Novel amphibian-derived antioxidant peptide protects skin against ultraviolet irradiation damage

Milk-derived exosome-loaded SS31 as a novel strategy to mitigate UV-induced photodamage in skin

It is widely recognized that ultraviolet (UV) radiation primarily catalyses photodamage in the skin by generating reactive oxygen species (ROS). In this study, we developed a novel antioxidant complex, Exo-SS31, by loading the antioxidant peptide SS31 (also known as MTP-131, elamipretide) into milk-derived exosomes. Our findings indicate that Exo-SS31 is an effective antioxidant capable of mitigating Human dermal fibroblast (HDF) damage induced by ultraviolet exposure, suppressing ROS production, and achieving greater therapeutic efficacy than SS31 alone. This complex can regulate the levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione (GSH) within the skin, inhibit the expression of proteins in pathways such as pMAPK and AP-1 triggered by UV radiation, and reduce the expression of the matrix metalloproteinases MMP1 and MMP3. Through these mechanisms, Exo-SS31 effectively prevents collagen degradation in the dermis and inhibits ultraviolet-induced photodamage. The use of milk-derived exosomes as carriers for antioxidant peptides represents a promising strategy to increase the bioavailability of peptide-based therapeutics.

UVB radiation and amphibian resilience: Analyzing skin color, immune suppression and oxidative stress in Rana kukunoris from different elevations

Ultraviolet-B radiation (UVBR), intensified by ozone depletion and climate change, poses a growing ecological threat to amphibians, particularly in high-elevation regions such as the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Endemic to this region, Rana kukunoris spans a wide range of elevations, where distinct populations may have evolved unique strategies and regulatory mechanisms to cope with UVBR. However, specific adaptive responses in adult frogs remain underexplored. This study compared the physiological responses of high- and low-altitude Rana kukunoris populations to UVBR exposure, focusing on dorsal color, immune function, antioxidant capacity, and DNA repair gene expression. High-altitude populations exhibited stable, dark pigmentation-potentially reducing the need for rapid melanin synthesis-alongside a robust immune profile and enhanced antioxidant enzyme activity, collectively conferring resilience against oxidative and immune stress under chronic UVBR exposure. Conversely, low-altitude populations exhibited pronounced UVBR-induced responses, including significant skin darkening, heightened immune activation evidenced by increased white blood cell counts, and increased oxidative damage marked by higher malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, coupled with reduced superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities. Furthermore, tissue-specific upregulation of DNA repair genes in high-altitude populations suggested a stable DNA repair capacity adapted to high-UVBR environments. These findings reveal distinct physiological strategies within the same species for coping with UVBR across altitudinal gradients. Amid global increases in UVBR, this study offers novel insights into amphibian resilience in high-UVBR habitats and informs conservation strategies for populations across varying elevations.

Novel tryptophyllin peptides from Physalaemus centralis inhibit oxidative stress-induced endothelial dysfunction in rat aorta preparation

Amphibian skin is a rich source of molecules with biotechnological potential, including the tryptophyllin family of peptides. Here, we report the identification and characterization of two tryptophyllin peptides, FPPEWISR and FPWLLS-NH2, from the skin of the Central Dwarf Frog, Physalaemus centralis. These peptides were identified through cDNA cloning and sequence comparison. FPWLLS-NH2 shares its primary structure with a previously identified peptide from the skin of Pelophylax perezi, named PpT-2. Another peptide, FPPEWISR, is novel and was named PcT-1. After solid-phase peptide synthesis, both peptides exhibited significant antioxidant activity, with PcT-1 and PpT-2 demonstrating ABTS radical scavenging capacities of 0.305 and 0.269 mg Trolox equivalents/mg peptide, respectively, and ORAC values of 0.319 and 0.248 mg Trolox equivalents/mg peptide. Additionally, PcT-1 and PpT-2 inhibited AAPH-induced hemolysis in human red blood cells, achieving a protection level comparable to Trolox at 0.2 mg/mL. In rat aorta preparations, both peptides partially restored acetylcholine-induced vasorelaxation following pyrogallol-induced oxidative stress, with a greater protective effect of PpT-2. Hemolytic activity assay indicated no cytotoxicity in human red blood cells, and tests on Galleria mellonella larvae confirmed their low toxicity in vivo. These findings highlight the biotechnological potential of PcT-1 and PpT-2 as antioxidant agents, paving the way for new therapeutic applications in combating oxidative stress-related diseases.

