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Luvián-Morales J, Delgadillo-González M, Castro-Eguiluz D, Oñate-Ocaña LF, Cetina-Pérez L. Quality of life but not cachexia definitions are associated with overall survival in women with cervical cancer: a STROBE-compliant cohort study. Jpn J Clin Oncol 2024; 54:416-423. [PMID: 38146122 DOI: 10.1093/jjco/hyad182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer-related cachexia (CRC) has a profound impact on health-related quality of life (HRQL), and both were reported to be associated with overall survival (OS). We hypothesize that HRQL and CRC are associated with OS. This study analyzed the impact of CRC on HRQL and its prognostic value in women with cervical cancer (CC). METHODS A cohort study including consecutive women with CC treated from October 2020 to October 2021 in a cancer center. Cox's model defined the associations of immune, biochemical and nutritional parameters, clinical cachexia classifications and HRQL with OS. RESULTS Two hundred forty-four consecutive women with CC were included. Cachexia classifications and several scales of the QLQ-C30 were associated with OS by bivariate but not by multivariate analysis. QLQ-CX24 scales were not associated with OS. The prognostic nutritional index (PNI) (hazard ratio (HR) 0.828; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.766-0.896), Food aversion (HR 0.95; 95% CI 0.924-0.976), Eating difficulties (HR 1.041; 95% CI 1.013-1.071), Loss of control (HR 4.131; 95% CI 1.317-12.963), Forced self to eat (1.024; 95% CI 1.004-1.044) and Indigestion (HR 0.348; 95% CI 0.131-0.928) scales of the QLQ-CAX24 were independently associated with OS by multivariate analysis (p = 1.9×10-11). CONCLUSION This model permitted a clear stratification of prognostic subgroups. The PNI and several QLQ-CAX24 scales were associated with OS in women with CC. CRC, defined by several cachexia classifications, was not an independent prognostic factor. These findings require confirmation because of their possible diagnostic, therapeutic and prognostic implications.The prognostic nutritional index and several QLQ-CAX24 scales were associated with overall survival in women with cervical cancer. Cancer-related cachexia, defined by several cachexia classifications, was not an independent prognostic factor, neither The International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) stage classifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julissa Luvián-Morales
- Modelo Integral para la Atención del Cáncer Cervicouterino Localmente Avanzado y Avanzado (MICAELA), Instituto Nacional de Cancerología (INCan), Mexico City
| | - Merari Delgadillo-González
- Modelo Integral para la Atención del Cáncer Cervicouterino Localmente Avanzado y Avanzado (MICAELA), Instituto Nacional de Cancerología (INCan), Mexico City
| | - Denisse Castro-Eguiluz
- Subdirección de Investigación Clínica, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología (INCan), Mexico City
- Investigador por México, CONAHCyT, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Luis F Oñate-Ocaña
- Modelo Integral para la Atención del Cáncer Cervicouterino Localmente Avanzado y Avanzado (MICAELA), Instituto Nacional de Cancerología (INCan), Mexico City
- Subdirección de Investigación Clínica, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología (INCan), Mexico City
| | - Lucely Cetina-Pérez
- Modelo Integral para la Atención del Cáncer Cervicouterino Localmente Avanzado y Avanzado (MICAELA), Instituto Nacional de Cancerología (INCan), Mexico City
- Subdirección de Investigación Clínica, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología (INCan), Mexico City
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2
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Malta FAPS, Gonçalves DC. A triple-masked, two-center, randomized parallel clinical trial to assess the superiority of eight weeks of grape seed flour supplementation against placebo for weight loss attenuation during perioperative period in patients with cachexia associated with colorectal cancer: a study protocol. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 14:1146479. [PMID: 38313843 PMCID: PMC10834683 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1146479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Progressive, involuntary weight and lean mass loss in cancer are linked to cachexia, a prevalent syndrome in gastrointestinal malignancies that impacts quality of life, survival and postoperative complications. Its pathophysiology is complex and believed to involve proinflammatory cytokine-mediated systemic inflammation resulting from tumor-host interaction, oxidative stress, abnormal metabolism and neuroendocrine changes. Therapeutic options for cachexia remain extremely limited, highlighting the need for clinical research targeting new interventions. Thus, this study primarily assesses the effects of grape-seed flour (GSF), rich in polyphenols and fibers, for attenuating perioperative weight loss in colorectal cancer. Methods This is a dual-center, triple-masked, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, phase II, randomized clinical trial designed to investigate GSF supplementation in subjects with pre- or cachexia associated with colorectal cancer during the perioperative period. Eighty-two participants will receive 8g of GSF or cornstarch (control) for 8 weeks. Assessments are scheduled around surgery: pre-intervention (4 weeks prior), day before, first week after, and post-intervention (4 weeks later). The primary endpoint is the difference in body weight mean change from baseline to week 8. The secondary endpoints describe the harms from 8-week supplementation and assess its superiority to improve body composition, post-surgical complications, quality of life, anorexia, fatigue, gastrointestinal symptoms, and handgrip strength. The study will also explore its effects on gut bacteria activity and composition, systemic inflammation, and muscle metabolism. Discussion The current trial addresses a gap within the field of cancer cachexia, specifically focusing on the potential role of a nutritional intervention during the acute treatment phase. GSF is expected to modulate inflammation and oxidative stress, both involved in muscle and intestinal dysfunction. The research findings hold substantial implications for enhancing the understanding about cachexia pathophysiology and may offer a new clinical approach to managing cachexia at a critical point in treatment, directly impacting clinical outcomes. Trial registration The Brazilian Registry of Clinical Trials (ReBEC), RBR-5p6nv8b; UTN: U1111-1285-9594. Prospectively registered on February 07, 2023.
