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Huang W, Zhang H, Li X, Zhang J, Chen J, Chen Z, Ni G. Prognostic factors underlying the development of drug-resistant epilepsy in patients with autoimmune encephalitis: a retrospective cohort study. J Neurol 2024:10.1007/s00415-024-12432-y. [PMID: 38801431 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-024-12432-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 04/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of our study was to analyze the characteristics of patients with autoimmune encephalitis (AE) to identify prognostic factors associated with the development of drug-resistant epilepsy (DRE). METHODS In this retrospective observational cohort study, we enrolled adult patients with AE between January 2016 and December 2022. The patients were categorized into two groups based on the presence or absence of DRE at the last follow-up. The predictors of the development of DRE were investigated using logistic regression analysis. RESULTS Among 121 AE patients, 75.2% (n = 91) experienced acute symptomatic seizures, and 29.8% (n = 36) developed DRE at the last follow-up. On multivariate regression analysis, the factors associated with DRE were antibody negativity (OR 3.628, 95% CI 1.092-12.050, p = 0.035), focal seizure (OR 6.431, 95% CI 1.838-22.508, p = 0.004), refractory status epilepticus (OR 8.802, 95% CI 2.445-31.689, p = 0.001), interictal epileptiform discharges on EEG (OR 6.773, 95% CI 2.206-20.790, p = 0.001), and T2/FLAIR hyperintensity in the limbic system (OR 3.286, 95% CI 1.060-10.183, p = 0.039). CONCLUSIONS In this study, the risk of developing DRE was mainly observed among AE patients who were negative for antibodies or had focal seizures, refractory status epilepticus, interictal epileptiform discharges on EEG, and T2/FLAIR hyperintensity in the limbic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyao Huang
- Department of Neurology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases, National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, No.58 Zhongshan 2 Road, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, China
| | - Heyu Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases, National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, No.58 Zhongshan 2 Road, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, China
| | - Xi Li
- Department of Neurology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases, National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, No.58 Zhongshan 2 Road, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, China
| | - Jinming Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases, National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, No.58 Zhongshan 2 Road, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, China
| | - Jingjing Chen
- Department of Neurology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases, National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, No.58 Zhongshan 2 Road, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, China
| | - Ziyi Chen
- Department of Neurology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases, National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, No.58 Zhongshan 2 Road, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, China.
| | - Guanzhong Ni
- Department of Neurology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases, National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, No.58 Zhongshan 2 Road, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, China.
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Hahn C, Budhram A, Alikhani K, AlOhaly N, Beecher G, Blevins G, Brooks J, Carruthers R, Comtois J, Cowan J, de Robles P, Hébert J, Kapadia RK, Lapointe S, Mackie A, Mason W, McLane B, Muccilli A, Poliakov I, Smyth P, Williams KG, Uy C, McCombe JA. Canadian Consensus Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Autoimmune Encephalitis in Adults. Can J Neurol Sci 2024:1-21. [PMID: 38312020 DOI: 10.1017/cjn.2024.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Abstract
Autoimmune encephalitis is increasingly recognized as a neurologic cause of acute mental status changes with similar prevalence to infectious encephalitis. Despite rising awareness, approaches to diagnosis remain inconsistent and evidence for optimal treatment is limited. The following Canadian guidelines represent a consensus and evidence (where available) based approach to both the diagnosis and treatment of adult patients with autoimmune encephalitis. The guidelines were developed using a modified RAND process and included input from specialists in autoimmune neurology, neuropsychiatry and infectious diseases. These guidelines are targeted at front line clinicians and were created to provide a pragmatic and practical approach to managing such patients in the acute setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Hahn
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Adrian Budhram
- Clinical Neurological Sciences, London Health Sciences Centre, London, ON, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Western University, London Health Sciences Centre, London, ON, Canada
| | - Katayoun Alikhani
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Nasser AlOhaly
- Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Grayson Beecher
- Division of Neurology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Gregg Blevins
- Division of Neurology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - John Brooks
- Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Robert Carruthers
- Division of Neurology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Jacynthe Comtois
- Neurosciences, Universite de Montreal Faculte de Medecine, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Juthaporn Cowan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Paula de Robles
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Department of Oncology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Julien Hébert
- Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ronak K Kapadia
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Sarah Lapointe
- Neurosciences, Universite de Montreal Faculte de Medecine, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Aaron Mackie
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Warren Mason
- Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Brienne McLane
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | | | - Ilia Poliakov
- Division of Neurology, University of Saskatchewan College of Medicine, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Penelope Smyth
- Division of Neurology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | | | - Christopher Uy
- Division of Neurology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Rada A, Bien CG. What is autoimmune encephalitis-associated epilepsy? Proposal of a practical definition. Epilepsia 2023; 64:2249-2255. [PMID: 37353891 DOI: 10.1111/epi.17699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023]
Abstract
Seizures resulting from cerebral autoimmunity are either acutely symptomatic in the context of autoimmune encephalitis (AIE) with neural surface antibodies, or they are indicative of an enduring predisposition to seizures, that is, epilepsy. Here, we propose a practical definition for autoimmune encephalitis-associated epilepsy (AEAE): Seizures associated with antibodies against glutamic acid decarboxylase, paraneoplastic syndromes, or Rasmussen encephalitis are classified as AEAE. AEAE secondary to AIE with antibodies against the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor, leucine-rich glioma inactivated protein 1, contactin-associated protein-2, or γ-aminobutyric acid-B receptor can be diagnosed if the following criteria are met: seizures persist for at least 2 years after immunotherapy initiation; no signs of encephalitis on magnetic resonance imaging and no fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography hypermetabolism; normal cerebrospinal fluid cell count; and a substantial decrease in antibody titers. This classification corresponds to different disease mechanisms. While AIE results from the pathogenic effects of neural antibodies, AEAE is probably the consequence of encephalitis-related tissue damage and thereby mainly structurally mediated. The distinction between AIE and AEAE also has practical consequences: In AIE, immunotherapy is usually highly beneficial, whereas anti-seizure medication has little effect. In AEAE, immunotherapy is less promising and the usual anti-seizure interventions are preferable. In addition, the diagnosis of AEAE has social consequences in terms of driving and professional limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Rada
