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Desgagnés N, Senior L, Vis D, Alikhani K, Lithgow K. Emergence of De Novo Conditions Following Remission of Cushing Syndrome: A Case Report and Scoping Review. Endocrinol Diabetes Metab 2024; 7:e00476. [PMID: 38597588 PMCID: PMC11005458 DOI: 10.1002/edm2.476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 02/11/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Onset and exacerbation of autoimmune, inflammatory or steroid-responsive conditions have been reported following the remission of Cushing syndrome, leading to challenges in distinguishing a new condition versus expected symptomatology following remission. We describe a case of a 42-year-old man presenting with new-onset sarcoidosis diagnosed 12 months following the surgical cure of Cushing syndrome and synthesise existing literature reporting on de novo conditions presenting after Cushing syndrome remission. METHODS A scoping review was conducted in Medline, Epub, Ovid and PubMed. Case reports and case series detailing adult patients presenting with new-onset conditions following Cushing syndrome remission were included. RESULTS In total, 1641 articles were screened, 138 full-text studies were assessed for eligibility, and 43 studies were included, of which 84 cases (including our case) were identified. Most patients were female (85.7%), and the median reported age was 39.5 years old (IQR = 13). Thyroid diseases were the most commonly reported conditions (48.8%), followed by sarcoidosis (15.5%). Psoriasis, lymphocytic hypophysitis, idiopathic intracranial hypertension, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, lupus and seronegative arthritis were reported in more than one case. The median duration between Cushing remission and de novo condition diagnosis was 4.1 months (IQR = 3.75). Of those patients, 59.5% were receiving corticosteroid therapy at the time of onset. CONCLUSION Our scoping review identified several cases of de novo conditions emerging following the remission of Cushing syndrome. They occurred mostly in women and within the year following remission. Clinicians should remain aware that new symptoms, particularly in the first year following the treatment of Cushing syndrome, may be manifestations of a wide range of conditions aside from adrenal insufficiency or glucocorticoid withdrawal syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laura Senior
- Department of MedicineUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryAlbertaCanada
| | - Daniel Vis
- Division of Respirology, Department of MedicineUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryAlbertaCanada
| | - Katayoun Alikhani
- Department of Clinical NeurosciencesUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryAlbertaCanada
| | - Kirstie Lithgow
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of MedicineUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryAlbertaCanada
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Hahn C, Budhram A, Alikhani K, AlOhaly N, Beecher G, Blevins G, Brooks J, Carruthers R, Comtois J, Cowan J, de Robles P, Hébert J, Kapadia RK, Lapointe S, Mackie A, Mason W, McLane B, Muccilli A, Poliakov I, Smyth P, Williams KG, Uy C, McCombe JA. Canadian Consensus Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Autoimmune Encephalitis in Adults. Can J Neurol Sci 2024:1-21. [PMID: 38312020 DOI: 10.1017/cjn.2024.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Abstract
Autoimmune encephalitis is increasingly recognized as a neurologic cause of acute mental status changes with similar prevalence to infectious encephalitis. Despite rising awareness, approaches to diagnosis remain inconsistent and evidence for optimal treatment is limited. The following Canadian guidelines represent a consensus and evidence (where available) based approach to both the diagnosis and treatment of adult patients with autoimmune encephalitis. The guidelines were developed using a modified RAND process and included input from specialists in autoimmune neurology, neuropsychiatry and infectious diseases. These guidelines are targeted at front line clinicians and were created to provide a pragmatic and practical approach to managing such patients in the acute setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Hahn
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Adrian Budhram
- Clinical Neurological Sciences, London Health Sciences Centre, London, ON, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Western University, London Health Sciences Centre, London, ON, Canada
| | - Katayoun Alikhani
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Nasser AlOhaly
- Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Grayson Beecher
- Division of Neurology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Gregg Blevins
- Division of Neurology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - John Brooks
- Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Robert Carruthers
- Division of Neurology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Jacynthe Comtois
- Neurosciences, Universite de Montreal Faculte de Medecine, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Juthaporn Cowan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Paula de Robles
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Department of Oncology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Julien Hébert
- Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ronak K Kapadia
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Sarah Lapointe
- Neurosciences, Universite de Montreal Faculte de Medecine, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Aaron Mackie
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Warren Mason
- Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Brienne McLane
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | | | - Ilia Poliakov
- Division of Neurology, University of Saskatchewan College of Medicine, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Penelope Smyth
- Division of Neurology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | | | - Christopher Uy
- Division of Neurology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Krett JD, Fritzler MJ, Alikhani K, Burton JM. A Quality Assessment of Aquaporin-4 & Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein Antibody Testing. Can J Neurol Sci 2023; 50:861-869. [PMID: 36398407 DOI: 10.1017/cjn.2022.324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accurate anti-aquaporin-4 (AQP4) and anti-myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) autoantibody assays are needed to effectively diagnose neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder and MOG antibody-associated disease. A proportion of patients at our centre have been tested for anti-AQP4 and anti-MOG autoantibodies locally, followed by an outsourced test as part of real-world practice. Outsourced testing is costly and of unproven utility. We conducted a quality improvement project to determine the value of outsourced testing for anti-AQP4 and anti-MOG autoantibodies. METHODS All patients seen by Calgary neurological services who underwent cell-based testing for anti-AQP4 and/or anti-MOG autoantibodies at both MitogenDx (Calgary, AB) and Mayo Clinic Laboratories (Rochester, MN, USA) between 2016 and 2020 were identified from a provincial database. The interlaboratory concordance was calculated by pairing within-subject results collected no more than 365 days apart. Retrospective chart review was done for subjects with discordant results to determine features associated with discordance and use of outsourced testing. RESULTS Fifty-seven anti-AQP4 and 46 anti-MOG test pairs from January 2016 to July 2020 were analyzed. Concordant tests pairs comprised 54/57 (94.7%, 95%CI 88.9-100.0%) anti-AQP4 and 41/46 (89.1%, 95%CI 80.1-98.1%) anti-MOG results. Discordant anti-AQP4 pairs included two local weak positives (negative when outsourced) and one local negative (positive when outsourced). Discordant anti-MOG pairs were all due to local weak positives (negative when outsourced). CONCLUSION Interlaboratory discordant results for cell-based testing of anti-AQP4 autoantibodies were rare. Local anti-MOG weak positive results were associated with discordance, highlighting the need for cautious interpretation based on the clinical context. Our findings may reduce redundant outsourced testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D Krett
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Marvin J Fritzler
- MitogenDx Corporation, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Katayoun Alikhani
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jodie M Burton
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Yong HYF, Camara-Lemarroy CR, Alikhani K. Neuro-Behcet's Presenting as a Tumefactive Brainstem Mass. Can J Neurol Sci 2023; 50:787-789. [PMID: 36184885 DOI: 10.1017/cjn.2022.298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Heather Y F Yong
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Carlos R Camara-Lemarroy
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Katayoun Alikhani
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Perera T, McKenzie E, Alikhani K. A Case of Bilateral Sequential Optic Neuropathies With Pachymeningitis and Aortitis: Difficulty in Differentiating Erdheim-Chester Disease From IgG4-Related Disease. Neurology 2022. [DOI: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000903476.18885.bc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
ObjectiveWe describe a case of bilateral sequential optic neuropathies with pachymeningitis and aortitis, with findings that raised suspicion of Erdheim-Chester disease versus IgG-4 related disease.BackgroundErdheim-Chester disease (ECD) is a rare histiocytic neoplasm characterized by tissue infiltration by foamy histiocytes, and chronic, uncontrolled inflammation. IgG4-related disease (IgG4-RD) is an insidiously progressive immune-mediated fibrotic disease typified by tumour-like mass formation in many affected organs. Neurologic manifestations are diverse.Design/MethodsA 58-year-old male was transferred to our centre for acute onset sequential optic neuropathies. His visual acuity was light perception for the right eye and 20/50 in the left eye.ResultsEnhanced MRI of the brain and orbits showed focal pachymeningeal thickening and enhancement in the anterior cranial fossa and over the left frontal lobe with eccentric enhancement of the right optic nerve sheath. CRP was elevated (23 mmol/L to 62 mmol/L); extensive CSF and serum infectious and inflammatory investigations were unrevealing. PET body demonstrated aortitis and CT angiography suggested coronary artery vasculitis. Bone scan showed symmetric involvement of the long bones. Dural biopsy was delayed due to the Covid-19 pandemic and was completed following a protracted steroid course and a 15 mg/kg dose of cyclophosphamide. Pathology showed mixed inflammatory infiltrate and increased expression of IgG4 neutrophils. Clusters of CD68+, CD1a, and S100-negative macrophages were seen in all layers of dura. No BRAF mutation was identified.ConclusionsThis case demonstrates classic imaging findings of ECD including pachymeningitis, symmetric long bone involvement and aortitis. Pathology in ECD may show characteristic foamy histiocytes, that were absent in this case. This case demonstrates the challenge of biopsy interpretation following immunosuppressive and cytotoxic therapy and the difficulty of differentiating ECD from IgG4-RD.
