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Wang Z, Wu C, Jiang P. Cloning and characterization of nitrate reductase gene in kelp Saccharina japonica (Laminariales, Phaeophyta). BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 23:78. [PMID: 36740685 PMCID: PMC9901164 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-023-04064-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brown macroalgae dominate temperate coastal ecosystems, and their productivity is typically limited by nitrate availability. As an economically important kelp, Saccharina japonica is the most productive farmed seaweed and needs to be supplemented with sufficient nitrate throughout the cultivation process. However, molecular characterization of genes involved in nitrogen assimilation has not been conducted in brown macroalgae. RESULTS Here, we described the identification of the nitrate reductase (NR) gene from S. japonica (SjNR). Using two different cloning methods for SjNR, i.e. rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) and cDNA cloning alone, a single fragment was obtained respectively. According to results of sequence analysis between these two fragments, the tentative coding sequence in two clones, SjNR-L and SjNR-S, were suggested to represent two transcripts of the single copy SjNR, and the ATG of SjNR-S was located inside the third exon of SjNR-L. In the 5' upstream sequence of each transcript, promoter core elements, response elements, especially multiple N response elements which occurred in microalgal NR, were all predicted. Further sequence analysis revealed that both transcripts encoded all five domains conserved in eukaryotic plant NRs. RT-qPCR results showed that the transcription level of SjNR in juvenile sporophytes could be significantly induced by nitrate and inhibited by ammonium, which was in line with plant NRs. The recombinant SjNR-L and SjNR-S were all proved to have NR activity, suggesting that the single-copy gene SjNR might be regulated on transcription level based on alternative promoters and multiple transcriptional start sites. Moreover, both NADH and NADPH were found to be able to act as electron donors for SjNR alone, which is the first confirmation that brown algal NR has a NAD(P)H-bispecific form. CONCLUSION These results will provide a scientific basis for understanding the N demand of kelp in various stages of cultivation and evaluating the environmental remediation potential of kelp in eutrophic sea areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenghua Wang
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Chunhui Wu
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Peng Jiang
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China.
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China.
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Wang Y, Johnson GI, Postles A, Coyne KJ. Nitrate reductase enzymes in alga Chattonella subsalsa are regulated by environmental cues at the translational and post-translational levels. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1059074. [PMID: 36937302 PMCID: PMC10018130 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1059074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitrate reductase (NR) catalyzes the rate-limiting step in nitrate assimilation. Plant and algal NRs have a highly conserved domain architecture but differ in regulation. In plants, NR activity is regulated by reversible phosphorylation and subsequent binding of 14-3-3 proteins at a conserved serine residue. Algal NRs typically lack 14-3-3 binding motifs, which have only recently been identified in a few algal species. Previous research indicates that the alga, Chattonella subsalsa, possesses a novel NR, NR2-2/2HbN (NR2), which incorporates a 2/2 hemoglobin domain. A second NR (NR3) in C. subsalsa lacks the cytochrome b5 (heme-Fe) domain but includes a putative binding motif for 14-3-3 proteins. The expression of NR2 and NR3 genes indicates that NR2 transcript abundance was regulated by light, nitrogen source, and temperature, while NR3 transcript levels were only regulated by light. Here, we measured total NR activity in C. subsalsa and the potential for regulation of NR activity by putative 14-3-3 binding proteins. Results indicate that NR activity in C. subsalsa was regulated by light, nitrogen source, and temperature at the translational level. NR activity was also regulated by endogenous rhythm and temperature at the post-translational level, supporting the hypothesis that NR3 is regulated by 14-3-3 binding proteins. Together with a previous report describing the regulation of NR gene expression in C. subsalsa, results suggest that C. subsalsa responds to environmental conditions by differential regulation of NRs at transcriptional, translational, and post-translational levels. This flexibility may provide a competitive advantage for this species in the environment. To date, this is the first report which provides evidence for the potential post-translational regulation of NR by 14-3-3 proteins in algal species and suggests that regulatory mechanisms for NR activity may be shared between plants and some algal species.
