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Mostafa GAE, Al-Dosseri AS, Al-Badr AA. Piroxicam. PROFILES OF DRUG SUBSTANCES, EXCIPIENTS, AND RELATED METHODOLOGY 2019; 45:199-474. [PMID: 32164968 DOI: 10.1016/bs.podrm.2019.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A comprehensive profile of piroxicam including the nomenclatures, formulae, elemental composition, appearance, uses and applications. The methods which were utilized for the preparation of the drug substance and their respective schemes are outlined. The physical characteristics of the drug including the ionization constant, solubility, x-ray powder diffraction pattern, differential scanning calorimetry, thermal behavior and spectroscopic studies are described. The methods which were used for the analysis of the drug substance in bulk drug and/or in pharmaceutical formulations including the compendial, spectrophotometric, electrochemical and the chromatographic methods are reported. The stability, toxicity, pharmacokinetics, bioavailability, drug evaluation, comparison, in addition to compiled reviews on the drug substance are involved. Finally, more than four hundred and fifty references are listed at the end of this profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gamal A E Mostafa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah S Al-Dosseri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah A Al-Badr
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Ghobadpour G, Farjami F, Fasihi F. Sensitive Electrochemical Monitoring of Piroxicam in Pharmaceuticals Using Carbon Ionic Liquid Electrode. CURR PHARM ANAL 2018. [DOI: 10.2174/1573412914666180427155235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Piroxicam is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug. The prevailing clinical
use and investigation of piroxicam necessitate a rapid and sensitive method for its determination. A
carbon ionic liquid electrode, fabricated using graphite and the ionic liquid 1-octylpyridinium
hexafluorophosphate (OPFP) was used as an electrochemical sensor for piroxicam determination.
Methods:
The surface of the proposed electrode was characterized by scanning electron microscopy.
Cyclic voltammetry (CV) was applied to study the oxidation of piroxicam and to acquire information
about the reaction mechanism. Differential pulse voltammetry was also used as an analytical technique
for quantification of the sub-micromolar concentration of piroxicam.
Results:
One oxidation peak at 0.55V was observed at CILE. The oxidation peak at the CPE was weak,
while the response was notably increased at the CILE. The proposed electrode exhibited interesting
sensitivity towards the determination of piroxicam and the anodic peak current versus piroxicam concentration
was linear in the ranges of 0.2-60 µM. The detection limit of 40 nM was achieved.
Conclusion:
The electroxidation process was irreversible and revealed adsorption controlled behavior.
The method was successfully applied for the determination of piroxicam content in pharmaceutical
samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghazal Ghobadpour
- Department of Chemistry, Marvdasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Marvdasht, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Farjami
- Department of Chemistry, Marvdasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Marvdasht, Iran
| | - Farshid Fasihi
- Department of Chemistry, Marvdasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Marvdasht, Iran
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TLC surface integrity affects the detection of alkali adduct ions in TLC-MALDI analysis. Anal Bioanal Chem 2017; 409:5661-5666. [PMID: 28730308 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-017-0501-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Revised: 06/11/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Direct coupling of thin-layer chromatography (TLC) with matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry allows fast and detailed characterization of a large variety of analytes. The use of this technique, however, presents great challenges in semiquantitative applications because of the complex phenomena occurring at the TLC surface. In our laboratory, we recently observed that the ion intensities of several alkali adduct ions were significantly different between the top and interior layer of the TLC plate. This indicates that the integrity of the TLC surface can have an important effect on the reproducibility of TLC- MALDI analyses. Graphical Abstract MALDI imaging reveals that surface integrity affects the detection of alkali adductions in TLC-MALDI.