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Yong H, Camara-Lemarroy C, Alikhani K. Neuro-Behcet's Disease Presenting as a Psuedotumoral Brainstem Mass: A Case Report. Neurology 2022. [DOI: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000903288.32799.e2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
ObjectiveHerein, we present a rare and diagnostically challenging case of neuro-Behcet disease (NBD) manifesting as a psuedotumoral brainstem mass.BackgroundPsuedotumoral-NBD as a neurologic manifestation of Behcet's disease is rare. Imaging is characterized by mass-like lesions that enhance with contrast, are hyperintense with T2-weighted and fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) and show restricted diffusion. The differential includes glial lesions, lymphomas, infectious and granulomatous lesions.Design/MethodsThis is a case study of a 33-year-old male of West-African descent with a history of Behcet's disease.ResultsA 33-year-old male of West-African descent with a history of Behcet's disease, presented two years after his diagnosis with headaches, low-grade fever, genital ulcerations, and horizontal binocular diplopia. Imaging revealed a large right-sided T2/FLAIR hyperintense abnormality in the medulla with a central area of necrosis. Cerebrospinal fluid revealed lymphocytic-predominant pleocytosis with 11·106 cells/L (reference range 0-5), and high levels of interleukin-6. His vasculitis, infectious, paraneoplastic, flow cytometry, and autoimmune panels were negative. He tested positive for hepatitis-B core antigen, and latent tuberculosis. The etiology for his presentation was believed to be parenchymal NBD and he received a 3-day course of intravenous solumedrol (eventually transitioned to prednisone and azathioprine) with significant improvement. Imaging 1-week post-treatment revealed resolution of enhancement, and at 3 months he had near complete lesion resolution.ConclusionsNBD can rarely present with a psuedotumoral presentation, which can cause diagnostic uncertainty. A thorough radiologic/laboratory workup should be conducted to exclude other neurologic diagnoses; however, a high index of suspicion for NBD is required in similar cases and a spectacular response to steroids are invaluable in diagnosis.
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Bahadoram S, Keikhaei B, Bahadoram M, Mahmoudian-Sani MR, Hassanzadeh S, Saeedi-Boroujeni A, Alikhani K. [Bromhexine is a potential drug for COVID-19; From hypothesis to clinical trials]. Vopr Virusol 2022; 67:126-132. [PMID: 35521985 DOI: 10.36233/0507-4088-106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
COVID-19 (novel coronavirus disease 2019), caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, has various clinical manifestations and several pathogenic pathways. Although several therapeutic options have been used to control COVID-19, none of these medications have been proven to be a definitive cure. Transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2) is a protease that has a key role in the entry of SARS-CoV-2 into host cells. Following the binding of the viral spike (S) protein to the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptors of the host cells, TMPRSS2 processes and activates the S protein on the epithelial cells. As a result, the membranes of the virus and host cell fuse. Bromhexine is a specific TMPRSS2 inhibitor that potentially inhibits the infectivity cycle of SARS-CoV-2. Moreover, several clinical trials are evaluating the efficacy of bromhexine in COVID-19 patients. The findings of these studies have shown that bromhexine is effective in improving the clinical outcomes of COVID-19 and has prophylactic effects by inhibiting TMPRSS2 and viral penetration into the host cells. Bromhexine alone cannot cure all of the symptoms of SARS-CoV-2 infection. However, it could be an effective addition to control and prevent the disease progression along with other drugs that are used to treat COVID-19. Further studies are required to investigate the efficacy of bromhexine in COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Bahadoram
- Thalassemia and Hemoglobinopathy Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences
| | - B Keikhaei
- Thalassemia and Hemoglobinopathy Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences
| | - M Bahadoram
- Thalassemia and Hemoglobinopathy Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences
| | - M-R Mahmoudian-Sani
- Thalassemia and Hemoglobinopathy Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences
| | - S Hassanzadeh
- Thalassemia and Hemoglobinopathy Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences
| | - A Saeedi-Boroujeni
- Thalassemia and Hemoglobinopathy Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences; Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences; Abadan University of Medical Sciences;ImmunologyToday, Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN)
| | - K Alikhani
- Thalassemia and Hemoglobinopathy Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences
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Oh J, Alikhani K, Bruno T, Devonshire V, Giacomini PS, Giuliani F, Nakhaipour HR, Schecter R, Larochelle C. Diagnosis and management of secondary-progressive multiple sclerosis: time for change. Neurodegener Dis Manag 2019; 9:301-317. [PMID: 31769344 DOI: 10.2217/nmt-2019-0024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Identifying the transition of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (MS) to the secondary-progressive MS form remains a clinical challenge due to the gradual nature of the transition, superimposed relapses, the heterogeneous course of disease among patients and the absence of validated biomarkers and diagnostic tools. The uncertainty associated with the transition makes clinical care challenging for both patients and physicians. The emergence of new disease-modifying treatments for progressive MS and the increasing emphasis of nonpharmacological strategies mark a new era in the treatment of progressive MS. This article summarizes challenges in diagnosis and management, discusses novel treatment strategies and highlights the importance of establishing a clear diagnosis and instituting an interdisciplinary management plan in the care of patients with progressive MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiwon Oh
