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Kuroiwa M, Hamaoka‐Fuse S, Amagasa S, Kime R, Endo T, Tanaka R, Kurosawa Y, Hamaoka T. Impact of brown adipose tissue vascular density on body adiposity in healthy Japanese infants and children. Obes Sci Pract 2022; 8:190-198. [PMID: 35388351 PMCID: PMC8976546 DOI: 10.1002/osp4.559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Objective The importance of brown adipose tissue (BAT) is well recognized in healthy infants and children. However, information regarding age‐related changes in BAT vascular density (BAT‐d) and the impact of BAT‐d on body adiposity are lacking. This study aimed to evaluate the normal values of BAT‐d, factors influencing BAT‐d, and the impact of BAT‐d on body adiposity in healthy infants and children. Methods This study included 240 participants (127 girls and 113 boys) aged 1 month to 5 years. The tissue total hemoglobin concentration in the supraclavicular region adjusted according to the subcutaneous adipose tissue thickness (SAT) ([total‐Hb‐Adj]sup) as BAT‐d. SAT in the deltoid and interscapular regions (SATdel+int), the Kaup index (body weight [g]/height or length [cm]/height or length [cm] × 10) as body adiposity, and fertilization season were also measured. Results The [total‐Hb‐Adj]sup of boys was higher than that of girls (r = 0.277, p = 0.009). Younger children had a significantly higher Kaup index (r = 0.495, p < 0.001) and SATdel+int (r = 0.614, p < 0.001) than older children. Children who had higher [total‐Hb‐Adj]sup had a significantly lower Kaup index (r = 0.495, p = 0.037) and SATdel+int (r = 0.614, p < 0.001). Conclusion The [total‐Hb‐Adj]sup, as a parameter of BAT‐d, is negatively correlated with body adiposity in children aged 1 month to 5 years, and BAT might affect human obesity to a much greater extent than expected. To prevent or treat obesity in early childhood, the level of BAT‐d should be considered when using a dietary intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miyuki Kuroiwa
- Department of Sports Medicine for Health Promotion Tokyo Medical University Tokyo Japan
| | - Sayuri Hamaoka‐Fuse
- Department of Sports Medicine for Health Promotion Tokyo Medical University Tokyo Japan
| | - Shiho Amagasa
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health Tokyo Medical University Tokyo Japan
| | - Ryotaro Kime
- Department of Sports Medicine for Health Promotion Tokyo Medical University Tokyo Japan
| | - Tasuki Endo
- Department of Sports Medicine for Health Promotion Tokyo Medical University Tokyo Japan
| | - Riki Tanaka
- Department of Sports Medicine for Health Promotion Tokyo Medical University Tokyo Japan
| | - Yuko Kurosawa
- Department of Sports Medicine for Health Promotion Tokyo Medical University Tokyo Japan
| | - Takafumi Hamaoka
- Department of Sports Medicine for Health Promotion Tokyo Medical University Tokyo Japan
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Flanagan EW, Altazan AD, Carmichael OT, Hu HH, Redman LM. Practical application of in vivo MRI-based brown adipose tissue measurements in infants. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2021; 29:1676-1683. [PMID: 34553508 PMCID: PMC9115839 DOI: 10.1002/oby.23237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2020] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The role of brown adipose tissue (BAT) in infant metabolism remains poorly understood, primarily because of the inherent limitation of positron emission tomography/computed tomography imaging to measure BAT, which is not suitable for infants. The aims of this method development study were to assess the feasibility, intra-rater reliability, interscan repeatability, and physiological relevance of measuring BAT in infants using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). METHODS A total of 10 nonsedated infants (mean age, 22.6 [1.3] days old) completed two 3-T MRI exams using chemical-shift-encoded water-fat scans 6.2 (2.8) days apart. Candidate BAT voxels in the supraclavicular region were identified based on fat signal fraction (FSF). The volumes of BAT depots were manually traced, and FSF was calculated. Whole-body fat mass was determined using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. RESULTS Images were successfully obtained from 19 of 20 (95%) attempted scans. The mean BAT volume was 5.41 (SD 1.1) cm3 , and the mean FSF was 16.41% (SD 3.3%). Intra-rater analysis showed good reliability with no systemic bias (proportional bias for volume: p = 0.19; FSF: p = 0.30). Test-retest for interscan repeatability was good (intraclass correlation coefficients for volume: 0.92, p = 0.001 and intraclass correlation coefficients for FSF: 0.93, p < 0.001). FSF was inversely related to fat-free mass (r = -0.69, p = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS This method development study supports the use of MRI to obtain reliable and quantitative measurements of BAT volume in infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily W Flanagan
