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Calvache Ruales MF, Westerhausen S, Zapata Gallo HA, Strehl B, Naza Guzman SD, Versteeg H, Stöppelmann W, Wittlich M. UVR Exposure and Prevention of Street Construction Workers in Colombia and Germany. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:7259. [PMID: 35742508 PMCID: PMC9223545 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19127259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
(1) Solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR) poses a major risk factor for developing skin cancer after years of chronic exposure. The irradiation is strongly dependent upon the activity or occupation carried out, but also on the climate conditions at the workplace. Knowledge of both has been tested within the occupational group of road construction workers in Colombia and Germany. (2) The GENESIS-UV measurement system has been used at both locations for consistency. A number of workers in both countries wore an electronic data logging dosimeter for several months to deliver detailed information on UVR exposure. (3) It was found that in a tropical climate, UVR exposure remains constant throughout the year, while in a temperate climate seasonal effects are visible, superimposed by behavioural aspects e.g., in springtime. The daily distribution of the radiation shows a distinct dip, especially in the Colombian data. Derived data show the high fraction of working days exceeding a threshold set by the skin type. (4) Road construction work involves high UVR exposure. In both countries, preventive measures are required to reduce the personal exposure to a minimum. Exceedance of the minimal erythema dose (MED) suggests a possible enhancing effect, especially in fair skinned people. Intercomparison of UVR exposure at workplaces is possible between countries and climate zones, emphasizing efforts for global action against skin cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stephan Westerhausen
- Department of Ergonomics: Physical Environmental Factors, Institute for Occupational Safety and Health of the German Social Accident Insurance, D-53757 Sankt Augustin, Germany;
| | | | - Benjamin Strehl
- Department Accident Prevention: Digitalisation—Technologies, Institute for Occupational Safety and Health of the German Social Accident Insurance, D-53757 Sankt Augustin, Germany;
| | - Sergio D. Naza Guzman
- Risk Management Consultancy CGR, SURA, Cali 760046, Colombia; (M.F.C.R.); (S.D.N.G.)
| | - Helmut Versteeg
- Department Exposure and Risk Assessment, Institute for Occupational Safety and Health of the German Social Accident Insurance, D-53757 Sankt Augustin, Germany; (H.V.); (W.S.)
| | - Wiho Stöppelmann
- Department Exposure and Risk Assessment, Institute for Occupational Safety and Health of the German Social Accident Insurance, D-53757 Sankt Augustin, Germany; (H.V.); (W.S.)
| | - Marc Wittlich
- Department Accident Prevention: Digitalisation—Technologies, Institute for Occupational Safety and Health of the German Social Accident Insurance, D-53757 Sankt Augustin, Germany;
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Hung M, Beazer IR, Su S, Bounsanga J, Hon ES, Lipsky MS. An Exploration of the Use and Impact of Preventive Measures on Skin Cancer. Healthcare (Basel) 2022; 10:healthcare10040743. [PMID: 35455920 PMCID: PMC9025621 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare10040743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Skin cancer is the most common form of cancer, and both clinical and epidemiological data link cumulative solar dosages and the number of sunburns to skin cancer. Each year, more than 5.4 million new cases of skin cancer are diagnosed, incurring a significant health and financial burden. Recommended preventive measures for skin cancer include the use of sunscreen, sun avoidance, and protective clothing. This study used a national database to examine the association of preventive measures with the prevalence of skin cancer, specifically analyzing the preventive measures of sunscreen use, staying in the shade, and wearing long-sleeved shirts. The second aim was to determine which characteristics, if any, correlated with using prevention measures. Methods: This study analyzed data from the National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey 2015−2016 cycle to examine the association of three preventive measures (using sunscreen, staying in the shade, and wearing long-sleeved shirts) with skin cancer. Logistic regression and chi-square tests were utilized to examine the relationship between skin cancer and these prevention methods. Results: Sunscreen use (OR = 3.752; p < 0.05) was statistically associated with a lower prevalence of skin cancer, while wearing long-sleeved shirts (OR = 6.911; p = 0.064) and staying in the shade (OR = 0.646; p = 0.481) did not emerge as factors significantly associated with a lower prevalence after controlling for gender, race/ethnicity, marital status, income, health insurance, and general health. Additionally, men and individuals of color were less likely to use sunscreen. Conclusion: Sunscreen use was associated with a lower prevalence of skin cancer, while wearing long-sleeved shirts and staying in the shade was not significantly linked to lower rates of skin cancer, suggesting that these measures may not be as effective as sunscreen for preventing skin cancer. Men and individuals of color were significantly less likely to use sunscreen. These findings can help guide future education efforts and research regarding skin cancer prevention and suggest the need to develop male-oriented programs to mitigate the gender disparity in employing sun-protection measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Hung
- College of Dental Medicine, Roseman University of Health Sciences, South Jordan, UT 84095, USA; (S.S.); (M.S.L.)
