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Varghese J, Varghese JJ, Jacob M. Effect of a high-fat diet and iron overload on erythropoiesis in mice. Biochem Biophys Rep 2025; 41:101919. [PMID: 39980584 PMCID: PMC11841077 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2025.101919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2024] [Revised: 01/07/2025] [Accepted: 01/13/2025] [Indexed: 02/22/2025] Open
Abstract
Background Insulin and iron availability stimulate and regulate erythropoiesis, respectively. The effects of hyperinsulinemia and/or iron overload on erythroid differentiation are unclear. Methodology Male C57Bl/6J wild-type (WT) mice were fed a high-fat diet (HFD) (to produce hyperinsulinemia) or a control diet (CD) for varying periods (4-24 weeks). Hepcidin knock-out (Hamp1 -/- ) mice (which are iron-overloaded) were fed CD or HFD for 24 weeks. Terminal erythroid differentiation (TED) in the bone marrow (BM) from these mice was analyzed by flow cytometry. Hematological parameters were estimated in peripheral blood. Results HFD-feeding of WT mice did not significantly affect erythroid precursors in the BM or hematological parameters. However, these mice had a significantly higher reticulocyte population in the BM than those fed CD (at all time points studied). Values of hematological parameters were higher in Hamp1 -/- mice than WT mice, at 24 weeks of feeding (irrespective of diet type), indicating increased erythropoiesis. Early erythroid precursors in the BM were higher in HFD-fed Hamp1 -/- mice than those fed CD. Conclusions HFD-feeding in WT mice resulted in increases in the proportion of reticulocytes in the bone marrow; maturation of the early erythroid precursors was not significantly affected. In Hamp1 -/- mice, HFD-feeding increased the number of early erythroid precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joe Varghese
- Department of Biochemistry, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India1
| | - Jithu James Varghese
- Department of Biochemistry, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India1
| | - Molly Jacob
- Department of Biochemistry, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India1
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2
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Manjunatha, Bennal AS, Hanumanthappa R, Kulkarni SS, Devaraju KS, Hallikeri UR, Badiger NM, Gai PB. Insights into the Age-Dependent Variation in Nutrition-Related Trace Elements in Diabetes Blood Using Total Reflection X-Ray Fluorescence. Biol Trace Elem Res 2025; 203:1277-1286. [PMID: 38829478 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-024-04253-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
The prevalence of diabetes has reached alarming levels in India, making it essential to understand the concentration of nutritional-trace elements (Fe, Cu, Zn, Cr. and Se) in blood samples from diabetic adults. In this study, 208 whole blood samples from diabetic (n = 104) and non-diabetic (n = 104) adults across various age groups were analyzed using total reflection X-ray fluorescence (TXRF) spectroscopy with a sample dilution method. Statistical analysis was performed to assess descriptive statistics and determine a significant correlation between elemental concentrations in the blood samples of diabetic and non-diabetic adults. The mean concentration of nutritional-related trace elements in diabetic blood was as follows: Fe (46 ± 5) > Zn (1.28 ± 0.14) > Cu (0.10 ± 0.01) > Cr (0.05 ± 0.004) > Se (0.013 ± 0.001) in mg/L, respectively. Additionally, this study investigated the influence of nutrition-related trace element concentrations across various age groups such as 25-40 years (young adults), 41-55 years (middle-aged adults), and 56-70 years (older adults). In this investigation, Zn (p < 0.001) and Cr (p < 0.05) concentrations differed significantly between diabetic and non-diabetic adults aged 56-70 years. These findings will help us to understand age-dependent changes in element concentrations, clarify their role in diabetes, and improve risk factor management associated with diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manjunatha
- Department of Studies in Physics, Karnatak University, Dharwad, Karnataka, India
| | - A S Bennal
- Department of Studies in Physics, Karnatak University, Dharwad, Karnataka, India.