- Department of Epileptology (Krankenhaus Mara), Medical School, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Christian G Bien
- Department of Epileptology (Krankenhaus Mara), Medical School, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
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4
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Du J, Guo Y, Zhu Q. Use of anti-seizure medications in different types of autoimmune encephalitis: A narrative review. Front Neurol 2023; 14:1111384. [PMID: 37034075 PMCID: PMC10076804 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1111384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Seizures are the main manifestation of the acute phase of autoimmune encephalitis (AE). Anti-seizure medications (ASMs) play an important role in controlling seizures in AE patients, but there is currently a lack of consensus regarding the selection, application, and discontinuation of ASMs. This narrative review focuses on the use of ASMs in patients with AE driven by different antibodies. The PubMed, Embase, and MEDLINE databases were searched up until 30 October 2022 using prespecified search terms. We identified 2,580 studies; 23 retrospective studies, 2 prospective studies and 9 case reports were evaluated based on our inclusion criteria. Anti-N-methyl-D-aspartic-acid-receptor (anti-NMDAR) encephalitis is the type of AE that responds best to ASMs, and long-term or combined use of ASMs may be not required in most patients with seizures; these results apply to both adults and children. Sodium channel blockers may be the best option for seizures in anti-leucine-rich-glioma-inactivated-1 (anti-LGI1) encephalitis, but patients with anti-LGI1 encephalitis are prone to side effects when using ASMs. Cell surface antibody-mediated AE patients are more likely to use ASMs for a long period than patients with intracellular antibody-mediated AE. Clinicians can score AE patients' clinical characteristics on a scale to identify those who may require long-or short-term use of ASMs in the early stage. This review provides some recommendations for the rational use of ASMs in encephalitis mediated by different antibodies with the aim of controlling seizures and avoiding overtreatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyuan Du
- Department of Neurology, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Yi Guo
- Department of Neurology, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Sichuan Translational Medicine Research Hospital, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Yi Guo,
| | - Qiong Zhu
- Department of Neurology, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Sichuan Translational Medicine Research Hospital, Chengdu, China
- Qiong Zhu,
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Luo P, Zhong R, Chen Q, Lin W. Seizure outcome-related factors in autoimmune encephalitis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Neurol 2022; 13:991043. [DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.991043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
BackgroundIdentifying the predictors for seizure outcome in autoimmune encephalitis (AE) and investigating how to prevent persistent seizures would have major clinical benefits effectively. Thus, we aimed to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis to examine seizure outcome-related factors in AE patients.MethodsPubMed and EMBASE were systematically searched from inception to 10 June 2022 for studies investigating seizure outcome-related factors in AE. The pooled effect estimates, including standardized mean differences (SMDs) and odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs), were calculated to estimate the effect of each included factor on the seizure outcome.ResultsA total of 10 studies were included in the meta-analysis. Our pooled results of this meta-analysis showed that five factors were found to increase the risk of persistent seizures in AE patients, including onset with seizures (OR = 2.106, 95% CI = 1.262–3.514, p = 0.004), status epilepticus (OR = 3.017, 95% CI = 1.995–4.563, p < 0.001), EEG abnormalities (OR = 1.581, 95% CI = 1.016–2.46, p = 0.042), MRI abnormalities (OR = 1.554, 95% CI = 1.044–2.283, p = 0.03), and longer time from clinical onset to immunotherapy (SMD = 1.887, 95% CI = 0.598–3.156, p = 0.004).ConclusionOur meta-analysis indicated that onset with seizures, status epilepticus, EEG abnormalities, MRI abnormalities, and longer time from clinical onset to immunotherapy were risk factors for persistent seizures in AE patients.
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Wesselingh R, Broadley J, Buzzard K, Tarlinton D, Seneviratne U, Kyndt C, Stankovich J, Sanfilippo P, Nesbitt C, D'Souza W, Macdonell R, Butzkueven H, O'Brien TJ, Monif M. Prevalence, risk factors, and prognosis of drug-resistant epilepsy in autoimmune encephalitis. Epilepsy Behav 2022; 132:108729. [PMID: 35623203 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2022.108729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the prevalence and biomarkers of drug-resistant epilepsy (DRE) in patients with autoimmune encephalitis (AIE). METHODS Sixty-nine patients with AIE were recruited retrospectively and electroencephalographies (EEGs) were reviewed using a standard reporting proforma. Associations between EEG biomarkers and DRE development at 12 months were examined using logistic regression modeling and were utilized to create a DRE risk score. RESULTS Sixteen percent of patients with AIE developed DRE at 12-month follow-up. The presence of status epilepticus (SE) (OR 11.50, 95% CI [2.81, 51.86], p-value <0.001), temporal lobe focality (OR 9.90, 95% CI [2.60, 50.71], p-value 0.001) and periodic discharges (OR 19.12, 95% CI [3.79, 191.10], p-value 0.001) on the admission EEG were associated with the development of DRE at 12 months. These variables were utilized to create a clinically applicable risk score for the prediction of DRE development. CONCLUSIONS Drug-resistant epilepsy is an infrequent complication of AIE. Electroencephalography changes during the acute illness can predict the risk of DRE at 12 months post-acute AIE. SIGNIFICANCE The identified EEG biomarkers provide the basis to generate a clinically applicable prediction tool which could be used to inform treatment, prognosis, and select patients for acute treatment trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robb Wesselingh
- Department of Neurosciences, Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Level 6, Alfred Centre, 99 Commercial Road, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia; Department of Neurology, Alfred Health, Level 6, Alfred Centre, 99 Commercial Road, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
| | - James Broadley
- Department of Neurosciences, Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Level 6, Alfred Centre, 99 Commercial Road, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia; Department of Neurology, Alfred Health, Level 6, Alfred Centre, 99 Commercial Road, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
| | - Katherine Buzzard
- Department of Neurology, Melbourne Health, 300 Grattan Street, Parkville, Victoria 3050, Australia; Department of Neuroscience, Eastern Health, Level 2, 5 Arnold Street, Box Hill, Victoria 3128, Australia
