Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles from Curcuma longa L. and coating on the cotton fabrics for antimicrobial applications and wound healing activity

A review on plant-mediated synthesis of AgNPs and their formulations for wound healing application

Wound healing is a sophisticated and dynamic process carried out by a myriad of cellular activities that work together in a coordinated manner to effectively repair damaged tissue. It involves a cascade process involving hemostasis, inflammation, granulation, maturation, and remodeling. However, in the case of chronic wounds, owing to the delayed wound healing process, various microbes invade the wound area and produce biofilms that hinder the healing process. Owing to rapid advancements in nanotechnology, several nanomaterials with diverse formulations have been investigated for wound healing. Among them, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have shown excellent properties, as they have unique physiochemical properties that address the problems associated with wound healing. The antibacterial and antioxidant properties of silver greatly enhance wound-care diagnostics. The use of medicinal plants for green synthesis of AgNPs has been widely researched, with these plants serving as both reducing and stabilizing agents in the nanoparticle formation process. This review focuses on different wound types, problems related to wounds, green-synthesized AgNPs using medicinal plants, and their limitations and advantages in wound dressing formulations. This study aims to provide the scientific community with a directional view in analyzing the role and importance of green-synthesized AgNPs in wound care.

Multicomponent biopolymer hydrogels based on polycaprolactone with the combination of nano silver and linalool for the healing of infectious wounds

This study aimed to develop novel hydrogels using polycaprolactone (PCL), nano-silver (Ag), and linalool (Lin) to address the challenge of increasing antimicrobial resistance in healing infected wounds. The hydrogels' morphological properties, in vitro release profiles, antibacterial efficacy, and safety were investigated. Hydrogels were prepared from PCL/Ag, PCL/Lin, and PCL/Ag/Lin formulations and applied to infected wounds. Assessments included wound closure rates, bacterial counts, histopathological parameters, and immunofluorescence staining for Ki-67, keratinocyte growth factor (KGF), collagen type I (COL1A), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2), cluster of differentiation 206 (CD206), cluster of differentiation (CD31) and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF). The hydrogel structures demonstrated significant safety and antibacterial activity. Administration of hydrogels accelerated wound healing by reducing bacterial counts in granulation tissue and edema, while promoting fibroblast activity and epithelization. Additionally, there was increased expression of VEGF, CD31, ERK1/2, CD206, bFGF, Ki-67, KGF, and COL1A compared to control groups (P = 0.000). Synergistic interactions between Ag and Lin were observed in enhancing the wound healing process. In conclusion, these hydrogels effectively accelerated wound healing through antibacterial properties and modulation of gene expression.

A review on green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (SNPs) using plant extracts: a multifaceted approach in photocatalysis, environmental remediation, and biomedicine

A sustainable and viable alternative for conventional chemical and physical approaches is the green production of silver nanoparticles (SNPs) using plant extracts. This review centers on the diverse applications of plant-mediated SNPs in biomedicine, environmental remediation, and photocatalysis. Ocimum sanctum (tulsi), Curcuma longa (turmeric), and Azadirachta indica (neem) and many others are plant extracts that have been used as stabilizing and reducing agents because of their extensive phytochemical profiles. The resulting SNPs have outstanding qualities, such as better photocatalytic degradation of organic dyes like methylene blue, antibacterial efficacy towards multidrug-resistant pathogens, biocompatibility for possible therapeutic applications, and regulated magnitude (10-50 nm), enhanced rigidity, and tunable surface plasmon resonance. Significant effects of plant extract type, amount, and synthesis parameters on the physical and functional characteristics of SNPs are revealed by key findings. Along with highlighting important issues and potential paths forward, this review also underlines the necessity of scalable production, thorough toxicity evaluations, and investigating the incorporation of SNPs into commercial applications. This work highlights how plant-based SNPs can be used to address global environmental and biological concerns by straddling the division between sustainable chemistry and nanotechnology.

Phytochemical profiling and fractionation of Helianthemum lippii extract versus silver nanoparticle-modified extract: assessment of photoprotective, anti-hemolytic, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory properties

Introduction

This study investigates the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) using Helianthemum lippii extract and evaluates their photoprotective, anti-hemolytic, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory properties compared to various extract fractions, including total aqueous extract (AE), flavonoid monoglycosides (FMG), flavonoid diglycosides/triglycosides (FDG/FTG), tannins (TN), and anthocyanins (AC). Helianthemum lippii is rich in bioactive compounds such as caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid, and gallic acid, known for their therapeutic potential. This study aims to determine whether embedding these phytochemicals into Ag NPs enhances their biomedical applications compared to the natural extract fractions.

Methods

Ag NPs were synthesized using Helianthemum lippii extract through a green synthesis approach, and their physicochemical properties, including size and morphology, were characterized. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to identify key phytochemicals in the various extract fractions. Biological assays were conducted to assess photoprotective efficacy (sun protection factor, SPF), antibacterial activity (minimum inhibitory concentration, MIC), anti-inflammatory potential (percentage inhibition), and hemolytic properties, with sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) serving as a control.

Results

HPLC analysis confirmed the presence of bioactive compounds, including caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid, and gallic acid, in the AE extract. The Ag NPs were spherical with an average diameter of 35 nm and had phytochemicals adsorbed on their surface. The AC fraction demonstrated the highest SPF (28.27), followed by TN (27.99), AE (23.20), and Ag NPs (22.50), while FMG exhibited a moderate SPF (19.39) compared to the commercial sunscreen Avene® (40.00). Ag NPs exhibited superior antibacterial activity with MIC values of 0.2 mg/mL against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and 0.4 mg/mL against Bacillus subtilis, outperforming AE, which had a MIC of 2.81 mg/mL. Anti-inflammatory assays showed that Ag NPs achieved 79.8% inhibition at 400 μg/mL, surpassing AE (71.75%) and TN (67.9%), and were comparable to diclofenac (72.63%). Hemolysis assays revealed that Ag NPs induced only 1.35% hemolysis, lower than AE (1.91%) and significantly below SDS (90.48%).

Discussion

The findings demonstrate that Helianthemum lippii-derived Ag NPs exhibit enhanced antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and anti-hemolytic properties compared to the extract fractions. While the SPF of Ag NPs was slightly lower than the AC and TN fractions, their superior multifunctional bioactivities underscore their potential for various biomedical applications. The integration of phytochemicals into Ag NPs significantly enhances their therapeutic efficacy, making them promising candidates for advanced pharmaceutical formulations and topical protective agents.