| | | | - S S Kulkarni
- Karnataka Institute for DNA Research (KIDNAR), Dharwad, Karnataka, India
| | - K S Devaraju
- Department of Biochemistry, Karnatak University, Dharwad, Karnataka, India
| | - U R Hallikeri
- The Karnatak Cancer Therapy and Research Institute, Hubballi, Karnataka, India
| | - N M Badiger
- School of Advanced Sciences, KLE Technological University, Hubli, Karnataka, India
| | - P B Gai
- Karnataka Institute for DNA Research (KIDNAR), Dharwad, Karnataka, India
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Zhang Y, Bai Z, Song K, Liu Y, Zhang W. High-iron diet damages brown adipose tissue mitochondria and exacerbates metabolic hazards of a high-fat diet. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2024; 739:151008. [PMID: 39556936 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2024.151008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2024] [Accepted: 11/14/2024] [Indexed: 11/20/2024]
Abstract
Metabolic diseases may be prevented by reducing carbohydrate intake and replacing plant-based diets with animal-based ones low in carbohydrates but high in protein, fat, and iron. While the effects of sugars on metabolic diseases are well-known, the role of iron remains unclear. This study aimed to explore the effects of a high-fat high-iron animal diet on body metabolism in mice. Micro-PET imaging was used to assess 18-F-labelled glucose uptake in BAT, and the morphology, respiratory function, and oxidative stress of BAT mitochondria were examined. The underlying mechanisms were elucidated by analyzing the expression of UCP-1, PGC-1α and PPARα. The high-iron high-fat diet increased appetite, impaired glucose tolerance, and reduced insulin sensitivity. Additionally, the high-iron diet promoted gluconeogenesis only in the absence of high-fat levels. Both high-iron and high-fat diets suppressed BAT activity, increased mitochondrial oxidative stress, decreased mitochondrial respiratory function, and lowered thermogenic gene expression. Weight loss strategies focusing solely on reducing carbohydrates and increasing animal foods, like ketogenic diets, may have long-term detrimental effects on metabolic health. Prioritizing dietary diversity and monitoring overall caloric intake is advisable for optimal outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Zhang
- Air Force Medical University. Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710032, China; Qinghai Provincial People's Hospital. Xining, Qinghai, 810007, China
| | - Zhenzhong Bai
- Qinghai University Medical College. Xining, Qinghai, 810007, China
| | - Kang Song
- Qinghai Provincial People's Hospital. Xining, Qinghai, 810007, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Air Force Medical University. Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710032, China
| | - Wenbin Zhang
- Air Force Medical University. Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710032, China.
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Li Y, Zhang K, Feng Y, Wu L, Jia Y, Zhao R. Alisma Orientalis Extract Ameliorates Hepatic Iron Deregulation in MAFLD Mice via FXR-Mediated Gene Repression. Nutrients 2024; 16:2272. [PMID: 39064715 PMCID: PMC11279993 DOI: 10.3390/nu16142272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2024] [Revised: 07/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Iron is a vital trace element for our bodies and its imbalance can lead to various diseases. The progression of metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) is often accompanied by disturbances in iron metabolism. Alisma orientale extract (AOE) has been reported to alleviate MAFLD. However, research on its specific lipid metabolism targets and its potential impact on iron metabolism during the progression of MAFLD remains limited. To establish a model of MAFLD, mice were fed either a standard diet (CON) or a high-fat diet (HFD) for 9 weeks. The mice nourished on the HFD were then randomly assigned to the HF group and the HFA group, with the HFA group receiving AOE by gavage on a daily basis for 13 weeks. Supplementation with AOE remarkably reduced overabundant lipid accumulation in the liver and restored the iron content of the liver. AOE partially but significantly reversed dysregulated lipid metabolizing genes (SCD1, PPAR γ, and CD36) and iron metabolism genes (TFR1, FPN, and HAMP) induced by HFD. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays indicated that the reduced enrichment of FXR on the promoters of SCD1 and FPN genes induced by HFD was significantly reversed by AOE. These findings suggest that AOE may alleviate HFD-induced disturbances in liver lipid and iron metabolism through FXR-mediated gene repression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanlin Li
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health & Food Safety, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (Y.L.); (K.Z.); (Y.F.); (L.W.); (Y.J.)
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology & Biochemistry, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Ke Zhang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health & Food Safety, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (Y.L.); (K.Z.); (Y.F.); (L.W.); (Y.J.)
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology & Biochemistry, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yue Feng
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health & Food Safety, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (Y.L.); (K.Z.); (Y.F.); (L.W.); (Y.J.)
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology & Biochemistry, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Lei Wu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health & Food Safety, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (Y.L.); (K.Z.); (Y.F.); (L.W.); (Y.J.)
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology & Biochemistry, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yimin Jia
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health & Food Safety, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (Y.L.); (K.Z.); (Y.F.); (L.W.); (Y.J.)
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology & Biochemistry, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Ruqian Zhao
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health & Food Safety, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (Y.L.); (K.Z.); (Y.F.); (L.W.); (Y.J.)