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3
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Amano K, Hopkinson JB, Baracos VE, Mori N. Holistic multimodal care for patients with cancer cachexia and their family caregivers. Asia Pac J Oncol Nurs 2023; 10:100290. [PMID: 38197043 PMCID: PMC10772164 DOI: 10.1016/j.apjon.2023.100290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Patients with cancer cachexia frequently suffer from physical symptoms and psychological symptoms of illness, which can lead to emotional distress in patients and family caregivers. Although there is no standard care to manage cancer cachexia despite its high prevalence and negative impact on quality of life in patients and family caregivers, there is accumulating evidence showing the importance of holistic multimodal care for cancer cachexia. However, there is no agreement on the essential components of holistic multimodal care. Therefore, the aims of this review are to give an overview of what is known about the holistic multimodal care and to suggest the composition of a multidisciplinary team to achieve holistic interventions. Holistic multimodal care for cancer cachexia is defined as an approach that addresses physical health through medical, pharmacological, nutritional, and rehabilitative interventions as well as psychological, emotional, and social well-being issues according to the needs of patients and family caregivers. Moreover, an ideal multidisciplinary team is proposed to achieve holistic interventions based on patient- and family-centered care. However, the development of educational programs on cancer cachexia for both clinicians and patients and family caregivers is needed. Furthermore, measurements to assess the benefits of holistic multimodal care also need to be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Amano
- Palliative and Supportive Care Center, Osaka University Hospital, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Psycho-Oncology and Palliative Medicine, Osaka International Cancer Institute, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Palliative and Supportive Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan
- Department of Palliative Medicine, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jane B. Hopkinson
- School of Healthcare Sciences, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Wales, UK
| | - Vickie E. Baracos
- Division of Palliative Care Medicine, Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Cross Cancer Institute, Alberta, Canada
| | - Naoharu Mori
- Department of Palliative and Supportive Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan
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4
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Martinelli S, Lamminpää I, Dübüş EN, Sarıkaya D, Niccolai E. Synergistic Strategies for Gastrointestinal Cancer Care: Unveiling the Benefits of Immunonutrition and Microbiota Modulation. Nutrients 2023; 15:4408. [PMID: 37892482 PMCID: PMC10610426 DOI: 10.3390/nu15204408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal (GI) cancers are a group of highly prevalent malignant tumors affecting the gastrointestinal tract. Globally, one in four cancer cases and one in three cancer deaths are estimated to be GI cancers. They can alter digestive and absorption functions, leading to severe malnutrition which may worsen the prognosis of the patients. Therefore, nutritional intervention and monitoring play a fundamental role in managing metabolic alterations and cancer symptoms, as well as minimizing side effects and increasing the effectiveness of chemotherapy. In this scenario, the use of immunonutrients that are able to modulate the immune system and the modification/regulation of the gut microbiota composition have gained attention as a possible strategy to improve the conditions of these patients. The complex interaction between nutrients and microbiota might contribute to maintaining the homeostasis of each individual's immune system; therefore, concurrent use of specific nutrients in combination with traditional cancer treatments may synergistically improve the overall care of GI cancer patients. This work aims to review and discuss the role of immunonutrition and microbiota modulation in improving nutritional status, postoperative recovery, and response to therapies in patients with GI cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Martinelli
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50134 Firenze, Italy; (S.M.); (I.L.)
| | - Ingrid Lamminpää
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50134 Firenze, Italy; (S.M.); (I.L.)
| | - Eda Nur Dübüş
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Gazi University, 06560 Ankara, Turkey; (E.N.D.); (D.S.)
| | - Dilara Sarıkaya
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Gazi University, 06560 Ankara, Turkey; (E.N.D.); (D.S.)
| | - Elena Niccolai
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50134 Firenze, Italy; (S.M.); (I.L.)
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5
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Chang VT, Sandifer C, Zhong F. GI Symptoms in Pancreatic Cancer. Clin Colorectal Cancer 2023; 22:24-33. [PMID: 36623952 DOI: 10.1016/j.clcc.2022.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
This review will apply a multidisciplinary approach to GI symptoms with attention to symptom assessment (instruments and qualitative aspects), differential diagnosis, and recent findings relevant to management of symptoms and underlying diseases. We conclude that further development of supportive interventions for GI symptoms for both patient and caregivers has the potential to reduce distress from GI symptoms, and anticipate better symptom control with advances in scientific knowledge and improvement of the evidence base.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor T Chang
- Section Hematology Oncology (111), VA New Jersey Health Care System, East Orange, NJ; Department of Medicine, Rutgers - New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ.
| | | | - Fengming Zhong
- Section Hematology Oncology (111), VA New Jersey Health Care System, East Orange, NJ; Department of Medicine, Rutgers - New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ
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Cunha MT, de Souza Borges AP, Carvalho Jardim V, Fujita A, de Castro G. Predicting survival in metastatic non-small cell lung cancer patients with poor ECOG-PS: A single-arm prospective study. Cancer Med 2023; 12:5099-5109. [PMID: 36161783 PMCID: PMC9972023 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.5254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) are a heterogeneous population with short lifespan. We aimed to develop methods to better differentiate patients whose survival was >90 days. METHODS We evaluated 83 characteristics of 106 treatment-naïve, stage IV NSCLC patients with Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Performance Status (ECOG-PS) >1. Automated machine learning was used to select a model and optimize hyperparameters. 100-fold bootstrapping was performed for dimensionality reduction for a second ("lite") model. Performance was measured by C-statistic and accuracy metrics in an out-of-sample validation cohort. The "lite" model was validated on a second independent, prospective cohort (N = 42). Network analysis (NA) was performed to evaluate the differences in centrality and connectivity of features. RESULTS The selected method was ExtraTrees Classifier, with C-statistic of 0.82 (p < 0.01) and accuracy of 0.81 (p = 0.01). The "lite" model had 16 variables and obtained C-statistic of 0.84 (p < 0.01) and accuracy of 0.75 (p = 0.039) in the first cohort, and C-statistic of 0.706 (p < 0.01) and accuracy of 0.714 (p < 0.01) in the second cohort. The networks of patients with lower survival were more interconnected. Features related to cachexia, inflammation, and quality of life had statistically different prestige scores in NA. CONCLUSIONS Machine learning can assist in the prognostic evaluation of advanced NSCLC. The model generated with a reduced number of features showed high accessibility and reasonable metrics. Features related to quality of life, cachexia, and performance status had increased correlation and importance scores, suggesting that they play a role at later disease stages, in line with the biological rationale already described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateus Trinconi Cunha