| | - David Tarlinton
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Level 6, Burnett Building, 89 Commercial Road, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
| | - Udaya Seneviratne
- Department of Neurosciences, Monash Health, Clayton Road, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Chris Kyndt
- Department of Neurology, Melbourne Health, 300 Grattan Street, Parkville, Victoria 3050, Australia; Department of Neuroscience, Eastern Health, Level 2, 5 Arnold Street, Box Hill, Victoria 3128, Australia
| | - Jim Stankovich
- Department of Neurosciences, Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Level 6, Alfred Centre, 99 Commercial Road, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
| | - Paul Sanfilippo
- Department of Neurosciences, Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Level 6, Alfred Centre, 99 Commercial Road, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
| | - Cassie Nesbitt
- Department of Neurosciences, Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Level 6, Alfred Centre, 99 Commercial Road, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia; Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Geelong, Level 2, Kardinia House, Bellerine Street, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia
| | - Wendyl D'Souza
- Department of Neurosciences, Building D - Daly Wing, Level 5, St Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy, Victoria 3065, Australia
| | - Richard Macdonell
- Department of Neurology, Austin Health, Level 6 North Austin Tower, 145 Studley Road, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia
| | - Helmut Butzkueven
- Department of Neurosciences, Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Level 6, Alfred Centre, 99 Commercial Road, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia; Department of Neurology, Alfred Health, Level 6, Alfred Centre, 99 Commercial Road, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
| | - Terence J O'Brien
- Department of Neurosciences, Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Level 6, Alfred Centre, 99 Commercial Road, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia; Department of Neurology, Alfred Health, Level 6, Alfred Centre, 99 Commercial Road, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
| | - Mastura Monif
- Department of Neurosciences, Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Level 6, Alfred Centre, 99 Commercial Road, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia; Department of Neurology, Alfred Health, Level 6, Alfred Centre, 99 Commercial Road, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia; Department of Neurology, Melbourne Health, 300 Grattan Street, Parkville, Victoria 3050, Australia.
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Zhong R, Zhang X, Chen Q, Li M, Guo X, Lin W. Acute Symptomatic Seizures and Risk of Epilepsy in Autoimmune Encephalitis: A Retrospective Cohort Study. Front Immunol 2022; 13:813174. [PMID: 35281052 PMCID: PMC8904420 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.813174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To investigate the clinical characteristics of acute symptomatic seizures and the predictors of the development of epilepsy in patients with anti-NMDAR, anti-LGI1, and anti-GABABR encephalitis. Methods We retrospectively screened the medical records of 86 hospitalized patients with confirmed autoimmune encephalitis (AE). The clinical characteristics of acute symptomatic seizures were analyzed. The predictors of the development of epilepsy were investigated using logistic regression analysis. Results A total of 86 patients with AE were finally included. Eighty-six percent of patients (n = 74) experienced acute symptomatic seizures, and 28.4% of patients developed epilepsy during follow-up. Abnormal EEG findings were more frequent in AE patients with acute symptomatic seizures. A greater number of anti-seizure medications (ASMs), abnormal EEG findings, and delayed immunotherapy were found to be independently associated with the development of epilepsy. Conclusion Acute symptomatic seizures are a common manifestation in AE patients. During follow-up, 28.4% of AE patients developed epilepsy. The independent factors that predicted the development of epilepsy after the acute phase included a larger number of ASMs, EEG abnormalities, and delayed immunotherapy. In clinical practice, we should prioritize immunotherapy to control acute seizures as soon as possible. For AE patients with an increased risk of developing epilepsy, early withdrawal of ASM is not recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zhong
- Department of Neurology, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xinyue Zhang
- Department of Neurology, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Qingling Chen
- Department of Hepatology, Second People's Clinical College of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Mengmeng Li
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xin Guo
- Department of Neurology, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Weihong Lin
- Department of Neurology, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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8
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Liu X, Guo K, Lin J, Gong X, Li A, Zhou D, Hong Z. Long-term seizure outcomes in patients with autoimmune encephalitis: A prospective observational registry study update. Epilepsia 2022; 63:1812-1821. [PMID: 35357695 DOI: 10.1111/epi.17245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Revised: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To update and evaluate long-term seizure outcomes in patients with autoimmune encephalitis (AE) based on a large cohort study with long follow-up. METHODS In this prospective observational registry study, we analyzed data from patients with AE mediated by common types of neuronal surface antibodies (anti-NMDAR, anti-LGI1/Caspr2, anti-GABAB R). All patients were recruited from the Department of Neurology at the West China Hospital between October 2011 and June 2019, and data were collected prospectively on their demographic and clinical characteristics, treatment strategy, and seizure outcomes with a median follow-up of 42 months (range 6-93 months). Potential risk factors associated with seizure recurrence were also assessed. RESULTS Of 320 AE patients, 75.9% had acute seizures, among whom more than 90% of patients had their last seizure within 12 months of disease onset. During our follow-up, 21 (9.3%) patients experienced seizure recurrence. Patients with anti-GABAB R encephalitis had a higher cumulative incidence of seizure recurrence than those with anti-NMDAR (log-rank P = 0.03) or anti-LGI1/Caspr2 encephalitis (log-rank P = 0.04). Among patients with anti-NMDAR encephalitis, women had a significantly higher cumulative incidence of seizure recurrence than men (log-rank P = 0.01). Interictal epileptiform discharges (IEDs) or seizures captured on continuous EEG in the acute phase were identified as potential risk factors for seizure recurrence (P=0.04; P=0.007). Among 163 patients with ≥ 24 months of follow-up, five (3.1%) showed persistent seizures and required ongoing anti-seizure medications (ASMs) despite aggressive immunotherapy. SIGNIFICANCE Seizure recurrence occurred in a small number of patients and chronic epilepsy occurred in 3.1% of patients during prolonged follow-up. Across all types of AE, risk factors for seizure recurrence were IEDs or seizures captured on EEG in the acute phase; for anti-NMDAR encephalitis, female sex was also a risk factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Liu
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Kundian Guo
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Jingfang Lin
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Xue Gong
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Aiqing Li