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Borisov RS, Zhilyaev DI, Esparsa Sandoval CA, Polovkov NY, Zaikin VG. Combination of planar chromatography with matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry for the analysis of biologically active compounds. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2015. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934815140038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Batubara A, Carolan VA, Loadman PM, Sutton C, Shnyder SD, Clench MR. Thin-layer chromatography/matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation mass spectrometry and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation mass spectrometry imaging for the analysis of phospholipids in LS174T colorectal adenocarcinoma xenografts treated with the vascular disrupting agent DMXAA. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2015; 29:1288-1296. [PMID: 26405790 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Revised: 05/01/2015] [Accepted: 05/02/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE 5,6-Dimethylxanthenone-4-acetic acid (DMXAA) is a low molecular weight drug of the flavonoid group, which has an anti-vascular effect in tumours causing endothelial cell apoptosis and activation of cytokines. Flavonoid-based compounds have been reported to lead to an upregulation in the expression of lysophosphatidylcholines (LPC)-type lipids in solid tumours. A study employing TLC/MALDI-MS and MALDI-MS imaging to examine LS174T colorectal adenocarcinoma xenografts following administration of DMXAA has been conducted into this effect. METHODS LS174T colorectal adenocarcinoma xenografts grown in male immune-deficient mice were treated with 27.5 mg/kg DMXAA. The control (before treatment) and 4 h and 24 h post-treatment tumours were excised and divided into two. MALDI-MS imaging experiments were carried out on 12 µm cryosections sections taken from one half of the tumours and from the other half the lipids were extracted and analysed by TLC/MALDI-MS. These experiments were carried out in triplicate. RESULTS Statistical analysis of the MALDI-MS imaging data set indicated an increased amount of LPC in the 24 h post-treated sample and a decreased amount of PC in the 24 h post-treated sample, compared with the 4 h post-treated sample and the control. These effects were confirmed by the TLC/MALDI-MS data. The lipid extracts were separated into six spots on the TLC plate. These were identified as arising from different lipids classes, i.e. LPC, sphingomyelins (SM), phosphatidylcholines (PC) and phosphatidylethanolamines (PE). The TLC/MALDI-MS data indicated that LPC were highly expressed in the 4 h and 24 h post-treated tumour samples compared with the control. Examination of the mass spectrometric images confirms this increase and demonstrates additionally that the increase in the signals arising from LPC appears to be localised primarily within the central areas of the xenograft. CONCLUSIONS An increase in expression of LPC lipids in solid tumours treated with DMXAA has been demonstrated and shown to be localised in the central area of the tumour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afnan Batubara
- Biomedical Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, Howard Street, Sheffield, S1 1WB, UK
| | - Vikki A Carolan
- Biomedical Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, Howard Street, Sheffield, S1 1WB, UK
| | - Paul M Loadman
- Institute of Cancer Therapeutics, University of Bradford, Bradford, BD7 1DP, UK
| | - Chris Sutton
- Institute of Cancer Therapeutics, University of Bradford, Bradford, BD7 1DP, UK
| | - Steve D Shnyder
- Institute of Cancer Therapeutics, University of Bradford, Bradford, BD7 1DP, UK
| | - Malcolm R Clench
- Biomedical Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, Howard Street, Sheffield, S1 1WB, UK
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Alizadeh N, Keyhanian F. Sensitive and selective spectrophotometric assay of piroxicam in pure form, capsule and human blood serum samples via ion-pair complex formation. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2014; 130:238-244. [PMID: 24792197 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2014.03.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2013] [Revised: 02/06/2014] [Accepted: 03/16/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A simple, accurate and highly sensitive spectrophotometric method has been developed for the rapid determination of piroxicam (PX) in pure and pharmaceutical formulations. The proposed method involves formation of stable yellow colored ion-pair complexes of the amino derivative (basic nitrogen) of PX with three sulphonphthalein acid dyes namely; bromocresol green (BCG), bromothymol blue (BTB), bromophenol blue (BPB) in acidic medium. The colored species exhibited absorption maxima at 438, 429 and 432 nm with molar absorptivity values of 9.400×10(3), 1.218×10(3) and 1.02×10(4) L mol(-1) cm(-1) for PX-BCG, PX-BTB and PX-BPB complexes, respectively. The effect of optimum conditions via acidity, reagent concentration, time and solvent were studied. The reactions were extremely rapid at room temperature and the absorbance values remained constant for 48h. Beer's law was obeyed with a good correlation coefficient in the concentration ranges 1-100 μg mL(-1) for BCG, BTB complexes and 1-95 μg mL(-1) for BPB complex. The composition ratio of the ion-pair complexes were found to be 1:1 in all cases as established by Job's method. No interference was observed from common additives and excipients which may be present in the pharmaceutical preparations. The proposed method was successfully applied for the determination of PX in capsule and human blood serum samples with good accuracy and precision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Alizadeh
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Guilan, Namjoo Street, P.B. 41335-1914, Rasht, Iran.