The Role of Amphibian AMPs Against Oxidative Stress and Related Diseases

Amphibians use their skin as an effective defense mechanism against predators and microorganisms. Specialized glands produce antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) that possess antioxidant properties, effectively reducing reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels. These peptides are promising candidates for treating diseases associated with oxidative stress (OS) and redox imbalance, including neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), Huntington's disease (HD), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), as well as age-related conditions, like cardiovascular diseases and cancer. This review highlights the multifaceted roles of AMPs and antioxidant peptides (AOPs) in amphibians, emphasizing their protective capabilities against oxidative damage. They scavenge ROS, activate antioxidant enzyme systems, and inhibit cellular damage. AOPs often share structural characteristics with AMPs, suggesting a potential evolutionary connection and similar biosynthetic pathways. Peptides such as brevinin-1FL and Cath-KP demonstrate neuroprotective effects, indicating their therapeutic potential in managing oxidative stress-related diseases. The antioxidant properties of amphibian-derived peptides pave the way for novel therapeutic developments. However, a deeper understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying these peptides and their interactions with oxidative stress is essential to addressing ROS-related diseases and advancing therapeutic strategies in clinical practice.

Magainin-AM2 inhibits sucrose-induced hyperglycaemia, oxidative stress, and cognitive dysfunction in Drosophila melanogaster

Hyperglycaemia-induced oxidative stress plays significant roles in the development of type 2 diabetes and its complications. This study investigates effects of magainin-AM2 on high-sucrose diet induced redox imbalance and cognitive impairment in Drosophila melanogaster. Effects of various concentrations of sucrose, magainin-AM2 or a combination of both agents on mortality, eclosion rate, generation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, activities of antioxidant enzymes, thiol system, and markers of cognitive functions in control and treated flies were examined. Results showed that the exposure of flies to high sucrose (30 %-60 % w/w) diet increased mortality rate (38-67 %, P < 0.001) and levels of glucose (1.8-1.9-fold, P < 0.001), hydrogen peroxide (1.4-1.5-fold, P < 0.01) and nitrite/nitrate (1.2-fold, P < 0.01). Decreased levels of total thiol (53-59 %, P < 0.01), non-protein thiols (59-63 %, P < 0.01), catalase activities (39-47 %, P < 0.01-0.05) and glutathione-s-transferase activities (31-43 %, P < 0.01-0.05) were also observed. Magainin-AM2 (0-10 μM/kg diet) did not affect fly mortality rate, levels of hydrogen peroxide and nitrite/nitrate, and activities of catalase and glutathione-s-transferase. However, the peptide produced a dose-dependent increase in total thiol 1.2-1.6-fold, P < 0.001-0.01)and increases non-protein thiol levels at 10 μM/kg diet (2.0-fold, P < 0.01). Magainin-AM2 inhibited sucrose-induced elevation of glucose (55-70 %, P < 0.001), hydrogen peroxide (11-12 %, P < 0.01) and nitrite/nitrate (20-34 %, P < 0.01-0.05). The peptide prevented sucrose-induced reduction in total and non-protein thiols (1.9-2.0-fold, P < 0.05) levels and activities of catalase (2.3-3.1-fold, P < 0.001) and glutathione-s-transferase (1.8-2.8-fold, P < 0.001-0.05). Magainin-AM2 inhibited sucrose-induced reduction in acetylcholinesterase activities (3.6-4.0-fold, P < 0.001), eclosion rate (18 %, P < 0.001) and negative geotaxis (1.3-14-fold, P < 0.001). These results indicate that beneficial actions of magainin-AM2 may also involve the prevention of hyperglycaemia-induced oxidative damage and encourage its further development as an anti-diabetic agent.