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology & Biochemistry, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- National Key Laboratory of Meat Quality Control and Cultured Meat Development, Nanjing 210095, China
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Kamihara T, Kawano R, Kinoshita T, Omura T, Kaneko S, Hirashiki A, Kokubo M, Shimizu A. Differences in Iron Kinetics during Cardiac Load between Patients with Atrial Fibrillation and Those with Sinus Rhythm. Cardiology 2024; 149:580-589. [PMID: 38952114 DOI: 10.1159/000540095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The prevalence of atrial fibrillation (AF) increases with age. Although most AF cases are caused by irregular electrical impulses near the pulmonary vein, not all elderly individuals develop AF. Moreover, risk factors such as hypertension and diabetes do not always lead to AF, even in severe conditions such as pneumonia. We aimed to examine iron kinetics, including ferritin, in patients with AF and individuals in normal sinus rhythm (NSR) using peripheral blood samples. METHODS This case-control study included 178 patients who visited the outpatient clinic of a cardiovascular and arrhythmia specialist at the National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology between August and October 2023. Patients with missing iron-related blood tests and those with pacemaker implantation were excluded. Iron parameters (ferritin, free iron, transferrin saturation) were compared between AF (n = 53) and NSR (n = 125) groups. RESULTS The AF group had higher log brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) levels, indicating increased cardiac load (AF 2.18 vs. NSR 1.53). However, there were no significant differences in iron parameters between the AF and NSR groups. After matching for age, sex, and coronary artery disease, the AF group showed an increasing trend in ferritin and a decreasing trend in free iron with BNP elevation, suggesting chronic inflammation. In contrast, the NSR group showed no significant changes in iron parameters with BNP elevation. CONCLUSION Patients with AF are more likely to have elevated ferritin levels and decreased free iron levels during cardiac overload. Thus, they are more likely to present with chronic inflammation associated with cardiac overload in AF. Future studies should investigate the mechanisms underlying this phenomenon and its implications for AF treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Kamihara
- Department of Cardiology, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Japan
| | - Reo Kawano
- Innovation Center for Translational Research, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Japan
| | - Tomoyasu Kinoshita
- Innovation Center for Translational Research, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Japan
| | - Takuya Omura
- Department of Metabolic Research, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Japan
| | - Shinji Kaneko
- Department of Cardiology, Toyota Kosei Hospital, Toyota, Japan
| | - Akihiro Hirashiki
- Department of Cardiology, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Japan
| | - Manabu Kokubo
- Department of Cardiology, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Japan
| | - Atsuya Shimizu
- Department of Cardiology, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Japan
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Moreno-Navarrete JM, Fernández-Real JM. Iron: The silent culprit in your adipose tissue. Obes Rev 2024; 25:e13647. [PMID: 37789591 DOI: 10.1111/obr.13647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Iron plays a vital role in essential biological processes and requires precise regulation within the body. Dysregulation of iron homeostasis, characterized by increased serum ferritin levels and excessive accumulation of iron in the liver, adipose tissue, and skeletal muscle, is associated with obesity and insulin resistance. Notably, iron excess in adipose tissue promotes adipose tissue dysfunction. As optimal adipose tissue function is crucial for maintaining a healthy phenotype in obesity, a comprehensive understanding of iron homeostasis in adipose tissue is imperative for designing new therapeutic approaches to improve and prevent adipose tissue dysfunction. Here, we conducted a review of relevant studies, focusing on and providing valuable insights into the intricate interplay between iron and adipose tissue. It sheds light on the impact of iron on adipogenesis and the physiology of both white and brown adipose tissue. Furthermore, we highlight the critical role of key modulators, such as cytosolic aconitase, mitochondria, and macrophages, in maintaining iron homeostasis within adipose tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- José María Moreno-Navarrete
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Girona (IdIBGi), Girona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - José Manuel Fernández-Real
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Girona (IdIBGi), Girona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Girona, Girona, Spain
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Hilton C, Sabaratnam R, Drakesmith H, Karpe F. Iron, glucose and fat metabolism and obesity: an intertwined relationship. Int J Obes (Lond) 2023; 47:554-563. [PMID: 37029208 PMCID: PMC10299911 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-023-01299-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2023]
Abstract
A bidirectional relationship exists between adipose tissue metabolism and iron regulation. Total body fat, fat distribution and exercise influence iron status and components of the iron-regulatory pathway, including hepcidin and erythroferrone. Conversely, whole body and tissue iron stores associate with fat mass and distribution and glucose and lipid metabolism in adipose tissue, liver, and muscle. Manipulation of the iron-regulatory proteins erythroferrone and erythropoietin affects glucose and lipid metabolism. Several lines of evidence suggest that iron accumulation and metabolism may play a role in the development of metabolic diseases including obesity, type 2 diabetes, hyperlipidaemia and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. In this review we summarise the current understanding of the relationship between iron homoeostasis and metabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catriona Hilton
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Rugivan Sabaratnam
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Steno Diabetes Center Odense, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Hal Drakesmith