| | - Fereshteh Keyhanian
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Guilan, Namjoo Street, P.B. 41335-1914, Rasht, Iran
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Dal AG, Oktayer Z, Doğrukol-Ak D. Validated method for the determination of piroxicam by capillary zone electrophoresis and its application to tablets. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL METHODS IN CHEMISTRY 2014; 2014:352698. [PMID: 25295220 PMCID: PMC4176902 DOI: 10.1155/2014/352698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Revised: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Simple and rapid capillary zone electrophoretic method was developed and validated in this study for the determination of piroxicam in tablets. The separation of piroxicam was conducted in a fused-silica capillary by using 10 mM borate buffer (pH 9.0) containing 10% (v/v) methanol as background electrolyte. The optimum conditions determined were 25 kV for separation voltage and 1 s for injection time. Analysis was carried out with UV detection at 204 nm. Naproxen sodium was used as an internal standard. The method was linear over the range of 0.23-28.79 µg/mL. The accuracy and precision were found to be satisfied within the acceptable limits (<2%). The LOD and LOQ were found to be 0.07 and 0.19 µg/mL, respectively. The method described here was applied to tablet dosage forms and the content of a tablet was found in the limits of USP-24 suggestions. To compare the results of capillary electrophoretic method, UV spectrophotometric method was developed and the difference between two methods was found to be insignificant. The capillary zone electrophoretic method developed in this study is rapid, simple, and suitable for routine analysis of piroxicam in pharmaceutical tablets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arın Gül Dal
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, 26470 Eskişehir, Turkey
| | - Zeynep Oktayer
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, 26470 Eskişehir, Turkey
| | - Dilek Doğrukol-Ak
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, 26470 Eskişehir, Turkey
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Sultana N, Arayne MS, Ali SN. Liquid chromatographic method for the simultaneous determination of captopril, piroxicam, and amlodipine in bulk drug, pharmaceutical formulation, and human serum by programming the detector. J Sep Sci 2013; 36:3176-83. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201300104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2013] [Revised: 04/22/2013] [Accepted: 07/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Najma Sultana
- Research institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Karachi; Karachi Pakistan
| | - M. Saeed Arayne
- Department of Chemistry; University of Karachi; Karachi Pakistan
| | - Saeeda Nadir Ali
- Department of Chemistry; University of Karachi; Karachi Pakistan
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Urban PL, Amantonico A, Zenobi R. Lab-on-a-plate: extending the functionality of MALDI-MS and LDI-MS targets. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2011; 30:435-478. [PMID: 21254192 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
We review the literature that describes how (matrix-assisted) laser desorption/ionization (MA)LDI target plates can be used not only as sample supports, but beyond that: as functional parts of analytical protocols that incorporate detection by MALDI-MS or matrix-free LDI-MS. Numerous steps of analytical procedures can be performed directly on the (MA)LDI target plates prior to the ionization of analytes in the ion source of a mass spectrometer. These include homogenization, preconcentration, amplification, purification, extraction, digestion, derivatization, synthesis, separation, detection with complementary techniques, data storage, or other steps. Therefore, we consider it helpful to define the "lab-on-a-plate" as a format for carrying out extensive sample treatment as well as bioassays directly on (MA)LDI target plates. This review introduces the lab-on-plate approach and illustrates it with the aid of relevant examples from the scientific and patent literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawel L Urban
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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Ferenczi-Fodor K, Végh Z, Renger B. Impurity profiling of pharmaceuticals by thin-layer chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:2722-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.12.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2010] [Revised: 12/09/2010] [Accepted: 12/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Kormosh ZA, Hunka IP, Bazel YR. Spectrophotometric determination of piroxicam. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2011. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934811020079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Shrivas K, Patel DK. Quantitative determination of nicotinic acid in micro liter volume of urine sample by drop-to-drop solvent microextraction coupled to matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2011; 78:253-257. [PMID: 21035381 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2010.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2010] [Revised: 09/15/2010] [Accepted: 10/01/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Drop-to-drop solvent microextraction (DDSME) coupled with matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) for quantitative determination of nicotinic acid in one drop of urine sample has been proposed. All parameters, such as type of organic solvent, extraction time, exposure volume solvent, pH of the sample solution that affecting the separation and preconcentration of nicotinic acid were investigated. Under the optimal conditions, the detection limit of the method was 20 ng mL(-1) and the relative standard deviations (RSD) for determination of the nicotinic acid were in the range of 8.0-12.5%. The calculated calibration curves gave linearity in the range of 80-1000 ng mL(-1). The main advantages of the proposed method are simple, fast, and small amount of sample solution is used for separation and preconcentration of nicotinic acid. This method could be also useful for the analysis of other interested analytes in small volume of biological samples, like plasma, saliva and urine, where the availability of samples are limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamlesh Shrivas
- Department of Molecular Anatomy, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan.