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Dong Zhou
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Zhen Hong
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China.,Department of Neurology, Chengdu Shangjin Nanfu Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611730, China
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9
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Chen SH, O'Dea PK, Sianati B, Benavides DR. Role of responsive neurostimulation and immunotherapy in refractory epilepsy due to autoimmune encephalitis: A case report. Front Neurol 2022; 13:1028290. [PMID: 36408512 PMCID: PMC9666681 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.1028290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune encephalitis (AE) frequently presents with seizures in the acute setting. Seizures are often refractory to anti-seizure medications (ASM) but have been shown to be responsive to immunomodulatory therapies. A subset of patients with AE continues to have refractory epilepsy, recently named "autoimmune-associated epilepsy (AAE)," for years after the acute AE presentation. Optimal treatment for AAE has not been determined. Furthermore, the efficacy of neuromodulation and immunotherapy has not been well established in AAE. Here, we report a patient with probable autoantibody negative AE who initially presented with new onset refractory status epilepticus (NORSE). After his acute presentation, he continued to have frequent seizures that were refractory to four ASMs at therapeutic doses. A responsive neurostimulation (RNS®, NeuroPace) system was implanted for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes, with minimal change in seizure frequency. Due to continued frequent seizures despite ASMs and neurostimulation, he underwent a trial of immunotherapy consisting of high-dose intravenous (IV) corticosteroids and intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG). Despite the addition of immunotherapy to his treatment regimen, the patient experienced no significant clinical or electrographic change in seizure frequency. This case does not support the use of immunotherapy for treatment of AAE and illustrates the need for consensus guidelines in the management of patients with AAE. Further, the use of electrocorticography (ECoG) data provided an objective surrogate measure of seizure frequency; this may support the role for early neuromodulation in the management of AAE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie H Chen
- Department of Neurology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Pamela K O'Dea
- Department of Neurology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Department of Neurology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Bahareh Sianati
- Department of Neurology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - David R Benavides
- Department of Neurology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
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10
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Abstract
Limbic encephalitis (LE) is a clinical syndrome defined by subacutely evolving limbic signs and symptoms with structural and functional evidence of mediotemporal damage in the absence of a better explanation than an autoimmune (or paraneoplastic) cause. There are features common to all forms of LE. In recent years, antibody(ab)-defined subtypes have been established. They are distinct regarding underlying pathophysiologic processes, clinical and magnetic resonance imaging courses, cerebrospinal fluid signatures, treatment responsivity, and likelihood of a chronic course. With immunotherapy, LE with abs against surface antigens has a better outcome than LE with abs to intracellular antigens. Diagnostic and treatment challenges are, on the one hand, to avoid overlooking and undertreatment and, on the other hand, to avoid overdiagnoses and overtreatment. LE can be conceptualized as a model disease for the consequences of new onset mediotemporal damage by different mechanisms in adult life. It may be studied as an example of mediotemporal epileptogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian G Bien
- Department of Epileptology (Krankenhaus Mara), Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany; Laboratory Krone, Bad Salzuflen, Germany.
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11
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Morano A, Cerulli Irelli E, Fanella M, Zuliani L, Giallonardo AT, Di Bonaventura C. The grey zone between autoimmune encephalitis and autoimmune-associated epilepsy. Epilepsia Open 2021; 7:210-211. [PMID: 34779153 PMCID: PMC8886068 DOI: 10.1002/epi4.12558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Revised: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Morano
- Epilepsy Unit, Department of Human Neurosciences, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Emanuele Cerulli Irelli
- Epilepsy Unit, Department of Human Neurosciences, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Martina Fanella
- Neurology Unit, "San Camillo de' Lellis" Hospital, Rieti, Italy
| | | | - Anna Teresa Giallonardo
- Epilepsy Unit, Department of Human Neurosciences, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Carlo Di Bonaventura
- Epilepsy Unit, Department of Human Neurosciences, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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12
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Cabezudo-García P, Ciano-Petersen NL, Mena-Vázquez N, Ortega-Pinazo J, Postigo-Pozo MJ, García-Martín G, Antolí-Martínez H, Sánchez-Sánchez V, Quiroga-Subirana P, Serrano-Castro PJ, Estivill-Torrús G. Prevalence of Neural Autoantibodies in Paired Serum and Cerebrospinal Fluid in Adult Patients with Drug-Resistant Temporal Lobe Epilepsy of Unknown Etiology. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10214843. [PMID: 34768363 PMCID: PMC8584597 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10214843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In order to determine the prevalence of neural autoantibodies in adult patients with drug-resistant temporal lobe epilepsy (DRTLE) of unknown etiology, we compared the characteristics of patients with and without autoantibodies and applied antibody predictive scores to the patients. Patients aged ≥18 years with DRTLE of unknown etiology and ≥12 months of evolution were prospectively recruited. Neural autoantibodies in serum and CSF were systematically determined in all patients. We created the ARTE (antibody in drug-resistant temporal lobe epilepsy) score based on the variables associated with the presence of neural autoantibodies. Twenty-seven patients were included. The mean (SD) age in years at the index date was 52 (±14.2) and at epilepsy onset was 32 (±17.1). The mean epilepsy duration was 19 (±12.5) years. Neural autoantibodies were detected in 51.85% (14/27) of patients. The presence of bitemporal, independent, interictal epileptiform discharges (BIIED) had a higher frequency in patients with neural autoantibodies (57.1% vs. 15.4%; p = 0.025) as well as those patients with a previous history of status epilepticus (49.2% vs. 0.0%; p = 0.007). The ARTE score showed an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.854. Using a cut-off point of ≥1, the sensitivity was 100% and the specificity was 46.1%, whereas when using a cut-off point of ≥3, the results were 35.7% and 100%, respectively. We found a high prevalence of neural autoantibodies in patients with DRTLE of unknown etiology, indicating an autoimmune mechanism. The presence of BIIED and a history of SE in DRTLE of unknown etiology are possible markers for autoimmune-associated epilepsy. The proposed ARTE score requires future validation in larger independent cohorts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Cabezudo-García
- Biomedical Research Institute of Málaga-IBIMA, 29010 Málaga, Spain; (P.C.-G.); (N.L.C.-P.); (N.M.-V.); (J.O.-P.); (M.J.P.-P.); (G.G.-M.); (H.A.-M.); (G.E.-T.)