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Feng L, Shi X, Chen Y, Tang H, Wang L. Effects of temperature on the nitrate reductase activity and growth of Ulva prolifera. JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2021; 57:955-966. [PMID: 33544874 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.13141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
To better understand the effect of temperature on the growth and nitrate reductase activity (NRA) of Ulva prolifera and their relationships, the effects of five different temperatures (10, 15, 20, 25, and 30°C) were investigated in a laboratory setup. In this study, an optimization in vitro analysis method for Ulva prolifera NRA was developed. Under different treatments, the NRA, nitrate concentration, pH, the intracellular nitrate and nitrite concentrations, and the POC/PON were evaluated. The results of the in vitro analysis method showed it was optimal for the NRA assay when the extraction time was 6 min, enzymatic reaction time 30 min, volume of phenazine methosulfate (PMS) solution 50 μL, NADH concentration 0.36 mM, and KNO3 concentration 10 mM. The maximal NRA (NRAmax ) appeared on the 2nd day in the 10, 15, and 20°C (low-temperature) groups and on the 1st day in the 25 and 30°C (high-temperature) groups. The algal growth ended earlier at a high temperature, ending after 5 d at 30 and 25°C and 7 d at 20°C and 9 d at 15°C, and the alga at 10°C had been growing during the incubation period. Ulva prolifera cultivated in a range of 10-20°C had a long growth cycle and the NRA decreased with increasing temperature when exceeded 15°C, a positive correlation between algal growth and NRA was observed. This study supports NRA is a suitable proxy of the effects of temperature changes on the ability of Ulva prolifera to uptake and metabolize nitrogen nutrients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Feng
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - Xiaoyong Shi
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
- National Marine Hazard Mitigation Service, Beijing, 100194, China
| | - Yuehong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - Hongjie Tang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - Lisha Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
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Baba VY, Braghini MT, Dos Santos TB, de Carvalho K, Soares JDM, Ivamoto-Suzuki ST, Maluf MP, Padilha L, Paccola-Meirelles LD, Pereira LF, Domingues DS. Transcriptional patterns of Coffea arabica L. nitrate reductase, glutamine and asparagine synthetase genes are modulated under nitrogen suppression and coffee leaf rust. PeerJ 2020; 8:e8320. [PMID: 31915587 PMCID: PMC6944126 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.8320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated the transcriptional profile of genes related to nitrogen (N) assimilation in coffee plants susceptible and resistant to rust fungi under N sufficiency and N suppression. For this purpose, we inoculated young coffee leaves with Hemileia vastatrix uredospores and collected them at 0, 12, 24 and 48 hours post-inoculation (HPI) to evaluate the relative expressions of genes encoding cytosolic glutamine synthetase (CaGS1), plastid glutamine synthetase (CaGS2), nitrate reductase (CaNR), and asparagine synthetase (CaAS). The genes exhibited distinct patterns of transcriptional modulation for the different genotypes and N nutritional regimes. The resistant genotype (I59) presented high levels of transcription in response to pathogen inoculation for CaNR and CaGS1 genes, evaluated under N sufficiency in the initial moments of infection (12 HPI). The gene CaGS1 also showed a peak at 48 HPI. The susceptible genotype (CV99) showed increased transcript rates of CaNR at 12 and 24 HPI in response to rust inoculation. The transcriptional patterns observed for CV99, under N suppression, were high levels for CaAS and CaGS2 at all post-inoculation times in response to coffee leaf rust disease. In addition, CaGS1 was up-regulated at 48 HPI for CV99. Cultivar I59 showed high transcript levels at 12 HPI for CaAS and peaks at 24 and 48 HPI for CaGS2 in inoculated samples. Consequently, total chlorophyl concentration was influenced by N suppression and by rust infection. Regarding enzyme activities in vitro for glutamine synthetase and CaNR, there was an increase in infected coffee leaves (I59) and under N sufficiency. Moreover, CV99 was modulated in both N nutritional regimes for GS activity in response to rust. Our results indicate that N transport genes trigger a differential modulation between genotypes through the action of rust disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviane Yumi Baba
