Microbial colonization at the implant-abutment interface and its possible influence on periimplantitis: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Efficacy of furanone in reducing the bacterial contamination and marginal bone loss of dental implants

In two-piece dental implants, gaps at the implant-abutment interface (IAI) allow bacterial contamination, contributing to peri-implantitis and marginal bone loss (MBL). This study investigates the clinical efficacy of (5Z)-4-bromo-5-(bromomethylene)-2(5 H)-furanone (furanone), a quorum sensing inhibitor, for mitigating bacterial contamination and MBL around dental implants. Dental implants with dog's bacteria and various concentrations of furanone were incubated anaerobically for 7 days to evaluate the anti-bacterial effect of furanone, and bacterial quantification was performed in vitro. The mandibular premolars and molars of three mongrel dogs were extracted three months before implant placement. After the implant fixture was placed, furanone and/or bacteria were added to the inner space of the fixture and connected with a healing abutment. The MBL was assessed by soft X-ray microscopy after 0, 2, 4, 8, and 16 weeks of implant placement. Furanone (20 and 30 mM) significantly inhibited bacterial growth at the IAI in vitro. The MBL at the IAI by bacterial contamination was reduced with furanone (20 mM) in vivo. Bacterial contamination at the IAI causes a substantial MBL, which can be effectively mitigated by furanone, thereby highlighting its potential as an antibacterial agent for reducing MBL for the long-term survival of the dental implants.

Histological Analysis of Biological Width and Collagen Fibers Orientation Around Screw-Less, Morse Taper, Hemispherical Base Abutments 8 and 16 Weeks After Implant Uncovering: An Observational Clinical Trial

Objectives: This study aimed to histologically evaluate, in humans, the orientation of collagen fibers around screw-less, Morse taper, hemispherical base abutments. Methods: This study was designed as an observational, case-control, clinical trial to evaluate the histological orientation of collagen fibers around implants. Biopsies of the peri-implant tissue were performed 8 (group A, control) or 16 (group B, test) weeks of implant uncovering, and histologically analyzed under optical microscope using Hematoxylin and Eosin, Masson, and Picro Sirius histochemical staining and a scanning electron microscope. Results: Eight patients were enrolled in this study and 16 biopsies were performed. All the biopsies were correctly analyzed. The histological examination of cross-sectional portions of the tissue taken 8 weeks after implant uncovering showed the almost complete absence of epithelial lining, while the connective tissue bundles in the superficial portion showed a lower circular pattern. The histochemical cross-section examination of the tissue taken 16 weeks after implant uncovering showed the partial presence of non-keratinizing epithelial lining at the implant site and the collagen bundles showed a greater organization, with a circumferential course around the abutment. At 8 weeks, the final histological analysis showed an average height of 1.01 mm for the keratinized epithelium, 0.83 mm for the non-keratinized epithelium, and 1.39 mm for the connective tissue. While, at 16 weeks, the values were 1.20 mm, 0.48 mm, and 1.11 mm, respectively. No statistically significant differences were found between the groups (p > 0.05). Conclusions: Histologically, there were not any differences in the height and profile of the gingiva between 8 and 16 weeks of healing after prosthesis delivery. Greater organization of the collagen fibers with a circumferential course around the abutment was found in the test group (16 weeks) compared with the control group (8 weeks).

Misfit simulation on implant-supported prostheses with different combinations of engaging and nonengaging titanium bases: Part 3: A radiographic evaluation

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

The fit of implant-supported prostheses plays an important role in their mechanical and biological stability. Clinically, the prosthetic fit is typically assessed radiographically, but this method relies on the operator's subjective evaluation. Whether available digital tools could optimize the evaluation of the prosthetic fit is uncertain.