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Fredrik Karpe
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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8
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Delghingaro-Augusto V, Hosaka A, Estaphan S, Richardson A, Dahlstrom JE, Nolan CJ. High Dietary Iron in Western Diet-Fed Male Rats Causes Pancreatic Islet Injury and Acute Pancreatitis. J Nutr 2023; 153:723-732. [PMID: 36931751 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2023.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND High dietary iron has been linked to an increased type 2 diabetes risk. We have previously shown that intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) and feeding a Western diet (WD) to male Sprague-Dawley rats independently, as well as together, cause pancreatic islet inflammation, fibrosis, and hemosiderosis. OBJECTIVES To investigate whether iron has a role in the pathogenesis of this inflammatory islet injury caused by IUGR and WD intake. METHODS Male Sprague-Dawley offspring of bilateral uterine artery ligated (IUGR) and sham-operated (Sham) dams, fostered to nonoperated dams, were fed a WD [45% sucrose, 19.4% protein and 23% fat (w/w)] containing low iron (LI, 20 mg/kg) or high iron (HI, 500 mg/kg) from weaning. Four groups were studied: Sham-LI, Sham-HI, IUGR-LI, and IUGR-HI. Serial measurements of rat body weight, blood glucose, lipids and insulin, an intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test (age 13 wk), and histological analysis of pancreas and liver (age 14 wk) were recorded. The effects of iron, IUGR, and their interaction, on these measurements have been analyzed. RESULTS WD with HI compared with LI caused an 11% greater weight gain by age 14 wk (P < 0.001), impaired glucose tolerance [AUC for glucose (G-AUC) 17% higher; P < 0.001), acute pancreatitis (17/18, HI; 6/17, LI; P < 0.001), pancreas-associated fat necrosis and saponification (7/18, HI; 0/17 LI; P < 0.01), and a trend to islet fibrotic injury (7/18, HI; 1/17 LI; P = 0.051). Although pancreatic and hepatic steatosis was evident in almost all WD-fed rats, pancreatic and hepatic iron accumulation was prevalent only in HI-fed rats (P < 0.0001 for both), being only mild in the livers. IUGR, independent of dietary iron, also caused impairment in glucose tolerance (G-AUC: 17% higher; P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS A postweaning WD containing HI, independent of IUGR, causes acute pancreatitis and islet injury in Sprague-Dawley rats suggesting a role of dietary iron in the development of steatopancreatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviane Delghingaro-Augusto
- Australian National University Medical School, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia; Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia.
| | - Ayumi Hosaka
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia; Pre-Clinical Research Services and Education, The Canberra Hospital, Garran, Australia
| | - Suzanne Estaphan
- Australian National University Medical School, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Alice Richardson
- Statistical Support Network, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Jane E Dahlstrom
- Australian National University Medical School, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia; Department of Anatomical Pathology, ACT Pathology, The Canberra Hospital, Australia
| | - Christopher J Nolan
- Australian National University Medical School, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia; Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia; Department of Endocrinology, The Canberra Hospital, Garran, Australia
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Abstract
High iron is a risk factor for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and affects most of its cardinal features: decreased insulin secretion, insulin resistance, and increased hepatic gluconeogenesis. This is true across the normal range of tissue iron levels and in pathologic iron overload. Because of iron's central role in metabolic processes (e.g., fuel oxidation) and metabolic regulation (e.g., hypoxia sensing), iron levels participate in determining metabolic rates, gluconeogenesis, fuel choice, insulin action, and adipocyte phenotype. The risk of diabetes related to iron is evident in most or all tissues that determine diabetes phenotypes, with the adipocyte, beta cell, and liver playing central roles. Molecular mechanisms for these effects are diverse, although there may be integrative pathways at play. Elucidating these pathways has implications not only for diabetes prevention and treatment, but also for the pathogenesis of other diseases that are, like T2DM, associated with aging, nutrition, and iron.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandria V Harrison
- Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA;
| | - Felipe Ramos Lorenzo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA;
- Department of Veterans Affairs, W.G. (Bill) Hefner Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salisbury, North Carolina, USA
| | - Donald A McClain
- Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA;
- Department of Veterans Affairs, W.G. (Bill) Hefner Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salisbury, North Carolina, USA
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James JV, Varghese J, John NM, Deschemin JC, Vaulont S, McKie AT, Jacob M. Insulin resistance and adipose tissue inflammation induced by a high-fat diet are attenuated in the absence of hepcidin. J Nutr Biochem 2023; 111:109175. [PMID: 36223834 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2022.109175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Increased body iron stores and inflammation in adipose tissue have been implicated in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance (IR) and type 2 diabetes mellitus. However, the underlying basis of these associations is unclear. To attempt to investigate this, we studied the development of IR and associated inflammation in adipose tissue in the presence of increased body iron stores. Male hepcidin knock-out (Hamp1-/-) mice, which have increased body iron stores, and wild-type (WT) mice were fed a high-fat diet (HFD) for 12 and 24 weeks. Development of IR and metabolic parameters linked to this, insulin signaling in various tissues, and inflammation and iron-related parameters in visceral adipose tissue were studied in these animals. HFD-feeding resulted in impaired glucose tolerance in both genotypes of mice. In response to the HFD for 24 weeks, Hamp1-/- mice gained less body weight and developed less systemic IR than corresponding WT mice. This was associated with less lipid accumulation in the liver and decreased inflammation and lipolysis in the adipose tissue in the knock-out mice, than in the WT animals. Fewer macrophages infiltrated the adipose tissue in the knockout mice than in wild-type mice, with these macrophages exhibiting a predominantly anti-inflammatory (M2-like) phenotype and indirect evidence of a possible lowered intracellular iron content. The absence of hepcidin was thus associated with attenuated inflammation in the adipose tissue and increased whole-body insulin sensitivity, suggesting a role for it in these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jithu Varghese James