- Department of Agronomy, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.,Plant Biotechnology Laboratory, Instituto Agronômico do Paraná, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Masako Toma Braghini
- Centro de Análise e Pesquisa Tecnológica do Agronegócio do Café "Alcides Carvalho," Instituto Agronômico de Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tiago Benedito Dos Santos
- Plant Biotechnology Laboratory, Instituto Agronômico do Paraná, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Agronomia, Universidade do Oeste Paulista, Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Kenia de Carvalho
- Plant Biotechnology Laboratory, Instituto Agronômico do Paraná, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.,Plant Biotechnology Laboratory, Embrapa Soja, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | | | - Suzana Tiemi Ivamoto-Suzuki
- Plant Biotechnology Laboratory, Instituto Agronômico do Paraná, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.,Department of Botany, Instituto de Biociências, São Paulo State University, UNESP, Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mirian P Maluf
- Centro de Análise e Pesquisa Tecnológica do Agronegócio do Café "Alcides Carvalho," Instituto Agronômico de Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.,Plant Breeding, Embrapa Café, Brasília-DF, Brazil
| | - Lilian Padilha
- Centro de Análise e Pesquisa Tecnológica do Agronegócio do Café "Alcides Carvalho," Instituto Agronômico de Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.,Plant Breeding, Embrapa Café, Brasília-DF, Brazil
| | - Luzia D Paccola-Meirelles
- Department of Agronomy, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.,Department of Agronomy, Universidade Paranaense, Umuarama, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Luiz Filipe Pereira
- Plant Biotechnology Laboratory, Instituto Agronômico do Paraná, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.,Plant Breeding, Embrapa Café, Brasília-DF, Brazil
| | - Douglas S Domingues
- Plant Biotechnology Laboratory, Instituto Agronômico do Paraná, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.,Department of Botany, Instituto de Biociências, São Paulo State University, UNESP, Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil
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Inhibition of NO Biosynthetic Activities during Rehydration of Ramalina farinacea Lichen Thalli Provokes Increases in Lipid Peroxidation. PLANTS 2019; 8:plants8070189. [PMID: 31247947 PMCID: PMC6681199 DOI: 10.3390/plants8070189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Revised: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Lichens are poikilohydrous symbiotic associations between a fungus, photosynthetic partners, and bacteria. They are tolerant to repeated desiccation/rehydration cycles and adapted to anhydrobiosis. Nitric oxide (NO) is a keystone for stress tolerance of lichens; during lichen rehydration, NO limits free radicals and lipid peroxidation but no data on the mechanisms of its synthesis exist. The aim of this work is to characterize the synthesis of NO in the lichen Ramalina farinacea using inhibitors of nitrate reductase (NR) and nitric oxide synthase (NOS), tungstate, and NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), respectively. Tungstate suppressed the NO level in the lichen and caused an increase in malondialdehyde during rehydration in the hyphae of cortex and in phycobionts, suggesting that a plant-like NR is involved in the NO production. Specific activity of NR in R. farinacea was 91 μU/mg protein, a level comparable to those in the bryophyte Physcomitrella patens and Arabidopsis thaliana. L-NAME treatment did not suppress the NO level in the lichens. On the other hand, NADPH-diaphorase activity cytochemistry showed a possible presence of a NOS-like activity in the microalgae where it is associated with cytoplasmatic vesicles. These data provide initial evidence that NO synthesis in R. farinacea involves NR.