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisana, USA
| | - Abby D Altazan
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisana, USA
| | | | - Houchun H Hu
- Hyperfine Research, Inc., Guilford, Connecticut, USA
| | - Leanne M Redman
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisana, USA
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[Comparison of 1H-MRS, Dixon fat-water separation and Z-spectral imaging for quantification of brown adipose tissue in rats]. NAN FANG YI KE DA XUE XUE BAO = JOURNAL OF SOUTHERN MEDICAL UNIVERSITY 2021; 41:783-788. [PMID: 34134968 PMCID: PMC8214954 DOI: 10.12122/j.issn.1673-4254.2021.05.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the performance of 1H-magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS), Dixon fat-water separation and Z-spectral magnetic resonance imaging (ZS-MRI) for quantification of fat content in phantoms and brown adipose tissues in rats. OBJECTIVE First, six water-oil mixture phantoms with different fat fractions (0, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and 100%) were prepared and placed in a 50-mL centrifuge tube. ZS-MRI, 1H-MRS and Dixon's method were used to quantitatively evaluate the fat content of the phantom, and the results were compared against the actual fat fractions. Then, ZS-MRI and Dixon's method were used to collect the data in the interscapular region of 6 rats, the fat-water distribution map was calculated, and the results were compared with 1H-MRS. OBJECTIVE ZS-MRI accurately quantified fat contents in the phantoms (Y=0.95*X+1.48). ZS-MRI was capable of distinguishing brown adipose tissue from white adipose tissue and defining the spatial distribution of the adipose tissue, and the results were highly consistent with those obtained by Dixon's method. No significant differences were found in the results derived by ZS-MRI and 1H-MRS for quantification of brown adipose tissue (P=0.35). OBJECTIVE ZS-MRI can generate an artifact-free fat distribution map for quantitative measurement of the content and distribution of brown adipose tissues in rats.
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Verduci E, Calcaterra V, Di Profio E, Fiore G, Rey F, Magenes VC, Todisco CF, Carelli S, Zuccotti GV. Brown Adipose Tissue: New Challenges for Prevention of Childhood Obesity. A Narrative Review. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13051450. [PMID: 33923364 PMCID: PMC8145569 DOI: 10.3390/nu13051450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pediatric obesity remains a challenge in modern society. Recently, research has focused on the role of the brown adipose tissue (BAT) as a potential target of intervention. In this review, we revised preclinical and clinical works on factors that may promote BAT or browning of white adipose tissue (WAT) from fetal age to adolescence. Maternal lifestyle, type of breastfeeding and healthy microbiota can affect the thermogenic activity of BAT. Environmental factors such as exposure to cold or physical activity also play a role in promoting and activating BAT. Most of the evidence is preclinical, although in clinic there is some evidence on the role of omega-3 PUFAs (EPA and DHA) supplementation on BAT activation. Clinical studies are needed to dissect the early factors and their modulation to allow proper BAT development and functions and to prevent onset of childhood obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvira Verduci
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, 20146 Milan, Italy
- Department of Pediatrics, Vittore Buzzi Children’s Hospital, University of Milan, 20154 Milan, Italy; (V.C.); (E.D.P.); (G.F.); (V.C.M.); (C.F.T.); (G.V.Z.)
- Correspondence: (E.V.); (S.C.)
| | - Valeria Calcaterra
- Department of Pediatrics, Vittore Buzzi Children’s Hospital, University of Milan, 20154 Milan, Italy; (V.C.); (E.D.P.); (G.F.); (V.C.M.); (C.F.T.); (G.V.Z.)