Synergetic Effects of Sericin and Turmeric on Burn Wound Healing in Mice

Burn wounds are one of the most hazardous issues, globally. Silkworm produces a protein called sericin. Sericin assists in wound healing by facilitating the proliferation of keratinocytes and fibroblasts, while turmeric is potentially helpful in wound healing because of its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-infectious activities. The current study aimed to investigate the synergetic and individual effects of turmeric, sericin, and their nanoparticles on burn wounds in mice. The female mice having age of 2 months (each weighing 29-30 g) were arbitrarily distributed in 7 groups. Five mice were added to each group. Burn wounds were induced in mice by using a hot metal rod. Burn wounds were evaluated histologically and morphologically. Turmeric nanoparticles substantially improved the wound contraction area as compared to the negative control group and other treatment groups. The serum level of glutathione (4.9 ± 0.1 µmol/L), catalase (6.0 ± 0.2 mmol/mL), glutathione peroxidase (183.4 ± 5.1 U/L), and superoxide dismutase (194.6 ± 5.1 U/mL) was significantly increased in the turmeric nanoparticles (TNPs) group as compared to the negative control (2.8 ± 0.1 µmol/L, 3.5 ± 0.1 mmol/mL, 87.8 ± 3.0 U/L, and 92.0 ± 4.8 U/mL respectively). The minimum levels of malondialdehyde (3.8 ± 0.2 mmol/L) were noticed in the TNPs group contrary to the negative control (7.4 ± 0.2 mmol/L). The restoration of the epidermis was also observed to be faster in the TNPs group as compared to all other treatment groups. The histopathological analysis also demonstrated the effectiveness of turmeric, sericin, and their nanoparticles. In conclusion, turmeric, sericin, and their nanoparticles are effective in improving the healing process of burn wounds, but TNPs showed the most effective results as compared to all other treatment groups.

Graphene-Based Wound Dressings for Wound Healing: Mechanism, Technical Analysis, and Application Status

The development of novel wound dressings is critical in medical care. Graphene and its derivatives possess excellent biomedical properties, making them highly suitable for various applications in medical dressings. This review provides a comprehensive technical analysis and the current application status of graphene-based medical dressings. Initially, we discuss the chemical structure and the fabrication method of graphene and its derivatives. We then provide a detailed summary of the mechanisms by which graphene materials promote wound repair across the four stages of wound healing. Subsequently, we categorize the types of graphene-based wound dressings and analyze corresponding characteristics. Finally, we analyze the challenges encountered at present and propose solutions regarding future development trends. This paper aims to serve as a reference for further research in skin tissue engineering and the development of innovative graphene-based medical dressings.

Plant-based synthesis, characterization approaches, applications and toxicity of silver nanoparticles: A comprehensive review

The development of an environmentally benign method for the synthesis of nanoparticles has been facilitated by green chemistry. "Green synthesis" uses a range of biological elements like microbes, plants, and other biodegradable materials to produce NPs. Active biomolecules that are secreted by natural strains and present in the plant extracts serve as both reducing and capping/stabilizing agents. Microorganisms' intracellular enzymes can reduce metal ions, which explains how NPs might potentially nucleate. Plant-based synthesis of nanomaterials is particularly promising owing to abundant resources, simplicity of synthesis, and low cost. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are attracting great attention in the research community due to their wide variety of applications in chemistry, food technology, microbiology, and biomedicine. Recent years have seen a large amount of research on the bio-genic synthesis of AgNPs employing biomaterials like plant extract and bacteria as reducing agents. Herein we discuss a thorough overview of the plant-based synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), characterization approaches, applications, and toxicity. The review covers the green chemistry and nanotechnology elements of producing AgNPs, including a thorough discussion of the plant extract mediated synthesis, detailed formation mechanism, and a well-balanced emphasis on hazards and advantages. Based on current developments, the optimisation strategies, applications, and interdisciplinary characteristics are also covered in detail.

Multifunctional (4-in-1) Therapeutic Applications of Nickel Thiocyanate Nanoparticles Impregnated Cotton Gauze as Antibacterial, Antibiofilm, Antioxidant and Wound Healing Agent

The wounds, arises from accidents, burns, surgeries, diabetes, and trauma, can significantly impact well-being and present persistent clinical challenges. Ideal wound dressings should be flexible, stable, antibacterial, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory in nature, facilitating a scarless rapid wound healing. Initiatives were taken to create antibacterial cotton fabrics by incorporating agents like antibiotics and metallic nanoparticles. However, due to a lack of multifunctionality, these materials were not highly effective in causing scarless and rapid wound healing. In this article, nickel thiocyanate nanoparticle (NiSCN-NPs) impregnated cotton gauze wound dressing (NiSCN-CG) was developed. These nanoparticles were non-toxic to normal human cell lines till 1 mg/mL dose and did not cause skin irritation in the rat model. Further, NiSCN-NPs exhibited antimicrobial, antibiofilm and antioxidant activities confirmed using different in vitro experiments. In vivo wound healing studies in rat models using NiSCN-CG demonstrated rapid scarless wound healing. The nickel thiocyanate impregnated cotton gauze presents a novel approach in scarless wound healing, and as an antimicrobial agent, offering a promising solution for diverse wounds and infections in the future.

Optimized Incorporation of Silver Nanoparticles onto Cotton Fabric Using k-Carrageenan Coatings for Enhanced Antimicrobial Properties

The incorporation of bactericidal properties into textiles is a widely sought-after aspect, and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) can be used for this. Here, we evaluate a strategy for incorporating AgNPs into a cotton fabric. For this purpose, a bactericidal textile coating based on a composite of AgNPs and kappa-carrageenan (k-CA) was proposed. The composite was obtained by heating the silver precursor (AgNO3) directly in k-CA solution for green synthesis and in situ AgNPs stabilization. Cotton substrates were added to the heated composite solution for surface impregnation and hydrogel film formation after cooling. Direct synthesis of AgNPs on a fabric was also tested. The results showed that the application of a coating based on k-CA/AgNPs composite can achieve more than twice the silver loading on the fabric surface compared to the textile subjected to direct AgNPs incorporation. Furthermore, silver release tests in water showed that higher Ag+ levels were reached for k-CA/AgNPs-coated cotton. Therefore, inoculation tests with the bacteria Staphylococcus aureus (SA) using the agar diffusion method showed that samples covered with the composite resulted in significantly larger inhibition halos. This indicated that the use of the composite as a coating for cotton fabric improved its bactericidal activity against SA.

Silver Nanoparticles in Therapeutics and Beyond: A Review of Mechanism Insights and Applications

Silver nanoparticles (NPs) have become highly promising agents in the field of biomedical science, offering wide therapeutic potential due to their unique physicochemical properties. The unique characteristics of silver NPs, such as their higher surface-area-to-volume ratio, make them ideal for a variety of biological applications. They are easily processed thanks to their large surface area, strong surface plasmon resonance (SPR), stable nature, and multifunctionality. With an emphasis on the mechanisms of action, efficacy, and prospective advantages of silver NPs, this review attempts to give a thorough overview of the numerous biological applications of these particles. The utilization of silver NPs in diagnostics, such as bioimaging and biosensing, as well as their functions in therapeutic interventions such as antimicrobial therapies, cancer therapy, diabetes treatment, bone repair, and wound healing, are investigated. The underlying processes by which silver NPs exercise their effects, such as oxidative stress induction, apoptosis, and microbial cell membrane rupture, are explored. Furthermore, toxicological concerns and regulatory issues are discussed, as well as the present difficulties and restrictions related to the application of silver NPs in medicine.