- Serviço de Oncologia Clínica, Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo, Hospital das Clínicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Vinicius Carvalho Jardim
- Departamento de Ciência da Computação, Instituto de Matemática e Estatística, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - André Fujita
- Departamento de Ciência da Computação, Instituto de Matemática e Estatística, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gilberto de Castro
- Serviço de Oncologia Clínica, Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo, Hospital das Clínicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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7
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Amano K, Morita T, Miura T, Mori N, Tatara R, Kessoku T, Matsuda Y, Tagami K, Otani H, Mori M, Taniyama T, Nakajima N, Nakanishi E, Kako J, Ishiki H, Matsuoka H, Satomi E, Hopkinson JB, Baracos VE, Miyashita M. Development and validation of questionnaires for eating-related distress among advanced cancer patients and families. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2023; 14:310-325. [PMID: 36403291 PMCID: PMC9891939 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.13133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Eating-related distress (ERD) is one type of psychosocial distress among advanced cancer patients and family caregivers. Its alleviation is a key issue in palliative care; however, there is no validated tool for measuring ERD. METHODS The purpose of this study was to validate tools for evaluating ERD among patients and family caregivers. The study consisted of a development and validation/retest phase. In the development phase, we made preliminary questionnaires for patients and family caregivers. After face validity and content validity, we performed an exploratory factor analysis and discussed the final adoption of items. In the validation/retest phase, we examined factor validity with an exploratory factor analysis. We calculated Pearson's correlation coefficients between the questionnaire for patients, the Functional Assessment of Anorexia/Cachexia Therapy Anorexia Cachexia Subscale (FAACT ACS) and the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire-Cachexia 24 (EORTC QLQ-CAX24) and Pearson's correlation coefficients between the questionnaire for family caregivers and the Caregiver Quality of Life Index-Cancer (CQOLC) for concurrent validity. We calculated Cronbach's alpha coefficients (Cronbach's alpha) and intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) for internal consistency and test-retest reliability. We performed the Mann-Whitney U test between the questionnaires and cancer cachexia based on criteria from the international consensus for known-group validity. RESULTS In the development phase, 162 pairs of patients and family caregivers were asked to participate, and 144 patients and 106 family caregivers responded. In the validation/retest phase, 333 pairs of patients and family caregivers were asked to participate, and 234 patients and 152 family caregivers responded. Overall, 183 patients and 112 family caregivers did the retest. Seven conceptual groups were extracted for the ERD among patients and family caregivers, respectively. Patient factors 1-7 correlated with FAACT ACS (r = -0.63, -0.43, -0.55, -0.40, -0.38, -0.54, -0.38, respectively) and EORTC QLQ-CAX24 (r = 0.58, 0.40, 0.60, 0.49, 0.38, 0.59, 0.42, respectively). Family factors 1-7 correlated with CQOLC (r = -0.34, -0.30, -0.37, -0.37, -0.46, -0.42, -0.40, respectively). The values of Cronbach's alpha and ICC of each factor and all factors of patients ranged from 0.84 to 0.96 and 0.67 to 0.83, respectively. Those of each factor and all factors of family caregivers ranged from 0.84 to 0.96 and 0.63 to 0.84, respectively. The cachexia group of patients had significantly higher scores than the non-cachexia group for each factor and all factors. CONCLUSIONS Newly developed tools for measuring ERD experienced by advanced cancer patients and family caregivers have been validated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Amano
- Department of Palliative Medicine, National Cancer Center Hospital, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Palliative and Supportive Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Morita
- Palliative and Supportive Care Division, Seirei Mikatahara General Hospital, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Tomofumi Miura
- Department of Palliative Medicine, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
| | - Naoharu Mori
- Department of Palliative and Supportive Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan
| | - Ryohei Tatara
- Department of Palliative Medicine, Osaka City General Hospital, Miyakojima-ku, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takaomi Kessoku
- Department of Palliative Medicine, Yokohama City University Hospital, Yokohama, Japan.,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yoshinobu Matsuda
- Department of Psychosomatic Internal Medicine, National Hospital Organization Kinki-Chuo Chest Medical Center, Sakai, Osaka, Japan
| | - Keita Tagami
- Department of Palliative Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Otani
- Department of Palliative Care Team, and Palliative and Supportive Care, St. Mary's Hospital, Kurume, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Masanori Mori
- Palliative and Supportive Care Division, Seirei Mikatahara General Hospital, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Taniyama
- Department of Clinical Oncology and Palliative Medicine, Mitsubishi Kyoto Hospital, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Nobuhisa Nakajima
- Division of Community Medicine and International Medicine, University of the Ryukyus Hospital, Nakagami-gun, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Erika Nakanishi
- Department of Palliative Nursing, Health Sciences, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan.,Graduate School of Public Health, St. Luke's International University, OMURA Susumu & Mieko Memorial St. Luke's Center for Clinical Academia, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jun Kako
- College of Nursing Art and Science, University of Hyogo, Akashi, Japan
| | - Hiroto Ishiki
- Department of Palliative Medicine, National Cancer Center Hospital, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiromichi Matsuoka
- Department of Psycho-oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Eriko Satomi
- Department of Palliative Medicine, National Cancer Center Hospital, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jane B Hopkinson
- School of Healthcare Sciences, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK
| | - Vickie E Baracos
- Division of Palliative Care Medicine, Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Mitsunori Miyashita
- Department of Palliative Nursing, Health Sciences, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