- Neurosciences Clinical Unit, University Regional Hospital of Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain
- School of Medicine, University of Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain
| | - Nicolás L. Ciano-Petersen
- Biomedical Research Institute of Málaga-IBIMA, 29010 Málaga, Spain; (P.C.-G.); (N.L.C.-P.); (N.M.-V.); (J.O.-P.); (M.J.P.-P.); (G.G.-M.); (H.A.-M.); (G.E.-T.)
- Neurosciences Clinical Unit, University Regional Hospital of Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain
| | - Natalia Mena-Vázquez
- Biomedical Research Institute of Málaga-IBIMA, 29010 Málaga, Spain; (P.C.-G.); (N.L.C.-P.); (N.M.-V.); (J.O.-P.); (M.J.P.-P.); (G.G.-M.); (H.A.-M.); (G.E.-T.)
- Rheumatology Clinical Unit, University Regional Hospital of Málaga, 29009 Málaga, Spain
| | - Jesús Ortega-Pinazo
- Biomedical Research Institute of Málaga-IBIMA, 29010 Málaga, Spain; (P.C.-G.); (N.L.C.-P.); (N.M.-V.); (J.O.-P.); (M.J.P.-P.); (G.G.-M.); (H.A.-M.); (G.E.-T.)
| | - María J. Postigo-Pozo
- Biomedical Research Institute of Málaga-IBIMA, 29010 Málaga, Spain; (P.C.-G.); (N.L.C.-P.); (N.M.-V.); (J.O.-P.); (M.J.P.-P.); (G.G.-M.); (H.A.-M.); (G.E.-T.)
- Neurosciences Clinical Unit, University Regional Hospital of Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain
| | - Guillermina García-Martín
- Biomedical Research Institute of Málaga-IBIMA, 29010 Málaga, Spain; (P.C.-G.); (N.L.C.-P.); (N.M.-V.); (J.O.-P.); (M.J.P.-P.); (G.G.-M.); (H.A.-M.); (G.E.-T.)
- Neurosciences Clinical Unit, University Regional Hospital of Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain
| | - Helena Antolí-Martínez
- Biomedical Research Institute of Málaga-IBIMA, 29010 Málaga, Spain; (P.C.-G.); (N.L.C.-P.); (N.M.-V.); (J.O.-P.); (M.J.P.-P.); (G.G.-M.); (H.A.-M.); (G.E.-T.)
- Neurosciences Clinical Unit, University Regional Hospital of Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain
| | - Violeta Sánchez-Sánchez
- Neurology and Neurophysiology Unit, University Hospital Virgen Macarena, 41009 Sevilla, Spain;
| | | | - Pedro J. Serrano-Castro
- Biomedical Research Institute of Málaga-IBIMA, 29010 Málaga, Spain; (P.C.-G.); (N.L.C.-P.); (N.M.-V.); (J.O.-P.); (M.J.P.-P.); (G.G.-M.); (H.A.-M.); (G.E.-T.)
- Neurosciences Clinical Unit, University Regional Hospital of Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-671562365; Fax: +34-951291135
| | - Guillermo Estivill-Torrús
- Biomedical Research Institute of Málaga-IBIMA, 29010 Málaga, Spain; (P.C.-G.); (N.L.C.-P.); (N.M.-V.); (J.O.-P.); (M.J.P.-P.); (G.G.-M.); (H.A.-M.); (G.E.-T.)
- Neurosciences Clinical Unit, University Regional Hospital of Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain
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Chen SS, Zhang YF, Di Q, Shi JP, Wang LL, Lin XJ, Yu N. Predictors and prognoses of epilepsy after anti-neuronal antibody-positive autoimmune encephalitis. Seizure 2021; 92:189-194. [PMID: 34551365 DOI: 10.1016/j.seizure.2021.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to investigate the incidence and predictors of epilepsy after anti-neuronal antibody-positive autoimmune encephalitis (AIE). The clinical outcomes of patients with epilepsy after AIE were also explored. METHODS A total of 111 AIE patients were retrospectively evaluated. Post-AIE epilepsy (PAEE) was defined as at least one unprovoked seizure occurring six or more months after discharge from hospital. RESULTS The incidence of acute symptomatic seizures was 80.2% (89/111) in our AIE patients. Furthermore, of the 89 AIE patients with seizures, 29 (32.6%) presented with seizures as the initial symptom. Overall, 44 out of 111 AIE patients (39.6%) had unprovoked seizures after six months, meeting our definition of PAEE. The independent risk factors for PAEE incidence included an initial presentation with new-onset refractory status epilepticus (NORSE), delayed immunotherapy treatment, the complication of a lung infection during admission, the requirement for mechanical ventilation during hospitalization, parietal lesions observed in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and focal slow waves on electroencephalographic (EEG) monitoring. CONCLUSIONS Early initiation of immunotherapy and lung infection treatment may reduce the risk of conversion of symptomatic seizures to chronic epilepsy in the acute phase of AIE. In general, PAEE patients could have a good prognosis if treated properly and in a timely fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan-Shan Chen
- Department of Neurology, The Nanjing Brain Hospital Affiliated Nanjing Medical University, 210029 Nanjing, China
| | - Yan-Fang Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The Nanjing Brain Hospital Affiliated Nanjing Medical University, 210029 Nanjing, China
| | - Qing Di
- Department of Neurology, The Nanjing Brain Hospital Affiliated Nanjing Medical University, 210029 Nanjing, China
| | - Jing-Ping Shi
- Department of Neurology, The Nanjing Brain Hospital Affiliated Nanjing Medical University, 210029 Nanjing, China
| | - Ling-Ling Wang
- Department of Neurology, The Nanjing Brain Hospital Affiliated Nanjing Medical University, 210029 Nanjing, China
| | - Xing-Jian Lin
- Department of Neurology, The Nanjing Brain Hospital Affiliated Nanjing Medical University, 210029 Nanjing, China.
| | - Nian Yu
- Department of Neurology, The Nanjing Brain Hospital Affiliated Nanjing Medical University, 210029 Nanjing, China.
