusions consist chiefly of an aggregated, phosphorylated, and ultimately ubiquitinated intranuclear protein, TDP-43. To investigate the development of these inclusions, a single neuronal type that is susceptible to the ALS-associated pathological process, i.e., the class of large multipolar somatomotor neurons in the lower brainstem and spinal cord, was studied in four cases of sporadic ALS and four age-matched controls using immunoreactions against phosphorylated TDP-43 (pTDP-43), p62, and ubiquitin. In these neurons, the protein TDP-43, after its displacement outside of the cell nucleus and abnormal phosphorylation, forms light microscopically visible dash-like aggregates which were dispersed throughout their entire somatodendritic domain and even extended into the proximal portions of the axon. Many motor neurons contained these lesions, which were not detectable with anti-TDP-43 and anti-p62. In an additional step, a small number of the neurons that contain the dash-like lesions displayed a clustering of the aggregated material, which forms thick net-like (potential precursors of the skein-like inclusions) and spherical inclusions. This material, in turn, was ubiquitinated and p62-immunopositive. Thus, dash-like pTDP-43 aggregates are regularly seen in motor neurons in ALS and may represent the initial cellular lesion in this disease. Because these aggregates were not stained with antibodies against p62 and non-phosphorylated TDP-43, it is possible that phosphorylation of TDP-43 is required for its aggregation in sporadic ALS.
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40
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Lagier-Tourenne C, Polymenidou M, Cleveland DW. TDP-43 and FUS/TLS: emerging roles in RNA processing and neurodegeneration. Hum Mol Genet 2010; 19:R46-64. [PMID: 20400460 PMCID: PMC3167692 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddq137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 758] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2010] [Accepted: 04/06/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) are neurodegenerative diseases with clinical and pathological overlap. Landmark discoveries of mutations in the transactive response DNA-binding protein (TDP-43) and fused in sarcoma/translocated in liposarcoma (FUS/TLS) as causative of ALS and FTLD, combined with the abnormal aggregation of these proteins, have initiated a shifting paradigm for the underlying pathogenesis of multiple neurodegenerative diseases. TDP-43 and FUS/TLS are both RNA/DNA-binding proteins with striking structural and functional similarities. Their association with ALS and other neurodegenerative diseases is redirecting research efforts toward understanding the role of RNA processing regulation in neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Don W. Cleveland
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California at San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-6070, USA
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41
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Okamoto K, Fujita Y, Mizuno Y. Pathology of protein synthesis and degradation systems in ALS. Neuropathology 2010; 30:189-93. [PMID: 20102523 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1789.2009.01088.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Protein synthesis and degradation systems in neurons are among the major subjects of study in neurobiology. These systems are believed to be the main pathways involved in ALS; however, the essential pathomechanisms that underlie this disease remain obscure. In addition to the ubiquitin-proteasomal and autophagic systems, several cytoplasmic organelles are also involved in ALS. Here, we present our data and discuss the main morphological abnormalities detected in the anterior horn cells of ALS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Okamoto
- Department of Neurology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan.
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42
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Mislocalization of TDP-43 in the G93A mutant SOD1 transgenic mouse model of ALS. Neurosci Lett 2009; 458:70-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2009.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2009] [Revised: 04/14/2009] [Accepted: 04/14/2009] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a devastating neurodegenerative disorder with a low survival rate beyond 5 years from symptom onset. Although the genes that cause most cases of ALS are still unknown, several important genetic discoveries have been made recently that will bring substantial insight into some of the mechanisms involved in ALS. Mutations in two genes with related functions were recently reported in patients with familial ALS: the FUS/TLS gene at the ALS6 locus on chromosome 16 and the TARDBP gene at the ALS10 locus on chromosome 1. In addition, the first wave of genomewide association studies in ALS has been published. While these studies clearly show that there is no definitive and common highly penetrant allele that causes ALS, some interesting candidate genes emerged from these studies. The findings help to better delineate the types of genes and genetic variants that are involved in ALS and provide substantial material for future research.
