1
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Lee ITL, Lin PJ, Yen HH. Pediatric neuroimaging findings and clinical presentations of COVID-19: A systematic review. Int J Infect Dis 2024; 138:29-37. [PMID: 37944584 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2023.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Symptoms from SARS-CoV-2 infection can involve multiple organ systems. Several reviews discussed the neurologic involvement and neuroimaging findings in adults but research on children is lacking. This study aimed to analyze the incidence of neurologic involvement in patients diagnosed with pediatric inflammatory multisystem syndrome temporally associated with COVID-19 (PIMS-TS) or multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C); and also to summarize current literature on possible neuroimaging findings in SARS-CoV-2 infected children. METHODS A literature search in six electronic databases was performed to retrieve case series, cohort studies, and cross-sectional studies on neurologic involvement in COVID-19 patients younger than 21 years of age published between December 2019 to September 2023, including COVID-19 patients. RESULTS A total of 2224 patients with MIS-C from 10 cohorts and cross-sectional studies suggested that neurologic involvement in these subsets ranges from 8.5% to 32.1%. Symptoms included acute encephalitis, seizures, stroke, cranial nerve palsy, nausea/vomiting, and intracranial hypertension. Neuroradiology findings of 114 children from 50 case reports included splenial or acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM)-like lesions, cytotoxic brain edema, autoimmune demyelinating diseases, ischemic stroke and arteritis, venous thrombosis, intracranial hemorrhage, meningitis, posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome, anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor autoimmune encephalitis, acute hemorrhagic leukoencephalitis, hydrocephalus, olfactory bulb atrophy, cerebellitis, and acute necrotizing encephalitis. CONCLUSION Radiologic findings of SARS-CoV-2 infection in the pediatric population are diverse. Neuroimaging studies should be considered in critically ill patients to rule out neurologic involvement and facilitate early interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Tai-Lin Lee
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Science, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Po-Jen Lin
- Department of Medicine, Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital, Danbury, CT, USA
| | - Ho-Hsian Yen
- Division of Medical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan.
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2
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Martinez-Valderrama A, Myers KA. Electroencephalographic Patterns in Pediatric Patients With Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children and Coronavirus Disease 2019 Coinfection. Pediatr Neurol 2023; 149:114-119. [PMID: 37866138 DOI: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2023.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Children with recent or acute coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infections are susceptible to a number of neurological complications, including encephalopathy and seizures. Within the phenomenon of multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C), patients may be encephalopathic or have other nervous system sequelae. The electroencephalographic (EEG) patterns accompanying neurological complications of COVID-19 infection have been reported but primarily in case reports or small case series. METHODS In this study, we reviewed all reports of EEG patterns seen in pediatric patients with presentations attributed to COVID-19 infection. RESULTS Fifty patient reports were identified, drawn from 27 articles. We separately analyzed patients whose primary neurological concern was (1) encephalopathy, (2) seizures, or (3) other neurological abnormalities. Patients with acute encephalopathy tend to have EEG showing diffusely slow background, often in the delta range; however, the pattern of slowing is sometimes anterior or posterior predominant and may evolve over the course of illness. CONCLUSIONS Patients with COVID-19 infection presenting with seizures may have focal or bilateral semiologies, but postictal EEG rarely shows interictal epileptiform discharges and is more likely to also show diffuse slowing. However, subclinical seizures and nonconvulsive status epilepticus have been reported, so prolonged EEG monitoring may still be indicated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kenneth A Myers
- Child Health and Human Development Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Pediatrics, Montreal Children's Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery, Montreal Children's Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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3
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Kaya-Guner E, Sahin A, Ekemen-Keles Y, Karadag-Oncel E, Kara-Aksay A, Yilmaz D. A prospective long-term evaluation of the ocular findings of children followed with the diagnosis of multisystem inflammatory syndrome (long-term evaluation of ocular findings following MIS-C). Eye (Lond) 2023; 37:3442-3445. [PMID: 37046054 PMCID: PMC10090736 DOI: 10.1038/s41433-023-02530-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES The most frequently reported ocular finding in the acute phase of the multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C), is conjunctivitis. More rarely, punctuate epitheliopathy, anterior uveitis and optic disc oedema can be seen. We aimed to investigate the acute and long-term ocular effects of MIS-C. SUBJECTS/METHODS Cases aged 1 month to 18 years who were diagnosed with MIS-C between January 2022 and June 2022 in the Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases in our hospital were included in the study. Ophthalmological examinations were performed immediately after diagnosis, at one month, three months, and six months. RESULTS Males consisted of 64.7% of the 34 cases included in the study and the mean age was 8.68 ± 4.32 years (min-max:2-17). In the first examination, conjunctivitis was observed in 6 (17.6%), punctuate epitheliopathy in 4 (11.7%), and subconjunctival haemorrhage in 3 (8.8%) patients. Two patients (5.8%) had optic disc oedema. No pathological anterior or posterior segment findings were observed in the sixth-month examination. The relationship between subconjunctival haemorrhage and intensive care hospitalisation was statistically significant (p = 0.014). Also, all patients with subconjunctival haemorrhage were clinically classified as severe MIS-C (p = 0.002). CONCLUSION Although pathological ocular findings were observed in the acute phase of the disease, all of them were found to be improved at the sixth-month follow-up. The most striking finding of our study is that cases with subconjunctival haemorrhage were clinically more severe, and all patients needed intensive care. This study may be informative in establishing ocular follow-up protocols that are expected to be carried out in the acute period and in the follow-up of these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emine Kaya-Guner
- Health Sciences University Izmir Tepecik Research and Training Hospital, Department of Ophthalmology, Izmir, Turkey.