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Luvián-Morales J, Castillo-Aguilar J, Delgadillo-González M, Cisneros-Sánchez A, Bosch-Gutiérrez J, Castro-Eguiluz D, Cetina-Pérez L, Oñate-Ocaña LF. Validation of the QLQ-CAX24 instrument in cervical cancer and its association with cachexia classifications. Jpn J Clin Oncol 2022; 53:304-312. [PMID: 36579766 DOI: 10.1093/jjco/hyac199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer-related cachexia (CRC) is a common phenomenon in cervical cancer (CC), severely affecting clinical response, drug toxicity and survival. The patients' point of view should be evaluated to quantify the impact of CRC, and adequate instruments to do so are required. Thus, the study aimed to validate the Mexican-Spanish version of the QLQ-CAX24 instrument in women with CC. A cohort of women with CC answered the EORTC QLQ-C30 and QLQ-CAX24 instruments. The psychometric and clinimetric properties of the instruments were assessed. Two hundred and forty-four women were included; the mean age was 50 years (IQR: 41-60) and 188 (77%) were first diagnosed in locally advanced stages. The QLQ-CAX24 internal consistency test demonstrated adequate convergent (Spearman correlation coefficient 0.08-0.709) and divergent validity (Spearman correlation coefficient 0.006-0.471). Cronbach's alpha coefficients of the three multi-item scales were >0.5 (minimum 0.539, maximum 0.84). Patients with decreased handgrip strength, low fat-free mass, or high C-reactive protein levels had worse QLQ-CAX24 scale scores. Cachexia was diagnosed with the SCRINIO, Fearon and Evans criteria, and 31.5, 32.4 and 38.5% of women had cachexia, respectively. Patients with cachexia had the worst scores in terms of quality of life. The test re-test analysis did not show differences between visits in patients without malnutrition. The Mexican-Spanish version of the QLQ-CAX24 instrument is reliable and valid. Low handgrip strength, low fat-free mass and high C-reactive protein levels were associated with poor scale scores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julissa Luvián-Morales
- Modelo Integral para la Atención del Cáncer Cervicouterino Localmente Avanzado y Avanzado (MICAELA), Instituto Nacional de Cancerología (INCan), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jessica Castillo-Aguilar
- Subdirección de Investigación Clínica, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología (INCan), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Merari Delgadillo-González
- Modelo Integral para la Atención del Cáncer Cervicouterino Localmente Avanzado y Avanzado (MICAELA), Instituto Nacional de Cancerología (INCan), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Amairani Cisneros-Sánchez
- Modelo Integral para la Atención del Cáncer Cervicouterino Localmente Avanzado y Avanzado (MICAELA), Instituto Nacional de Cancerología (INCan), Mexico City, Mexico.,Subdirección de Investigación Clínica, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología (INCan), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Julene Bosch-Gutiérrez
- Modelo Integral para la Atención del Cáncer Cervicouterino Localmente Avanzado y Avanzado (MICAELA), Instituto Nacional de Cancerología (INCan), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Denisse Castro-Eguiluz
- Subdirección de Investigación Clínica, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología (INCan), Mexico City, Mexico.,Investigador por México, CONACyT, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Lucely Cetina-Pérez
- Modelo Integral para la Atención del Cáncer Cervicouterino Localmente Avanzado y Avanzado (MICAELA), Instituto Nacional de Cancerología (INCan), Mexico City, Mexico.,Subdirección de Investigación Clínica, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología (INCan), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Luis F Oñate-Ocaña
- Modelo Integral para la Atención del Cáncer Cervicouterino Localmente Avanzado y Avanzado (MICAELA), Instituto Nacional de Cancerología (INCan), Mexico City, Mexico.,Subdirección de Investigación Clínica, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología (INCan), Mexico City, Mexico
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9
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Anandavadivelan P, Johar A, Lagergren P. The weight loss grading system as a predictor of cancer cachexia in oesophageal cancer survivors. Eur J Clin Nutr 2022; 76:1755-1761. [PMID: 35982215 PMCID: PMC9708569 DOI: 10.1038/s41430-022-01183-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oesophageal cancer survivorship is afflicted by cancer cachexia related weight loss and nutrition impact symptoms. Identifying the factors which predict cancer cachexia specifically is warranted in order to identify those at risk and render the right kind of support. We aimed to assess if preoperative and postoperative body mass index (BMI) adjusted weight loss grading system (WLGS) is predictive of cancer cachexia at one year after surgery for oesophageal cancer. METHODS Data were used from a prospective nationwide cohort study on patients operated on for oesophageal cancer in Sweden between 2013 and 2018 included at one year after surgery. The study exposure is BMI adjusted weight loss graded into one of five distinct weight loss grades (grades 0-4), defined in accordance with the WLGS by combining BMI and percentage weight loss, assessed at two clinical time points: preoperative and at 6 months post-surgery for oesophageal cancer. The study outcome is subjective measures of cancer cachexia one year after surgery, assessed using the cancer-cachexia specific questionnaire EORTC QLQ-CAX24. Multivariable linear regression models calculated mean score differences (MD) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) adjusted for predefined confounders. Statistical significance at p < 0.05 together with a clinically relevant difference of 10-points in mean scores was considered as a significant difference. RESULTS Among a total of 232 patients, the highest grade of preoperative WLGS 4 was associated with significantly worse physical decline than lower grades of WLGS 1 (MD -10, 95% CI: -20 to -1) and WLGS 2 (MD -11, 95% CI: -20 to -2). Those with preoperative WLGS 2, 3 and 4 reported lower scores on the adequacy of information on weight loss provided to them than those with preoperative WLGS 0. Those with the highest postoperative WLGS 4 had greater eating and weight loss worry than WLGS 2 (MD -17, 95% CI: -32 to -3) and WLGS 3 (MD -11, 95% CI: -21 to -2) and worse physical decline than WLGS 0 (MD -14, 95% CI: -25 to -2). CONCLUSIONS Higher grades of both preoperative and postoperative WLGS are predictive of cancer cachexia related physical decline one year after surgery for oesophageal cancer. Additionally, preoperative and postoperative WLGS were also predictive of inadequate information concerning weight loss and more worry regarding eating and weight loss, respectively. The WLGS may be an effective risk prediction tool for postoperative cachexia related physical decline in patients undergoing treatment for oesophageal cancer emphasizing its usability in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poorna Anandavadivelan
- Surgical Care Sciences, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Asif Johar
- Surgical Care Sciences, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Pernilla Lagergren
- Surgical Care Sciences, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK
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Yu YC, Ahmed A, Lai HC, Cheng WC, Yang JC, Chang WC, Chen LM, Shan YS, Ma WL. Review of the endocrine organ-like tumor hypothesis of cancer cachexia in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Front Oncol 2022; 12:1057930. [PMID: 36465353 PMCID: PMC9713001 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.1057930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 08/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the most fatal types of solid tumors, associated with a high prevalence of cachexia (~80%). PDAC-derived cachexia (PDAC-CC) is a systemic disease involving the complex interplay between the tumor and multiple organs. The endocrine organ-like tumor (EOLT) hypothesis may explain the systemic crosstalk underlying the deleterious homeostatic shifts that occur in PDAC-CC. Several studies have reported a markedly heterogeneous collection of cachectic mediators, signaling mechanisms, and metabolic pathways, including exocrine pancreatic insufficiency, hormonal disturbance, pro-inflammatory cytokine storm, digestive and tumor-derived factors, and PDAC progression. The complexities of PDAC-CC necessitate a careful review of recent literature summarizing cachectic mediators, corresponding metabolic functions, and the collateral impacts on wasting organs. The EOLT hypothesis suggests that metabolites, genetic instability, and epigenetic changes (microRNAs) are involved in cachexia development. Both tumors and host tissues can secrete multiple cachectic factors (beyond only inflammatory mediators). Some regulatory molecules, metabolites, and microRNAs are tissue-specific, resulting in insufficient energy production to support tumor/cachexia development. Due to these complexities, changes in a single factor can trigger bi-directional feedback circuits that exacerbate PDAC and result in the development of irreversible cachexia. We provide an integrated review based on 267 papers and 20 clinical trials from PubMed and ClinicalTrials.gov database proposed under the EOLT hypothesis that may provide a fundamental understanding of cachexia development and response to current treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Chun Yu
- Department of Medical Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Gastroenterology, and Chinese Medicine Research and Development Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Center for Tumor Biology, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Azaj Ahmed
- Department of Medical Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Gastroenterology, and Chinese Medicine Research and Development Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Hsueh-Chou Lai
- Department of Medical Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Gastroenterology, and Chinese Medicine Research and Development Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Chung Cheng
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Center for Tumor Biology, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Juan-Chern Yang
- Department of Medical Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Gastroenterology, and Chinese Medicine Research and Development Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Chun Chang
- Department of Medical Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Gastroenterology, and Chinese Medicine Research and Development Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Center for Tumor Biology, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Lu-Min Chen
- Department of Medical Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Gastroenterology, and Chinese Medicine Research and Development Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yan-Shen Shan
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Chen Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Lung Ma
- Department of Medical Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Gastroenterology, and Chinese Medicine Research and Development Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Center for Tumor Biology, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Nursing, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
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Factors Affecting the Assessment of Cancer Cachexia by Nurses Caring for Patients with Advanced Cancer Undergoing Chemotherapy: A Cross-Sectional Survey. Asia Pac J Oncol Nurs 2022; 9:100075. [PMID: 35669286 PMCID: PMC9163426 DOI: 10.1016/j.apjon.2022.100075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective This study aimed to identify the awareness, knowledge, and assessment of cancer cachexia among nurses who cared for patients with advanced cancer undergoing chemotherapy. In addition, we identified the factors that affected their assessments. Methods A cross-sectional survey was conducted among nurses who cared for patients with advanced cancer undergoing chemotherapy at designated cancer care hospitals and regional cancer care cooperation hospitals between June and September 2020. We applied Bandura's triadic reciprocal causation as the research framework. The questionnaire consisted of questions on awareness, knowledge, and assessment of cancer cachexia. Single and multiple regression analyses were conducted on the relationship between each variable and the number of assessment items. Results Questionnaires were sent to 1026 nurses, 403 of whom responded (response rate: 39.3%). Among these, 299 responses were valid, being a 74.1% valid response rate. The average age was 39.74 ± 9.65 years and the mean work experience as a nurse was 16.50 ± 9.14 years. In respect of the awareness of cancer cachexia, 93.3% of the participants answered “assessment of cancer cachexia was needed,” and 75.2% answered “a nurse's role includes assessing for cancer cachexia.” Only 15.4% responded positively regarding “confidence in the assessment of cancer cachexia.” Regarding knowledge of cancer cachexia, the percentage of correct answers to questions about the definition of cachexia and diagnostic criteria ranged from 45.5% to 53.8%. With regard to cancer cachexia assessments, the participants assessed “weight loss or rate of weight loss (56.9%),” “symptoms affecting nutritional status (54.2%),” and “anorexia (46.2%).” Factors affecting the assessment of cancer cachexia were higher knowledge scores on cancer cachexia (P = 0.039), routine assessment of cancer cachexia (P < 0.001), experiences of participating in in-hospital training on cancer cachexia (P = 0.027), and collaborating with physical/occupational therapists in the nutritional management of patients (P = 0.025). Conclusions Nurses held the view that their role required them to assess for cancer cachexia, but they did not feel confident in doing so. In addition, they lacked knowledge of reversible “cancer cachexia;” hence, the assessments were not routinely completed. Education on these topics and the development and standardization of tools to assess or collaborate with other professions are required.
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Parenteral Nutrition in Advanced Cancer: The Healthcare Providers' Perspective. Oncol Ther 2022; 10:211-223. [PMID: 35199302 PMCID: PMC9098702 DOI: 10.1007/s40487-022-00189-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 10/30/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The evidence base for parenteral nutrition (PN) in advanced cancer patients is limited. We studied healthcare providers' (HCPs') experiences with PN in cancer patients, focusing on perceived treatment benefits and challenges. METHODS An 18-item online survey was emailed to HCPs attending one of three regional palliative care seminars held within a 6-month period. The survey included single-response items, multiple-response items, and free text boxes concerning PN. Descriptive statistics and qualitative thematic content analysis were applied. RESULTS One hundred and two seminar participants completed the survey. Ninety-three percent were female, 86% were nurses/oncological nurses, and 80% worked in primary care. Respondents reported a well-functioning collaboration across levels of care. They perceived that PN may increase the patients' level of energy, improve the general condition, and reduce eating-related distress. On the downside, HCPs observed burdensome side effects, that the treatment was resource-demanding, and that decisions on PN withdrawal were difficult. CONCLUSION The study results are based on the perspectives of more than 100 HCPs with comprehensive clinical experience with PN. Their knowledge represents an important experience base for improvement of healthcare services and advanced care planning.
