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Yamada M. Perspectives on push-pull chromophores derived from click-type [2 + 2] cycloaddition-retroelectrocyclization reactions of electron-rich alkynes and electron-deficient alkenes. Beilstein J Org Chem 2024; 20:125-154. [PMID: 38292046 PMCID: PMC10825803 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.20.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Various push-pull chromophores can be synthesized in a single and atom-economical step through [2 + 2] cycloaddition-retroelectrocyclization (CA-RE) reactions involving diverse electron-rich alkynes and electron-deficient alkenes. In this review, a comprehensive investigation of the recent and noteworthy advancements in the research on push-pull chromophores prepared via the [2 + 2] CA-RE reaction is conducted. In particular, an overview of the physicochemical properties of the family of these compounds that have been investigated is provided to clarify their potential for future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michio Yamada
- Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Gakugei University, Nukuikitamachi 4-1-1, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8501, Japan
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2
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Dar AH, Ahmad A, Kumar A, Gowri V, Jori C, Sartaliya S, K M N, Ali N, Bishnoi M, Khan R, Jayamurugan G. Superior Photophysical and Photosensitizing Properties of Nanoaggregates of Weakly Emissive Dyes for Use in Bioimaging and Photodynamic Therapy. Biomacromolecules 2023; 24:5438-5450. [PMID: 37856822 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.3c00892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
The development of luminescent dyes based on 1,1,4,4-tetracyanobuta-1,3-dienes (TCBDs) is an active research area, and a quantum yield (ΦF) of 7.8% has been achieved so far in cyclohexane by appending a fluorophore. Our novel method radically refines weakly emissive 2,3-disubstituted TCBD (phenyl-TCBD 1) (ΦF = 2.3% in CH3CN) into a water-soluble, biocompatible nanoformulation as highly emissive aggregates 1NPs ⊂ PF-127 with ΦF = 7.9% in H2O and without fluorophore conjugation. Characterization of 1NPs ⊂ PF-127 was carried out using various spectroscopic techniques, and its predominant size was found to be 80-100 nm according to transmission electron microscopy and dynamic light scattering techniques. Spectroscopic studies including Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy revealed that aggregated phenyl-TCBD particles were encapsulated in a nonluminescent triblock copolymer (PF-127)-based nanomicelles with the TCBD entrapment efficiency of 77%. With increasing water fraction, the phenyl-TCBD nanoaggregates exhibited a 3-fold higher quantum yield, a greater lifetime, and a red shift (155 nm). This remarkable enhancement in red emissivity enabled them to be used as a bioprobe for bioimaging applications and in photodynamic therapy to selectively target cancer cell lines with singlet oxygen generation capability (ΦΔ = 0.25). According to the MTT assay, compared to the native molecular form (1229 nM), the aggregated 1NPs ⊂ PF-127 (13.51 nM) exhibited dose-dependent cell death when exposed to light with 91-fold increased activity. The histoarchitectures of various vital organs (liver, kidneys, heart, lungs, and spleen) were intact when tested for in vivo biocompatibility. This study has significant implications for developing nonplanar push-pull chromophore-based dyes as biosensors and with potential applications beyond bioimaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arif Hassan Dar
- Energy Environment Unit, Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Knowledge City, Sector-81, Mohali, 140306 Punjab, India
| | - Anas Ahmad
- Julia McFarlane Diabetes Research Centre (JMDRC) and Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Ajay Kumar
- Chemical Biology Unit, Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Knowledge City, Sector-81, Mohali, 140306 Punjab, India
| | - Vijayendran Gowri
- Energy Environment Unit, Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Knowledge City, Sector-81, Mohali, 140306 Punjab, India
| | - Chandrashekhar Jori
- Chemical Biology Unit, Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Knowledge City, Sector-81, Mohali, 140306 Punjab, India
| | - Shaifali Sartaliya
- Energy Environment Unit, Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Knowledge City, Sector-81, Mohali, 140306 Punjab, India
| | - Neethu K M
- Energy Environment Unit, Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Knowledge City, Sector-81, Mohali, 140306 Punjab, India
| | - Nemat Ali
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mahendra Bishnoi
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, Mohali, 140306 Punjab, India
| | - Rehan Khan
- Chemical Biology Unit, Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Knowledge City, Sector-81, Mohali, 140306 Punjab, India
| | - Govindasamy Jayamurugan
- Energy Environment Unit, Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Knowledge City, Sector-81, Mohali, 140306 Punjab, India
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Shekar Roy H, K M N, Rajput S, Sadhukhan S, Gowri V, Hassan Dar A, Monga M, Salaria N, Guha R, Chattopadhyay N, Jayamurugan G, Ghosh D. Efficient Nitric Oxide Scavenging by Urea-Functionalized Push-Pull Chromophore Modulates NO-Mediated Diseases. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202301748. [PMID: 37431238 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