| | - Aslihan Sahin
- Health Sciences University Izmir Tepecik Research and Training Hospital, Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Yildiz Ekemen-Keles
- Health Sciences University Izmir Tepecik Research and Training Hospital, Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Eda Karadag-Oncel
- Health Sciences University Izmir Tepecik Research and Training Hospital, Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Ahu Kara-Aksay
- Health Sciences University Izmir Tepecik Research and Training Hospital, Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Dilek Yilmaz
- Health Sciences University Izmir Tepecik Research and Training Hospital, Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Izmir, Turkey
- Izmir Katip Celebi University, Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Izmir, Turkey
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4
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Brown RL, Benjamin L, Lunn MP, Bharucha T, Zandi MS, Hoskote C, McNamara P, Manji H. Pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management of neuroinflammation in covid-19. BMJ 2023; 382:e073923. [PMID: 37595965 DOI: 10.1136/bmj-2022-073923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
Abstract
Although neurological complications of SARS-CoV-2 infection are relatively rare, their potential long term morbidity and mortality have a significant impact, given the large numbers of infected patients. Covid-19 is now in the differential diagnosis of a number of common neurological syndromes including encephalopathy, encephalitis, acute demyelinating encephalomyelitis, stroke, and Guillain-Barré syndrome. Physicians should be aware of the pathophysiology underlying these presentations to diagnose and treat patients rapidly and appropriately. Although good evidence has been found for neurovirulence, the neuroinvasive and neurotropic potential of SARS-CoV-2 is limited. The pathophysiology of most complications is immune mediated and vascular, or both. A significant proportion of patients have developed long covid, which can include neuropsychiatric presentations. The mechanisms of long covid remain unclear. The longer term consequences of infection with covid-19 on the brain, particularly in terms of neurodegeneration, will only become apparent with time and long term follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel L Brown
- University College London, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London, UK
- UCL Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, London, UK
| | - Laura Benjamin
- National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London, UK
- UCL Laboratory of Molecular and Cell Biology, London, UK
| | - Michael P Lunn
- University College London, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Tehmina Bharucha
- National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London, UK
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Michael S Zandi
- University College London, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Chandrashekar Hoskote
- Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Patricia McNamara
- National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Hadi Manji
- University College London, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London, UK
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5
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Dinkin M, Sathi S. Neuro-Ophthalmic Visual Impairment in the Setting of COVID-19. Semin Neurol 2023. [PMID: 37311536 DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-1767715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
We set out to describe in detail the afferent neuro-ophthalmological complications that have been reported in association with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection. We describe and elaborate on mechanisms of disease, including para-infectious inflammation, hypercoagulability, endothelial damage, and direct neurotropic viral invasion. Despite global vaccination programs, new variants of COVID-19 continue to pose an international threat, and patients with rare neuro-ophthalmic complications are likely to continue to present for care.Afferent complications from COVID-19 include homonymous visual field loss, with or without higher cortical visual syndromes, resulting from stroke, intracerebral hemorrhage, or posterior reversible leukoencephalopathy. Optic neuritis has frequently been reported, sometimes along with acute disseminated encephalomyelopathy, often in association with either myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibodies (MOG-IgG) or less commonly aquaporin-4 seropositivity or in newly diagnosed multiple sclerosis. Ischemic optic neuropathy has rarely been reported. Papilledema, resulting either from venous sinus thrombosis or idiopathic intracranial hypertension in the setting of COVID-19, has also been described.Observed afferent neuro-ophthalmic associations need to be confirmed though larger comparative studies. Meanwhile, the range of possible complications should be recognized by neurologists and ophthalmologists alike, to facilitate faster diagnosis and treatment of both COVID-19 and its neuro-ophthalmic manifestations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Dinkin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Weill Cornell Medical College, NY Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York
- Department of Neurology, Weill Cornell Medical College, NY Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York
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6