- School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Isaac Rex Beazer
- College of Pharmacy, Roseman University of Health Sciences, South Jordan, UT 84095, USA;
| | - Sharon Su
- College of Dental Medicine, Roseman University of Health Sciences, South Jordan, UT 84095, USA; (S.S.); (M.S.L.)
| | | | - Eric S. Hon
- Department of Economics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA;
| | - Martin S. Lipsky
- College of Dental Medicine, Roseman University of Health Sciences, South Jordan, UT 84095, USA; (S.S.); (M.S.L.)
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3
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Abstract
During leisure time, people can decide if they want to expose themselves to solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation and to what extent. While working, people do not have this choice. Outdoor workers are exposed to solar UV radiation (UVR) on a daily basis. This may pose a certain health risk, which can be estimated when the personal solar UVR exposure (PE) is known. During past decades, a variety of studies were conducted to measure PE of outdoor workers and our knowledge of the PE of outdoor workers has increased remarkably. As shown by this review, studies clearly indicate that PE of most outdoor workers exceeds the internationally proposed threshold limit value, which is comparable to 1.0 to 1.3 standard erythema dose (SED), respectively, to 1.1 to 1.5 UV Index received over one hour. Besides working in a high UVR environ, monotonic workflow (limited movement, nearly static posture) is a risk factor. In such cases, PE can be higher than ambient UVR. In this review, we provide also a list of milestones, depicting the progress and the most important findings in this field during the past 45 years. However, in many respects our knowledge is still rudimentary, for several reasons. Different measuring positions have been used so that measured PE is not comparable. Few studies were designed to enable the extension of measured PE to other locations or dates. Although the importance of a proper calibration of the measuring devices in respect to the changing solar spectrum was pointed out from the beginning, this is often not performed, which leads to high uncertainties in the presented PE levels. At the end of our review, we provide some key points, which can be used to evaluate the quality of a study respectively to support the design of future studies.
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4
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Jebar MAA, Downs NJ, Parisi AV, Turner J. Evaluation of the Long-term Cumulative UVA Facial Exposure of Queensland School Teachers derived for an Extended Period from the OMI Satellite Irradiance. Photochem Photobiol 2020; 97:192-197. [PMID: 32885458 DOI: 10.1111/php.13329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This research presents a novel methodology for deriving the total daily broadband solar UVA (320-400 nm) received by school teachers during their working day from Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) satellite solar noon UVA irradiance measurements for a Queensland subtropical site (27.5°S, 152°E). Daily UVA exposures are weighted to the anatomical human cheek (anterior infra-orbital region) for teachers wearing and not wearing broad-brimmed hats. The method utilizes the OMI UVA irradiance data collected daily at high temporal resolution over 2005 to 2016 to derive the total daily UVA exposure to a horizontal plane. These horizontal plane exposures are scaled by factors to take into account the timing of outdoor activity. The relationship between exposures to a horizontal plane and those to a vertical plane and the protection provided by a broad-brimmed hat was assessed to evaluate the total daily UVA exposures to the cheek for classroom and physical education teaching staff expected to be outside at different periods of the day. The developed method enables the total daily UVA exposure to specific anatomical sites to be evaluated from the satellite solar noon irradiance at locations that do not have access to surface-based instrumentation capable of recording in the solar UVA waveband.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustapha A A Jebar
- Faculty of Health, Engineering and Sciences, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Australia.,Physics Department, Faculty of Sciences, University of Thi Qar, Nasiriyah, Iraq
| | - Nathan J Downs
- Faculty of Health, Engineering and Sciences, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Australia.,Centre for Applied Climate Sciences, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Australia
| | - Alfio V Parisi
- Faculty of Health, Engineering and Sciences, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Australia.,Centre for Applied Climate Sciences, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Australia
| | - Joanna Turner
- Faculty of Health, Engineering and Sciences, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Australia
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Castro‐Maqueda GD, Gutierrez‐Manzanedo JV, Fernandez‐Santos JR, Linares‐Barrios M, Troya Martín MD. Sun Protection Habits and Sun Exposure of Physical Education Teachers in the South of Spain. Photochem Photobiol 2019; 95:1468-1472. [DOI: 10.1111/php.13147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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6