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Yu F, Zhang Y, Chen F, Chen L. Chemiluminescence method for the determination of piroxicam by the enhancement of the tris-(4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthrolinedisulphonic acid) ruthenium(II) (RuBPS)-cerium(IV) system and its application. LUMINESCENCE 2009; 24:50-4. [DOI: 10.1002/bio.1063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Starek M, Krzek J, Tarsa M, Żylewski M. Determination of Piroxicam and Degradation Products in Drugs by TLC. Chromatographia 2008. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-008-0883-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Yu F, Chen F, Zheng S, Chen L, Cui M. Flow-Injection Chemiluminescent Determination of Piroxicam Using Tris (2,2′-bipyridyl) Ruthenium(II)—Potassium Permanganate System. ANAL LETT 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/00032710802352464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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17
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Fuchs B, Süß R, Nimptsch A, Schiller J. MALDI-TOF-MS Directly Combined with TLC: A Review of the Current State. Chromatographia 2008. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-008-0661-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Shrivas K, Wu HF. Quantitative bioanalysis of quinine by atmospheric pressure-matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry combined with dynamic drop-to-drop solvent microextraction. Anal Chim Acta 2007; 605:153-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2007.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2007] [Revised: 10/18/2007] [Accepted: 10/18/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Fuchs B, Schiller J, Süss R, Schürenberg M, Suckau D. A direct and simple method of coupling matrix-assisted laser desorption and ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) to thin-layer chromatography (TLC) for the analysis of phospholipids from egg yolk. Anal Bioanal Chem 2007; 389:827-34. [PMID: 17673987 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-007-1488-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2007] [Revised: 06/28/2007] [Accepted: 07/03/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Although the most important application of matrix-assisted laser desorption and ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) is "proteomics," there is growing evidence that this soft ionization method is also useful for phospholipid (PL) analysis. Although all PLs are detectable by MALDI-TOF MS, some lipid classes, particularly those with quaternary amines such as phosphatidylcholines (PCs), are more sensitively detected than others, and these suppress the signals of less sensitively detected PLs when complex mixtures are analyzed. Therefore, a separation of the total organic extract into individual lipid classes is necessary. As MALDI uses a solid sample, the direct evaluation of thin-layer chromatography (TLC) plates is possible. We report here on a method of directly coupling MALDI-TOF MS and TLC that can be easily implemented on commercially available MALDI-TOF devices. A total extract of hen egg yolk is used as a simple PL mixture to demonstrate the capabilities of this method. It will be shown that "clean" spectra without any major contributions from fragmentation products and matrix peaks can be obtained, and that this approach is even sensitive enough to detect the presence of PLs at levels of less than 1% of the total extract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beate Fuchs
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, University of Leipzig, Härtelstr. 16-18, 04107 Leipzig, Germany
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Norouzi P, Ganjali MR, Labbafi S, Mohammadi A. Subsecond FFT‐adsorptive Voltammetric Technique as a Novel Method for Subnano Level Monitoring of Piroxicam in its Tablets and Bulk Form at Au Microelectrode in Flowing Solutions. ANAL LETT 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/00032710601017888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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21
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Siouffi A. From Paper to Planar: 60 Years of Thin Layer Chromatography. SEPARATION AND PURIFICATION REVIEWS 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/15422110500322990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Patton WF, Panchagnula V, Rockney E, Krull IS. Taking a Walk on the Wild Side with Planar Electrochromatography and Thin‐Layer Electrophoresis: Of Peptides, Proteins, and Proteomics. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/10826070600574978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wayne F. Patton
- a PerkinElmer Life and Analytical Sciences, Life Sciences Division , Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Erin Rockney