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Rostamian M, Afsharian M, Akya A, Chegene Lorestani R, Habibi R, Safaei JA, Sedighi M, Ghadiri K. Four Cases of Papilledema in COVID-19 Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children. Indian J Pediatr 2022; 89:921. [PMID: 35763214 PMCID: PMC9244367 DOI: 10.1007/s12098-022-04278-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mosayeb Rostamian
- Infectious Diseases Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, 6714415333, Iran
| | - Mandana Afsharian
- Infectious Diseases Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, 6714415333, Iran.,Department of Infectious Disease, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Alisha Akya
- Infectious Diseases Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, 6714415333, Iran
| | - Roya Chegene Lorestani
- Infectious Diseases Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, 6714415333, Iran
| | - Reza Habibi
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Dr. Kermanshahi Hospital, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Jabar Ali Safaei
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Dr. Kermanshahi Hospital, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Mostafa Sedighi
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Dr. Kermanshahi Hospital, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Keyghobad Ghadiri
- Infectious Diseases Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, 6714415333, Iran. .,Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Dr. Kermanshahi Hospital, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
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7
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Melendez-Zaidi AE, Foroozan R, Orman G, Abid F. COVID-19 Vaccination May Provoke Intracranial Hypertension. JOURNAL OF PEDIATRIC NEUROLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1750788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
AbstractIn parallel to the spread of the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), there has been the growing recognition that active SARS-CoV-2 infection has the potential to effect both the peripheral and central nervous systems. When it comes to the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine, however, reporting has been more uncertain. As the vaccination rate has risen, we have seen a rise in rare neurological complications thought to be associated with the vaccination including acute transverse myelitis, Guillain–Barre syndrome, optic neuritis, and Tolosa–Hunt syndrome. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimates 98 confirmed cases of Guillain–Barre syndrome out of 12.6 million doses. Given the initial age limits of vaccination eligibility, most reports have been limited to the adult population. Here, we report a case of intracranial hypertension (IH), evolving to fulminant IH in a healthy female after receiving the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. While elevated intracranial pressure has been reported in the context of active SARS-CoV-2 infections and postinfection multisystem inflammatory syndrome (MIS-C), this is the first reported case of pediatric IH after vaccination alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandria E. Melendez-Zaidi
- Section of Pediatric Neurology and Developmental Neuroscience, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - Rod Foroozan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - Gunes Orman
- Edward B. Singleton Department of Radiology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - Farida Abid
- Section of Pediatric Neurology and Developmental Neuroscience, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, United States
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8
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Neurologic manifestations in children with COVID-19 from a tertiary center in Turkey and literature review. Eur J Paediatr Neurol 2022; 37:139-154. [PMID: 35287009 PMCID: PMC8853984 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpn.2022.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Since December 2019, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has become a global pandemic caused by highly transmissible severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Although respiratory disease and multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) are main clinical presentations in children, numerous neurological manifestations are being described increasingly. We aimed to investigate new onset neurological symptoms associated with SARS-CoV-2 in pediatric patients in order to establish a possible relationship as well as to understand the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms between SARS-CoV-2 infection and neurological findings. METHODS We analyzed retrospectively children who had neurologic manifestations temporally associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection at Hacettepe University İhsan Doğramaci Children's Hospital. We performed a literature search between March 20, 2020 and March 30, 2021. Articles that report children with COVID-19 related neurological manifestations were included. RESULTS We have observed 15 consecutive cases with new onset neurological manifestations along with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection. Age at hospitalization ranged from three months to 17 years. Ten patients had central nervous system involvement, and most common manifestation was encephalopathy (5/10), which is also one of the most common manifestations of the patients mentioned in the relevant 39 articles we reviewed. CONCLUSION Children with COVID-19 can present with neurologic findings such as encephalopathy, seizures, cerebrovascular events as well as abnormal eye movements. Clinical suspicion and awareness are required to show the association between neurologic manifestations and COVID-19.