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Downs NJ, Igoe DP, Parisi AV, Taylor O, Lazzaroni SL, Rawlings A, Garzón-Chavez DR, Harrison SL. Seasonal Minimum and Maximum Solar Ultraviolet Exposure Measurements of Classroom Teachers Residing in Tropical North Queensland, Australia. Photochem Photobiol 2019; 95:1083-1093. [PMID: 30623466 DOI: 10.1111/php.13081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The risk of keratinocyte skin cancer, malignant melanoma and ultraviolet radiation (UVR)-induced eye disease is disproportionately higher in Australia and New Zealand compared to equivalent northern hemisphere latitudes. While many teachers are aware of the importance of reinforcing sun safety messages to students, many may not be aware of the considerable personal exposure risk while performing outdoor duties in locations experiencing high to extreme ambient UVR year-round. Personal erythemally effective exposure of classroom teachers in tropical Townsville (19.3°S) was measured to establish seasonal extremes in exposure behavior. Mean daily personal exposure was higher in winter (91.2 J m-2 , 0.91 Standard Erythema Dose [SED]) than summer (63.3 J m-2 , 0.63 SED). The range of exposures represents personal exposures that approximate current national guidelines for Australian workers at the study latitude of approximately 1.2 SED (30 J m-2 effective to the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection). Similar proportions of teachers spent more than 1 h outdoors per day in winter (28.6%) and summer (23.6%) as part of their teaching duties with seasonal differences having little effect on the time of exposure. Personal exposures for teachers peaked during both seasons near school meal break times at 11:00 am and 1:00 pm, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan J Downs
- Faculty of Health, Engineering and Sciences, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Qld, Australia.,Skin Cancer Research Unit, School of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Qld, Australia
| | - Damien P Igoe
- Faculty of Health, Engineering and Sciences, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Qld, Australia
| | - Alfio V Parisi
- Faculty of Health, Engineering and Sciences, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Qld, Australia
| | - Olivia Taylor
- Skin Cancer Research Unit, School of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Qld, Australia
| | - Shari L Lazzaroni
- Skin Cancer Research Unit, School of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Qld, Australia
| | - Alex Rawlings
- Faculty of Health, Engineering and Sciences, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Qld, Australia.,Skin Cancer Research Unit, School of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Qld, Australia
| | - Daniel R Garzón-Chavez
- Faculty of Health, Engineering and Sciences, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Qld, Australia.,Skin Cancer Research Unit, School of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Qld, Australia.,School of Human Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Simone L Harrison
- Faculty of Health, Engineering and Sciences, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Qld, Australia.,Skin Cancer Research Unit, School of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Qld, Australia.,College of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Townsville, Qld, Australia
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7
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Holman DM, Kapelos GT, Shoemaker M, Watson M. Shade as an Environmental Design Tool for Skin Cancer Prevention. Am J Public Health 2018; 108:1607-1612. [PMID: 30359104 PMCID: PMC6236749 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2018.304700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Little work has been done to explore the use of shade for skin cancer prevention in the context of the built environment. In an effort to address this gap and draw attention to the intersection between architectural and public health practice, we reviewed research on shade design, use, and policies published from January 1, 1996, through December 31, 2017. Our findings indicate that various features influence the sun-protective effects of shade, including the materials, size, shape, and position of the shade structure; the characteristics of the surrounding area; and weather conditions. Limited research suggests that shade provision in outdoor spaces may increase shade use. Shade audit and design tools are available to inform shade planning efforts. Shade policies to date have mostly been setting specific, and information on the implementation and effects of such policies is limited. Integrating shade planning into community design, planning, and architecture may have a substantial impact and will require a multidisciplinary approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawn M Holman
- Dawn M. Holman, Meredith Shoemaker, and Meg Watson are with the Division of Cancer Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA. George Thomas Kapelos is with the Department of Architectural Science, Ryerson University, Toronto Ontario, Canada
| | - George Thomas Kapelos
- Dawn M. Holman, Meredith Shoemaker, and Meg Watson are with the Division of Cancer Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA. George Thomas Kapelos is with the Department of Architectural Science, Ryerson University, Toronto Ontario, Canada
| | - Meredith Shoemaker
- Dawn M. Holman, Meredith Shoemaker, and Meg Watson are with the Division of Cancer Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA. George Thomas Kapelos is with the Department of Architectural Science, Ryerson University, Toronto Ontario, Canada
| | - Meg Watson
- Dawn M. Holman, Meredith Shoemaker, and Meg Watson are with the Division of Cancer Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA. George Thomas Kapelos is with the Department of Architectural Science, Ryerson University, Toronto Ontario, Canada
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8