PURPOSE

The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the influence of an image processing program on the radiographic detection of discrepancies in the active and passive fit of implant-supported prostheses. Two-implant-supported screw-retained prostheses were analyzed by simulating the vertical and horizontal misfits of 3 different implant abutment configurations.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Seven casts were fabricated using 2 internal-connection titanium implants: 1 control; 3 with vertical (V) misfit of 50 µm, 100 µm, 150 µm; and 3 with horizontal (H) misfit of 35 µm, 70 µm, 100 µm. Thirty bar-shaped zirconia frameworks were fabricated and divided into 3 groups (n=10) according to their attachment to 2 engaging (E-E), 2 nonengaging (NE-NE), and engaging and nonengaging (E-NE) titanium bases. Digital parallel periapical radiographs were made of each specimen in the passive and active fit situation on each cast (1-screw test), except for the E-E specimens, which were only seated on the control, H35, and H70 casts because the fit on the remaining casts was poor. The mean gray value (MGV) was measured at the chosen regions of interest on the second implant (side B) using the ImageJ software program. Differences in the MGV measurements between the passive and active conditions were tested using a t test (α=.05) and compared the different misfit levels using analysis of variance (1-way ANOVA), followed by the Tukey HSD test (α=.05).

RESULTS

The highest values for the differences between passive and active fit were found for the V150 and H100 misfit simulations (P<.05). Statistical differences between the MGVs were found with some exceptions: the smallest simulated misfits (H35 and V50) revealed statistically significant MGV differences from the highest simulated misfits (V150, H100) and from the H70 in the groups where an engaging component was present (P>.05). In the horizontal misfit group of NE-NE abutment configuration, H70 revealed no significant difference from the control group cast (P>.05).

CONCLUSIONS

Measuring MGV differences between passive and active fit could be a promising alternative for detecting 70- to 150-µm gaps in the implant-abutment connection that result from the misfit. However, the procedure was not adequate for detecting <50 µm gaps, cannot be uniformly applied to all types of implant-abutment connections, and requires 2 exposures to X-radiation.

Comparative in vitro evaluation of microgap in titanium stock versus cobalt-chrome custom abutments on a conical connection implant: Effect of crown cementation and ceramic veneering

OBJECTIVE

To compare the implant-abutment connection microgap between computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) milled or laser-sintered cobalt-chrome custom abutments with or without ceramic veneering and titanium stock abutments with or without crown cementation.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Six groups of six abutments each were prepared: (1) CAD/CAM cobalt-chrome custom abutments: milled, milled with ceramic veneering, laser-sintered, and laser-sintered with ceramic veneering (four groups: MIL, MIL-C, SIN, and SIN-C, respectively) and (2) titanium stock abutments with or without zirconia crown cementation (two groups: STK and STK-Z, respectively). Abutments were screwed to the implants by applying 30 Ncm torque. All 36 samples were sectioned along their long axes. The implant-abutment connection microgap was measured using scanning electron microscopy on the right and left sides of the connection at the upper, middle, and lower levels. Data were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis test (p < .05).

RESULTS

Mean values (μm) of the microgap were 0.54 ± 0.44 (STK), 0.55 ± 0.48 (STK-Z), 1.53 ± 1.30 (MIL), 2.30 ± 2.2 (MIL-C), 1.53 ± 1.37 (SIN), and 1.87 ± 1.8 (SIN-C). Although significant differences were observed between the STK and STK-Z groups and the other groups (p < .05), none were observed between the milled and laser-sintered groups before or after ceramic veneering. The largest microgap was observed at the upper level in all groups.

CONCLUSIONS

Titanium stock abutments provided a closer fit than cobalt-chrome custom abutments. Neither crown cementation nor ceramic veneering resulted in significant changes in the implant-abutment connection microgap.

The relationship of peri-implant soft tissue wound healing with implant cover screw design: Cross-sectional study

INTRODUCTION

Dental implants are frequently preferred method for oral rehabilitation all over the world. The incidence of various complications such as incorrect prosthesis, peri-implant mucositis, and peri-implantitis is high; premature loss of implants is encountered due to osteointegration process not being completed for some unexplained reasons. However, there is no study in the literature examining the nonfunctional period of implants. Closure screws of different implant companies have different designs like surface properties, and areas, where closure screws sit, are important reservoirs for microorganism colonization. Our study aims to evaluate the inflammatory response, epithelial maturation, and epithelial-connective tissue interaction around closure screws.

METHODS

For this purpose, 52 implants belonging to five different implant companies were included in the study. Tissues removed over the cover screw during fitting of healing caps were used as biopsy material and for epithelial proliferation Ki-67, for epithelium-connective tissue interaction Syndecan-1, and for macrophage activation CD-68 expressions were evaluated by immunohistochemical analysis. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analyzes were performed to evaluate the presence of gap between the implant and the cover screw.