The excess nitric oxide (NO) produced in the body in response to bacterial/proinflammatory stimuli is responsible for several pathological conditions. The current approaches that target the production of excess NO, either through the inhibition of nitric oxide synthase enzyme or its downstream mediators have been clinically unsuccessful. With an aim to regulate the excess NO, urea-functionalized push-pull chromophores containing 1,1,4,4-tetracyanobuta-1,3-dienes (TCBD) or expanded TCBD (eTCBD) were developed as NO scavengers. The NMR mechanistic studies revealed that upon NO binding, these molecules are converted to uncommon stable NONOates. The unique emissive property of Urea-eTCBD enables its application in vitro, as a NO-sensor. Furthermore, the cytocompatible Urea-eTCBD, rapidly inactivated the NO released from LPS-activated cells. The therapeutic efficacy of the molecule in modulating NO-mediated pathological condition was confirmed using a carrageenan-induced inflammatory paw model and a corneal injury model. While the results confirm the advantages of scavenging the excess NO to address a multitude of NO-mediated diseases, the promising sensing and bioactivity of Urea-eTCBD can motivate further exploration of such molecules in allied areas of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himadri Shekar Roy
- Chemical Biology Unit, Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Knowledge City, Sector-81, Mohali, 140306, Punjab, India
| | - Neethu K M
- Energy Environment Unit, Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Knowledge City, Sector-81, Mohali, 140306, Punjab, India
| | - Swati Rajput
- Division of Endocrinology and Centre for Research in ASTHI, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sreyanko Sadhukhan
- Division of Endocrinology and Centre for Research in ASTHI, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Vijayendran Gowri
- Energy Environment Unit, Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Knowledge City, Sector-81, Mohali, 140306, Punjab, India
| | - Arif Hassan Dar
- Energy Environment Unit, Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Knowledge City, Sector-81, Mohali, 140306, Punjab, India
| | - Malika Monga
- Chemical Biology Unit, Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Knowledge City, Sector-81, Mohali, 140306, Punjab, India
| | - Navita Salaria
- Chemical Biology Unit, Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Knowledge City, Sector-81, Mohali, 140306, Punjab, India
| | - Rajdeep Guha
- Division of Laboratory Animal Facility, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Naibedya Chattopadhyay
- Division of Endocrinology and Centre for Research in ASTHI, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Govindasamy Jayamurugan
- Energy Environment Unit, Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Knowledge City, Sector-81, Mohali, 140306, Punjab, India
| | - Deepa Ghosh
- Chemical Biology Unit, Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Knowledge City, Sector-81, Mohali, 140306, Punjab, India
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Neethu KM, Nag K, Dar AH, Bajaj A, Gopal SA, Gowri V, Nagpure M, Sartaliya S, Sharma R, Solanki AK, Ehesan Ali M, Muthukrishnan A, Jayamurugan G. A study of [2 + 2] cycloaddition-retroelectrocyclization in water: observation of substrate-driven transient-nanoreactor-induced new reactivity. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:2922-2929. [PMID: 36943100 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob00053b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
Organic solvents limit [2 + 2] cycloaddition-retroelectrocyclization (CA-RE) in biological fields. We examined the formation of 1,1,4,4-tetracyanobuta-1,3-dienes (TCBDs) through CA-RE reactions and their unusual reactivity to produce N-heterocyclic compounds when the nature of the surfactant and the concentrations were varied in the aqueous phase. An environment in which transient self-assemblies (vesicles) were induced by the substrate and surfactant molecules initiated new reactivity through H2O addition on the TCBD, generating the enol form of the intermediate, which results in the formation of the 6,6-dicyano-heteropentafulvene (amidofulvene) compound, while lamellar sheets at higher concentrations favored TCBD generation. Interestingly, the amidofulvene underwent a clean transformation to 6-membered heterocycles that resemble cardiotonic drugs (milrinone, amrinone) via keto-enol tautomerism mediated by a polar aprotic solvent, opening up a new avenue for drug discovery. Unlike organic-solvent-mediated CA-RE reactions, the present nanoreactor-mediated approach enabled the selective production of TCBDs as well as new heterocycles using H2O as a green solvent. In addition to the widely explored organic electronics/materials, we believe that this study will help to overcome the long-standing limitation of CA-RE reaction applicability in biological fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Neethu
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Knowledge City, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Manauli PO, Mohali, Punjab 140306, India.
| | - Kritika Nag
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Knowledge City, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Manauli PO, Mohali, Punjab 140306, India.
| | - Arif Hassan Dar
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Knowledge City, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Manauli PO, Mohali, Punjab 140306, India.