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44
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Giordana MT, Piccinini M, Grifoni S, De Marco G, Vercellino M, Magistrello M, Pellerino A, Buccinnà B, Lupino E, Rinaudo MT. TDP-43 redistribution is an early event in sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Brain Pathol 2009; 20:351-60. [PMID: 19338576 DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3639.2009.00284.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disorder consisting of progressive loss of motor neurons. TDP-43 has been identified as a component of ubiquitin-immunoreactive inclusions of motor neurons in ALS. We focused on the diffuse cytoplasmic TDP-43 immunoreactivity in ALS neurons, and quantitatively assessed it in comparison with skein/round TDP-43 and ubiquitin immunostaining in motor neurons of 30 sporadic ALS cases. The percentage of spinal motor neurons with cytoplasmic TDP-43 immunoreactivity was higher than that of ubiquitin-immunoreactive ones. The percentage of TDP-43-positive motor neurons was independent of neuron counts in anterior horns, while the percentage of ubiquitinated neurons was inversely correlated. Aiming to define the cytosolic localization of TDP-43, the immunoblot analysis of spinal cord and frontal cortex showed that full-length TDP-43, the 45 kDa form and ubiquitinated TDP-43 are found in the soluble inclusion-free fraction. The present data suggest that delocalization, accumulation and ubiquitination of TDP-43 in the cytoplasm of motor neurons are early dysfunctions in the cascade of the events leading to motor neuron degeneration in ALS, preceding the formation of insoluble inclusion bodies. Being cytoplasmic accumulation an ongoing event during the course of the illness, a therapeutic approach to this incurable disease can be envisaged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Teresa Giordana
- Department of Neuroscience, Section of Biochemistry, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.
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45
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TAR DNA-Binding Protein 43 Accumulation in Protein Aggregate Myopathies. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2009; 68:262-73. [DOI: 10.1097/nen.0b013e3181996d8f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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46
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Buratti E, Baralle FE. The molecular links between TDP-43 dysfunction and neurodegeneration. ADVANCES IN GENETICS 2009; 66:1-34. [PMID: 19737636 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2660(09)66001-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
TDP-43 nuclear protein is involved in several major neurodegenerative diseases that include frontotemporal lobar degeneration with ubiquitin (FTLD-U) bodies and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). As a consequence, the role played by this protein in both normal and diseased cellular metabolism has come under very close scrutiny. In the neuronal tissues of affected individuals TDP-43 undergoes aberrant localization to the cytoplasm to form insoluble aggregates. Furthermore, it is subject to degradation, ubiquitination, and phosphorylation. Understanding the pathways that lead to these changes will be crucial to define the functional role played by this protein in disease. Several recent biochemical and molecular studies have provided new information regarding the potential physiological consequences of these modifications. Moreover, the discovery of TDP-43 mutations associated with disease in a limited number of cases and the data from existing animal models have strengthened the proposed links between this protein and disease. In this review we will discuss the available data regarding the biochemical and functional changes that transform the wild-type endogenous TDP-43 in its pathological form. Furthermore, we will concentrate on examining the potential pathological mechanisms mediated by TDP-43 in different gain- versus loss-of-function scenarios. In the near future, this knowledge will hopefully increase our knowledge on disease progression and development. Moreover, it will allow the design of innovative therapeutic strategies for these pathologies based on the specific molecular defects causing the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuele Buratti
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Trieste, Italy
| | - Francisco E Baralle
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Trieste, Italy
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47
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Wobbler mice modeling motor neuron disease display elevated transactive response DNA binding protein. Neuroscience 2009; 158:745-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2008.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2008] [Revised: 10/14/2008] [Accepted: 10/16/2008] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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48