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Zhao Y, Pang D, Lu Y. The Role of Nurse in the Multidisciplinary Management of Cancer Cachexia. Asia Pac J Oncol Nurs 2021; 8:487-497. [PMID: 34527778 PMCID: PMC8420922 DOI: 10.4103/apjon.apjon-2123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer cachexia is a complex syndrome for which multidisciplinary management through collaboration has the potential to improve patient outcomes and efficiency of care, through the integration of nursing into practice. These authors conducted a literature review of PubMed, EBSCO, OVID, and ProQuest for publications on the roles and responsibilities of nurses who are working in multidisciplinary teams for the management of cancer cachexia. We limited our search parameters for the literature review such that: (1) the included papers were published in the English language from January 2000 to February 2021 and (2) the included papers featured an adult patient population. Based on this review, cancer cachexia can be characterized as an involuntary loss of body weight that is combined with a dysregulation in the control of energy homeostasis and protein loss, which leads to poor clinical outcomes in patients. Cancer cachexia has been recognized as having multidimensional etiologies that are related to the nutritional and metabolic systems, as well as other physical and physiological systems, and to symptoms that manifest concurrently to the cachexia. While the clinical identification and taxonomic classification of cancer cachexia are usually associated with an observable degree of weight loss and muscular atrophy in a patient, clinical evidence of inflammation and related symptoms should be considered (in addition to the weight loss and muscular atrophy) in the diagnosis and evaluation of cancer cachexia, as will be argued in this paper. Early diagnosis, appropriate clinical assessment, and evaluation of cancer cachexia are crucial to predicting the onset of the condition and managing its symptoms when it occurs. Various tools have been developed for the clinical evaluation and diagnosis of cancer cachexia which reflect the multitudinous manifestations of the condition. Due to the diversity of its manifestations, multimodal therapy has gained popularity for the management of cancer cachexia. Multimodal therapy includes combined pharmacologic intervention, nutrition supplements, nutritional consultation, physical exercise, and symptom control. As these authors will demonstrate in this paper, this mode of multidisciplinary team management is increasingly supported by scientific evidence and as such, can be seen as essential for high-quality cancer cachexia management. Nursing plays an important role in the multidisciplinary care team model for cancer cachexia management, as nurses are well situated to perform screening, referral, coordination, nutritional consultation, physical exercise consultation, direct nutritional nursing, psychosocial support, symptom control, and hospice care. However, an increased focus on education, skills training, and tool development (as well as adoption of tools) on the part of nurses and other multidisciplinary team members is required to meet the goal of efficient care and improved outcomes for patients with cancer cachexia. These authors demonstrate that increasing roles and responsibilities for nurses in the management of cancer cachexia is a valuable area to explore in the literature and to implement in clinical practice. Our review aims to summarize the etiology and epidemiology, mechanisms-of-action, and multitudinous manifestations of cancer cachexia, the therapies that are used in cancer cachexia care and the management approaches by which this care is organized. Finally, these authors emphasize nurses' responsibilities in this mode of cancer cachexia multidisciplinary team management, which represents a fruitful benefit both in the research literature and in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyuan Zhao
- Department of Head and Neck, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translation Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Dong Pang
- Peking University School of Nursing, Beijing, China
| | - Yuhan Lu
- Department of Nursing, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translation Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing, China
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Boyle DA. Contemporary Insights into Cancer Cachexia for Oncology Nurses. Asia Pac J Oncol Nurs 2021; 8:462-470. [PMID: 34527776 PMCID: PMC8420918 DOI: 10.4103/apjon.apjon-2151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Cachexia is a complex, multiorgan phenomenon targeting skeletal muscle resulting from systemic metabolic imbalances. Multifocal in nature, It's ultimate outcome is significant muscle degradation and loss of adipose tissue exhibited as the "wasting syndrome" which is associated with significant functional decline. Currently, there are no approved biomarkers for screening nor therapeutic options to manage cancer cachexia. Furthermore, multiple psychosocial sequelae characterize the patient and family coping paradigm. Heightened education about the pathophysiology of cancer cachexia and awareness of intra-familial emotional distress can enhance oncology nurses' advocacy about, and attentiveness to, this common manifestation of advanced cancer.
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Arends J, Strasser F, Gonella S, Solheim TS, Madeddu C, Ravasco P, Buonaccorso L, de van der Schueren MAE, Baldwin C, Chasen M, Ripamonti CI. Cancer cachexia in adult patients: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines ☆. ESMO Open 2021; 6:100092. [PMID: 34144781 PMCID: PMC8233663 DOI: 10.1016/j.esmoop.2021.100092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
•This ESMO Clinical Practice Guideline provides key recommendations for managing cancer-related cachexia. •It covers screening, assessment and multimodal management of cancer cachexia. •All recommendations were compiled by a multidisciplinary group of experts. •Recommendations are based on available scientific data and the author's expert opinion.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Arends
- Department of Medicine I, Medical Center - University of Freiburg Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - F Strasser
- Integrated Cancer Rehabilitation and Cancer Fatigue Clinic, Klinik Gais/Kliniken Valens; Clinic Medical Oncology and Hematology, Cantonal Hospital St Gallen, St Gallen, Switzerland
| | - S Gonella
- Direction of Health Professions, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Città della Salute e della Scienza of Turin, University of Turin, Turin, Italy; Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - T S Solheim
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway; Cancer Clinic, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - C Madeddu
- Medical Oncology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Cagliari, Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - P Ravasco
- Immuno-Hemotherapy and Oncology, University Hospital of Santa Maria, CHULN, Lisbon, Portugal; Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Health, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Lisbon, Portugal; University of Lisbon, Portugal
| | - L Buonaccorso
- Psycho-Oncology Unit, Azienda USL-IRCCS, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - M A E de van der Schueren
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Life Style, School of Allied Health, HAN University of Applied Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - C Baldwin
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - M Chasen
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Department of Family Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada; William Osler Health Services, Brampton, Canada
| | - C I Ripamonti
- Oncology-Supportive Care in Cancer Unit, Department of Onco-Haematology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori Milano, Milan, Italy
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Amano K, Morita T, Miyashita M. Potential Measurement Properties of a Questionnaire for Eating-Related Distress Among Advanced Cancer Patients With Cachexia: Preliminary Findings of Reliability and Validity Analysis. J Palliat Care 2020; 37:107-112. [PMID: 32799751 DOI: 10.1177/0825859720951356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are no validated tools for measuring eating-related distress among patients with advanced cancer. The aim of the study was to investigate the potential measurement properties of a questionnaire for eating-related distress. METHODS This is a secondary analysis. We performed an exploratory factor analysis for factorial validity and calculated Cronbach's α for internal consistency. Patients were classified into the 2 groups categorized using the international cachexia criteria. The total scores of each factor and all items were calculated, and comparisons were performed for known-group validity. We performed statistical correlation analysis for concurrent validity, convergent validity, and discriminant validity using Pearson's product moment correlation coefficient. RESULTS A total of 140 patients responded. Three factors were identified. The values of Cronbach's α were 0.90, 0.89, and 0.86, respectively. Patients were classified into 2 groups: Non-cachexia/Pre-cachexia (n = 57) and Cachexia/Refractory cachexia (n = 83). Significant differences were observed in the total scores of each factor and all items: (factor 1) 7.5 vs. 11.0, p < 0.001; (factor 2) 8.0 vs. 13.0, p < 0.001; (factor 3) 5.0 vs. 10.0, p < 0.001; (all items) 20.0 vs. 35.0, p < 0.001, respectively. The total scores of each factor and all items significantly correlated with the Edmonton Symptom Assessment System-revised and the nutrition impact symptoms: 0.62 (p < 0.001) and 0.63 (p < 0.001), respectively. Scaling success rates were 100% in factor 1, 2, and 3. CONCLUSION The questionnaire appears to be useful. Eating-related distress in patients with advanced cancer had 3 factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Amano