RESULTS

As a result of our study, intensity of subepithelial inflammation between groups wasn't statistically different. Differences in CD-68 and Syndecan-1 levels were obtained at the lamina propria level. H score of CD-68 was statistically significantly different in epithelium (p = 0.032), and H score of Syndecan-1 was different in lamina propria (p = 0.022). There wasn't a statistically significant difference between the groups for Ki-67 (p = 0.151).

CONCLUSION

Our study results indicate that in addition to the implant surface morphology, the design of the closure screws is important in the inflammatory response and epithelial maturation that develops during wound healing. Although the inflammatory response is required for healing, osteointegration, and implant survival, further investigation is needed to investigate the relationship between initial neck resorption and closure screws with radiographic and microbiological examinations.

Microbiological profile of peri-implantitis: Analyses of microbiome within dental implants

PURPOSE

To characterize the microbiome composition within dental implants of peri-implantitis subjects and healthy controls using 16S rRNA gene sequencing.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Twenty-three subjects with healthy (n = 11 implants) and diseased (peri-implantitis, n = 21) implants were included in this controlled clinical cross-sectional study. Samples were obtained from internal surfaces of dental implants using sterile paper points for microbiological analysis. DNA was extracted, and the16S rRNA gene was amplified using universal primers targeting the V3-V4 regions. The resulting 16S polymerize chain reaction amplicons were sequenced on Illumina MiSeq, and the sequences were processed using DADA2 and the Human Oral Microbiome Database (HOMD) as references. Alpha and Beta diversity, as well as core microbiome and differential abundance analyses were then performed using the MicrobiomeAnalyst workflow.

RESULTS

A significant increase in microbial diversity was observed in the internal implant surface of healthy implants compared with the internal surfaces of peri-implantitis (Shannon p = 0.02). Bacterial community structure was significantly different among groups (p = 0.012). High levels of Gram-positive bacteria were detected inside implants with peri-implantitis compared to healthy implants, especially Enterococci.

CONCLUSIONS

There is a shift in bacterial diversity inside implants with peri-implantitis from the healthy control. The microbial colonization within that space might contribute to the etiology of peri-implant disease.

Comparison between Bone-Level and Tissue-Level Implants in Immediate-Loading Full-Arch Rehabilitations: A Retrospective Multi-Center 1-Year Follow-Up Study

The objective of the present retrospective multi-center study was to analyze the outcomes of bone-level (BL) implants and tissue-level (TL) implants in immediate-loading full-arch rehabilitations. Patients who were previously rehabilitated with full-arch immediate-loading rehabilitations with either BL or TL implants were considered. Data regarding implant survival rate, marginal bone loss (MBL), peri-implant probing depth (PPD), plaque index (PI), and bleeding on probing (BOP) were recorded, and the 1-year follow-up data were statistically analyzed between the two groups. In total, 38 patients were evaluated for a total implant number of 156 (n = 80 TL implants and n = 76 BL implants). An implant survival rate of 97.37% was recoded for the BL group while an implant survival rate of 100% was noted for the TL group. A total MBL of 1.324 ± 0.64 mm was recorded for BL implants, while a total MBL of 1.194 ± 0.30 mm was recorded for TL implants. A statistically significant difference was highlighted regarding MBL at the mesial aspect (p = 0.01552) of the implants, with BL implants presenting with higher MBL. Within the range of acceptable healthy values, a statistically significant difference was also highlighted regarding BOP (p < 0.00001), with TL implants presenting higher values. No statistically significant difference (p > 0.05) was recorded for any of the other variables analyzed. Within the limitations of the present retrospective study, both TL and BL implants seem to provide good clinical outcomes after a 12-month observational period when employed in immediate-loading full-arch rehabilitation.

Immediate loading full-arch rehabilitation using transmucosal tissue-level implants with different variables associated: a one-year observational study

BACKGROUND

The aim of the present observational study was to investigate the application of transmucosal tissue-level implants in immediate loading full-arch rehabilitation with different variables associated.

METHODS

Patients needing a full-arch implant rehabilitation were recruited and rehabilitated with four transmucosal tissue level implants. Data related to implants' diameters and lengths, jaw distributions, and presence of angulated abutments were collected. The following outcomes were evaluated: survival rate, marginal bone loss (MBL), Plaque Index (PI), bleeding on probing (BoP), probing depth (PD). Descriptive statistical analysis was reported and univariate linear regression models were built to assess a significant correlation between MBL and the different implant related factors.