Insights into the role of mesenchymal stem cells in cutaneous medical aesthetics: from basics to clinics

With the development of the economy and the increasing prevalence of skin problems, cutaneous medical aesthetics are gaining more and more attention. Skin disorders like poor wound healing, aging, and pigmentation have an impact not only on appearance but also on patients with physical and psychological issues, and even impose a significant financial burden on families and society. However, due to the complexities of its occurrence, present treatment options cannot produce optimal outcomes, indicating a dire need for new and effective treatments. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and their secretomics treatment is a new regenerative medicine therapy that promotes and regulates endogenous stem cell populations and/or replenishes cell pools to achieve tissue homeostasis and regeneration. It has demonstrated remarkable advantages in several skin-related in vivo and in vitro investigations, aiding in the improvement of skin conditions and the promotion of skin aesthetics. As a result, this review gives a complete description of recent scientific breakthroughs in MSCs for skin aesthetics and the limitations of their clinical applications, aiming to provide new ideas for future research and clinical transformation.

Electron Beam-Supported Fabrication of Biocompatible Silver/iota-Carrageenan for Wound Healing Application

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are a potent antibacterial agent, especially when used to treat bacteria that are multidrug resistant. However, it is challenging to eliminate the hazardous reducing agents that remain in AgNPs produced by the conventional chemical reduction process. To overcome these challenges, the presented research demonstrates the fabrication of AgNPs using iota-carrageenan (ι-carra) as a carbohydrate polymer using electron beam (EB) irradiation. Well-characterized ι-carra@AgNPs have a face-centered cubic (FCC) structure with spherical morphology and an average size of 26 nm. Herein we explored the approach for fabricating ι-carra@AgNPs that is suitable for scaling up the production of nanoparticles that exhibit excellent water stability. Further, the optimized ι-carra@AgNPs exhibited considerable antibacterial activity of 40% and 30% inhibition when tested with Gram-negative Escherichia coli ATCC 43895 and Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) (ATCC 6538), respectively, and low cytotoxicity at 10-50 μg/mL. To establish the potential biomedical application, as proof of the concept, the ι-carra@AgNPs showed significant antibiofilm activity at 20 μg/mL and also showed 95% wound healing abilities at 50 μg/mL compared to the nontreated control groups. Electron beam assisted ι-carra@AgNPs showed significant beneficial effects against specific bacterial strains and may provide a guide for the development of new antibacterial materials for wound dressing for large-scale production for biomedical applications.

Bioinspired and Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles for Medical Applications: A Green Perspective

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) possess unmatched chemical, biological, and physical properties that make them unique compounds as antimicrobial, antifungal, antiviral, and anticancer agents. With the increasing drug resistance, AgNPs serve as promising entities for targeted drug therapy against several bacterial, fungal, and viral components. In addition, AgNPs also serve as successful anticancer agents against several cancers, including breast, prostate, and lung cancers. Several works in recent years have been done towards the development of AgNPs by using plant extracts like flowers, leaves, bark, root, stem, and whole plant parts. The green method of AgNP synthesis thus has several advantages over chemical and physical methods, especially the low cost of synthesis, no toxic byproducts, eco-friendly production pathways, can be easily regenerated, and the bio-reducing potential of plant derived nanoparticles. Furthermore, AgNPs are biocompatible and do not harm normally functioning human or host cells. This review provides an exhaustive overview and potential of green synthesized AgNPs that can be used as antimicrobial, antifungal, antiviral, and anticancer agents. After a brief introduction, we discussed the recent studies on the development of AgNPs from different plant extracts, including leaf parts, seeds, flowers, stems, bark, root, and whole plants. In the following section, we highlighted the different therapeutic actions of AgNPs against various bacteria, fungi, viruses, and cancers, including breast, prostate, and lung cancers. We then highlighted the general mechanism of action of AgNPs. The advantages of the green synthesis method over chemical and physical methods were then discussed in the article. Finally, we concluded the review by providing future perspectives on this promising field in nanotechnology.

Recent advances in molecular mechanisms of skin wound healing and its treatments

The skin, being a multifaceted organ, performs a pivotal function in the complicated wound-healing procedure, which encompasses the triggering of several cellular entities and signaling cascades. Aberrations in the typical healing process of wounds may result in atypical scar development and the establishment of a persistent condition, rendering patients more vulnerable to infections. Chronic burns and wounds have a detrimental effect on the overall quality of life of patients, resulting in higher levels of physical discomfort and socio-economic complexities. The occurrence and frequency of prolonged wounds are on the rise as a result of aging people, hence contributing to escalated expenditures within the healthcare system. The clinical evaluation and treatment of chronic wounds continue to pose challenges despite the advancement of different therapeutic approaches. This is mainly owing to the prolonged treatment duration and intricate processes involved in wound healing. Many conventional methods, such as the administration of growth factors, the use of wound dressings, and the application of skin grafts, are used to ease the process of wound healing across diverse wound types. Nevertheless, these therapeutic approaches may only be practical for some wounds, highlighting the need to advance alternative treatment modalities. Novel wound care technologies, such as nanotherapeutics, stem cell treatment, and 3D bioprinting, aim to improve therapeutic efficacy, prioritize skin regeneration, and minimize adverse effects. This review provides an updated overview of recent advancements in chronic wound healing and therapeutic management using innovative approaches.

Antibacterial and Wound Healing Efficacy of Silver Nanoparticles Synthesized from Root Bark ofBerberis lyciumRoyle

Infectious diseases are becoming a worldwide threat due to antibiotic resistance. Therefore, it is necessary to prepare innovative antibiotics against bactericidal activities. The development of nanomedicine has been greatly aided by nanotechnology. A focal point of exploration involves the production of noble metal nanoparticles, owing to their diverse applications. The study's subjects are the synthesis, characterization, and assessment of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) derived fromBerberis lyceumRoyle root bark (BLR) extract. The study revealed the potent antibacterial properties of BLR‐AgNPs, with heightened efficacy againstS. pyogenes(16.7±0.3 mm) and comparatively lower activity againstE. coli(1.1±0.1 mm). Minimum inhibitory concentration assessment indicated maximum activity at 10 μg/mL, whereas 2.5 μg/mL demonstrated the least inhibitory effect. Furthermore, the wound healing potential of BLR‐AgNPs was explored, demonstrating superior activity (0.19±0.02 cm) equated to BLR‐extract (0.46±0.02 cm) and untreated wounds (0.77±0.02 cm). These findings underscore the considerable antibacterial and wound‐healing capabilities of BLR‐AgNPs.

Green synthesis of nanocellulose supported cu-bionanocomposites and their profound applicability in the synthesis of amide derivatives and controlling of food-borne pathogens

Copper bionanocomposites (CBNCS) were synthesized using Ipomoea carnea- sourced nanocellulose as support via an eco-friendly and cost-effective method. X-ray Diffractometer (XRD) pattern of CBNCS confirmed the octahedral structure of Cu2O, the face-centered cubic (FCC) crystal structure of Cu(0). XRD also revealed the crystal lattice of cellulose II. Surface Electron Microscope (SEM) and Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) revealed the uniform distribution of copper nanoparticles (Cu NPs) with an average size of 10 nm due to the presence of nanocellulose. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) provided information about the electronic, chemical state and elemental composition of CBNCS. Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) showed the thermal stability of CBNCS. CBNCS catalyzed the rearrangement of oximes to primary amides in a very mild condition with a high yield of up to 92 %. CBNCS effectively inhibited the growth of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Escherichia coli (E. coli) with lower minimum inhibitory concentration MIC values. Antioxidant activity and electrical conductivity of CBNCS were also determined.