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, St Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5B 1W8, Canada
| | - Katayoun Alikhani
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Tania Bruno
- Division of Physiatry, Department of Medicine, University Health Network - Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M4G 1R7, Canada
| | - Virginia Devonshire
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia MS/NMO Center, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Paul S Giacomini
- Department of Neurology, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Fabrizio Giuliani
- Division of Neurology, Neuroscience & Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2B7, Canada
| | | | - Robyn Schecter
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals Canada, Montreal, QC H9S 1A9, Canada
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Casault C, Alikhani K, Pillay N, Koch M. Jerking & confused: Leucine-rich glioma inactivated 1 receptor encephalitis. J Neuroimmunol 2015; 289:84-6. [PMID: 26616875 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2015.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Revised: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
This is a case of autoimmune encephalitis with features of faciobrachial dystonic seizures (FBDS) pathognomonic for Leucine Rich Glioma inactivated (LGI)1 antibody encephalitis. This voltage-gated potassium channel complex encephalitis is marked by rapid onset dementia, FBDS and hyponatremia, which is sensitive to management with immunotherapy including steroids, IVIG and other agents. In this case report we review the clinical features, imaging and management of this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin Casault
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
| | - Katayoun Alikhani
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Neelan Pillay
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Marcus Koch
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Arnold DL, Li D, Hohol M, Chakraborty S, Chankowsky J, Alikhani K, Duquette P, Bhan V, Montanera W, Rabinovitch H, Morrish W, Vandorpe R, Guilbert F, Traboulsee A, Kremenchutzky M. Evolving role of MRI in optimizing the treatment of multiple sclerosis: Canadian Consensus recommendations. Mult Scler J Exp Transl Clin 2015; 1:2055217315589775. [PMID: 28607695 PMCID: PMC5433339 DOI: 10.1177/2055217315589775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is increasingly important for the early detection of suboptimal responders to disease-modifying therapy for relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis. Treatment response criteria are becoming more stringent with the use of composite measures, such as no evidence of disease activity (NEDA), which combines clinical and radiological measures, and NEDA-4, which includes the evaluation of brain atrophy. Methods The Canadian MRI Working Group of neurologists and radiologists convened to discuss the use of brain and spinal cord imaging in the assessment of relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis patients during the treatment course. Results Nine key recommendations were developed based on published sources and expert opinion. Recommendations addressed image acquisition, use of gadolinium, MRI requisitioning by clinicians, and reporting of lesions and brain atrophy by radiologists. Routine MRI follow-ups are recommended beginning at three to six months after treatment initiation, at six to 12 months after the reference scan, and annually thereafter. The interval between scans may be altered according to clinical circumstances. Conclusions The Canadian recommendations update the 2006 Consortium of MS Centers Consensus revised guidelines to assist physicians in their management of MS patients and to aid in treatment decision making.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David Li
- University of British Columbia, Canada
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Zhornitsky S, Greenfield J, Koch MW, Patten SB, Harris C, Wall W, Alikhani K, Burton J, Busche K, Costello F, Davenport JW, Jarvis SE, Lavarato D, Parpal H, Patry DG, Yeung M, Metz LM. Long-term persistence with injectable therapy in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: an 18-year observational cohort study. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0123824. [PMID: 25867095 PMCID: PMC4395027 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0123824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 03/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Disease modifying therapies (DMTs) reduce the frequency of relapses and accumulation of disability in multiple sclerosis (MS). Long-term persistence with treatment is important to optimize treatment benefit. This long-term, cohort study was conducted at the Calgary MS Clinic. All consenting adults with relapsing-remitting MS who started either glatiramer acetate (GA) or interferon-β 1a/1b (IFN-β) between January 1st, 1996 and July 1st, 2011 were included. Follow-up continued to February 1st, 2014. Time-to-discontinuation of the initial and subsequently-prescribed DMTs (switches) was analysed using Kaplan-Meier survival analyses. Group differences were compared using log-rank tests and