RESULTS

Twenty patients were rehabilitated for a total implant number of 80; 11 rehabilitations were performed on the maxilla, while 9 were performed on the mandible; 48 implants presented a 3.8 mm diameter and 32 implants presented a 4.25 mm diameter. Implants length varied between 10 to 15 mm; 40 tilted implants were connected to angulated abutment, while 40 straight implants were connected directly to the prostheses (no abutments). At the one year follow-up visit no implants failed resulting in an implant survival rate of 100%. The overall MBL was 1.19±0.30 mm. No statistically significant difference (P>0.05) was highlighted among any of the subgroups analyzed.

CONCLUSIONS

Despite different variables associated, tissue level implants seem to represent a valid option when applied in immediate loading full-arch rehabilitation. Further research and longer observational periods are encouraged to confirm the result.

Escherichia coli Cellular Activity and Frontal Trizonal Evaluation of Microspace Between Implants and Abutments Under Calibrated Cyclic Stress

AIM

To evaluate microspace and microleakage between implant and abutments subjected to pre- and post-calibrated cyclic stress.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Twelve screw-retained implant prostheses with BioHPP polyetheretherketone (PEEK) abutment (Noris Dental Implant System Ltd., Nesher, Israel) (Group I) and 12 screw-retained implant prostheses with computer-assisted design/computer-assisted manufacturing (CAD/CAM) milled zirconia abutment (DentGallop, Houston, TX, USA) (Group II) were connected to their respective implant, and the prosthetic screw was torqued to 30N/cm (Noris). The microspace was evaluated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM; TeScan, Brno, Czech Republic). Twenty-four samples were then induced to cyclic stress (Lokesh Industries, Pune, India) simulating 180 days duration of oral stress. The microspaces (Group IA and Group IIB) were measured post-cyclic stress. Group I and II were again renamed into Group Ia and Group IIb for microbial study. Both implant assemblies were immersed in fresh soybean casein digest broth (SCDB) (Himedia, Mumbai, India) and subsequently inoculated with 1.0µL E. coli suspension (Himedia) at the open end and incubated at 37ºC for seven days. After the incubation period, cellular activity was determined by the spread plate method, and total colony-forming units (CFU) were calculated. The results were evaluated using independent T and Mann-Whitney tests.

RESULT

Average and microspace at the implant-abutment junction of Group I samples in the front right was 12.98µm, center 13.76µm, front left 13.22µm, and in Group II samples, the front right was 18.52µm, center 17.84µm, front left 18.58µm.After being subjected to cyclic loading, the mean levels of the vertical microgap for Group IA samples were: in the front right region 10.37µm, in the center 9.34µm, in the front left 10.51µm and in Group IIB samples front right was 14.59µm, center 13.39µm, front left 13.8µm. Independent t-tests showed insignificant differences between the two groups. The median value of microbial leakage of Group Ia samples after cyclic loading was 30 x 103 CFU/ml, and Group IIb samples were 42 x 103 CFU/ml and were significant.

CONCLUSION

There was minimal variation in the mean microspace between the BioHPP PEEK abutment and CAD/CAM milled zirconia abutment, and it was insignificant before and after cyclic stress. BioHPP PEEK abutment-titanium implant interfaces showed significantly decreased microbial leakage than CAD/CAM milled zirconia abutment-titanium implant interfaces after cyclic stress.

Prevention of internal bacterial colonization of dental implants: A comparative longitudinal observational study

OBJECTIVES

Previous studies have indicated a progressive internal bacterial colonization of implants and possible implications for peri-implant bone loss. The aim of this study was to evaluate a decontamination protocol, two disinfectants, and a sealant for their ability to prevent such a colonization.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Bacterial samples were harvested from the peri-implant sulcus (external) and following abutment removal from the implant cavity (internal) during routine supportive peri-implant care in 30 edentulous patients 2 years after they had obtained two implants. In a split-mouth design, implants were randomly assigned to receive either internal decontamination alone (10% H2 O2 , brush) or additional placement of either sealant (GS), disinfectant agent (CHX-varnish) or disinfectant gel (1% CHX-gel), in the internal cavity before remounting of abutment/suprastructure. Twelve months later, internal and external sampling was repeated. Total bacterial counts (TBCs) were determined using real-time PCR in a total of 240 samples (eight per patient).