| | - Ashima Bajaj
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Knowledge City, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Manauli PO, Mohali, Punjab 140306, India.
| | - S Arya Gopal
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Thiruvananthapuram 695551, Kerala, India
| | - Vijayendran Gowri
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Knowledge City, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Manauli PO, Mohali, Punjab 140306, India.
| | - Mithilesh Nagpure
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Knowledge City, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Manauli PO, Mohali, Punjab 140306, India.
| | - Shaifali Sartaliya
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Knowledge City, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Manauli PO, Mohali, Punjab 140306, India.
| | - Raina Sharma
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Knowledge City, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Manauli PO, Mohali, Punjab 140306, India.
| | - Arun Kumar Solanki
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Knowledge City, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Manauli PO, Mohali, Punjab 140306, India.
| | - Md Ehesan Ali
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Knowledge City, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Manauli PO, Mohali, Punjab 140306, India.
| | - Azhagumuthu Muthukrishnan
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Thiruvananthapuram 695551, Kerala, India
| | - Govindasamy Jayamurugan
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Knowledge City, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Manauli PO, Mohali, Punjab 140306, India.
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Philippe C, Bui AT, Beau M, Bloux H, Riobé F, Mongin O, Roisnel T, Cordier M, Paul F, Lemiègre L, Trolez Y. Synthesis and Photophysical Properties of 1,1,4,4-Tetracyanobutadienes Derived from Ynamides Bearing Fluorophores. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202200025. [PMID: 35199892 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202200025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
1,1,4,4-Tetracyanobutadienes (TCBDs) bearing a large diversity of fluorophores were prepared following a multi-step synthesis. In a crucial last step, all compounds were obtained from the corresponding ynamides, which were particularly suitable for the formation of the TCBDs in the presence of tetracyanoethylene via a [2+2] cycloaddition/retroelectrocyclization step (CA-RE). Several fluorenyl derivatives in addition to phenanthrenyl and terphenyl ones provided ynamide-based TCBDs affording remarkable emission properties covering a large range of wavelengths. Those compounds emit both in solid state and in solution from the visible region to the NIR range, depending on the molecular structures. Quantum yields in cyclohexane reached unforeseen values for such derivatives, up to 7.8 %. A huge sensitivity to the environment of the TCBDs has also been unraveled for most of the compounds since we observed a dramatic fall of the quantum yields when changing the solvent from cyclohexane to toluene, while they are almost non-emissive in dichloromethane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clotilde Philippe
- Univ Rennes, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes CNRS, ISCR - UMR6226, 35000, Rennes, France
| | - Anh Thy Bui
- Univ Rennes, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes CNRS, ISCR - UMR6226, 35000, Rennes, France.,Université Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, ISM, UMR 5255, 33400, Talence, France
| | - Maxime Beau
- Univ Rennes, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes CNRS, ISCR - UMR6226, 35000, Rennes, France
| | - Hugo Bloux
- Univ Rennes, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes CNRS, ISCR - UMR6226, 35000, Rennes, France
| | - François Riobé
- Université de Lyon, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, CNRS UMR 5182 Laboratoire de Chimie, 46 allée d'Italie, 69364, Lyon, France
| | - Olivier Mongin
- Univ Rennes, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes CNRS, ISCR - UMR6226, 35000, Rennes, France
| | - Thierry Roisnel
- Univ Rennes, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes CNRS, ISCR - UMR6226, 35000, Rennes, France
| | - Marie Cordier
- Univ Rennes, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes CNRS, ISCR - UMR6226, 35000, Rennes, France
| | - Frédéric Paul
- Univ Rennes, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes CNRS, ISCR - UMR6226, 35000, Rennes, France
| | - Loïc Lemiègre
- Univ Rennes, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes CNRS, ISCR - UMR6226, 35000, Rennes, France
| | - Yann Trolez
- Univ Rennes, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes CNRS, ISCR - UMR6226, 35000, Rennes, France
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Nonlinear Optical and Ion Sensor Properties of Novel Molecules Conjugated by Click Chemistry. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14081516. [PMID: 35458266 PMCID: PMC9025167 DOI: 10.3390/polym14081516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The molecular structure, luminescence behavior, and electronic energy level of an organic optoelectronic materials are important parameters for its synthesis. The electro-optical properties can be changed by modifying the structure of the molecule to make the electronic energy level adjustable. In this article, a series of organic conjugated micro-molecules are successfully synthesized by linking small compound units. This metal-free [2 + 2] click chemistry process generates donor–acceptor chromophore substances with high yield, high solubility, and adjustable energy levels, which can be widely used for sensors and nonlinear optics in different fields. A-TCNE, A-TCNQ, and A-F4-TCNQ molecules are characterized comprehensively via UV-Vis-NIR spectra, 1H NMR spectra, infrared spectroscopy, and mass spectrometry. The unique nonlinear optical phenomena and powerful intra-molecular charge–transfer interactions of these new materials give them fascinating potential for application as optoelectronic materials.