- Department of Biochemistry, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India; Department of Diabetes & Obesity, School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine & Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Joe Varghese
- Department of Biochemistry, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | | | - Jean-Christophe Deschemin
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, INSERM, CNRS, F-75014 Paris, France; Laboratory of Excellence GR-Ex, Paris, France
| | - Sophie Vaulont
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, INSERM, CNRS, F-75014 Paris, France; Laboratory of Excellence GR-Ex, Paris, France
| | - Andrew Tristan McKie
- Department of Haematology, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, WC1E 6DD, UK
| | - Molly Jacob
- Department of Biochemistry, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India.
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11
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Li C, Chen Q, Liu Y, Sun Z, Shen Z, Li S, Cha D, Sun C. Methionine enkephalin promotes white fat browning through cAMP/PKA pathway. Life Sci 2022; 312:121189. [PMID: 36396109 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.121189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Obesity and its related metabolic disorders, including insulin resistance and fatty liver, have become a serious global public health problem. Previous studies have shown Methionine Enkephalin (MetEnk) has the potential on adipocyte browning, however, its effects on the potential mechanisms of its regulation in browning as well as its improvement in energy metabolic homeostasis remain to be deciphered. MAIN METHODS C57BL/6J male mice were fed with high-fat diet (HFD) to induce obesity model, and MetEnk was injected subcutaneously to detect changes in the metabolic status of mice, adipocytes and HepG2 cells were also treated with MetEnk, and transcriptomic, metabolomic were used to detect the changes of lipid metabolism, mitochondrial function, inflammation and other related factors. KEY FINDINGS We found that MetEnk effectively protected against obesity weight gain in HFD-induced C57BL/6J mice, significantly improved glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity, reduced the expression levels of interleukin 6 (IL-6), promoted white fat browning, moreover, using a combination of transcriptomic, metabolomic and inhibitors, it was found that MetEnk improved mitochondrial function, promoted thermogenesis and lipolysis by activating cAMP/PKA pathway in adipocytes, further analysis found that MetEnk also promoted lipolysis and alleviated inflammation through AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathway in mice liver and HepG2 cells. SIGNIFICANCE Our study provides profound evidence for the role of MetEnk in improving lipid metabolism disorders. This study provides a mechanical foundation for investigating the potential of MetEnk to improve obesity and its associated metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaowei Li
- Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Qi Chen
- Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Yanrong Liu
- Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Zhuwen Sun
- Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Zhentong Shen
- Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Shuhan Li
- Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Dingrui Cha
- Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Chao Sun
- Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
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Mayneris-Perxachs J, Moreno-Navarrete JM, Fernández-Real JM. The role of iron in host-microbiota crosstalk and its effects on systemic glucose metabolism. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2022; 18:683-698. [PMID: 35986176 DOI: 10.1038/s41574-022-00721-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Iron is critical for the appearance and maintenance of life on Earth. Almost all organisms compete or cooperate for iron acquisition, demonstrating the importance of this essential element for the biological and physiological processes that are key for the preservation of metabolic homeostasis. In humans and other mammals, the bidirectional interactions between the bacterial component of the gut microbiota and the host for iron acquisition shape both host and microbiota metabolism. Bacterial functions influence host iron absorption, whereas the intake of iron, iron deficiency and iron excess in the host affect bacterial biodiversity, taxonomy and function, resulting in changes in bacterial virulence. These consequences of the host-microbial crosstalk affect systemic levels of iron, its storage in different tissues and host glucose metabolism. At the interface between the host and the microbiota, alterations in the host innate immune system and in circulating soluble factors that regulate iron (that is, hepcidin, lipocalin 2 and lactoferrin) are associated with metabolic disease. In fact, patients with obesity-associated metabolic dysfunction and insulin resistance exhibit dysregulation in iron homeostasis and alterations in their gut microbiota profile. From an evolutionary point of view, the pursuit of two important nutrients - glucose and iron - has probably driven human evolution towards the most efficient pathways and genes for human survival and health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Mayneris-Perxachs
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Girona (IDIBGI), Girona, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - José María Moreno-Navarrete
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Girona (IDIBGI), Girona, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Manuel Fernández-Real
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Girona (IDIBGI), Girona, Spain.