Plant-Assisted Synthesis of Ag-Based Nanoparticles on Cotton: Antimicrobial and Cytotoxicity Studies

The syntheses of Ag-based nanoparticles (NPs) with the assistance of plant extracts have been shown to be environmentally benign and cost-effective alternatives to conventional chemical syntheses. This study discusses the application of Paliurus spina-christi, Juglans regia, Humulus lupulus, and Sambucus nigra leaf extracts for in situ synthesis of Ag-based NPs on cotton fabric modified with citric acid. The presence of NPs with an average size ranging from 57 to 99 nm on the fiber surface was confirmed by FESEM. XPS analysis indicated that metallic (Ag0) and/or ionic silver (Ag2O and AgO) appeared on the surface of the modified cotton. The chemical composition, size, shape, and amounts of synthesized NPs were strongly dependent on the applied plant extract. All fabricated nanocomposites exhibited excellent antifungal activity against yeast Candida albicans. Antibacterial activity was significantly stronger against Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus than Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli. In addition, 99% of silver was retained on the samples after 24 h of contact with physiological saline solution, implying a high stability of nanoparticles. Cytotoxic activity towards HaCaT and MRC5 cells was only observed for the sample synthetized in the presence of H. lupulus extract. Excellent antimicrobial activity and non-cytotoxicity make the developed composites efficient candidates for medicinal applications.

Green and environmentally friendly synthesis of silver nanoparticles with antibacterial properties from some medicinal plants

Recently there have been a variety of methods to synthesize silver nanoparticles, among which the biosynthesis method is more noticeable due to features like being eco-friendly, simple, and cost-efficient. The present study aims for the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles from the extract of the three plants A. wilhelmsi, M. chamomilla, and C. longa; moreover, it pledges to measure the antibacterial activity against some variants causing a skin rash. The morphology and size of the synthesized silver nanoparticles were evaluated by UV.vis, XRD, SEM, and FTIR analyses. Then results showed a color alteration from light yellow to dark brown and the formation of silver nanoparticles. The absorption peak with the wavelength of approximately 450 nm resulting from the Spectrophotometry analysis confirmed the synthesis of silver nanoparticles. The presence of strong and wide peaks in FTIR indicated the presence of OH groups. The SEM results showed that most synthesized nanoparticles had a spherical angular structure and their size was about 10 to 20 nm. The highest inhibition power was demonstrated by silver nanoparticles synthesized from the extract combined from all three species against Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis (23 mm) which had a performance far more powerful than the extract. Thus, it can be understood that the nanoparticles synthesized from these three species can act as potential environment-friendly alternatives to inhibit some variations causing skin disorders; an issue that calls for further clinical studies.

Plant-mediated synthesis of silver nanoparticles: unlocking their pharmacological potential-a comprehensive review

In recent times, nanoparticles have experienced a significant upsurge in popularity, primarily owing to their minute size and their remarkable ability to modify physical, chemical, and biological properties. This burgeoning interest can be attributed to the expanding array of biomedical applications where nanoparticles find utility. These nanoparticles, typically ranging in size from 10 to 100 nm, exhibit diverse shapes, such as spherical, discoidal, and cylindrical configurations. These variations are not solely influenced by the manufacturing processes but are also intricately linked to interactions with surrounding stabilizing agents and initiators. Nanoparticles can be synthesized through physical or chemical methods, yet the biological approach emerges as the most sustainable and eco-friendly alternative among the three. Among the various nanoparticle types, silver nanoparticles have emerged as the most encountered and widely utilized due to their exceptional properties. What makes the synthesis of silver nanoparticles even more appealing is the application of plant-derived sources as reducing agents. This approach not only proves to be cost-effective but also significantly reduces the synthesis time. Notably, silver nanoparticles produced through plant-mediated processes have garnered considerable attention in recent years due to their notable medicinal capabilities. This comprehensive review primarily delves into the diverse medicinal attributes of silver nanoparticles synthesized using plant-mediated techniques. Encompassing antimicrobial properties, cytotoxicity, wound healing, larvicidal effects, anti-angiogenesis activity, antioxidant potential, and antiplasmodial activity, the paper extensively covers these multifaceted roles. Additionally, an endeavor is made to provide an elucidated summary of the operational mechanisms underlying the pharmacological actions of silver nanoparticles.

Review green synthesis of silver nanoparticles by using plant extracts and their antimicrobial activity

Interest in the biosynthesis of nanoparticles has increased in the last era by researchers. Nanoparticles have several applications in different fields like optoelectronics, magnetic devices, drug delivery, and sensors. Nanoparticle synthesis by green methods is safe for the environment and should be explored and encouraged popularly since various plants' have the high extent to form these nanoparticles. Worldwide, UV spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS), Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) besides Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) are used in many ways for characterize nanoparticles. The most advantageous use of AgNPs is their great attribution to be used as antimicrobial agents. Finally, concept of AgNPs synthesis is deserved to be the modern technical and medical concern. The current review shows a complete comprehensive and analytical survey of the biosynthesis of AgNPs with a particular focus on their activities as antimicrobials and the possible theories of their effect on the microbial cell and all influenced secondary metabolites.

Biogenic synthesis of novel nanomaterials and their applications

Despite the many benefits derived from the unique features and practicality of nanoparticles, the release of their toxic by-products or products from the synthesis stage into the environment could negatively impact natural resources and organisms. The physical and chemical methods for nanoparticle synthesis involve high energy consumption and the use of hazardous chemicals, respectively, going against the principles of green chemistry. Biological methods of synthesis that rely on extracts from a broad range of natural plants, and microorganisms, such as fungi, bacteria, algae, and yeast, have emerged as viable alternatives to the physical and chemical methods. Nanoparticles synthesized through biogenic pathways are particularly useful for biological applications that have high concerns about contamination. Herein, we review the physical and chemical methods of nanoparticle synthesis and present a detailed overview of the biogenic methods used for the synthesis of different nanoparticles. The major points discussed in this study are the following: (1) the fundamentals of the physical and chemical methods of nanoparticle syntheses, (2) the use of different biological precursors (microorganisms and plant extracts) to synthesize gold, silver, selenium, iron, and other metal nanoparticles, and (3) the applications of biogenic nanoparticles in diverse fields of study, including the environment, health, material science, and analytical chemistry.

Plant mediated fabrication of silver nanoparticles, process optimization, and impact on tomato plant

Nanotechnology is one of the fastest-growing markets, but developing eco-friendly products, their maximum production, stability, and higher yield is a challenge. In this study, silver nanoparticles were synthesized using an easily available resource, leaves extract of the Neem (Azadirachta indica) plant, as a reducing and capping agent, determined their effect on germination and growth of tomato plants. The maximum production of silver nanoparticles was noted at 70 °C after 3 h of reaction time while treating the 10 ml leaf extract of Neem plant with 10 ml of 1 mM silver nitrate. The impact of the extract preparation method and solvent type on the plant mediated fabrication of silver nanoparticles was also investigated. The UV-spectrophotometric analysis confirmed the synthesis of silver nanoparticles and showed an absorption spectrum within Δ420-440 nm range. The size of the fabricated silver nanoparticles was 22-30 nm. The functional groups such as ethylene, amide, carbonyl, methoxy, alcohol, and phenol attached to stabilize the nanoparticles were observed using the FTIR technique. SEM, EDX, and XRD analyses were performed to study the physiochemical characteristics of synthesized nanoparticles. Silver nanoparticles increased the germination rate of tomato seeds up to 70% while decreasing the mean germination time compared to the control. Silver nanoparticles applied at varying concentrations significantly increased the shoot length (25 to 80%), root length (10 to 60%), and fresh biomass (10 to 80%) biomass of the tomato plant. The production of total chlorophyll, carotenoid, flavonoids, soluble sugar, and protein was significantly increased in tomato plants treated with 5 and 10 ppm silver nanoparticles compared to the control. Green synthesized silver nanoparticles are cost-effective and nontoxic and can be applied in agriculture, biomedical, and other fields.