- a PerkinElmer Life and Analytical Sciences, Life Sciences Division , Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ira S. Krull
- b Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology , Northeastern University , Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Aranda M, Morlock G. New method for caffeine quantification by planar chromatography coupled with electropray ionization mass spectrometry using stable isotope dilution analysis. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2007; 21:1297-303. [PMID: 17340560 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.2949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
A new high-performance thin-layer chromatography/electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (HPTLC/ESI-MS) method for the quantification of caffeine in pharmaceutical and energy drink samples was developed using stable isotope dilution analysis (SIDA). After sample preparation, samples and caffeine standard were applied on silica gel 60 F254 HPTLC plates and over-spotted with caffeine-d3 used for correction of the plunger positioning. After chromatography, densitometric detection was performed by UV absorption at 274 nm. The bands were then eluted by means of a plunger-based extractor into the ESI interface of a single-quadrupole mass spectrometer. For quantification by MS the [M+H]+ ions of caffeine and caffeine-d3 were recorded in the positive ion single ion monitoring (SIM) mode at m/z 195 and 198, respectively. The calibration showed a linear regression with a determination coefficient (R2) of 0.9998. The repeatability (RSD, n=6) in matrix was<or=+/-3.75%. The intermediate precisions (RSD, n=2) for two samples of different brand names were determined three times and ranged between RSD+/-0.68% and+/-2.64% (sample 1) and between+/-3.44% and+/-8.60% (sample 2). The method accuracy was evaluated by comparing the results obtained by HPTLC/SIDA-ESI-MS with those from the validated HPTLC/UV method. The results for pharmaceutical and energy drink samples were (ng/band) 99.82+/-3.75 and 338.09+/-4.87 by HPTLC/SIDA-ESI-MS and 104.74+/-1.51 and 334.86+/-5.63 by HPTLC/UV. According to the F-test (homogeneity of variances) and the t-test (comparison of means) the two methods show no significant difference. The detection and quantification limits were 75 and 250 microg L-1 (0.75 and 2.5 ng/band), respectively, which were a factor of 13 lower than those established for HPTLC/UV. The positioning error (RSD+/-6%) was calculated by comparing HPTLC/SIDA-ESI-MS with HPTLC/ESI-MS. However, using SIDA the positioning error was nullified. HPTLC/SIDA-ESI-MS was demonstrated to be a highly reliable method for the quantification of compounds by planar chromatography coupled online with mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Aranda
- Institute of Food Chemistry, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstrasse 28, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
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Luftmann H, Aranda M, Morlock GE. Automated interface for hyphenation of planar chromatography with mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2007; 21:3772-3776. [PMID: 17963290 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.3276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
A fully automated interface to couple high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) with mass spectrometry (MS) is described. This universal hands-free interface connects intact normal-phase plates to any liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) system without any adjustments or modifications to the mass spectrometer. The interface extracts the complete substance band with its depth profile and thus allows detections in the pg/band range. The high performance of the automated interface was evaluated through caffeine quantification in real samples, viz., energy drinks and pharmaceutical tablets, without internal standard. Following chromatographic separation on silica gel 60 F(254) HPTLC plates, caffeine bands were eluted from the plate by means of the automated interface to the electrospray ionization (ESI) source of a triple-quadrupole mass spectrometer. Since in full scan mode only the protonated molecule [M+H](+) was observed, caffeine quantification was performed using the selected-ion monitoring (SIM) mode at m/z 195. The validation showed highly reliable results for the linear range (R(2) = 0.9973), repeatability (RSD = 5.6%, n = 6) and intermediate precision (RSD = 1.5%, n = 3). Regarding accuracy the results obtained by HPTLC/MS were not statistically different (F-test, t-test) from those obtained by validated HPTLC/UV methods. Hence, this interface proved to be one of the most reliable and universal interfaces for HPTLC/MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heinrich Luftmann