- Department of Palliative Medicine, National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Palliative and Supportive Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Aichi Medical University, Aich, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Morita
- Palliative and Supportive Care Division, Seirei Mikatahara General Hospital, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Mitsunori Miyashita
- Department of Palliative Nursing, Health Sciences, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Miyagi, Japan
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Hopkinson JB, Kazmi C, Elias J, Wheelwright S, Williams R, Russell A, Shaw C. Diet and weight management by people with nonmetastatic colorectal cancer during chemotherapy: mixed methods research. COLORECTAL CANCER 2020. [DOI: 10.2217/crc-2019-0017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Aim: To investigate self-management of dietary intake by colorectal cancer patients receiving chemotherapy. Methods: A questionnaire was administered to 92 patients with nonmetastatic colorectal cancer receiving chemotherapy treatment at a UK cancer center in 2018–19. A maximum variation sample of 20 patients who completed the questionnaire were interviewed. Results: More than three in five patients were at nutritional risk but fewer than one in five were concerned about dietary intake or weight. Self-management of diet and weight was inconsistent with achieving the nutritional intake recommended by clinical guidelines on nutrition in cancer. Conclusion: There is potential for psychoeducation to support change in self-management of nutritional risk, with implications for better treatment tolerance and outcomes including quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane B Hopkinson
- Cardiff University, School of Healthcare Sciences, Cardiff, Wales CF24 OAB, UK
| | - Catherine Kazmi
- Cardiff University, School of Healthcare Sciences, Cardiff, Wales CF24 OAB, UK
| | - Jayne Elias
- Velindre University NHS Trust, Cardiff, Wales CF15 7QZ, UK
| | - Sally Wheelwright
- Macmillan Survivorship Research Group, University of Southampton, England SO17 1BJ, UK
| | | | - Ann Russell
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), Cancer & Nutrition Collaborative, Level E, Lab & Path Block (MP113), Southampton General Hospital, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Clare Shaw
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), Biomedical Research center, The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust and The Institute of Cancer Research, 123 Old Brompton Road, London SW7 3RP, UK
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Hariyanto TI, Kurniawan A. Cachexia in Cancer Patients: Systematic Literature Review. ASIAN JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1713701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction Cachexia in cancer patients, especially in advanced stage, is recently known as an emerging problem. Cachexia occurs in about half of all patients with neoplastic disease. The diagnosis of cachexia needs comprehensive evaluation of body weight and body composition for several months. Cachexia will give negative impacts such as increased mortality, chemotoxicity, and decreased quality of life. Here, we review the current evidence describing the definition, stages, mechanisms, diagnosis and treatment of cachexia in cancer patients.
Methods We identified 75 studies and/or review articles evaluating cachexia and weight loss in cancer patients by searching PubMed and EMBASE databases.
Results Cachexia is reported across all stages and types of cancers. The most recent definition of cachexia is reported in a 2011 paper by International Consensus. The mechanism of cachexia in cancer is complex and involved many factors which elaborate together to produce cachexia. The diagnostic evaluation and cut-off measurement of cachexia, especially in cancer varied across studies. The loss of weight that happens during chemotherapy will make a poor prognosis. Cachexia can worsen chemotherapy toxicity. Combination of dietary modification and exercise with supplementation of medication that control appetite and inflammation are important in the management of cachexia in cancer patients.
Conclusion Patients with cancer are the population at risk for developing cachexia before and after chemotherapy. Cachexia diagnosis needs evaluation of body weight and body composition. Nonpharmacological treatments, such as dietary modification and physical exercise, are the best strategy to reduce cachexia in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timotius I. Hariyanto
- Faculty of Medicine, Pelita Harapan University, Boulevard Jendral Sudirman Street, Karawaci, Tangerang, Banten, Indonesia
| | - Andree Kurniawan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Pelita Harapan University, Boulevard Jendral Sudirman Street, Karawaci, Tangerang, Banten, Indonesia
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Schandl A, Johar A, Anandavadivelan P, Vikström K, Mälberg K, Lagergren P. Patient-reported outcomes 1 year after oesophageal cancer surgery. Acta Oncol 2020; 59:613-619. [PMID: 32193960 DOI: 10.1080/0284186x.2020.1741677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: To improve survivorship in patients who have undergone curatively intended treatment for oesophageal cancer, we aimed to identify key targets for future patient-reported outcomes research.Methods: This nationwide Swedish prospective cohort study enrolled patients between 2014 and 2019 who had undergone surgical resection for oesophageal cancer 1 year earlier. Eight well-validated patient-reported outcome measures, including health-related quality of life, psychological status and sleep, were presented as proportions and mean scores (MS) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs).Results: Among 281 participants, approximately half of the patients reported problems associated with food intake such as eating restrictions (49%) and food aversion (47%). Other common problems were sleep (51%), fatigue (41%) and anxiety (36%). Fewer patients suffered from financial difficulties (9%), trouble swallowing saliva (4%) and hair loss (7%). However, these problems were perceived as highly burdensome on an individual level.Conclusions: This nationwide, population-based study indicates that symptom burden is high in oesophageal cancer survivors 1 year after surgery. The most common problems are associated with food intake, sleep, fatigue and anxiety. However, less frequent symptoms were sometimes more debilitating for the individual patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Schandl
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Division of Surgical Care Science, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Södersjukhuset, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Asif Johar
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Division of Surgical Care Science, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Poorna Anandavadivelan
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Division of Surgical Care Science, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karin Vikström
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Division of Surgical Care Science, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kalle Mälberg
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Division of Surgical Care Science, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Pernilla Lagergren
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Division of Surgical Care Science, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Surgery & Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK
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Abstract
Nutrition and gastrointestinal cancer are inextricably linked. The metabolic effects of cancer along with changes in dietary intake, the development of cancer cachexia and the presence of sarcopenia can influence changes in body composition. These have a negative impact on quality of life and tolerance to cancer treatment. Treatment for cancer presents some significant nutritional challenges as nutrition impact symptoms may develop, be exacerbated by treatment and may contribute to a worsening in nutritional status. Nutrition screening and assessment should be an integral part of holistic patient care. The provision of appropriate, evidence-based dietary advice should occur before, during and after cancer treatment. Appropriate and timely methods of nutritional support across the spectrum of gastrointestinal cancer are needed to ensure that people are adequately supported during courses of treatment that can span weeks and months. These can range from standard approaches of supplementing oral intake to complex interventions such as managing high output intestinal stomas. The gastrointestinal tract is particularly susceptible to impact from systemic anti-cancer treatments and radiotherapy. Gastrointestinal late effects of cancer treatment are now recognised to present particular challenges in terms of both medical and nutritional management. These late effects have a significant impact on the individual and their quality of life in addition to implications for the health service. Dietary intake following cancer treatment has an impact on quality of life and future research may demonstrate its influence on the risk of recurrence of gastrointestinal cancer.