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Erden K, Dengiz C. 3-Alkynylindoles as Building Blocks for the Synthesis of Electronically Tunable Indole-Based Push-Pull Chromophores. J Org Chem 2022; 87:4385-4399. [PMID: 35230842 PMCID: PMC8938952 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c00067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
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In this study, two different classes
of push–pull chromophores
were synthesized in modest to excellent yields by formal [2+2] cycloaddition-retroelectrocyclization
(CA-RE) reactions. N-Methyl indole was introduced
as a new donor group to activate alkynes in the CA-RE transformations.
Depending on the side groups’ size and donor/acceptor characteristics, N-methyl indole-containing compounds exhibited λmax values ranging between 378 and 658 nm. The optoelectronic
properties of the reported D–A-type structures were studied
by UV/vis spectroscopy and computational studies. The complete regioselectivity
observed in the products was elaborated by one-dimensional (1D) and
two-dimensional (2D) NMR studies, and the electron donor strength
order of N-alkyl indole and triazene donor groups
was also established. The intramolecular charge-transfer characteristics
of the target push–pull chromophores were investigated by frontier
orbital depictions, electrostatic potential maps, and time-dependent
density functional theory calculations. Overall, the computational
and experimental results match each other. Integrating a new donor
group, N-alkyl indole, into the substrates used in
formal [2+2] cycloaddition-retroelectrocyclizations has significant
potential to overcome the limited donor-substituted substrate scope
problem of CA-RE reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kübra Erden
- Department of Chemistry, Middle East Technical University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Cagatay Dengiz
- Department of Chemistry, Middle East Technical University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey
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Dar AH, Gowri V, Mishra RK, Khan R, Jayamurugan G. Nanotechnology-Assisted, Single-Chromophore-Based White-Light-Emitting Organic Materials with Bioimaging Properties. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:430-438. [PMID: 34965146 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c02797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
White-light-emitting (WLE) organic materials, especially small molecules comprising a single chromophoric unit, have received much attention due to their tremendous use in modern-day electronic devices and biomaterials. They can increase the efficiency and lifetime of devices compared to the currently used combination approach. Herein, we explored a small symmetric push-pull organic molecule Hexyl-TCBD with a single 1,1,4,4-tetracyanobuta-1,3-diene (TCBD) chromophoric unit containing urea as a key functional group on an acceptor-donor∼donor-acceptor (A-D∼D-A) backbone for its ability to show white-light emission in solution as well as in the solid state. The luminescence was absent in the solid state due to the H-bonding- and π-stacking-driven quenching processes, while emission behavior in solution was tunable with variable CIE chromaticity index values via hydrogen (H)-bonding-governed disaggregation phenomena. Translation of WLE from the Hexyl-TCBD solution to a solid state was demonstrated by utilizing nonemissive polystyrene (80 wt % with respect to the chromophore) as the matrix to obtain WLE nanofibers (made by the electrospun technique) via segregating the molecules. The optical microscopy study validated the WLE nanofibers. The presence of multicolor photoluminescence, including white light, could be fine-tuned through various excitation wavelengths, solvent polarities, and polystyrene matrices. Furthermore, the detailed photophysical studies, including lifetime measurements, indicated that the inherent intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) bands of Hexyl-TCBD exhibit better ICT state stabilization by space charge distribution through the modulation of H-bonding between urea groups. Finally, a cytotoxicity study was performed for Hexyl-TCBD on normal and cancer cell lines using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay to explore bioimaging applications in biosystems. MTT results revealed significant toxicity toward cancer cells, whereas normal cells exhibited good biocompatibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arif Hassan Dar
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Knowledge City, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Manauli PO, Mohali, Punjab 140306, India
| | - Vijayendran Gowri
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Knowledge City, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Manauli PO, Mohali, Punjab 140306, India
| | - Rakesh Kumar Mishra
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Knowledge City, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Manauli PO, Mohali, Punjab 140306, India
| | - Rehan Khan
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Knowledge City, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Manauli PO, Mohali, Punjab 140306, India
| | - Govindasamy Jayamurugan
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Knowledge City, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Manauli PO, Mohali, Punjab 140306, India
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Pal A, Karmakar M, Bhatta SR, Thakur A. A detailed insight into anion sensing based on intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) mechanism: A comprehensive review of the years 2016 to 2021. Coord Chem Rev 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2021.214167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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