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
- Department of Medicine, Universitat de Girona, Girona, Spain.
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13
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Kim SL, Shin S, Yang SJ. Iron Homeostasis and Energy Metabolism in Obesity. Clin Nutr Res 2022; 11:316-330. [PMID: 36381472 PMCID: PMC9633967 DOI: 10.7762/cnr.2022.11.4.316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Iron plays a role in energy metabolism as a component of vital enzymes and electron transport chains (ETCs) for adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthesis. The tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and oxidative phosphorylation are crucial in generating ATP in mitochondria. At the mitochondria matrix, heme and iron-sulfur clusters are synthesized. Iron-sulfur cluster is a part of the aconitase in the TCA cycle and a functional or structural component of electron transfer proteins. Heme is the prosthetic group for cytochrome c, a principal component of the respiratory ETC. Regarding fat metabolism, iron regulates mitochondrial fat oxidation and affects the thermogenesis of brown adipose tissue (BAT). Thermogenesis is a process that increases energy expenditure, and BAT is a tissue that generates heat via mitochondrial fuel oxidation. Iron deficiency may impair mitochondrial fuel oxidation by inhibiting iron-containing molecules, leading to decreased energy expenditure. Although it is expected that impaired mitochondrial fuel oxidation may be restored by iron supplementation, its underlying mechanisms have not been clearly identified. Therefore, this review summarizes the current evidence on how iron regulates energy metabolism considering the TCA cycle, oxidative phosphorylation, and thermogenesis. Additionally, we relate iron-mediated metabolic regulation to obesity and obesity-related complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se Lin Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Seoul Women’s University, Seoul 01797, Korea
| | - Sunhye Shin
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Seoul Women’s University, Seoul 01797, Korea
| | - Soo Jin Yang
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Seoul Women’s University, Seoul 01797, Korea
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14
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Li W, Feng Q, Wang C, Yin Z, Li X, Li L. LncXIST Facilitates Iron Overload and Iron Overload-Induced Islet Beta Cell Injury in Type 2 Diabetes through miR-130a-3p/ALK2 Axis. COMPUTATIONAL INTELLIGENCE AND NEUROSCIENCE 2022; 2022:6390812. [PMID: 35720932 PMCID: PMC9203195 DOI: 10.1155/2022/6390812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Iron overload is directly associated with diabetes mellitus, loss of islet beta cell, and insulin resistance. Likewise, long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) is associated with type 2 diabetes (T2D). Moreover, lncRNAs could be induced by iron overload. Therefore, we are going to explore the molecular mechanism of lncRNA XIST in iron overload-related T2D. Real-time quantitative PCR and Western blot were used to detect gene and protein levels, respectively. TUNEL and MTT assay were performed to examine cell survival. The glucose test strip, colorimetric analysis kit, ferritin ELISA kit, and insulin ELISA kit were performed to examine the levels of glycolic, iron, and total iron-binding capacity, ferritin, and insulin in serum. Fluorospectrophotometry assay was used to examine labile iron pool level. XIST was higher expressed in T2D and iron overload-related T2D rat tissues and cells, and iron overload-induced promoted XIST expression in T2D. Higher XIST expression was associated with iron overload in patients with T2D. Knockdown of XIST alleviated iron overload and iron overload-induced INS-1 cells injury. Further, we found that XIST can sponge miR-130a-3p to trigger receptor-like kinase 2 (ALK2) expression. Moreover, knockdown of ALK2 alleviated iron overload and iron overload-induced INS-1 cells injury by inhibiting bone morphogenetic protein 6 (BMP6)/ALK2/SMAD1/5/8 axis but reversed with XIST upregulation, which was terminally boosted by overexpression of miR-130a-3p. XIST has the capacity to promote iron overload and iron overload-related T2D initiation and development through inhibition of ALK2 expression by sponging miR-130a-3p, and that targeting this axis may be an effective strategy for treating patients with T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiyuan Li
- Department of Geriatrics, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, The Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Qiu Feng
- Department of Geriatrics, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, The Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Chenrong Wang
- Medical Laboratory, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, The Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Zhao Yin
- Department of Geriatrics, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, The Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Xiaolu Li
- Department of Geriatrics, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, The Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Lei Li
- Department of Endocrine, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, The Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, China
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15