Newly identified peptide Nigrocin-OA27 inhibits UVB induced melanin production via the MITF/TYR pathway

Melasma is a common skin disease induced by an increase in the content of melanin in the skin, which also causes serious physical and mental harm to patients. In this research, a novel peptide (Nigrocin-OA27) from Odorrana andersonii is shown to exert a whitening effect on C57 mice pigmentation model. The peptide also demonstrated non-toxic and antioxidant capacity, and can significantly reduce melanin content in B16 cells. Topical application effectively delivered Nigrocin-OA27 to skin's epidermal and dermal layers and exhibited significant preventive and whitening effects on the UVB-induced ear pigmentation model in C57 mice. The whitening mechanism of Nigrocin-OA27 may be related to reduced levels of the microphthalmia-associated transcription factor and the key enzyme for melanogenesis-tyrosinase (TYR). Nigrocin-OA27 also inhibited the catalytic activity by adhering to the active core of TYR, thereby reducing melanin formation and deposition. In conclusion, Nigrocin-OA27 may be a potentially effective external agent to treat melasma by inhibiting aberrant skin melanin synthesis.

A Frog Skin-Derived Peptide Targeting SCD1 Exerts Radioprotective Effects Against Skin Injury by Inhibiting STING-Mediated Inflammation

The extensive application of nuclear technology has increased the potential of uncontrolled radiation exposure to the public. Since skin is the largest organ, radiation-induced skin injury remains a serious medical concern. Organisms evolutionally develop distinct strategies to protect against environment insults and the related research may bring novel insights into therapeutics development. Here, 26 increased peptides are identified in skin tissues of frogs (Pelophylax nigromaculatus) exposed to electron beams, among which four promoted the wound healing of irradiated skin in rats. Specifically, radiation-induced frog skin peptide-2 (RIFSP-2), from histone proteolysis exerted membrane permeability property, maintained cellular homeostasis, and reduced pyroptosis of irradiated cells with decreased TBK1 phosphorylation. Subsequently, stearyl-CoA desaturase 1 (SCD1) is identified, a critical enzyme in biogenesis of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) as a direct target of RIFSP-2 based on streptavidin-biotin system. The lipidomic analysis further assured the restrain of MUFAs biogenesis by RIFSP-2 following radiation. Moreover, the decreased MUFA limited radiation-induced and STING-mediated inflammation response. In addition, genetic depletion or pharmacological inhibition of STING counteracted the decreased pyroptosis by RIFSP-2 and retarded tissue repair process. Altogether, RIFSP-2 restrains radiation-induced activation of SCD1-MUFA-STING axis. Thus, the stress-induced amphibian peptides can be a bountiful source of novel radiation mitigators.

Visualizing the global trends of peptides in wound healing through an in-depth bibliometric analysis

Wound healing is a complicated and multistage biological process for the repair of damaged/injured tissues, which requires intelligent designs to provide comprehensive and convenient treatment. Peptide-based wound dressings have received extensive attention for further development and application due to their excellent biocompatibility and multifunctionality. However, the current lack of intuitive analysis of the development trend and research hotspots of peptides applied in wound healing, as well as detailed elaboration of possible research hotspots, restricted obtaining a comprehensive understanding and development in this field. The present study analysed publications from the Web of Science (WOS) Core Collection database and visualized the hotspots and current trends of peptide research in wound healing. Data between January 1st, 2003, and December 31st, 2022, were collected and subjected to a bibliometric analysis. The countries, institutions, co-authorship, co-citation reference, and co-occurrence of keywords in this subject were examined using VOSviewer and CiteSpace. We provided an intuitive, timely, and logical overview of the development prospects and challenges of peptide application in wound healing and some solutions to the major obstacles, which will help researchers gain insights into the investigation of this promising field.