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9
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Dinkin M, Segal D, Zyskind I, Oliveira C, Liu G. Bilateral Optic Disc Edema in Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children Associated With COVID-19. J Neuroophthalmol 2022; 42:e318-e322. [PMID: 34417772 DOI: 10.1097/wno.0000000000001362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marc Dinkin
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Neurology (MD), Weill Cornell Medicine, New York City, New York; Departments of Neurology (DS) and Pediatrics (IZ), NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York City, New York; Department of Ophthalmology (CO), Weill Cornell Medicine, New York City, New York; and New York Eye & Ear Infirmary (GL), New York City, New York
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10
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Sartori LF, Balamuth F. Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children: Examining Emerging Data and Identifying Key Knowledge Gaps. Pediatr Emerg Care 2022; 38:83-91. [PMID: 35100745 PMCID: PMC8855966 DOI: 10.1097/pec.0000000000002633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) is a syndrome of abnormal immune response after severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection that can result in organ dysfunction including severe cardiovascular compromise in children. Increased evidence supports a clinical and laboratory profile in MIS-C distinct from Kawasaki disease, with MIS-C typically occurring in older children and with more prominent gastrointestinal and neurologic symptoms, as well as increased inflammation, lymphopenia, and cardiac injury on laboratory testing. However, high-level evidence regarding best practices for treatment and long-term outcomes in MIS-C is limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura F Sartori
- From the Assistant Professor and Associate Professor of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania; and Division of Pediatric Emergency Medicine and Pediatric Sepsis Program, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
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11
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Scarcella A, Mastrolia MV, Marrani E, Maccora I, Pagnini I, Simonini G. Neuro-PIMS-TS: a single case report and review of the literature. Ther Adv Musculoskelet Dis 2022; 14:1759720X221139627. [PMCID: PMC9749051 DOI: 10.1177/1759720x221139627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurological manifestations related to SARS-CoV-2 infection in adults have been largely reported since the beginning of the pandemic. Subsequent large-scale studies involving children confirmed the occurrence of neurological symptoms associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection also among paediatric patients, especially in the context of paediatric inflammatory multisystem syndrome temporally associated with COVID-19 (PIMS-TS). At this regard, we report the challenging case of a 10-month-old baby with PIMS-TS complicated by acute cerebral oedema successfully treated with intravenous immunoglobulins, corticosteroids and anakinra. Our results, combined with the evidence of larger case series suggest that higher inflammatory burden is more frequent in patients with neuro PIMS-TS. As regards neuroimaging, neuroimmune disorders are found to be more common during acute COVID-19, MERS is more frequent during PIMS-TS. Distinct immune mechanisms may underlie these different types of neurological involvement, which are yet to be understood. Further studies are required to better define the physiopathology of neuro PIMS-TS and its possible therapeutical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Scarcella
- Pediatric Residency, Meyer Children’s University Hospital, University of Florence, Firenze, Italy
| | - Maria Vincenza Mastrolia
- Rheumatology Unit, Meyer Children’s University Hospital, University of Florence, Viale Gaetano Pieraccini, 24, Firenze 50139, Italy
| | - Edoardo Marrani
- Rheumatology Unit, Meyer Children’s Hospital, Firenze, Italy
| | - Ilaria Maccora
- Rheumatology Unit, Meyer Children’s Hospital, Firenze, Italy
| | - Ilaria Pagnini
- Rheumatology Unit, Meyer Children’s Hospital, Firenze, Italy
| | - Gabriele Simonini
- Rheumatology Unit, Meyer Children’s University Hospital, University of Florence, Firenze, Italy
- NEUROFARBA Department, University of Florence, Firenze, Italy
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12
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Bilen NM, Sahbudak Bal Z, Yildirim Arslan S, Kanmaz S, Kurugol Z, Ozkinay F. Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children Presenting With Pseudotumor Cerebri and a Review of the Literature. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2021; 40:e497-e500. [PMID: 34533492 PMCID: PMC8575084 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0000000000003327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) is a rare but life-threatening inflammatory immune response associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection. The majority of patients have been presented with hypotension, shock, gastrointestinal, cardiovascular and mucocutaneous symptoms. The incidence of neurologic symptoms in MIS-C is of rising concern as they are not well described and reported in fewer patients. An 8-year-old boy was admitted to the hospital with headache, fever, conjunctivitis, and hyperinflammatory findings diagnosed as MIS-C. Fundus examination performed with complaints of headache, vomiting, and conjunctivitis showed bilateral papilledema. Pseudotumor cerebri is a rare manifestation of MIS-C that can lead to vision loss and may not only be resolved with the standard treatment for MIS-C. We report a case of MIS-C presented with neurologic symptoms due to pseudotumor cerebri and successfully treated with intravenous immunoglobulin and acetazolamide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nimet Melis Bilen