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Stewart AE, Kimlin MG. The Dislike of Hot Thermal Conditions and Its Relationship with Sun (Ultraviolet Radiation) Exposure in the Southeastern United States. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:ijerph15102161. [PMID: 30275387 PMCID: PMC6210274 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15102161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Revised: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the relationship between peoples’ preferences for being outside during certain months of the year, based upon their dislike of hot or warm temperatures, and of taking precautions against ultraviolet radiation (UVR) exposure. A sample of university undergraduates (N = 1400) living in the Northern Hemisphere completed an online survey in the late summer of 2017 that inventoried their dislike of heat and hot conditions, their sun tanning preferences and habits, and their preferences for being outside during different months of the year, along with whether they would protect themselves from the UVR exposure during those months. Dislike of hot conditions was negatively correlated with respondent preferences for sun tanning and with the number of months during the year that people enjoyed being active outside. A greater proportion of people who disliked hot conditions experienced risks of UVR overexposure during the spring and fall. In contrast, people who expressed more liking of heat frequently enjoyed being outside during the warmer months (April to October), and a significantly greater proportion of them experienced risks for sun overexposure in these months. Such individual differences in heat-related attitudes may explain a proportion the variability in individual risk behaviors for skin cancer that is not currently accounted for by approaches using objective variables such as temperature, thermal comfort indices, or the UV index.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan E Stewart
- College of Education, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30677, USA.
| | - Michael G Kimlin
- College of Education, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30677, USA.
- Health Research Institute, University of the Sunshine Coast, Brisbane 4558, Australia.
- Cancer Council Queensland, Brisbane 4006, Australia.
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9
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Downs NJ, Parisi AV, Butler H, Rawlings A, Elrahoumi RS. An Inexpensive High-Temporal Resolution Electronic Sun Journal for Monitoring Personal Day to Day Sun Exposure Patterns. Front Public Health 2017; 5:310. [PMID: 29201865 PMCID: PMC5696337 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2017.00310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to natural sunlight, specifically solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation contributes to lifetime risks of skin cancer, eye disease, and diseases associated with vitamin D insufficiency. Improved knowledge of personal sun exposure patterns can inform public health policy; and help target high-risk population groups. Subsequently, an extensive number of studies have been conducted to measure personal solar UV exposure in a variety of settings. Many of these studies, however, use digital or paper-based journals (self-reported volunteer recall), or employ cost prohibitive electronic UV dosimeters (that limit the size of sample populations), to estimate periods of exposure. A cost effective personal electronic sun journal (ESJ) built from readily available infrared photodiodes is presented in this research. The ESJ can be used to complement traditional UV dosimeters that measure total biologically effective exposure by providing a time-stamped sun exposure record. The ESJ can be easily attached to clothing and data logged to personal devices (including fitness monitors or smartphones). The ESJ improves upon self-reported exposure recording and is a cost effective high-temporal resolution option for monitoring personal sun exposure behavior in large population studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan J. Downs
- Faculty of Health, Engineering and Sciences, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD, Australia
| | - Alfio V. Parisi
- Faculty of Health, Engineering and Sciences, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD, Australia
| | - Harry Butler
- Faculty of Health, Engineering and Sciences, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD, Australia
| | - Alex Rawlings
- Faculty of Health, Engineering and Sciences, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD, Australia
| | - Raja Salem Elrahoumi
- Faculty of Health, Engineering and Sciences, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD, Australia
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10
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Turner D, Harrison SL, Bates N. Sun-Protective Behaviors of Student Spectators at Inter-school Swimming Carnivals in a Tropical Region Experiencing High Ambient Solar Ultraviolet Radiation. Front Public Health 2016; 4:168. [PMID: 27579300 PMCID: PMC4985635 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2016.00168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin cancer is the most common cancer in humans and Australia (particularly in Queensland) has the highest incidence globally. Sunlight is a known skin carcinogen and reflects off water, exacerbating the risk of sunburn. In 1988, the "SunSmart Program" was developed to promote sun-protection to Australian children. Within a decade, it evolved to include a voluntary national accreditation program for schools, known as the SunSmart Schools (SSS) Program. Additionally, in 2008, it became compulsory for primary schoolchildren attending Queensland government-funded schools to wear a shirt during all water-based activities, except when competing. We observed the proportion of student spectators from 41 Townsville (latitude 19.3°S) primary schools (65.9% SSS) wearing hats at inter-school swimming carnivals in 2009-2011 and 2015 and the proportion wearing a shirt. Overall, a median