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Isaacs AM, Powell C, Webb TE, Linehan JM, Collinge J, Brandner S. Lack of TAR-DNA binding protein-43 (TDP-43) pathology in human prion diseases. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2008; 34:446-56. [PMID: 18657254 PMCID: PMC2607533 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2990.2008.00963.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS TAR-DNA binding protein-43 (TDP-43) is the major ubiquitinated protein in the aggregates in frontotemporal dementia with ubiquitin-positive, tau-negative inclusions and motor neurone disease. Abnormal TDP-43 immunoreactivity has also been described in Alzheimer's disease, Lewy body diseases and Guam parkinsonism-dementia complex. We therefore aimed to determine whether there is TDP-43 pathology in human prion diseases, which are characterised by variable deposition of prion protein (PrP) aggregates in the brain as amyloid plaques or more diffuse deposits. MATERIAL AND METHODS TDP-43, ubiquitin and PrP were analysed by immunohistochemistry and double-labelling immunofluorescence, in sporadic, acquired and inherited forms of human prion disease. RESULTS Most PrP plaques contained ubiquitin, while synaptic PrP deposits were not associated with ubiquitin. No abnormal TDP-43 inclusions were identified in any type of prion disease case, and TDP-43 did not co-localize with ubiquitin-positive PrP plaques or with diffuse PrP aggregates. CONCLUSIONS These data do not support a role for TDP-43 in prion disease pathogenesis and argue that TDP-43 inclusions define a distinct group of neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Isaacs
- MRC Prion Unit, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, U.K
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Turner BJ, Bäumer D, Parkinson NJ, Scaber J, Ansorge O, Talbot K. TDP-43 expression in mouse models of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and spinal muscular atrophy. BMC Neurosci 2008; 9:104. [PMID: 18957104 PMCID: PMC2583980 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2202-9-104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2008] [Accepted: 10/28/2008] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Redistribution of nuclear TAR DNA binding protein 43 (TDP-43) to the cytoplasm and ubiquitinated inclusions of spinal motor neurons and glial cells is characteristic of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) pathology. Recent evidence suggests that TDP-43 pathology is common to sporadic ALS and familial ALS without SOD1 mutation, but not SOD1-related fALS cases. Furthermore, it remains unclear whether TDP-43 abnormalities occur in non-ALS forms of motor neuron disease. Here, we characterise TDP-43 localisation, expression levels and post-translational modifications in mouse models of ALS and spinal muscular atrophy (SMA). Results TDP-43 mislocalisation to ubiquitinated inclusions or cytoplasm was notably lacking in anterior horn cells from transgenic mutant SOD1G93A mice. In addition, abnormally phosphorylated or truncated TDP-43 species were not detected in fractionated ALS mouse spinal cord or brain. Despite partial colocalisation of TDP-43 with SMN, depletion of SMN- and coilin-positive Cajal bodies in motor neurons of affected SMA mice did not alter nuclear TDP-43 distribution, expression or biochemistry in spinal cords. Conclusion These results emphasise that TDP-43 pathology characteristic of human sporadic ALS is not a core component of the neurodegenerative mechanisms caused by SOD1 mutation or SMN deficiency in mouse models of ALS and SMA, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley J Turner
- University of Oxford, MRC Functional Genetics Unit, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QX, UK.
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Update on recent molecular and genetic advances in frontotemporal lobar degeneration. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2008; 67:635-48. [PMID: 18596549 DOI: 10.1097/nen.0b013e31817d751c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Great strides have been made in the last 2 years in the field of frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD), particularly with respect to the genetics and molecular biology of FTLD with ubiquitinated inclusions. It is now clear that most cases of familial FTLD with ubiquitinated inclusions have mutations in the progranulin gene, located on chromosome 17. It is also clear that most ubiquitinated inclusions in FTLD with ubiquitinated inclusions are composed primarily of TAR DNA-binding protein-43. Thus, FTLDs can be separated into 2 major groups (i.e. tauopathies and ubiquitinopathies), and most of the ubiquitinopathies can now be defined as TAR DNA-binding protein-43 proteinopathies. Many of the familial FTLDs are linked to chromosome 17, including both the familial tauopathies and the familial TAR DNA-binding protein-43 proteinopathies with progranulin mutations. This review highlights the neuropathologic features and the most important discoveries of the last 2 years and places these findings into the historical context of FTLD.
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