Dietary supplementation with α-ionone alleviates chronic UVB exposure-induced skin photoaging in mice

Photoaging is widely regarded as the most significant contributor to skin aging damage. It is triggered by prolonged exposure to ultraviolet (UV) light and typically manifests as dryness and the formation of wrinkles. Nutritional intervention is a viable strategy for preventing and treating skin photoaging. In previous studies, we demonstrated that α-ionone had ameliorating effects on photoaging in both epidermal keratinocytes and dermal fibroblasts. Here, we investigated the potential anti-photoaging effects of dietary α-ionone using a UVB-irradiated male C57BL/6N mouse model. Our findings provided compelling evidence that dietary α-ionone alleviates wrinkle formation, skin dryness, and epidermal thickening in chronic UVB-exposed mice. α-Ionone accumulated in mouse skin after 14 weeks of dietary intake of α-ionone. α-Ionone increased collagen density and boosted the expression of collagen genes, while attenuating the UVB-induced increase of matrix metalloproteinase genes in the skin tissues. Furthermore, α-ionone suppressed the expression of senescence-associated secretory phenotypes and reduced the expression of the senescence marker p21 and DNA damage marker p53 in the skin of UVB-irradiated mice. Transcriptome sequencing results showed that α-ionone modifies gene expression profiles of skin. Multiple pathway enrichment analyses on both the differential genes and the entire genes revealed that α-ionone significantly affects multiple physiological processes and signaling pathways associated with skin health and diseases, of which the p53 signaling pathway may be the key signaling pathway. Taken together, our findings reveal that dietary α-ionone intervention holds promise in reducing the risks of skin photoaging, offering a potential strategy to address skin aging concerns.

3D bioprinting of Salvianolic acid B-sodium alginate-gelatin skin scaffolds promotes diabetic wound repair via antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and proangiogenic effects

In patients with diabetic wounds, wound healing is impaired due to the presence of persistent oxidative stress, an altered inflammatory response, and impaired angiogenesis and epithelization. Salvianolic acid B (SAB), which is derived from the Chinese medicinal plant Salvia miltiorrhiza, has been found to exhibit antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and proangiogenic effects. Previous studies have used 3D bioprinting technology incorporating sodium alginate (SA) and gelatin (Gel) as basic biomaterials to successfully produce artificial skin. In the current study, 3D bioprinting technology was used to incorporate SAB into SA-Gel to form a novel SAB-SA-Gel composite porous scaffold. The morphological characteristics, physicochemical characteristics, biocompatibility, and SAB release profile of the SAB-SA-Gel scaffolds were evaluated in vitro. In addition, the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and proangiogenic abilities of the SAB-SA-Gel scaffolds were evaluated in cells and in a rat model. Analysis demonstrated that 1.0 wt% (the percentage of SAB in the total weight of the solution containing SA and Gel) SAB-SA-Gel scaffolds had strong antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and proangiogenic properties both in cells and in the rat model. The 1.0% SAB-SA-Gel scaffold reduced the expression of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6, and interluekin-1β and increased the expression of transforming growth factor-β. In addition, this scaffold removed excessive reactive oxygen species by increasing the expression of superoxide dismutase, thereby protecting fibroblasts from injury. The scaffold increased the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and platelet/endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1, accelerated granulation tissue regeneration and collagen deposition, and promoted wound healing. These findings suggest that this innovative scaffold may have promise as a simple and efficient approach to managing diabetic wound repair.

Antioxidant peptides, the guardian of life from oxidative stress

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are produced during oxidative metabolism in aerobic organisms. Under normal conditions, ROS production and elimination are in a relatively balanced state. However, under internal or external environmental stress, such as high glucose levels or UV radiation, ROS production can increase significantly, leading to oxidative stress. Excess ROS production not only damages biomolecules but is also closely associated with the pathogenesis of many diseases, such as skin photoaging, diabetes, and cancer. Antioxidant peptides (AOPs) are naturally occurring or artificially designed peptides that can reduce the levels of ROS and other pro-oxidants, thus showing great potential in the treatment of oxidative stress-related diseases. In this review, we discussed ROS production and its role in inducing oxidative stress-related diseases in humans. Additionally, we discussed the sources, mechanism of action, and evaluation methods of AOPs and provided directions for future studies on AOPs.