Amyloid-like protein bridged nano-materials and fabrics for preparing rapid and long lasting antibacterial, UV-resistant and personal thermal management textiles

Textiles with efficient and long-lasting antibacterial properties have attracted significant attention. However, a single antibacterial model is insufficient to with variable environments and achieve higher antibacterial activity. In this study, lysozyme was used as assistant and stabilizer, and the efficient peeling and functional modification of molybdenum disulfide nanosheets were realized by ultrasonic. Additionally, lysozyme in the presence of reducing agents to form amyloid-like phase-transited lysozyme (PTL) and self-assembling on the wool fabric. Finally, the AgNPs are reduced in situ by PTL and anchored onto the fabric. It has been demonstrated that Ag-MoS2/PTL@wool generates ROS under light irradiation, rapidly converts photothermal heat into generate hyperthermia, and promotes the release of Ag+. The aforementioned "four-in-one" approach resulted in bactericidal rates of 99.996 % (4.4 log, P < 0.0005) and 99.998 % (4.7 log, P < 0.0005) for S.aureus and E.coli, respectively. Even after 50 washing cycles, the inactivation rates remained at 99.813 % and 99.792 % for E.coli and S.aureus, respectively. In the absence of sunlight, AgNPs and PTL continue to provide continuous antibacterial activity. This work emphasizes the importance of amyloid protein in the synthesis and application of high-performance nanomaterials and provides a new direction for the safe and effective application of multiple synergistic antibacterial modes for microbial inactivation.

Phytochemical Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles and Their Antimicrobial Investigation on Cotton and Wool Textiles

The use of bio-based reagents for silver nanoparticle (AgNP) production has gained much attention among researchers as it has paved the way for environmentally friendly approaches at low cost for synthesizing nanomaterials while maintaining their properties. In this study, Stellaria media aqueous extract was used for silver nanoparticle phyto-synthesis, and the resulting treatment was applied to textile fabrics to test its antimicrobial properties against bacteria and fungi strains. The chromatic effect was also established by determining the L*a*b* parameters. For optimizing the synthesis, different ratios of extract to silver precursor were tested using UV-Vis spectroscopy to observe the SPR-specific band. Moreover, the AgNP dispersions were tested for their antioxidant properties using chemiluminescence and TEAC methods, and the phenolic content was evaluated by the Folin-Ciocâlteu method. For the optimal ratio, values of average size, 50.11 ± 3.25 nm, zeta potential, -27.10 ± 2.16 mV, and polydispersity index, 0.209, were obtained via the DLS technique and zeta potential measurements. AgNPs were further characterized by EDX and XRD techniques to confirm their formation and by microscopic techniques to evaluate their morphology. TEM measurements revealed cvasi-spherical particles with sizes in the range of 10-30 nm, while SEM images confirmed their uniform distribution on the textile fiber surface.

Green synthesis and antimicrobial mechanism of nanoparticles: applications in agricultural and agrifood safety

The growing demand for food and its safety are a challenge for agriculture and agrifood. This has led to the incorporation of alternatives such as organic agriculture, the use of biocontrollers, the development of transgenic plants resistant to pathogens and the incorporation of nanotechnology. In this sense, agrochemicals based on nanoparticles (NPs) have been developed. Recently, the green synthesis of NPs has grown rapidly and, for this reason, molecules, microorganisms, fungi and plants are used. Synthesis from plant extracts offers a broad spectrum and, despite the fact that NPs are usually dispersed in size and shape, extensive antimicrobial effectiveness has been demonstrated at nanomolar concentrations. It has been shown that the mechanism of action can be through the dissipation of the driving force of the protons, the alteration of cellular permeability, the formation of bonds with the thiol group of the proteins, the generation of reactive species of oxygen, and the hyperoxidation of DNA, RNA and even the cell membrane. To improve the efficiency of NPs, modifications have been made such as coating with other metals, the addition of antibiotics, detergents and surfactants, as well as the acidification of the solution. Consequently, NPs are considered as a promising method for achieving safety in the agricultural and agrifood area. However, it is necessary to investigate the side effects of NPs, when applied in agroecological systems, on the textural, nutriment and sensory properties of food, as well as the impact on human health. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.

Synthesis, applications, toxicity and toxicity mechanisms of silver nanoparticles: A review

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have become one of the most popular objects of study for the past few decades. The ability to design AgNPs through different synthetic methods according to the application area and desired features is their advantage in many applications. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles has become one of the most potential synthesis methods. Because of their strong antibacterial activity, AgNPs have been used in a wide range of applications, such as food packaging and medical products and devices. With the increasing application of AgNPs, it is becoming necessary for a better understanding of the toxicity of AgNPs and their potential mechanism of toxicity. In the review, we first describe the synthetic methods of AgNPs. The application of AgNPs in the field is then briefly described. The toxicity of AgNPs and their potential toxicity mechanisms are discussed.

Metal nanoparticles produced by plants with antibacterial properties against Staphylococcus aureus

Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is a pathogenic bacteria that causes a variety of potentially fatal infections. The emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains of S. aureus has made treatment even more difficult. In recent years, nanoparticles have been used as an alternative therapeutic agent for S. aureus infections. Among various methods for the synthesis of nanoparticles, the method utilizing plant extracts from different parts of a plant, such as root, stem, leaf, flower, seeds, etc. is gaining widespread usage. Phytochemicals present in plant extract are an inexpensive, eco-friendly, natural material that act as reducing and stabilization agent for the nanoparticle synthesis. The utilization of plant-fabricated nanoparticles against S. aureus is currently in trend. The current review discusses recent findings in the therapeutic application of phytofabricated metal-based nanoparticles against Staphylococcus aureus.

Nanomaterials in the future biotextile industry: A new cosmovision to obtain smart biotextiles

For centuries, man has dominated the development of fibers and textiles to make clothing that protects them against environmental adversities, and gradually dissimilar cultural and ethnic identity traits have been created. Our garments are composed of natural elements such as animal leather, vegetable fibers, and synthetic textiles that result in ultra-resistant and durable materials. However, the textile industry has a non-sustainable character mainly because population growth will limit the use of natural resources, such as land and water, exclusively for food. At the same time, petrochemical-derived materials will gradually be replaced by more biodegradable alternatives due to their toxic accumulation in the local environment and their contribution to global climate change. The vast inventiveness of human-being is opening the possibility of replacing our clothes by mimicking, reproducing, and scaling up nature’s biosynthetic machinery through cutting-edge biotechnological approaches. Nevertheless, the new cosmovision of biotextiles must meet two requirements: 1) the appearance and performance of the clothes should be preserved to join the current textile market demand, and at the same time, 2) new functionalities should be incorporated into our clothes to embrace the impressive technological advances occurring day to day. In this regard, nanotechnological developments will be able to provide the desired properties so that the textile industry can provide bio-based materials enhanced with nanotechnology-based intelligent functionalities. This perspective article discloses nano-biotechnological approaches to address the challenge of dressing up future societies and new material consciousness.