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
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Bakry R, Bonn GK, Mair D, Svec F. Monolithic Porous Polymer Layer for the Separation of Peptides and Proteins Using Thin-Layer Chromatography Coupled with MALDI-TOF-MS. Anal Chem 2006; 79:486-93. [PMID: 17222011 DOI: 10.1021/ac061527i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Plates for thin-layer chromatography (TLC) with an attached layer of porous polymer monolith have been prepared and used for the separation of small molecules, peptides, and proteins. The 50-200-mum. thin poly(butyl methacrylate-co-ethylene dimethacrylate) layers were prepared in situ using UV-initiated polymerization. Precise control of the reaction conditions enables the preparation of monolithic layers with a well-defined porous structure that determines the chromatographic performance. Compared to conventional TLC and high-performance TLC using precoated layers based on silica, the small layer thickness and absence of any binder is expected to improve both retention characteristics and separation efficiency of the polymer-based monolithic thin-layer chromatographic plates. Spots of the separated compounds were first detected using typical UV imaging. Since the monolithic thin layers can be also prepared directly on the stainless steel MALDI carrier plate, the separation in TLC format can be coupled with MALDI-TOF-MS. Application of a conventional MALDI matrix facilitated desorption and ionization of peptides and proteins for molecular weight determination of the separated compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rania Bakry
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Radiochemistry, Leopold Franzens University, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
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Aranda M, Morlock G. Simultaneous determination of riboflavin, pyridoxine, nicotinamide, caffeine and taurine in energy drinks by planar chromatography-multiple detection with confirmation by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1131:253-60. [PMID: 16875697 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2006] [Revised: 07/05/2006] [Accepted: 07/10/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A new high-throughput method was developed to detect simultaneously riboflavin (Vitamin B(2)), pyridoxine (Vitamin B(6)), nicotinamide (Vitamin B(3)), caffeine and taurine in energy drinks by multiple detection. Ten samples of energy drinks and six samples of beverages containing caffeine were prepared by degassing in an ultrasonic bath for 20 min. After chromatography, multi-wavelength scanning was performed by: (1) UV-absorbance measurement at 261 nm for nicotinamide and 275 nm for caffeine, (2) fluorescence measurement at 366/>400 and 313/>340 nm for riboflavin and pyridoxine, respectively, and (3) Vis-absorbance measurement at 525 nm for taurine, after post-chromatographic derivatization with ninhydrin reagent. Calibrations were linear or polynomial with determination coefficients r(2)>0.999. Overall recoveries of the five compounds were between 81 and 106% at three different concentration levels. Repeatabilities (RSD, %) of all substances in matrix were determined to be between 0.8 and 1.5%. Intermediate precisions (RSD, %) ranged between 3.6 and 7.4% for riboflavin, 2.8 and 6.3% for nicotinamide, 2.5 and 4.4% for caffeine, 2.1 and 2.9% for taurine and 0.5 and 4.0% for pyridoxine at different concentration levels. Mass confirmation was performed by a single quadrupole MS in positive electrospray ionisation (ESI) scan mode for all substances except taurine (negative mode). This method offers a good alternative for routine analysis due to its simplicity and at the same time reliability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Aranda
- Institute of Food Chemistry, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstrasse 28, D-70599 Stuttgart, Germany
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Salo P, Essén-Suuronen A, Salomies H, Ketola R, Kostiainen R. HPTLC, with UV and MS detection, and preparative-layer chromatography for analysis and purification of synthesis products. JPC-J PLANAR CHROMAT 2006. [DOI: 10.1556/jpc.19.2006.5.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Sherma
- Department of Chemistry, Lafayette College, Easton, Pennsylvania 18042, USA