Peptide OA-VI12 restrains melanogenesis in B16 cells and C57B/6 mouse ear skin via the miR-122-5p/Mitf/Tyr axis

Excessive melanogenesis leads to hyperpigmentation, which is one of the common skin conditions in humans. Existing whitening cosmetics cannot meet market needs due to their inherent limitations. Thus, the development of novel skin-whitening agents continues to be a challenge. The peptide OA-VI12 from the skin of amphibians at high altitude has attracted attention due to its remarkable anti light damage activity. However, whether OA-VI12 has the skin-whitening effect of inhibiting melanogenesis is still. Mouse melanoma cells (B16) were used to study the effect of OA-VI12 on cell viability and melanin content. The pigmentation model of C57B/6 mouse ear skin was induced by UVB and treated with OA-VI12. Melanin staining was used to observe the degree of pigmentation. MicroRNA sequencing, quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR), immunofluorescence analysis and Western blot were used to detect the change of factor expression. Double luciferase gene report experiment was used to prove the regulatory relationship between miRNA and target genes. OA-VI12 has no effect on the viability of B16 cells in the concentration range of 1-100 μM and significantly inhibits the melanin content of B16 cells. Topical application of OA-VI12, which exerted transdermal potency, prevented UVB-induced pigmentation of ear skin. MicroRNA sequencing and double luciferase reporter analysis results showed that miR-122-5p, which directly regulated microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (Mitf), had significantly different expression before and after treatment with OA-VI12. Mitf is a simple helix loop and leucine zipper transcription factor that regulates tyrosinase (Tyr) expression by binding to the M-box promoter element of Tyr. qRT-PCR, immunofluorescence analysis and Western blot showed that OA-VI12 up-regulated the expression of miR-122-5p and inhibited the expression of Mitf and Tyr. The effects of OA-VI12 on melanogenesis inhibition in vitro and in vivo may involve the miR-122-5p/Mitf/tyr axis. OA-VI12 represents the first report on a natural amphibian-derived peptide with skin-whitening capacity and the first report of miR-122-5p as a target for regulating melanogenesis, thereby demonstrating its potential as a novel skin-whitening agent and highlighting amphibian-derived peptides as an underdeveloped resource.

Cath-DM-NT, a peptide derived from the skin of Duttaphrynus melanostictus, shows dual lectin-like and antioxidant activity

Chansu, a mixture extracted from Duttaphrynus melanostictus or Bufo gargarizans Cantor, is a traditional Chinese medicine with a broad range of medical applications. However, the peptides/proteins in it have not received adequate attention. Herein, a Cathelicidin-DM-derived peptide named Cath-DM-NT was identified from the skin of D. melanostictus. Previous studies have shown that Cathelicidin-DM has significant antibacterial activity, while Cath-DM-NT has no antibacterial activity. In this study, Cath-DM-NT is found to have lectin-like activity which can agglutinate erythrocytes and bacteria, and bind to lipopolysaccharide (LPS). In addition, Cath-DM-NT has antioxidant activity, which can scavenge 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS), 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and nitric oxide (NO) radicals and reduce Fe3+. Consistently, Cath-DM-NT can protect PC12 cells from H2O2-induced oxidative damage and carrageenan-induced paw edema, reduce malondialdehyde (MDA) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation, and restore superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione (GSH) levels. Our study suggests that Cath-DM-NT can serve as a lead compound for the development of drugs with dual lectin and antioxidant effects.

Antioxidant peptides: Overview of production, properties, and applications in food systems

In recent years, several studies have reported the beneficial effects of antioxidant peptides in delaying oxidation reactions. Thus, a growing number of food proteins have been investigated as suitable sources for obtaining these antioxidant peptides. In this study, some of the most critical developments in the discovery of peptidic antioxidants are discussed. Initially, the primary methods to release, purify, and identify these antioxidant peptides from various food-derived sources are reviewed. Then, computer-based screening methods of the available peptides are summarized, and methods to interpret their structure-activity relationship are illustrated. Finally, approaches to the large-scale production of these bioactive peptides are described. In addition, the applications of these antioxidants in food systems are discussed, and gaps, future challenges, and opportunities in this field are highlighted. In conclusion, various food items can be considered promising sources to obtain these novel antioxidant peptides, which present various opportunities for food applications in addition to health promotion. The lack of in-depth data on the link between the structure and activity of these antioxidants, which is critical for the prediction of possible bioactive amino acid sequences and their potency in food systems and in vivo conditions (rather than in vitro systems), requires further attention. Consequently, future collaborative research activities between the industry and academia are required to realize the commercialization objectives of these novel antioxidant peptides.