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Disease, Medical School of Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
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13
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Alcamo AM, McGuire JL, Kanthimathinathan HK, Roa JD, Fink EL. Worldwide epidemiology of neuro-coronavirus disease in children: lessons for the next pandemic. Curr Opin Pediatr 2021; 33:580-590. [PMID: 34654049 PMCID: PMC8571058 DOI: 10.1097/mop.0000000000001069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic has overwhelmed the global community, negatively impacting patient health and research efforts; associated neurological manifestations are a significant cause of morbidity. This review outlines the worldwide epidemiology of neurologic manifestations of different SARS-CoV-2 clinical pediatric phenotypes, including acute coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) and postacute sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC). We discuss strategies to develop adaptive global research platforms for future investigation into emerging pediatric neurologic conditions. RECENT FINDINGS Multicenter, multinational studies show that neurological manifestations of acute COVID-19, such as smell/taste disorders, headache, and stroke, are common in hospitalized adults (82%) and children (22%), associated with increased mortality in adults. Neurological manifestations of MIS-C are reported in up to 20% of children, including headache, irritability, and encephalopathy. Data on PASC are emerging and include fatigue, cognitive changes, and headache. Reports of neurological manifestations in each phenotype are limited by lack of pediatric-informed case definitions, common data elements, and resources. SUMMARY Coordinated, well resourced, multinational investigation into SARS-CoV-2-related neurological manifestations in children is critical to rapid identification of global and region-specific risk factors, and developing treatment and mitigation strategies for the current pandemic and future health neurologic emergencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia M. Alcamo
- Division of Critical Care Medicine at The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia
- Department of Pediatrics
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania
| | - Jennifer L. McGuire
- Department of Pediatrics
- Division of Neurology at The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Hari Krishnan Kanthimathinathan
- Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Birmingham Women's and Children's NHS Foundation Trust
- Birmingham Acute Care Research Group, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Juan David Roa
- Division of Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Universidad Nacional de Colombia and Fundación Universitaria de Ciencias de la Salud, Hospital de la Misericordia, LARed Network, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Ericka L. Fink
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh
- Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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14
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Urgent Neurosurgical Interventions in the COVID-19-Positive Pediatric Population. World Neurosurg 2021; 158:e196-e205. [PMID: 34718196 PMCID: PMC8550883 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2021.10.155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Urgent neurosurgical interventions for pediatric patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) are rare. These cases pose additional stress on a potentially vulnerable dysregulated inflammatory response that can place the child at risk of further clinical deterioration. Our aim was to describe the perioperative course of SARS-CoV-2-positive pediatric patients who had required an urgent neurosurgical intervention. METHODS We retrospectively analyzed pediatric patients aged ≤18 years who had been admitted to a quaternary children's hospital with a positive polymerase chain reaction test result for SARS-CoV-2 virus from March 2020 to October 2021. The clinical characteristics, anesthetic and neurosurgical operative details, surgical outcomes, and non-neurological symptoms were collected and analyzed. RESULTS We identified 8 SARS-CoV-2-positive patients with a mean age of 8.83 years (median, 8.5 years; range, 0.58-18 years). Of the 8 patients, 6 were male. All children had had mild or asymptomatic coronavirus disease 2109. The anesthetic and surgical courses for these patients were, overall, uncomplicated. All the patients had been admitted to a specialized isolation unit in the pediatric intensive care unit for cardiopulmonary and neurological monitoring. The use of increased protective personal equipment during anesthesia and surgery did not impede a successful neurosurgical operation. CONCLUSIONS SARS-CoV-2-positive pediatric patients with minimal coronavirus disease 2019-related symptoms who require urgent neurosurgical interventions face unique challenges regarding their anesthetic status, operative delays due to SARS-CoV-2 polymerase chain reaction testing, and requirements for additional protective personal equipment. Despite these clinical challenges, the patients in our study had not experienced adverse postoperative consequences, and no healthcare professional involved in their care had contracted the virus.
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Chung JE, Lee AR, Guerriero RM, Reynolds MM. Papilledema associated with COVID-19 multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children. Can J Ophthalmol 2021; 57:e94-e96. [PMID: 34529942 PMCID: PMC8384577 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcjo.2021.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrew R Lee
- Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Mo
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