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Expression of novel nitrate reductase genes in the harmful alga, Chattonella subsalsa. Sci Rep 2018; 8:13417. [PMID: 30194416 PMCID: PMC6128913 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-31735-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotic nitrate reductase (NR) catalyzes the first step in nitrate assimilation and is regulated transcriptionally in response to external cues and intracellular metabolic status. NRs are also regulated post-translationally in plants by phosphorylation and binding of 14-3-3 proteins at conserved serine residues. 14-3-3 binding motifs have not previously been identified in algal NRs. A novel NR (NR2-2/2HbN) with a 2/2 hemoglobin domain was recently described in the alga Chattonella subsalsa. Here, a second NR (NR3) in C. subsalsa is described with a 14-3-3 binding motif but lacking the Heme-Fe domain found in other NRs. Transcriptional regulation of both NRs was examined in C. subsalsa, revealing differential gene expression over a diel light cycle, but not under constant light. NR2 transcripts increased with a decrease in temperature, while NR3 remained unchanged. NR2 and NR3 transcript levels were not inhibited by growth on ammonium, suggesting constitutive expression of these genes. Results indicate that Chattonella responds to environmental conditions and intracellular metabolic status by differentially regulating NR transcription, with potential for post-translational regulation of NR3. A survey of algal NRs also revealed the presence of 14-3-3 binding motifs in other algal species, indicating the need for future research on regulation of algal NRs.
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Martins AP, Yokoya NS, Colepicolo P. Biochemical Modulation by Carbon and Nitrogen Addition in Cultures of Dictyota menstrualis (Dictyotales, Phaeophyceae) to Generate Oil-based Bioproducts. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2016; 18:314-26. [PMID: 26945758 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-016-9693-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Dictyota menstrualis (Hoyt) Schnetter, Hörning & Weber-Peukert (Dictyotales, Phaeophyceae) was studied for the production of oil-based bioproducts and co-products. Experiments were performed to evaluate the effect of carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration, under nitrogen (NO3 (-)) limiting and saturation conditions, on growth rate (GR), photosynthesis, as well as nitrate reductase (NR), carbonic anhydrase (CA), and Rubisco activities. In addition, the biochemical composition of D. menstrualis under these conditions was estimated. GR, protein content, and N content in D. menstrualis were higher in treatments containing NO3 (-), irrespective of CO2 addition. However, when CO2 was added to medium saturated with NO3 (-), values of maximum photosynthesis, Rubisco, and NR activity, as well as total soluble carbohydrates and lipids, were increased. CA activity did not vary under the different treatments. The fatty acid profile of D. menstrualis was characterized by a high content of polyunsaturated fatty acids, especially the omega-3 fatty acids, making it a possible candidate for nutraceutical use. In addition, this species presented high GR, photosynthetic rate, and fatty acid content, highlighting its economic importance and the possibility of different biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline P Martins
- Instituto de Química, Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade de São Paulo, Caixa Postal 26077, 05599-970, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Nair S Yokoya
- Núcleo de Pesquisa em Ficologia, Instituto de Botânica, Secretaria do Meio Ambiente do Estado de São Paulo, Av. Miguel Estéfano, 3687, 04301-012, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Pio Colepicolo
- Instituto de Química, Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade de São Paulo, Caixa Postal 26077, 05599-970, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Aníbal J, Madeira HT, Carvalho LF, Esteves E, Veiga-Pires C, Rocha C. Macroalgae mitigation potential for fish aquaculture effluents: an approach coupling nitrogen uptake and metabolic pathways using Ulva rigida and Enteromorpha clathrata. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 21:13324-13334. [PMID: 24338110 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-013-2427-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2013] [Accepted: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Aquaculture effluents are rich in nitrogen compounds that may enhance local primary productivity, leading to the development of algae blooms. The goal of this study was to assess the potential use of naturally occurring green macroalgae (Ulva and Enteromorpha) as bioremediators for nitrogen-rich effluents from a fish aquaculture plant, by evaluating their respective uptake dynamics under controlled conditions. Ulva and Enteromorpha were incubated separately in aquaculture effluent from a local pilot station. Algae tissue and water samples were collected periodically along 4 h. For each sample, nitrate, nitrite, and