Peptides Isolated from Amphibian Skin Secretions with Emphasis on Antimicrobial Peptides

The skin of amphibians is a tissue with biological functions, such as defense, respiration, and excretion. In recent years, researchers have discovered a large number of peptides in the skin secretions of amphibians, including antimicrobial peptides, antioxidant peptides, bradykinins, insulin-releasing peptides, and other peptides. This review focuses on the origin, primary structure, secondary structure, length, and functions of peptides secreted from amphibians' skin. We hope that this review will provide further information and promote the further study of amphibian skin secretions, in order to provide reference for expanding the research and application of amphibian bioactive peptides.

A new peptide originated from amphibian skin alleviates the ultraviolet B-induced skin photodamage

Although amphibian-derived bioactive peptides have attracted increasing attention for their potential use in the treatment of photodamage, research is still in its infancy. In this study, we obtained a new antioxidant peptide, named OA-GI13 (GIWAPWPPRAGLC), from the skin of the odorous frog Odorrana andersonii and determined its effects on ultraviolet B (UVB)-induced skin photodamage as well as its possible molecular mechanisms. Results showed that OA-GI13 directly scavenged free radicals, maintained the viability of hydrogen peroxide-challenged keratinocytes, promoted the release of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione, and reduced the level of lactate dehydrogenase. Furthermore, topical application of OA-GI13 in mice alleviated dorsal skin erythema and edema and protected the skin against UVB irradiation by increasing antioxidant levels and decreasing peroxide, malondialdehyde, and 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine levels. OA-GI13 also alleviated oxidative stress injury in vivo and in vitro, possibly by inhibiting p38 protein phosphorylation. Our study confirmed the anti-photodamage effects of this novel amphibian-derived peptide, thus providing a new molecule for the development of drugs and topical agents for the treatment of skin photodamage.

Amphibian-derived peptide homodimer OA-GL17d promotes skin wound regeneration through the miR-663a/TGF-β1/Smad axis

Background

Amphibian-derived peptides exhibit considerable potential in the discovery and development of new therapeutic interventions for clinically challenging chronic skin wounds. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are also considered promising targets for the development of effective therapies against skin wounds. However, further research in this field is anticipated. This study aims to identify and provide a new peptide drug candidate, as well as to explore the underlying miRNA mechanisms and possible miRNA drug target for skin wound healing.

Methods

A combination of Edman degradation, mass spectrometry and cDNA cloning were adopted to determine the amino acid sequence of a peptide that was fractionated from the secretion of Odorrana andersonii frog skin using gel-filtration and reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. The toxicity of the peptide was evaluated by Calcein-AM/propidium iodide (PI) double staining against human keratinocytes (HaCaT cells), hemolytic activity against mice blood cells and acute toxicity against mice. The stability of the peptide in plasma was also evaluated. The prohealing potency of the peptide was determined by MTS, scratch healing and a Transwell experiment against HaCaT cells, full-thickness injury wounds and scald wounds in the dorsal skin of mice. miRNA transcriptome sequencing analysis, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, real-time polymerase chain reaction and western blotting were performed to explore the molecular mechanisms.

Results

A novel peptide homodimer (named OA-GL17d) that contains a disulfide bond between the 16th cysteine residue of the peptide monomer and the sequence ‘GLFKWHPRCGEEQSMWT’ was identified. Analysis showed that OA-GL17d exhibited no hemolytic activity or acute toxicity, but effectively promoted keratinocyte proliferation and migration and strongly stimulated the repair of full-thickness injury wounds and scald wounds in the dorsal skin of mice. Mechanistically, OA-GL17d decreased the level of miR-663a to increase the level of transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) and activate the subsequent TGF-β1/Smad signaling pathway, thereby resulting in accelerated skin wound re-epithelialization and granular tissue formation.

Conclusions

Our results suggest that OA-GL17d is a new peptide drug candidate for skin wound repair. This study emphasizes the importance of exogenous peptides as molecular probes for exploring competing endogenous RNA mechanisms and indicates that miR-663a may be an effective target for promoting skin repair.