- Pediatric and Adolescent Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Di Profio
- Department of Pediatrics, Vittore Buzzi Children’s Hospital, University of Milan, 20154 Milan, Italy; (V.C.); (E.D.P.); (G.F.); (V.C.M.); (C.F.T.); (G.V.Z.)
- Department of Animal Sciences for Health, Animal Production and Food Safety, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Giulia Fiore
- Department of Pediatrics, Vittore Buzzi Children’s Hospital, University of Milan, 20154 Milan, Italy; (V.C.); (E.D.P.); (G.F.); (V.C.M.); (C.F.T.); (G.V.Z.)
| | - Federica Rey
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences “L. Sacco”, University of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy;
- Pediatric Clinical Research Center Fondazione Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi, University of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy
| | - Vittoria Carlotta Magenes
- Department of Pediatrics, Vittore Buzzi Children’s Hospital, University of Milan, 20154 Milan, Italy; (V.C.); (E.D.P.); (G.F.); (V.C.M.); (C.F.T.); (G.V.Z.)
| | - Carolina Federica Todisco
- Department of Pediatrics, Vittore Buzzi Children’s Hospital, University of Milan, 20154 Milan, Italy; (V.C.); (E.D.P.); (G.F.); (V.C.M.); (C.F.T.); (G.V.Z.)
| | - Stephana Carelli
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences “L. Sacco”, University of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy;
- Pediatric Clinical Research Center Fondazione Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi, University of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy
- Correspondence: (E.V.); (S.C.)
| | - Gian Vincenzo Zuccotti
- Department of Pediatrics, Vittore Buzzi Children’s Hospital, University of Milan, 20154 Milan, Italy; (V.C.); (E.D.P.); (G.F.); (V.C.M.); (C.F.T.); (G.V.Z.)
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences “L. Sacco”, University of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy;
- Pediatric Clinical Research Center Fondazione Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi, University of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy
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Morrison JL, Ayonrinde OT, Care AS, Clarke GD, Darby JRT, David AL, Dean JM, Hooper SB, Kitchen MJ, Macgowan CK, Melbourne A, McGillick EV, McKenzie CA, Michael N, Mohammed N, Sadananthan SA, Schrauben E, Regnault TRH, Velan SS. Seeing the fetus from a DOHaD perspective: discussion paper from the advanced imaging techniques of DOHaD applications workshop held at the 2019 DOHaD World Congress. J Dev Orig Health Dis 2021; 12:153-167. [PMID: 32955011 DOI: 10.1017/s2040174420000884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Advanced imaging techniques are enhancing research capacity focussed on the developmental origins of adult health and disease (DOHaD) hypothesis, and consequently increasing awareness of future health risks across various subareas of DOHaD research themes. Understanding how these advanced imaging techniques in animal models and human population studies can be both additively and synergistically used alongside traditional techniques in DOHaD-focussed laboratories is therefore of great interest. Global experts in advanced imaging techniques congregated at the advanced imaging workshop at the 2019 DOHaD World Congress in Melbourne, Australia. This review summarizes the presentations of new imaging modalities and novel applications to DOHaD research and discussions had by DOHaD researchers that are currently utilizing advanced imaging techniques including MRI, hyperpolarized MRI, ultrasound, and synchrotron-based techniques to aid their DOHaD research focus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janna L Morrison
- Early Origins of Adult Health Research Group, Health and Biomedical Innovation, UniSA: Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Oyekoya T Ayonrinde
- Fiona Stanley Hospital, Murdoch, WA, Australia
- Medical School, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Alison S Care
- The Robinson Research Institute and Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Geoffrey D Clarke
- Department of Radiology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Jack R T Darby
- Early Origins of Adult Health Research Group, Health and Biomedical Innovation, UniSA: Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Anna L David
- Elizabeth Garrett Anderson Institute for Women's Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Justin M Dean
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Stuart B Hooper
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- The Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Marcus J Kitchen
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Andrew Melbourne
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, Kings College London, London, UK
| | - Erin V McGillick
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- The Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Charles A McKenzie
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Western University, London, ON, Canada
- Lawson Health Research Institute and Children's Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada
| | - Navin Michael
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Nuruddin Mohammed