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Amano K, Baracos VE, Hopkinson JB. Integration of palliative, supportive, and nutritional care to alleviate eating-related distress among advanced cancer patients with cachexia and their family members. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2019; 143:117-123. [DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2019.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
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Jaramillo García DM, Muñoz Olivar C, Nuvan Sastoque AN, Benavides Acosta FP. Revisión sistemática para el abordaje de síntomas desagradables gastrointestinales en cuidados paliativos. REVISTA CUIDARTE 2018. [DOI: 10.15649/cuidarte.v10i1.615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Introducción: Este artículo de revisión sistemática pretende examinar en detalle la evidencia cientifica para el abordaje desde la enfermería, en el manejo de síntomas desagradables, gastrointestinales tales como: síndrome anorexia caquexia, disfagia, náuseas y vómito enfocado al cuidado paliativo, basados en el referente teórico del modelo revisado del manejo de síntomas de Marylin J. Dodd. Materiales y Métodos: La estrategia que se realizó fue la del sistema PICO, metodológicamente se estableció una pregunta la cual se contesta con la selección de los artículos que se realizó, continuando con la revisión sistemática se aplica la declaración (PRISMA), la investigación de los artículos fue realizada en las bases de datos Medline, Cochrane Library, Scopus, Pubmed, Dialnet, Ebscohost, ProQuest y Elsevier. Dentro de los criterios de inclusión, se tuvo en cuenta principalmente los artículos que fomentan el manejo de los síntomas gastrointestinales en cuidado paliativo. Resultados: A pesar de que se evidencia los avances en conocimiento, se identifica que son insuficientes los estudios en este campo, mostrando la necesidad y la obligación de desarrollar el manejo y control de los síntomas desagradables gastrointestinales, el manejo del síntoma debe ser basado en: la experiencia del síntoma desde la percepción, evaluación y respuesta. Discusión: La evidencia muestra las diferentes maneras de abordar los síntomas desagradables gastrointestinales, con una mirada holística, en constante movimiento, resaltando que se debe intervenir, desde la dimensión espiritual, física y social. Conclusiones: La intención es contribuir con evidencia científica para abordar los síntomas desagradables gastrointestinales.Como citar este artículo: Jaramillo DMG, Muñoz CO, Nuvan ANS, Benavides FPA. Revisión sistemática para el abordaje de síntomas desagradables gastrointestinales en cuidados paliativos. Rev Cuid. 2019; 10(1): e615. http://dx.doi.org/10.15649/cuidarte.v10i1.615
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Cancer-associated weight loss is a common comorbid condition best described among patients with advanced malignancy receiving systemic therapy, but its relationship to patients undergoing radiation treatment is less well described. We review the interaction between cancer-associated weight loss and radiation treatment as well as its prognostic significance. RECENT FINDINGS Multiple studies demonstrate a consistent detrimental effect of cancer-associated weight loss either existing prior to treatment or developing during radiotherapy. Emerging data suggest cancer-associated weight loss independently contributes to an aggressive malignant phenotype rather than simply reflecting a consequence of disease. Novel therapies are urgently needed to address the unmet burden of cancer-associated weight loss. SUMMARY Consideration of cancer-associated weight loss is important among patients receiving radiotherapy. Further study will further characterize the relationship and identify targetable biologic mechanisms of cancer cachexia.
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Cancer cachexia: Diagnosis, assessment, and treatment. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2018; 127:91-104. [PMID: 29891116 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2018.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer cachexia is a multi-factorial syndrome, which negatively affects quality of life, responsiveness to chemotherapy, and survival in advanced cancer patients. Our understanding of cachexia has grown greatly in recent years and the roles of many tumor-derived and host-derived compounds have been elucidated as mediators of cancer cachexia. However, cancer cachexia remains an unmet medical need and attempts towards a standard treatment guideline have been unsuccessful. This review covers the diagnosis, assessment, and treatment of cancer cachexia; the elements impeding the formulation of a standard management guideline; and future directions of research for the improvement and standardization of current treatment procedures.
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Abstract
Cancer-associated cachexia is a disorder characterized by loss of body weight with specific losses of skeletal muscle and adipose tissue. Cachexia is driven by a variable combination of reduced food intake and metabolic changes, including elevated energy expenditure, excess catabolism and inflammation. Cachexia is highly associated with cancers of the pancreas, oesophagus, stomach, lung, liver and bowel; this group of malignancies is responsible for half of all cancer deaths worldwide. Cachexia involves diverse mediators derived from the cancer cells and cells within the tumour microenvironment, including inflammatory and immune cells. In addition, endocrine, metabolic and central nervous system perturbations combine with these mediators to elicit catabolic changes in skeletal and cardiac muscle and adipose tissue. At the tissue level, mechanisms include activation of inflammation, proteolysis, autophagy and lipolysis. Cachexia associates with a multitude of morbidities encompassing functional, metabolic and immune disorders as well as aggravated toxicity and complications of cancer therapy. Patients experience impaired quality of life, reduced physical, emotional and social well-being and increased use of healthcare resources. To date, no effective medical intervention completely reverses cachexia and there are no approved drug therapies. Adequate nutritional support remains a mainstay of cachexia therapy, whereas drugs that target overactivation of catabolic processes, cell injury and inflammation are currently under investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vickie E Baracos
- Division of Palliative Care Medicine, Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Cross Cancer Institute 11560 University Avenue, Edmonton, T6G 1Z2 Alberta, Canada
| | - Lisa Martin
- Department of Agricultural, Food & Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Murray Korc
- Section of Endocrinology, Departments of Medicine and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Denis C Guttridge
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Kenneth C H Fearon
- Clinical and Surgical Sciences, School of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Royal Infirmary, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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