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Bloomer SA, Brown KE. Hepcidin and Iron Metabolism in Experimental Liver Injury. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2021; 191:1165-1179. [PMID: 33891874 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2021.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The liver plays a pivotal role in the regulation of iron metabolism through its ability to sense and respond to iron stores by release of the hormone hepcidin. Under physiologic conditions, regulation of hepcidin expression in response to iron status maintains iron homeostasis. In response to tissue injury, hepcidin expression can be modulated by other factors, such as inflammation and oxidative stress. The resulting dysregulation of hepcidin is proposed to account for alterations in iron homeostasis that are sometimes observed in patients with liver disease. This review describes the effects of experimental forms of liver injury on iron metabolism and hepcidin expression. In general, models of acute liver injury demonstrate increases in hepcidin mRNA and hypoferremia, consistent with hepcidin's role as an acute-phase reactant. Conversely, diverse models of chronic liver injury are associated with decreased hepcidin mRNA but with variable effects on iron status. Elucidating the reasons for the disparate impact of different chronic injuries on iron metabolism is an important research priority, as is a deeper understanding of the interplay among various stimuli, both positive and negative, on hepcidin regulation. Future studies should provide a clearer picture of how dysregulation of hepcidin expression and altered iron homeostasis impact the progression of liver diseases and whether they are a cause or consequence of these pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven A Bloomer
- Division of Science and Engineering, Penn State Abington, Abington, Pennsylvania
| | - Kyle E Brown
- Iowa City Veterans Administration Medical Center, Iowa City, Iowa; Division of Gastroenterology-Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa; Program in Free Radical and Radiation Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa.
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16
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de Almeida-Souza CB, Antunes MM, Carbonera F, Godoy G, da Silva MARCP, Masi LN, Visentainer JV, Curi R, Bazotte RB. A High-Fat Diet Induces Lower Systemic Inflammation than a High-Carbohydrate Diet in Mice. Metab Syndr Relat Disord 2021; 19:296-304. [PMID: 33570478 DOI: 10.1089/met.2020.0116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: We previously established that male Swiss mice (Mus musculus) receiving a high-fat diet (HFD) during 8 weeks exhibit similar caloric ingestion and body weight (grams) compared with mice fed a high-carbohydrate diet (HCD). HFD mice exhibit a lower inflammatory state than an HCD in the liver, skeletal muscle, and brain. In addition, we demonstrated that HFD and HCD modulated fatty acids (FA) composition in these tissues. In this study, our objective was to compare HFD mice and HCD mice in terms of systemic inflammation. Methods: Saturated FA (SFA), monounsaturated FA, omega-6 polyunsaturated FA (n-6 PUFA), and n-3 PUFA were evaluated at the time points 0, 1, 7, 14, 28, and 56 days after starting the administration of the diets. We investigated n-6 PUFA:n-3 PUFA, SFA:n-3 PUFA, palmitic acid:α-linolenic acid (ALA), and myristic acid:docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) ratios as potential serum biomarkers of systemic inflammation. We also measured the serum levels of basic fibroblast growth factor, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), inducible protein 10 (IP-10), interferon gamma (IFN-γ), interleukin (IL)-1α, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10, IL-13, IL-17, macrophage inflammatory protein-1α (MIP-1-α), monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP-1), monokine induced by IFN-γ (MIG), and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α). Results: The HFD group had lower (P < 0.05) n-6 PUFA:n-3 PUFA, palmitic acid:ALA, myristic acid:DHA ratios, and lower plasma levels of proinflammatory cytokines (IFN-γ, MIG, GM-CSF, and IL-6). Conclusion: The HFD mice showed lower systemic inflammation compared with a caloric ingestion-body weight-matched control HCD mice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marina M Antunes
- Post-Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Brazil
| | - Fabiana Carbonera
- Department of Chemistry, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Godoy
- Post-Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Brazil
| | - Maria A R C P da Silva
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Brazil
| | - Laureane N Masi
- Interdisciplinary Post-Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Cruzeiro do Sul University, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Rui Curi
- Interdisciplinary Post-Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Cruzeiro do Sul University, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Roberto B Bazotte
- Post-Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Brazil.,Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Brazil