multivariable Cox regression models. Analysis included 1471 participants; 906 were initially prescribed GA and 565 were initially prescribed IFN-β. Follow-up information was available for 87%; 29 (2%) were lost to follow-up and 160 (11%) moved from Southern Alberta while still using DMT. Median time-to-discontinuation of all injectable DMTs was 11.1 years. Participants with greater disability at treatment initiation, those who started treatment before age 30, and those who started between 2006 and 2011 were more likely to discontinue use of all injectable DMTs. Median time-to-discontinuation of the initial DMT was 8.6 years. Those initially prescribed GA remained on treatment longer. Of 610 participants who discontinued injectable DMT, 331 (54%) started an oral DMT, or a second-line DMT, or resumed injectable DMT after 90 days. Persistence with injectable DMTs was high in this long-term population-based study. Most participants who discontinued injectable DMT did not remain untreated. Further research is required to understand treatment outcomes and outcomes after stopping DMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Zhornitsky
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary; Calgary, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Jamie Greenfield
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary; Calgary, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Marcus W. Koch
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary; Calgary, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Scott B. Patten
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Colleen Harris
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary; Calgary, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Winona Wall
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary; Calgary, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Katayoun Alikhani
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary; Calgary, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Jodie Burton
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary; Calgary, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Kevin Busche
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary; Calgary, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Fiona Costello
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary; Calgary, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Jeptha W. Davenport
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary; Calgary, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Scott E. Jarvis
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary; Calgary, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Dina Lavarato
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Helene Parpal
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary; Calgary, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - David G. Patry
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary; Calgary, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Michael Yeung
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary; Calgary, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Luanne M. Metz
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary; Calgary, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
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Mohyeddin Bonab M, Ali Sahraian M, Aghsaie A, Ahmadi Karvigh S, Massoud Hosseinian S, Nikbin B, Lotfi J, Khorramnia S, Reza Motamed M, Togha M, Hossien Harirchian M, Beladi Moghadam N, Alikhani K, Yadegari S, Jafarian S, Reza Gheini M. Autologous Mesenchymal Stem Cell Therapy in Progressive Multiple Sclerosis: An Open Label Study. Curr Stem Cell Res Ther 2012; 7:407-14. [PMID: 23061813 DOI: 10.2174/157488812804484648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2012] [Revised: 09/19/2012] [Accepted: 09/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Despite updating knowledge and a growing number of medications for multiple sclerosis (MS), no definite
treatment is available yet for patients suffering from progressive forms of the disease. Autologous bone marrow derived
mesenchymal stem cell (BM-MSC) transplantation is a promising method proposed as a therapy for MS. Although the
safety of these cells has been confirmed in hematological, cardiac and inflammatory diseases, its efficacy in MS treatment
is still under study.
Patients with progressive MS (expanded disability status scale score: 4.0 –6.50) unresponsive to conventional treatments
were recruited for this study.
Twenty-five patients [f/m: 19/6, mean age: 34.7±7] received a single intrathecal injection of ex-vivo expanded MSCs
(mean dose: 29.5×106 cells). We observed their therapeutic response for 12 months. Associated short-term adverse events
of injection consisted of transient low-grade fever, nausea /vomiting, weakness in the lower limbs and headache. No major
delayed adverse effect was reported. 3 patients left the study for personal reasons. The mean (SD) expanded disability
status scale (EDSS) score of 22 patients changed from 6.1 (0.6) to 6.3 (0.4). Clinical course of the disease (measured by
EDSS) improved in 4, deteriorated in 6 and had no change in 12 patients. In MRI evaluation, 15 patients showed no
change, whereas 6 patients showed new T2 or gadolinium enhanced lesions (1 lost to follow-up).
It seems that MSC therapy can improve/stabilize the course of the disease in progressive MS in the first year after injection
with no serious adverse effects. Repeating the study with a larger sample size, booster injections and longer follow-up
using a controlled study design is advised.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohammad Ali Sahraian
- Sina MS Research Center, Department of Neurology, Sina Hospital, Hassan Abad Square, Tehran, Iran., Iran
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