Functional silver nanoparticles synthesis from sustainable point of view: 2000 to 2023 ‒ A review on game changing materials

The green and facile synthesis of metallic silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) is getting tremendous attention for exploring superior applications because of their small dimensions and shape. AgNPs are already proven materials for superior coloration, biocidal, thermal, UV-protection, and mechanical performance. Originally, some conventional chemical-based reducing agents were used to synthesize AgNPs, but these posed potential risks, especially for enhanced toxicity. This became a driving force to innovate plant-based sustainable and green metallic nanoparticles (NPs). Moreover, the synthesized NPs using plant-based derivatives could be tuned and regulated to achieve the required shape and size of the AgNPs. AgNPs synthesized from naturally derived materials are safe, economical, eco-friendly, facile, and convenient, which is also motivating researchers to find greener routes and viable options, utilizing various parts of plants like flowers, stems, heartwood, leaves and carbohydrates like chitosan to meet the demands. This article intends to provide a comprehensive review of all aspects of AgNP materials, including green synthesis methodology and mechanism, incorporation of advanced technologies, morphological and elemental study, functional properties (coloration, UV-protection, biocidal, thermal, and mechanical properties), marketing value, future prospects and application, especially for the last 20 years or more. The article also includes a SWOT (Strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats) analysis regarding the use of AgNPs. This report would facilitate the industries and consumers associated with AgNP synthesis and application through fulfilling the demand for sustainable, feasible, and low-cost product manufacturing protocols and their future prospects.

Recent Advances in Functionalization of Cotton Fabrics with Nanotechnology

Nowadays, consumers understand that upgrading their traditional clothing can improve their lives. In a garment fabric, comfort and functional properties are the most important features that a wearer looks for. A variety of textile technologies are being developed to meet the needs of customers. In recent years, nanotechnology has become one of the most important areas of research. Nanotechnology's unique and useful characteristics have led to its rapid expansion in the textile industry. In the production of high-performance textiles, various finishing, coating, and manufacturing techniques are used to produce fibers or fabrics with nano sized (10-9) particles. Humans have been utilizing cotton for thousands of years, and it accounts for around 34% of all fiber production worldwide. The clothing industry, home textile industry, and healthcare industry all use it extensively. Nanotechnology can enhance cotton fabrics' properties, including antibacterial activity, self-cleaning, UV protection, etc. Research in the field of the functionalization of nanotechnology and their integration into cotton fabrics is presented in the present study.

The effect of AgNPS bio-functionalization on the cytotoxicity of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae

This work used Sedum praealtum leaf extract to synthesize silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in a single step. The cytotoxicity of AgNPs was studied with the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae W303-1. In addition, the antioxidant activity of the DPPH radical was studied both in the extract of S. praealtum and in the AgNPs. UV-Vis spectroscopy determined the presence of AgNPs by the location of the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) band at 434 nm. TEM and XRD analyzes show AgNPs with fcc structure and hemispherical morphology. Also, AgNPs range in size from 5 to 25 nm and have an average size of 14 nm. 1H NMR, FTIR, and UV-Vis spectroscopy techniques agreed that glycosidic compounds were the main phytochemical components responsible for the reduction and stabilization of AgNPs. In addition, AgNPs presented a maximum of 12% toxicity in yeast attributed to the generation of ROS. Consequently, there was low bioactivity because glycoside compounds cover the biosynthesized AgNPs from S. praealtum. These findings allow applications of AgNPs involving contact with mammals and higher organisms.

Cassia alata, Coriandrum sativum, Curcuma longa and Azadirachta indica: Food Ingredients as Complementary and Alternative Therapies for Atopic Dermatitis-A Comprehensive Review

Traditional medicine is critical in disease treatment and management. Herbs are gaining popularity for disease management and treatment. Therefore, they can be utilised as complementary and alternative treatment (CAT) ingredients. Atopic dermatitis (AD) is one of the common non-communicable diseases. It is characterised by chronic inflammatory skin disease with intense pruritus and eczematous lesions. AD is associated with oxidative stress, microbial infection, and upregulation of inflammatory cytokines. Both children and adults could be affected by this skin disorder. The prevalence of AD is increasing along with the country’s level of development. This review revisited the literature on four medicinal herbs widely used as complementary medicine to manage AD. These therapeutic herbs are commonly eaten as food and used as spices in Asian cuisine. The four food herbs reviewed are Cassia alata, Coriandrum sativum, Curcuma longa Linn, and Azadirachta indica. Their traditional uses and phytochemical content will be covered. Four relevant pharmacological and biological activities of the plants crucial in AD management have been reviewed and discussed, including anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, antioxidant, and wound recovery.

Biomedical and Textile Applications of Alternanthera sessilis Leaf Extract Mediated Synthesis of Colloidal Silver Nanoparticle

The aqueous extract of Alternanthera sessilis (As) acts as the precursors for the quick reduction of silver ions, which leads to the formation of silver nanoparticles. In the agar, well diffusion method of the Klebsiella pneumoniae shows the minimal inhibitory concentration of 12 mm against A. sessilis mediated silver nanoparticles (As-AgNPs) at 60 µg/mL concentration. Fabric treated with novel AS-AgNPs is tested against the K. pneumoniae and shows an inhibitory action of 12 mm with mixed cotton that determines the antimicrobial efficacy of the fabrics. Uv- visible spectrophotometer was performed, showing a surface plasmon resonance peak at 450 nm cm^-1. FTIR shows the vibration and the infrared radiation at a specific wavelength of 500-4000 cm^-1. The HR-TEM analysis showed the presence of black-white crystalline, spherical-shaped As-AgNPs embedded on the fabrics range of 15 nm-40 nm. In the scanning electron microscope, the presence of small ball-shaped As-AgNPs embedded on the fabrics at a voltage of 30 KV was found with a magnification of 578X. EDAX was performed in which the nanoparticles show a peak of 2.6-3.9 KeV, and it also reveals the presence of the composition, distribution, and elemental mapping of the nanoparticles. The cytotoxic activity of synthesized nanosilver was carried out against L929 cell lines, which show cell viability at a concentration of 2.5 µg mL^-1. Cell proliferation assay shows no cytotoxicity against L929 cell lines for 24 h. In this study, the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles from A. sessilis appears to be a cheap, eco-friendly, and alternative approach for curing infectious ulcers on the floor of the stratum corneum. Nanotechnology conjoined with herbal therapeutics provides a promising solution for wound management.