- Maternal Fetal Medicine Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Suresh Anand Sadananthan
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Eric Schrauben
- Translational Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Timothy R H Regnault
- Lawson Health Research Institute and Children's Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Western University, London, ON, Canada
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - S Sendhil Velan
- Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
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6
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Armstrong T, Ly KV, Ghahremani S, Calkins KL, Wu HH. Free-breathing 3-D quantification of infant body composition and hepatic fat using a stack-of-radial magnetic resonance imaging technique. Pediatr Radiol 2019; 49:876-888. [PMID: 31001664 DOI: 10.1007/s00247-019-04384-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Body composition and hepatic fat correlate with future risk for metabolic syndrome. In children, many conventional techniques for quantifying body composition and hepatic fat have limitations. MRI is a noninvasive research tool to study body composition and hepatic fat in infants; however, conventional Cartesian MRI is sensitive to motion, particularly in the abdomen because of respiration. Therefore we developed a free-breathing MRI technique to quantify body composition and hepatic fat in infants. OBJECTIVE In infants, we aimed to (1) compare the image quality between free-breathing 3-D stack-of-radial MRI (free-breathing radial) and 3-D Cartesian MRI in the liver and (2) determine the feasibility of using free-breathing radial MRI to quantify body composition and hepatic proton-density fat fraction (PDFF). MATERIALS AND METHODS Ten infants ages 2-7 months were scanned with free-breathing radial (two abdominal; one head and chest) and Cartesian (one abdominal) MRI sequences. The median preparation and scan times were reported. To assess feasibility for hepatic PDFF quantification, a radiologist masked to the MRI technique scored abdominal scans for motion artifacts in the liver using a 3-point scale (1, or non-diagnostic, to 3, or no artifacts). Median visceral adipose tissue (VAT), subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) and brown adipose tissue (BAT) volume and PDFF, and hepatic PDFF were measured using free-breathing radial MRI. We assessed repeatability of free-breathing radial hepatic PDFF (coefficient of repeatability) between back-to-back scans. We determined differences in the distribution of image-quality scores using McNemar-Bowker tests. P<0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS Nine infants completed the entire study (90% completion). For ten infants, the median preparation time was 32 min and scan time was 24 min. Free-breathing radial MRI demonstrated significantly higher image-quality scores compared to Cartesian MRI in the liver (radial scan 1 median = 2 and radial scan 2 median = 3 vs. Cartesian median = 1; P=0.01). Median measurements using free-breathing radial were VAT=52.0 cm3, VAT-PDFF=42.2%, SAT=267.7 cm3, SAT-PDFF=87.1%, BAT=1.4 cm3, BAT-PDFF=26.1% and hepatic PDFF=3.4% (coefficient of repeatability <2.0%). CONCLUSION In this study, free-breathing radial MRI in infants achieved significantly improved liver image quality compared to Cartesian MRI. It is feasible to use free-breathing radial MRI to quantify body composition and hepatic fat in infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tess Armstrong
- Department of Radiological Sciences, University of California Los Angeles, 300 UCLA Medical Plaza, Ste. B119, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.,Physics and Biology in Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Karrie V Ly
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Mattel Children's Hospital, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Physician Assistant Program, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ, USA
| | - Shahnaz Ghahremani
- Department of Radiological Sciences, University of California Los Angeles, 300 UCLA Medical Plaza, Ste. B119, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Kara L Calkins
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Mattel Children's Hospital, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Holden H Wu
- Department of Radiological Sciences, University of California Los Angeles, 300 UCLA Medical Plaza, Ste. B119, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA. .,Physics and Biology in Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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Gilsanz V, Wren TAL, Ponrartana S, Mora S, Rosen CJ. Sexual Dimorphism and the Origins of Human Spinal Health. Endocr Rev 2018; 39:221-239. [PMID: 29385433 PMCID: PMC5888211 DOI: 10.1210/er.2017-00147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Recent observations indicate that the cross-sectional area (CSA) of vertebral bodies is on average 10% smaller in healthy newborn girls than in newborn boys, a striking difference that increases during infancy and puberty and is greatest by the time of sexual and skeletal maturity. The smaller CSA of female vertebrae is associated with greater spinal flexibility and could represent the human adaptation to fetal load in bipedal posture. Unfortunately, it also imparts a mechanical disadvantage that increases stress within the vertebrae for all physical activities. This review summarizes the potential endocrine, genetic, and environmental determinants of vertebral cross-sectional growth and current knowledge of the association between the small female vertebrae and greater risk for a broad array of spinal conditions across the lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicente Gilsanz