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14
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Gifreu A, Falip M, Sala-Padró J, Mongay N, Morandeira F, Camins Á, Naval-Baudin P, Veciana M, Fernández M, Pedro J, Garcia B, Arroyo P, Simó M. Risk of Developing Epilepsy after Autoimmune Encephalitis. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11091182. [PMID: 34573203 PMCID: PMC8468512 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11091182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 08/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute symptomatic seizures (ASS) are a common manifestation of autoimmune encephalitis (AE), but the risk of developing epilepsy as a sequela of AE remains unknown, and factors predisposing the development of epilepsy have not been fully identified. OBJECTIVE To assess the risk of developing epilepsy in AE and study related risk factors. MATERIALS AND METHODS This was a retrospective single centre study including patients diagnosed with AE according to criteria described by Graus et al., with a minimum follow-up of 12 months after AE resolution. The sample was divided according to whether patients developed epilepsy or not. RESULTS A total of 19 patients were included; 3 (15.8%) had AE with intracellular antibodies, 9 (47.4%) with extracellular antibodies, and 7 (36.8%) were seronegative. During follow-up, 3 patients (15.8%) died, 4 (21.1%) presented relapses of AE, and 11 (57.89%) developed epilepsy. There was a significant association between the development of epilepsy and the presence of hippocampal atrophy in control brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) (p = 0.037), interictal epileptiform discharges (IED) on control electroencephalogram (EEG) (p = 0.045), and immunotherapy delay (p = 0.016). CONCLUSIONS Hippocampal atrophy in neuroimaging, IED on EEG during follow-up, and immunotherapy delay could be predictors of the development of epilepsy in patients with AE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariadna Gifreu
- Epilepsy Unit, Neurology Service, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907 Barcelona, Spain; (A.G.); (J.S.-P.)
| | - Mercè Falip
- Epilepsy Unit, Neurology Service, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907 Barcelona, Spain; (A.G.); (J.S.-P.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Jacint Sala-Padró
- Epilepsy Unit, Neurology Service, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907 Barcelona, Spain; (A.G.); (J.S.-P.)
| | - Neus Mongay
- Neurology Ward Unit, Neurology Service, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907 Barcelona, Spain; (N.M.); (P.A.)
| | - Francisco Morandeira
- Laboratory Service, Immunology Department, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Ángels Camins
- MRI Unit, IDI (Institute of Image Diagnosis), Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge-IDIBELL, Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907 Barcelona, Spain; (Á.C.); (P.N.-B.); (M.F.)
| | - Pablo Naval-Baudin
- MRI Unit, IDI (Institute of Image Diagnosis), Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge-IDIBELL, Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907 Barcelona, Spain; (Á.C.); (P.N.-B.); (M.F.)
| | - Misericordia Veciana
- Neurophysiology Department, Neurology Service, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907 Barcelona, Spain; (M.V.); (J.P.); (B.G.)
| | - Montserrat Fernández
- MRI Unit, IDI (Institute of Image Diagnosis), Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge-IDIBELL, Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907 Barcelona, Spain; (Á.C.); (P.N.-B.); (M.F.)
| | - Jordi Pedro
- Neurophysiology Department, Neurology Service, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907 Barcelona, Spain; (M.V.); (J.P.); (B.G.)
| | - Belia Garcia
- Neurophysiology Department, Neurology Service, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907 Barcelona, Spain; (M.V.); (J.P.); (B.G.)
| | - Pablo Arroyo
- Neurology Ward Unit, Neurology Service, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907 Barcelona, Spain; (N.M.); (P.A.)
| | - Marta Simó
- Neuro-Oncology Unit, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge-ICO L’Hospitalet (IDIBELL), Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907 Barcelona, Spain;
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15
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Wu H, Mei F, Liu L, Zhang L, Hao H, Zhang S. Case Report/Case Series: Rare case of anti-LGI1 limbic encephalitis with rapidly progressive dementia, psychiatric symptoms, and frequently seizures: A case report. Medicine (Baltimore) 2021; 100:e26654. [PMID: 34398024 PMCID: PMC8294912 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000026654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Anti leucine-rich glioma inactivated 1 (LGI1) limbic encephalitis (LE) is rare autoimmune encephalitis, characterized by acute or subacute cognitive impairment, faciobrachial dystonic seizures, mental disorders, and refractory hyponatremia. As a type of treatable rapidly progressive dementia with a good prognosis, early, and accurate diagnosis is essential. We present a case of anti-LGI1 LE who was initially misdiagnosed with Alzheimer disease because his clinical manifestations were similar to Alzheimer disease. PATIENT CONCERNS A male patient presenting with rapidly progressive dementia, faciobrachial dystonic seizures, psychiatric disturbance, and refractory hyponatremia was admitted. The scores of Mini-Mental State Examination, Montreal Cognitive Assessment, and Neuropsychiatric Inventory were 19/30, 16/30, and 91/144, respectively. Brain magnetic resonance images indicated moderate atrophy of the hippocampus and abnormally hyperintensities in the left medial temporal and hippocampus. DIAGNOSIS The patient was diagnosed with anti-LGI1 LE based on the presence of LGI-1 antibodies in the cerebrospinal fluid and serum and clinical manifestations. INTERVENTIONS Patient was treated with glucocorticoid against LGI1, antiepileptic drug, cholinesterase inhibitors, and other adjuvant therapy. OUTCOMES The patient showed marked improvement on immunotherapy. Clinical symptoms were disappeared and the LGI-1 antibodies in cerebrospinal fluid and serum were both negative at the time of discharge. CONCLUSIONS Recognition of the specific symptoms and LGI-1 antibody test will be helpful for the early diagnosis, prompt immunotherapy, and good prognosis. This case raises the awareness that rapidly progressive dementia with frequent seizures could be caused by immunoreactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Wu
- Psychiatry Department, Beijing Geriatric Hospital, Beijing, PR China
| | - Fan Mei
- Institute of Systems Biomedicine, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, PR China