Biosynthesis of novel metallic silvers on kraft papers using cephalotaxus harringtonia fruit extract as a sustainable stabilizing agent (KP@AgNP)

Greenly synthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) on different cellulosic materials show tremendous potential for colorful, biocidal, and reasonably strong products by replacing the traditional chemical-based synthesis protocols. This study reports on a novel in situ synthesis protocol for synthesizing green and sustainable AgNPs over cellulosic kraft paper substrates using a bio-based stabilizing agent (Cephalotaxus harringtonia fruit extract). The protocol could play a significant role in packaging industries. The aqueous extracts of Cephalotaxus harringtonia fruits have been used to synthesize the metallic silver. The deposited AgNPs values were investigated through XRF (X-ray fluorescence) analysis. The number of deposited nanoparticles (NPs) was 268 ± 7, 805 ± 14, and 1,045 ± 16 PPM, respectively for 0.5, 1.5, and 2.5 mm silver precursors. The developed products were tested with SEM (scanning electron microscopy), SEM-mediated elemental mapping, EDX (energy disruptive X-ray), FTIR (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy), and XRD (X-Ray diffraction). XRD analysis further confirmed the presence of peaks for elemental AgNP on the deposited papers. Colorimetric values were measured to confirm the colorful appearances of the developed metallic silvers. Mechanical properties were tested in terms of the tensile index and bursting index. Moreover, the statistical analysis of coefficient of variations (R2) and a post-hoc ANOVA test that adopted the Newman-Keul methodology also confirm the significance of developed nanoparticles in the papers. The shielding capacity against UV light was also investigated; all the AgNPs-treated products provided values higher than 40, demonstrating the strong UV resistance capability of the kraft paper material. Overall, the study confirms a successful development of green AgNPs on paper materials.

Development of Wash-Durable Antimicrobial Cotton Fabrics by In Situ Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles and Investigation of Their Antimicrobial Efficacy against Drug-Resistant Bacteria

An environment friendly and wash-durable silver nanoparticle treatment of cotton fabrics was carried out by in situ reduction of silver nitrate using Azadirachta indica leaf extract. The wash durability of the silver nanoparticles treatment on the cotton fabric was improved by pretreating the fabrics by mercerization and by adopting hydrothermal conditions of 120 °C temperature and 15 psi pressure for the in situ synthesis. The silver nanoparticle treated fabrics were characterized using scanning electron microscopy, colorimetric analysis and inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy. The coating of silver nanoparticles was seen to be dense and uniform in the scanning electron micrographs of the treated fabrics. An evaluation of the antibacterial efficacy of the silver nanoparticle treated fabric against antibiotic-resistant Gram-positive and Gram-negative strains was carried out. The antibacterial efficacy was found to be the highest against Bacillus licheniformis, showing 93.3% inhibition, whereas it was moderate against Klebsiella pneumoniae (20%) and Escherichia coli (10%). The transmittance data of a UV spectrophotometer (290–400nm) was used for measuring the UV protection factor of the silver nanoparticle treated fabrics. All the silver nanoparticle treated fabrics showed good antimicrobial and UV protection activity. The treatment was also seen to be durable against repeated laundering. This paper contributes the first report on a novel green synthesis approach integrating mercerization of cotton fabrics and in situ synthesis of nanoparticles under hydrothermal conditions using Azadirachta indica leaf extract for improved wash durability of the multifunctional fabric.

Green Synthesis of Antibacterial Nanocomposite of Silver Nanoparticle-Doped Hydroxyapatite Utilizing Curcuma longa Leaf Extract and Land Snail (Achatina fulica) Shell Waste

Preparation of green synthesized silver nanoparticle (AgNPs)-doped hydroxyapatite (Ag/HA) utilizing Curcuma longa leaf extract and land snail (Achatina fulica) shell waste was performed. Physicochemical characteristics and antibacterial activity of Ag/HA composite as a function of Ag content was studied. Instrumental analysis such as XRD, SEM-EDX, TEM, and XPS were employed to characterize the nanocomposites. The physicochemical study revealed the maintained porous structure of HA after Ag immobilization, and from TEM analyses, it was found that the distributed spherical particles are associated with the dispersed Ag and have a particle diameter of around 5-25 nm. Antibacterial activity of the nanocomposite was evaluated against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Kliebsiella, pneumonia, and Streptococcus pyogenes. The results showed that the varied Ag content (1.0; 1.6; and 2.4% wt) influenced the nanoparticle distribution in the nanocomposite and enhanced the antibacterial feature.

Physical and Mechanical Characterization of a Functionalized Cotton Fabric with Nanocomposite Based on Silver Nanoparticles and Carboxymethyl Chitosan Using Green Chemistry

Cotton is the most widely used natural fiber for textiles but its innate capacity to absorb moisture, retain oxygen, and high specific surface area make it more prone to microbial contamination, becoming an appropriate medium for the growth of bacteria and fungi. In recent years, the incorporation of silver nanoparticles in textile products has been widely used due to their broad-spectrum antibacterial activity and low toxicity towards mammalian cells. The aim of the current study is to synthesize and characterize a nanocomposite based on silver nanoparticles and carboxymethyl chitosan (AgNPs-CMC), which was utilized to provide a functional finish to cotton fabric. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) to produce a scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM) image showed that the nanocomposite presents AgNPs with a 5–20 nm size. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis confirmed the presence of silver nanoparticles. The concentration of silver in the functionalized fabric was evaluated by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES), which reported an average concentration of 13.5 mg of silver per kg of functionalized fabric. SEM showed that silver nanoparticles present a uniform distribution on the surface of the functionalized cotton fabric fibers. On the other hand, by infrared spectroscopy, it was observed that the functionalized fabric variation (compared to control) had a displaced peak of intensity at 1594.32 cm−1, corresponding to carboxylate anions. Similarly, Raman spectroscopy showed an intense peak at 1592.84 cm−1, which corresponds to the primary amino group of carboxymethyl chitosan, and a peak at 1371.5 cm−1 corresponding to the carboxylic anions. Finally, the physical and mechanical tests of tensile strength and color index of the functional fabric reported that it was no different (p ˃ 0.05) than the control fabric. Our results demonstrate that we have obtained an improved functionalized cotton fabric using green chemistry that does not alter intrinsic properties of the fabric and has the potential to be utilized in the manufacturing of hospital garments.

Antibacterial and Antifungal Activity of Functionalized Cotton Fabric with Nanocomposite Based on Silver Nanoparticles and Carboxymethyl Chitosan

Cotton is the most widely used natural fiber for textiles; however, the capacity of cotton fibers to absorb large amounts of moisture, retain oxygen, and have a high specific surface area makes them more prone to microbial contamination, becoming an appropriate medium for the growth of bacteria and fungi. In recent years, the incorporation of silver nanoparticles in textile products has been widely used due to their broad-spectrum antibacterial activity and low toxicity towards mammalian cells. The aim of the current study is to continue the assessment of our developed nanocomposite and evaluate the antibacterial and antifungal activity of the nanocomposite based on silver nanoparticles and carboxymethyl chitosan (AgNPs-CMC) against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida albicans, evaluated by the well diffusion method. The antibacterial activity against E. coli and S. aureus was also evaluated by the qualitative method of inhibition zone and the quantitative method of colony counting. Likewise, the antifungal activity of the functionalized fabric against Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger was determined by the inhibition zone method and the antifungal activity method GBT 24346-2009, respectively. The functionalized fabric showed 100% antibacterial activity against E. coli and S. aureus and good antifungal activity against C. albicans and A. niger. Our results indicate that the functionalized fabric could be used in garments for hospital use to reduce nosocomial infections.

Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Hypericum perforatum L. Aqueous Extract with the Evaluation of Its Antibacterial Activity against Clinical and Food Pathogens

The rapid development of nanotechnology and its applications in medicine has provided the perfect solution against a wide range of different microbes, especially antibiotic-resistant ones. In this study, a one-step approach was used in preparing silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) by mixing silver nitrate with hot Hypericum perforatum (St. John’s wort) aqueous extract under high stirring to prevent agglomeration. The formation of silver nanoparticles was monitored by continuous measurement of the surface plasma resonance spectra (UV-VIS). The effect of St. John’s wort aqueous extract on the formation of silver nanoparticles was evaluated and fully characterized by using different physicochemical techniques. The obtained silver nanoparticles were spherical, monodisperse, face-centered cubic (fcc) crystal structures, and the size ranges between 20 to 40 nm. They were covered with a capping layer of organic compounds considered as a nano dimension protective layer that prevents agglomeration and sedimentation. AgNPs revealed antibacterial activity against both tested Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains causing the formation of 13–32 mm inhibition zones with MIC 6.25–12.5 µg/mL; Escherichia coli strains were resistant to tested AgNPs. The specific growth rate of S. aureus was significantly reduced due to tested AgNPs at concentrations ≥½ MIC. AgNPs did not affect wound migration in fibroblast cell lines compared to control. Our results highlighted the potential use of AgNPs capped with plant extracts in the pharmaceutical and food industries to control bacterial pathogens’ growth; however, further studies are required to confirm their wound healing capability and their health impact must be critically evaluated.

Phytochemicals and Nano-Phytopharmaceuticals Use in Skin, Urogenital and Locomotor Disorders: Are We There?

Nanomedicines emerged from nanotechnology and have been introduced to bring advancements in treating multiple diseases. Nano-phytomedicines are synthesized from active phytoconstituents or plant extracts. Advancements in nanotechnology also help in the diagnosis, monitoring, control, and prevention of various diseases. The field of nanomedicine and the improvements of nanoparticles has been of keen interest in multiple industries, including pharmaceutics, diagnostics, electronics, communications, and cosmetics. In herbal medicines, these nanoparticles have several attractive properties that have brought them to the forefront in searching for novel drug delivery systems by enhancing efficacy, bioavailability, and target specificity. The current review investigated various therapeutic applications of different nano-phytopharmaceuticals in locomotor, dermal, reproductive, and urinary tract disorders to enhance bioavailability and efficacy of phytochemicals and herbal extracts in preclinical and in vitro studies. There is a lack of clinical and extensive preclinical studies. The research in this field is expanding but strong evidence on the efficacy of these nano-phytopharmaceuticals for human use is still limited. The long-term efficacy and safety of nano-phytopharmaceuticals must be ensured with priority before these materials emerge as common human therapeutics. Overall, this review provides up-to-date information on related contemporary research on nano-phytopharmaceuticals and nano-extracts in the fields of dermatological, urogenital, and locomotor disorders.

Medicinal plants mediated the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles and their biomedical applications

The alarming effect of antibiotic resistance prompted the search for alternative medicine to resolve the microbial resistance conflict. Over the last two decades, scientists have become increasingly interested in metallic nanoparticles to discover their new dimensions. Green nano synthesis is a rapidly expanding field of interest in nanotechnology due to its feasibility, low toxicity, eco‐friendly nature, and long‐term viability. Some plants have long been used in medicine because they contain a variety of bioactive compounds. Silver has long been known for its antibacterial properties. Silver nanoparticles have taken a special place among other metal nanoparticles. Silver nanotechnology has a big impact on medical applications like bio‐coating, novel antimicrobial agents, and drug delivery systems. This review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the pharmaceutical qualities of medicinal plants, as well as a convenient guideline for plant‐based silver nanoparticles and their antimicrobial activity.

In vivo assessment of the durable, green and in situ bio-functional cotton fabrics based carboxymethyl chitosan nanohybrid for wound healing application

Herein, a newly developed approach for durable antibacterial cotton fabrics coated carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCs) via ionic crosslinking driven by cationization of cotton surface (CC) with 3-chloro-2-hydroxyl propyl-trimethyl ammonium chloride (CHTAC). In this regard, the novelty was extended to impart a highly antibacterial activity through harnessing of the as-functionalized CMCs/CC in situ preparation of AgNPs, without using of hazardous reductants. The antibacterial activity of the in situ prepared AgNPs onto CMCs/CC as well as the in vivo study on the rat lab were investigated to evaluate their healing efficiency, pathological tissues and biomarkers. Results affirmed that the treatment of CC with 10% of CMCs was adequate to achieve the highest swelling ratio which, in turns, is able to in situ deposition of AgNPs with a size range of 2-10 nm onto CC/CMCs rendering them a highly durable antibacterial activity against both Gram +Ve and Gram -Ve bacteria, which had a bacterial reduction of 98% to 86% after 20 washing cycles. Furthermore, the in vivo study revealed effectively the advantageous uses of the cotton functionalized with AgNPs compared to CC/CMCs in wound healing via alleviating the oxidative stress and promoting hyaluronic acid in wounded skin as well as increasing RUNX2 in healed skin tissues.

First study on diversity and antimicrobial-resistant profile of staphylococci in sports animals of Southern Thailand

Background and Aim:

Staphylococci are commensal bacteria and opportunistic pathogens found on the skin and mucosa. Sports animals are more prone to injury and illness, and we believe that antimicrobial agents might be extensively used for the treatment and cause the existence of antimicrobial-resistant (AMR) bacteria. This study aimed to investigate the diversity and AMR profile of staphylococci in sports animals (riding horses, fighting bulls, and fighting cocks) in South Thailand.

Materials and Methods:

Nasal (57 fighting bulls and 33 riding horses) and skin swabs (32 fighting cocks) were taken from 122 animals. Staphylococci were cultured in Mannitol Salt Agar and then identified species by biochemical tests using the VITEK^® 2 card for Gram-positive organisms in conjunction with the VITEK^® 2 COMPACT machine and genotypic identification by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Antimicrobial susceptibility tests were performed with VITEK^® 2 AST-GN80 test kit cards and VITEK^® 2 COMPACT machine. Detection of AMR genes (mecA, mecC, and blaZ) and staphylococcal chromosomal mec (SCCmec) type was evaluated by PCR.

Results:

Forty-one colonies of staphylococci were isolated, and six species were identified, including Staphylococcus sciuri (61%), Staphylococcus pasteuri (15%), Staphylococcus cohnii (10%), Staphylococcus aureus (7%), Staphylococcus warneri (5%), and Staphylococcus haemolyticus (2%). Staphylococci were highly resistant to two drug classes, penicillin (93%) and cephalosporin (51%). About 56% of the isolates were methicillin-resistant staphylococci (MRS), and the majority was S. sciuri (82%), which is primarily found in horses. Most MRS (82%) were multidrug-resistant. Almost all (96%) of the mecA-positive MRS harbored the blaZ gene. Almost all MRS isolates possessed an unknown type of SCCmec. Interestingly, the AMR rate was notably lower in fighting bulls and cocks than in riding horses, which may be related to the owner’s preference for herbal therapy over antimicrobial drugs.

Conclusion:

This study presented many types of staphylococci displayed on bulls, cocks, and horses. However, we found a high prevalence of MRS in horses that could be transmitted to owners through close contact activities and might be a source of AMR genotype transmission to other staphylococci.