- Department of Radiology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90027.,Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90027.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90027
| | - Tishya A L Wren
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90027
| | - Skorn Ponrartana
- Department of Radiology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90027
| | - Stefano Mora
- Laboratory of Pediatric Endocrinology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Clifford J Rosen
- Center for Clinical and Translational Research, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, Maine 04074
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Chondronikola M, Beeman SC, Wahl RL. Non-invasive methods for the assessment of brown adipose tissue in humans. J Physiol 2018; 596:363-378. [PMID: 29119565 PMCID: PMC5792561 DOI: 10.1113/jp274255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is a recently rediscovered tissue in people that has shown promise as a potential therapeutic target against obesity and its metabolic abnormalities. Reliable non-invasive assessment of BAT volume and activity is critical to allow its importance in metabolic control to be evaluated. Positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) in combination with 2-deoxy-2-[18 F]fluoroglucose administration is currently the most frequently used and most established method for the detection and quantification of activated BAT in humans. However, it involves radiation exposure and can detect activated (e.g. after cold exposure), but not quiescent, BAT. Several alternative methods that overcome some of these limitations have been developed including different PET approaches, single-photon emission imaging, CT, magnetic resonance based approaches, contrast-enhanced ultrasound, near infrared spectroscopy, and temperature assessment of fat depots containing brown adipocytes. The purpose of this review is to summarize and critically evaluate the currently available methods that non-invasively probe various aspects of BAT biology in order to assess BAT volume and/or metabolism. Although several of these methods show promise for the non-invasive assessment of BAT volume and function, further research is needed to optimize them to enable an accurate, reproducible and practical means for the assessment of human BAT content and its metabolic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Chondronikola
- Center for Human NutritionWashington University School of MedicineSt LouisMOUSA
- Harokopio University of AthensAthensGreece
| | - Scott C. Beeman
- Department of Radiology, Mallinckrodt Institute of RadiologyWashington University School of MedicineSt LouisMOUSA
| | - Richard L. Wahl
- Department of Radiology, Mallinckrodt Institute of RadiologyWashington University School of MedicineSt LouisMOUSA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mallinckrodt Institute of RadiologyWashington University School of MedicineSt LouisMOUSA
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9
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Wren TAL, Ponrartana S, Gilsanz V. Vertebral cross-sectional area: an orphan phenotype with potential implications for female spinal health. Osteoporos Int 2017; 28:1179-1189. [PMID: 27975301 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-016-3832-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A high priority in imaging-based research is the identification of the structural basis that confers greater risk for spinal disorders. New evidence indicates that factors related to sex influence the fetal development of the axial skeleton. Girls are born with smaller vertebral cross-sectional area compared to boys-a sexual dimorphism that is present throughout life and independent of body size. The smaller female vertebra is associated with greater flexibility of the spine that could represent the human adaptation to fetal load. It also likely contributes to the higher prevalence of spinal deformities, such as exaggerated lordosis and progressive scoliosis in adolescent girls when compared to boys, and to the greater susceptibility for spinal osteoporosis and vertebral fractures in elderly women than men.
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Affiliation(s)
- T A L Wren
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - S Ponrartana
- Department of Radiology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - V Gilsanz
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Department of Radiology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Department of Radiology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, MS no. 81, 4650 Sunset Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA, 90027, USA.
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