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Salo PK, Salomies H, Harju K, Ketola RA, Kotiaho T, Yli-Kauhaluoma J, Kostiainen R. Analysis of small molecules by ultra thin-layer chromatography-atmospheric pressure matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2005; 16:906-15. [PMID: 15907705 DOI: 10.1016/j.jasms.2005.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2004] [Revised: 02/04/2005] [Accepted: 02/28/2005] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The feasibility of ultra thin-layer chromatography atmospheric pressure matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry (UTLC-AP-MALDI-MS) has been studied in the analysis of small molecules. Because of a thinner adsorbent layer, the monolithic UTLC plates provide 10-100 times better sensitivity in MALDI analysis than conventional high performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) plates. The limits of detection down to a low picomole range are demonstrated by UTLC-AP-MALDI-MS. Other advantages of UTLC over HPTLC include faster separations and lower solvent consumption. The performances of AP-MALDI-MS and vacuum MALDI-MS have been compared in the analysis of small drug molecules directly from the UTLC plates. The desorption from the irregular surface of UTLC plates with an external AP-MALDI ion source combined with an ion trap instrument provides clearly less variation in measurements of m/z values when compared with a vacuum MALDI-time-of-flight (TOF) instrument. The performance of the UTLC-AP-MALDI-MS method has been applied successfully to the purity analysis of synthesis products produced by solid-phase parallel synthesis method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piia K Salo
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Helsinki, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland
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Ford MJ, Deibel MA, Tomkins BA, Van Berkel GJ. Quantitative Thin-Layer Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry Analysis of Caffeine Using a Surface Sampling Probe Electrospray Ionization Tandem Mass Spectrometry System. Anal Chem 2005; 77:4385-9. [PMID: 16013850 DOI: 10.1021/ac050488s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Quantitative determination of caffeine on reversed-phase C8 thin-layer chromatography plates using a surface sampling electrospray ionization system with tandem mass spectrometry detection is reported. The thin-layer chromatography/electrospray tandem mass spectrometry method employed a deuterium-labeled caffeine internal standard and selected reaction monitoring detection. Up to nine parallel caffeine bands on a single plate were sampled in a single surface scanning experiment requiring 35 min at a surface scan rate of 44 mum/s. A reversed-phase HPLC/UV caffeine assay was developed in parallel to assess the mass spectrometry method performance. Limits of detection for the HPLC/UV and thin-layer chromatography/electrospray tandem mass spectrometry methods determined from the calibration curve statistics were 0.20 ng injected (0.50 muL) and 1.0 ng spotted on the plate, respectively. Spike recoveries with standards and real samples ranged between 97 and 106% for both methods. The caffeine content of three diet soft drinks (Diet Coke, Diet Cherry Coke, Diet Pepsi) and three diet sport drinks (Diet Turbo Tea, Speed Stack Grape, Speed Stack Fruit Punch) was measured. The HPLC/UV and mass spectrometry determinations were in general agreement, and these values were consistent with the quoted values for two of the three diet colas. In the case of Diet Cherry Coke and the diet sports drinks, the determined caffeine amounts using both methods were consistently higher (by approximately 8% or more) than the literature values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Ford
- Organic and Biological Mass Spectrometry Group, Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831-6131
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McKinney AR, Suann CJ, Stenhouse AM. The detection of piroxicam, tenoxicam and their metabolites in equine urine by electrospray ionisation ion trap mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2004; 18:2338-2342. [PMID: 15384156 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.1631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
An investigation has been conducted into the metabolism and urinary excretion of orally administered piroxicam and tenoxicam in the horse. The major component detected in urine after the administration of piroxicam was 5'-hydroxypiroxicam, which was detectable up to 24 h post-administration. Unchanged piroxicam was present only as a minor component. In contrast, unchanged tenoxicam was the major component observed after the administration of tenoxicam, being detectable for 72 h post-administration, while 5'-hydroxytenoxicam was a minor component. Phase II beta-glucuronide conjugation in each case was found to be negligible. The ion trap mass spectral characteristics of piroxicam, tenoxicam, 5'-hydroxypiroxicam and 5'-hydroxytenoxicam under electrospray ionisation conditions were examined in some detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R McKinney
- Australian Racing Forensic Laboratory, P.O. Box 528, Kensington, NSW 1465, Australia.
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