| | - Lixin Liu
- Psychiatry Department, Beijing Geriatric Hospital, Beijing, PR China
| | - Li Zhang
- Psychiatry Department, Beijing Geriatric Hospital, Beijing, PR China
| | - Hongjun Hao
- Department of Neurology, Peking University, First Hospital, Beijing, PR China
| | - Shouzi Zhang
- Psychiatry Department, Beijing Geriatric Hospital, Beijing, PR China
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16
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Wang Y, Li X, He P, Yin J, Dong R, Fu Y, Zhang H. Characteristics and outcome-related factors of seizure at the first onset of autoimmune encephalitis: A retrospective study. CNS Neurosci Ther 2021; 27:694-701. [PMID: 33683811 PMCID: PMC8111501 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims Seizure outcome of autoimmune encephalitis (AE) varies from seizure‐free to refractory epilepsy, and the associated factors remain unclear. We aimed to describe seizure characteristics, identify seizure outcome‐related factors, and discuss the medication strategy of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) at the first onset of AE. Methods We retrospectively studied the data of 86 patients with clinically diagnosed AE. The clinical characteristics were described using a chi‐square test. Seizure outcome‐related factors were assessed using multivariable logistic regression analysis. Results 56 patients were finally enrolled, with antibodies to N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate receptor found in 29, to γ‐aminobutyric acid receptor B found in 13, and to leucine‐rich glioma‐inactivated protein 1 found in 14. Status epilepticus occurrence and onset with seizure lead to a poor seizure outcome, while administration of human gamma globulin and a low antibody titer contributed to a good seizure outcome. Conclusions In the acute phase, seizure characteristics may be considered in the utilization of AEDs. For patients with seizure‐free status in the acute phase, clinical manifestation (onset with seizure or not, whether status epilepticus occurs or not), therapy regimen (human gamma globulin administered or not), and antibody titer may be considered when formulating the strategy for withdrawal of AEDs post‐acute phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilin Wang
- Department of Neurology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Neurology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Pingping He
- Department of Neurology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jiangning Yin
- Department of Neurology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Ruofei Dong
- Department of Neurology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yu Fu
- Department of Neurology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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17
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Paredes-Aragón EM, Valdéz-Ruvalcaba HE, Santos-Peyret A, Cisneros-Otero M, Medina-Rioja R, Orozco-Suárez S, Hernandez MM, Breda-Yepes MDL, Rivas-Alonso V, Flores-Rivera JJ, Martínez-Juárez IE. Continuous Visual Focal Status Epilepticus as the Primary Presentation of NMDA-R and GAD65-R Autoimmune Epilepsy. Front Neurol 2020; 11:598974. [PMID: 33324338 PMCID: PMC7726346 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.598974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Epilepsia partialis continua (EPC) has changed in its clinical and pathophysiological definition throughout time. Several etiologies have been described in addition to classic causes of EPC. The following case depicts a young woman who had a peculiar onset of epilepsy with a continuous visual aura becoming a form of chronic recurrent and non-progressive EPC. The patient was initially misdiagnosed as a non-neurological entity (assumed psychiatric in origin), but finally, an immune-mediated epilepsy was diagnosed, and EEG showed focal status epilepticus during evolution. Once the diagnosis was achieved and immune treatment was established, the patient is seizure free. Early identification of an immune basis in patients with epilepsy is important because immunotherapy can reverse the epileptogenic process and reduce the risk of chronic epilepsy. To date, this is the only case reported with EPC manifesting as a continuous visual aura associated with antiglutamic acid decarboxylase 65 (anti-GAD65) and anti-N-methyl-d-aspartate (anti-NMDA) antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elma M Paredes-Aragón
- Epilepsy Clinic, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Andrea Santos-Peyret
- Epilepsy Clinic, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Marcela Cisneros-Otero
- Neuropsychiatry Clinic, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Raúl Medina-Rioja
- Neurology Clinic, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Sandra Orozco-Suárez
- Unit of Medical Research in Neurologic Diseases (UIMEN), Medical National Center Century XXI, Mexican Institute of Social Security, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Miriam M Hernandez
- Neurology Clinic, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Verónica Rivas-Alonso
- Neuroimmunology Clinic, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - José J Flores-Rivera
- Neuroimmunology Clinic, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Mexico City, Mexico
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18
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Morano A, Fanella M, Cerulli Irelli E, Barone FA, Fisco G, Orlando B, Albini M, Fattouch J, Manfredi M, Casciato S, Di Gennaro G, Giallonardo AT, Di Bonaventura C. Seizures in autoimmune encephalitis: Findings from an EEG pooled analysis. Seizure 2020; 83:160-168. [PMID: 33161244 DOI: 10.1016/j.seizure.2020.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Seizures are common in autoimmune encephalitis (AE), and an extensive work-up is required to exclude alternative etiologies. The aim of our study was to identify possible clinical/EEG peculiarities suggesting the immune-mediated origin of late-onset seizures. METHODS Thirty patients diagnosed with AE (19 men, median age 68 years, 18 seronegative) were included. Overall 212 video-electroencephalographic (EEG) and 31 24-h ambulatory EEG (AEEG) recordings were retrospectively reviewed. Posterior dominant rhythm, interictal epileptiform discharges (IEDs), clinical (CSs) and subclinical seizures (SCSs) were analyzed. RESULTS Six-hundred-nineteen ictal events were recorded in 19/30 subjects, mostly (568/619) during AE acute stage. Among ten patients with CSs other than faciobrachial dystonic seizures, 7 showed prominent autonomic and emotional manifestations. SCSs were detected in 11 subjects, mainly via AEEG (260/287 SCSs vs 150/332 CSs, p < 0.001). Eight patients presented seizures during hyperventilation. IEDs, documented in 21 cases, were bilateral in 14 and focal temporal in 13. Multiple ictal EEG patterns were detected in 9/19 patients, 6 of whom had both CSs and SCSs, bilateral asynchronous seizures and ictal activities arising from temporal and extra-temporal regions. No correlation was found between the lateralization of MRI alterations and that of EEG findings. CONCLUSION Our study confirms that adult-onset, high frequency focal seizures with prominent autonomic and emotional manifestations should be investigated for AE. Multiple ictal EEG patterns could represent a 'red flag', reflecting a widespread neuronal excitability related to the underlying immune-mediated process. Finally, our work enhances the crucial role of long-lasting EEG monitoring in revealing subclinical and relapsing seizures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Morano