of 30.7% student spectators from each school wore a hat [max 46.2% (2009); min 18% (2015)] and 77.3% wore a shirt [max 95.8% (2009); min 74.5% (2015)], suggesting that hats are under-utilized. Students from non-government (private) schools were twice as likely as students from government schools to wear a hat (41 vs. 18.2% p = 0.003). Neither the hat nor the shirt-wearing behaviors of student spectators were significantly influenced by their school's size (number of students), educational advantage, sun-protection policy score, or SunSmart status, indicating that other socioeconomic factors, not assessed here, may have influenced the results. Our findings suggest that the mandatory swim-shirt policy introduced in 2008 was very effective, especially initially. However, monitoring and feedback of results to schools may be needed to maintain high levels of compliance in the longer-term. Schoolchildren attending swimming carnivals should not rely on sunscreen or shade alone to protect against direct and reflected-sunlight, and need prompting to put a hat and shirt back on immediately after a race. This responsibility could be delegated to either a parent or a student prefect, if teachers are too busy to encourage and monitor sun-safety compliance among the students in their care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise Turner
- Skin Cancer Research Unit, Division of Tropical Health and Medicine, College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University , Townsville, QLD , Australia
| | - Simone Lee Harrison
- Skin Cancer Research Unit, Division of Tropical Health and Medicine, College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia; Anton Breinl Research Centre for Health Systems Strengthening, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine (AITHM), James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
| | - Nicole Bates
- Skin Cancer Research Unit, Division of Tropical Health and Medicine, College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia; Discipline of Pharmacy, Division of Tropical Health and Medicine, College of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
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11
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Vinhal DC, de Ávila RI, Vieira MS, Luzin RM, Quintino MP, Nunes LM, Ribeiro ACC, de Camargo HS, Pinto AC, dos Santos Júnior HM, Chiari BG, Isaac V, Valadares MC, Martins TD, Lião LM, de S. Gil E, Menegatti R. Photoprotective effect and acute oral systemic toxicity evaluation of the novel heterocyclic compound LQFM048. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2016; 161:50-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2016.03.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Revised: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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12
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Harrison SL, Garzón-Chavez DR, Nikles CJ. Sun protection policies of Australian primary schools in a region of high sun exposure. HEALTH EDUCATION RESEARCH 2016; 31:416-428. [PMID: 27093982 DOI: 10.1093/her/cyw020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Queensland, Australia has the highest rates of skin cancer globally. Predetermined criteria were used to score the comprehensiveness of sun protection policies (SPP) of primary schools across Queensland. SPP were sought for schools in 10 regions (latitude range 16.3°S-28.1°S) from 2011 to 2014. Of the 723 schools sampled, 90.9% had a written SPP available publicly. Total SPP scores were low {mean 3.6 [95% CI: 3.4-3.9]; median 2 [interquartile range (IQR) 2, 4]}, with only 3.2% of schools achieving the maximum score of 12. Median SPP scores were higher in Northern and Central Queensland [both 2 (IQR 2, 6) and (IQR 2, 5), respectively] than in Southern Queensland [2 (IQR 2, 3); P = 0.004]. Clothing and hat-wearing were addressed in most policies (96% and 89%) while few schools used their SPP to plan outdoor events (5.2%) or reschedule activities to minimize sun exposure (11.7%). The SunSmart Schools program has been operating in Queensland for 17 years, and while most primary schools now have a written SPP, most are not comprehensive. Incentive-based approaches (5-star-rating award scheme and grants) may assist in addressing this issue, to reduce sun exposure of students and teachers. These data provide a baseline from which improvements in the comprehensiveness of school SPPs can be evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- S L Harrison
- JCU Skin Cancer Research Unit, College of Public Health, Medical & Veterinary Sciences, Room Eg-083 Ground Floor, The Townsville Hospital Education Wing, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia The Anton Breinl Research Centre for Health Systems Strengthening, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine (AITHM), James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
| | - D R Garzón-Chavez
- JCU Skin Cancer Research Unit, College of Public Health, Medical & Veterinary Sciences, Room Eg-083 Ground Floor, The Townsville Hospital Education Wing, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
| | - C J Nikles
- JCU Skin Cancer Research Unit, College of Public Health, Medical & Veterinary Sciences, Room Eg-083 Ground Floor, The Townsville Hospital Education Wing, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
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13
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Solar ultraviolet and the occupational radiant exposure of Queensland school teachers: A comparative study between teaching classifications and behavior patterns. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2016; 158:105-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2016.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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