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Pilar Vaquero M, Martínez-Suárez M, García-Quismondo Á, Del Cañizo FJ, Sánchez-Muniz FJ. Diabesity negatively affects transferrin saturation and iron status. The DICARIVA study. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2021; 172:108653. [PMID: 33422582 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2021.108653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The relationship between iron status, obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has scarcely been tested. This study hypothesizes that patients with obesity and T2DM have altered iron metabolism. METHODS 537 T2DM patients were selected from the cross-sectional DICARIVA study excluding patients with high-sensitivity-C-reactive-protein (hs-CRP) ≥ 10 mg/L. Three groups according to body mass index (BMI) and waist perimeter (WP) were analysed: a) BMI < 30 kg/m2, non-high WP (n = 105); b) BMI < 30 kg/m2, high WP (n = 202); and c) diabesity, BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2, high WP (n = 230). Group differences on cardiometabolic and iron status markers were tested. RESULTS Women had significantly lower iron, ferritin, and transferrin saturation (TSAT) but higher transferrin and total iron binding capacity than men. Triglycerides/HDL-c ratio, as insulin-resistance (IR) marker, was higher in men while hs-CRP in women. TSAT was inversely related to BMI and hs-CRP. The diabesity group showed the highest hs-CRP (p < 0.001) and IR (p < 0.001) with the lowest TSAT (p = 0.003). CONCLUSIONS Low TSAT was highly prevalent in diabesity, mainly in women, suggesting that IR, inflammation, and abdominal adiposity alter iron transport and accumulation. The convenience of iron supplementation in diabesity patients with low TSAT should be urgently assessed, due the pro-oxidant effects of excess iron.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Pilar Vaquero
- Department of Metabolism and Nutrition, Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN-CSIC), 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Miriam Martínez-Suárez
- Department of Metabolism and Nutrition, Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN-CSIC), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ángel García-Quismondo
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science. Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Francisco J Sánchez-Muniz
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science. Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain; The AFUSAN Research Group, Universidad Complutense de Madrid and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria from Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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18
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Ul Qamar M, Gill M, Ikram F, Naz S, Sadaf H, Hafeez Z. Insulin Resistance and Chronic Hepatitis C: Relationship With Serum Iron and Hepcidin. Cureus 2020; 12:e12349. [PMID: 33520544 PMCID: PMC7841015 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.12349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Backgrounds and aim Besides the clinical evidence supporting insulin resistance in chronic hepatitis C (CHC) patients, the exact mechanism elucidating insulin resistance is still under discussion. The present study aimed to observe any relationship between serum hepcidin, serum iron, and insulin resistance in CHC patients. Methodology A total of 54 individuals were recruited in this study, assorted into group A (CHC population with diabetes) and control group B (CHC population without diabetes). Both groups were tested for serum hepcidin, iron, ferritin, and serum glycemic indices (fasting blood glucose, serum insulin, and insulin resistance). Serum parameters were compared between diabetic and non-diabetic CHC patients by using the Mann-Whitney U test. Correlation analysis was done between serum hepcidin and serum iron, serum hepcidin, and insulin resistance, and serum iron and insulin resistance by applying the Spearman correlation test. Results Diabetic and non-diabetic CHC populations exhibited an iron profile of chronic illness, i.e., low serum iron and hepcidin along with normal ferritin levels. Also, the diabetic and non-diabetic CHC population exhibited normal serum insulin and insulin resistance. However, the fasting serum glucose of the diabetic CHC population was higher than normal. Correlation analysis indicated a negative significant correlation (rho=-0.404, p=0.036) between serum iron and insulin resistance among the diabetic CHC population. Conclusion Our study could not provide any mounting evidence in favor of insulin resistance in the chronic hepatitis C population via serum iron or hepcidin. Hepatitis C virus causing diabetes mellitus may have some etiology other than iron metabolism.
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Abstract
Low-grade chronic adipose tissue (AT) inflammation is now recognized as a pivotal driver of the multi-organ dysfunction associated with obesity-related complications; and adipose tissue macrophages (ATMs) are key to the development of this inflammatory milieu. Along with their role in immunosurveillance, ATMs are central regulators of AT iron homeostasis. Under optimal conditions, ATMs maintain a proper homeostatic balance of iron in adipocytes; however, during obesity, this relationship is altered, and iron is repartitioned into adipocytes as opposed to ATMs. This adipocyte iron overload leads to systemic IR and the mechanism for these effects is still under investigation. Here, we comment on the most recent findings addressing the interplay between adipocyte and ATM iron handling, and metabolic dysfunction.
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