ammonia concentrations were quantified in the effluent, while internal algae reserve pools and nitrate reductase activity (NRA) were determined within the algae tissues. Both macroalgae absorbed all dissolved inorganic nitrogen compounds in less than 1 h, favoring ammonia over nitrate. Ulva stored nitrate temporarily as an internal reserve and only used it after ammonia availability decreased, whereas Enteromorpha stored and metabolized ammonia and nitrate simultaneously. These distinct dynamics of ammonia and nitrate uptake supported an increase in NRA during the experiment. This study supports the hypothesis that Ulva or Enteromorpha can be used as bioremediators in aquaculture effluents to mitigate excess of dissolved inorganic nitrogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Aníbal
- Centro de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIMA), Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal,
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Manimaran K, Karthikeyan P, Ashokkumar S, Ashok Prabu V, Sampathkumar P. Effect of copper on growth and enzyme activities of marine diatom, Odontella mobiliensis. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2012; 88:30-37. [PMID: 22016104 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-011-0427-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2011] [Accepted: 10/06/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The 72-h IC(50), 7-d no observable effect concentration (NOEC), low observable effect concentration (LOEC), Chronic values were derived for copper on the growth of marine diatom, Odontella mobiliensis. The effect of copper was also studied on cell morphology, size, nitrate reductase and antioxidant enzymes (Catalase, Superoxide dismutase and peroxidase). The 72-h IC(50) of 298.4 ± 28.3, NOEC of 15.6, LOEC of 29.6 and chronic value of 21.5 μg Cu L(-1) were found in the present study. The chlorophyll a was significantly decreased with increasing concentrations of copper. The length of the cell (apical axis) was extended from 30.14 ± 5.98 μm at control to 71.4 ± 6.29 μm at 574 μg Cu L(-1), the spines were absent at 574 μg L(-1) and the cell structure was entirely damaged at 926 μg Cu L(-1). The antioxidant enzymes viz. Catalase, Peroxidase activities and Melondialdehyde were increased whereas the Nitrate reductase and activity was reduced at 21.5 μg Cu L(-1) during 7 days exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Manimaran
- Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Annamalai University, Parangipettai, Tamil Nadu, 608 502, India
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Han T, Kang SH, Park JS, Lee HK, Brown MT. Physiological responses of Ulva pertusa and U. armoricana to copper exposure. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2008; 86:176-84. [PMID: 18083244 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2007.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2007] [Revised: 10/29/2007] [Accepted: 10/29/2007] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
A comparative study of copper (Cu) toxicity and tolerance in two species of Ulva from Korea, the native Ulva pertusa and alien Ulva armoricana, was conducted by examining the effects on growth, pigmentation, chlorophyll fluorescence, antioxidant capacity and nitrate reductase activity. Toxic effects of Cu were less expressed in U. armoricana than in U. pertusa. At lower concentrations (25-50 microgL(-1)), exposure to Cu did not affect thallus growth of U. armoricana, whilst growth was significantly reduced in U. pertusa. An increase in chlorophyll concentrations was observed in U. armoricana exposed up to 100 microgL(-1), whereas Cu caused a significant chlorophyll reduction in U. pertusa. Chlorophyll b was reduced to a lesser extent than chlorophyll a by higher Cu concentrations. In U. armoricana, the maximum efficiency of photosystem II, minimum fluorescence, maximum electron transport rate and non-photochemical quenching were unaffected by Cu except at the highest concentration tested. U. pertusa showed a significant decrease in those parameters at much lower Cu concentrations. It was notable that in this alga the maximum efficiency of photosystem II was reduced at higher Cu concentrations than relative electron transport rate. Elevated concentrations of Cu induced a strong activation of antioxidant activity in U. armoricana, whereas the generation of high levels of reactive oxygen species probably decreased the non-enzymatic antioxidant defense system in U. pertusa. An increase in the nitrate reductase activity of U. armoricana at 50-100 microgL(-1) Cu coincided with the increase in chlorophyll contents, whereas U. pertusa showed a significant decrease at the higher Cu concentration. Differences in the sensitivity of the two species of Ulva to Cu may influence their competitive interactions in Korean coastal waters experiencing temporal increases in the loading of heavy metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taejun Han
- Division of Biology and Chemistry, University of Incheon, Incheon 402-749, Republic of Korea.
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