- Epilepsy Unit, Department of Human Neurosciences, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Martina Fanella
- Epilepsy Unit, Department of Human Neurosciences, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy; Neurology Unit, "San Camillo de' Lellis" General Hospital, Rieti, Italy
| | - Emanuele Cerulli Irelli
- Epilepsy Unit, Department of Human Neurosciences, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca A Barone
- Epilepsy Unit, Department of Human Neurosciences, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Giacomo Fisco
- Epilepsy Unit, Department of Human Neurosciences, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Biagio Orlando
- Epilepsy Unit, Department of Human Neurosciences, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Jinane Fattouch
- Epilepsy Unit, Department of Human Neurosciences, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Mario Manfredi
- Epilepsy Unit, Department of Human Neurosciences, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Sara Casciato
- Epilepsy Surgery Unit, IRCCS "Neuromed", Pozzilli, IS, Italy
| | | | - Anna Teresa Giallonardo
- Epilepsy Unit, Department of Human Neurosciences, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Carlo Di Bonaventura
- Epilepsy Unit, Department of Human Neurosciences, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
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19
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Shen CH, Fang GL, Yang F, Cai MT, Zheng Y, Fang W, Guo Y, Zhang YX, Ding MP. Seizures and risk of epilepsy in anti-NMDAR, anti-LGI1, and anti-GABA B R encephalitis. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2020; 7:1392-1399. [PMID: 32710704 PMCID: PMC7448167 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.51137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Accumulating data have suggested seizures occur frequently in patients with neuronal surface antibody‐mediated autoimmune encephalitis. We aimed to evaluate seizure outcomes and potential factors associated with the development of epilepsy in patients with anti‐N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate receptor (NMDAR), anti‐leucine‐rich glioma‐inactivated 1 (LGI1), and anti‐gamma‐aminobutyric‐acid B receptor (GABABR) encephalitis. Methods Patients with anti‐NMDAR, anti‐LGI1, and anti‐GABABR encephalitis were prospectively recruited from 2014 to June 2019, with a median follow‐up period of 30.5 months (range 8–67 months). Seizure outcomes were assessed and risk factors of epilepsy were analyzed. Results A total of 119 patients with anti‐NMDAR, anti‐LGI1, and anti‐GABABR encephalitis were included, and 83 (69.7%) of them developed new‐onset seizures. By the end of follow‐up, 17 (21.3%) of 80 patients had seizure relapses after intermittent seizure remission or exhibited uncontrolled seizure episodes, contributing to epilepsy. Immunotherapy delay and interictal epileptic discharges (IEDs) were identified to be associated with the development of epilepsy in patients with anti‐NMDAR, anti‐LGI1, and anti‐GABABR encephalitis, particularly anti‐NMDAR encephalitis. Furthermore, multivariate logistic regression analysis demonstrated that immunotherapy delay was an independent predictor for epilepsy. Conclusion Our study suggested that immunotherapy delay and IEDs were associated with the development of epilepsy in patients with anti‐NMDAR, anti‐LGI1, and anti‐GABABR encephalitis. Early diagnosis and treatment were required, and particular consideration should be given to patients with these risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Hong Shen
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Gao-Li Fang
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fan Yang
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Meng-Ting Cai
- Department of Neurology, Hangzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yang Zheng
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wei Fang
- Department of Neurology, Fourth Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Yiwu, China
| | - Yi Guo
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yin-Xi Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mei-Ping Ding
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Wesselingh R, Butzkueven H, Buzzard K, Tarlinton D, O'Brien TJ, Monif M. Seizures in autoimmune encephalitis: Kindling the fire. Epilepsia 2020; 61:1033-1044. [DOI: 10.1111/epi.16515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robb Wesselingh
- Department of Neurosciences Central Clinical School Faculty of Medicine, Nursing, and Health Sciences Monash University Melbourne Victoria Australia
- Department of Neurology Alfred Health Melbourne Victoria Australia
| | - Helmut Butzkueven
- Department of Neurosciences Central Clinical School Faculty of Medicine, Nursing, and Health Sciences Monash University Melbourne Victoria Australia
- Department of Neurology Alfred Health Melbourne Victoria Australia
| | - Katherine Buzzard
- Department of Neurology Melbourne Health Parkville Victoria Australia
- Department of Neurology Eastern Health Box Hill Victoria Australia
| | - David Tarlinton
- Department of Immunology Central Clinical School Faculty of Medicine, Nursing, and Health Sciences Monash University Melbourne Victoria Australia
| | - Terence J. O'Brien
- Department of Neurosciences Central Clinical School Faculty of Medicine, Nursing, and Health Sciences Monash University Melbourne Victoria Australia
- Department of Neurology Alfred Health Melbourne Victoria Australia
| | - Mastura Monif
- Department of Neurosciences Central Clinical School Faculty of Medicine, Nursing, and Health Sciences Monash University Melbourne Victoria Australia
- Department of Neurology Alfred Health Melbourne Victoria Australia
- Department of Neurology Melbourne Health Parkville Victoria Australia
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