RESULTS

Total bacterial counts in the internal cavity significantly reduced overall treatment modalities 1 year after the treatments (4.0 [2.3-6.9]-fold reduction; p = .000). No significant differences between the four treatment types were found (p = .348). Comparison of internal and external sampling points revealed significant correlation (R2  = .366; p = .000) with systematically higher TBC counts in external samples.

CONCLUSIONS

Within the limitations of the present study, it can be concluded that the use of disinfectant agents or a sealant did not show an additional benefit in the prevention of internal bacterial colonization of implants compared to a decontamination protocol alone.

Can Abutment with Novel Superlattice CrN/NbN Coatings Influence Peri-Implant Tissue Health and Implant Survival Rate Compared to Machined Abutment? 6-Month Results from a Multi-Center Split-Mouth Randomized Control Trial

Background: The aim of the present multi-center split-mouth randomized control trial was to investigate the effect on peri-implant tissue of abutment with chromium nitride/ niobium nitride (CrN/NbN) coatings (superlattice) compared to traditional machined surface. Methods: Two adjacent posterior implants were inserted in 20 patients. A machined abutment was randomly screwed on either the mesial or distal implant, while a superlattice abutment was screwed on the other one. Implant survival rate, peri-implant probing depth (PPD), plaque index (PI), and bleeding index (BI) were collected 6 months after surgery, while marginal bone loss (MBL) was evaluated at T0 and T6.; Results: Implant survival rate was 97.7%. A total MBL of 0.77 ± 0.50 mm was recorded for superlattice abutments, while a mean MBL of 0.79 ± 0.40 mm was recorded for the abutment with machined surface. A mean PPD of 1.3 ± 0.23 mm was recorded for the superlattice Group, and a mean PPD of 1.31 ± 0.3 was recorded for the machined surface Group. PI was of 0.55 ± 0.51 for superlattice Group and 0.57 ± 0.50 for machined Group, while BI was of 0.47 ± 0.49 for superlattice Group and of 0.46 ± 0.40 for the machined one. No statistically significant difference was highlighted between the two Groups (p > 0.05). Conclusions: After a 6-month observational period, no statistically significant differences were highlighted between superlattice abutment and traditional machined abutment. Further in vitro studies as well as clinical research with longer follow-ups are required to better investigate the surface properties of the novel abutments’ superlattice coating and its effect on the oral tissues.

Clinical Outcomes of Dental Implants with Two Different Internal Connection Configurations—A RCT

Background: The aim of the present study was to highlight clinical and radiographical differences among implants sharing the same macro-geometry but with two different prosthodontic connections. Methods: Patients requiring at least 2 implants in the posterior area of the jaw were randomly divided into two groups (Conical (CS) and Internal Hexagonal (IH) connection). At implant surgery (T0), insertion torque, implant stability quotient (ISQ values recorded by resonance frequency analysis, RFA), and soft tissue thickness (STH) were assessed. A 1-abutment/1-time protocol was applied, and the prosthesis was realized following a fully digital workflow. At the 36-month follow-up periapical x-rays were taken. In order to statistically analyse differences among the two groups and the different variables, paired T-test was used. Linear regression analysis was conducted to analyze how marginal bone loss (MBL) was affected by other independent variables. A neural network created to predict the success (good or not good) of the implant itself was implemented. Results: 30 out of 33 patients (14 males, 16 females, mean age: 68.94 ± 13.01 years) (32 CS and 32 IH) were analyzed. No implants failed. Marginal bone loss at the 3-year time-point was 0.33 ± 0.34 mm and 0.43 ± 0.37 mm respectively for CS and IH with a significant difference between the two groups (p = 0.004). The presence of keratinized gingiva (p = 0.034) significantly influenced MBL. Conclusions: Both the implant connections investigated presented optimal clinical outcomes with minimal marginal bone loss; however, CS implants and implants with the presence of a greater width of keratinized tissue presented significantly lower MBL.

Scanning Electron Microscopy Analyses of Dental Implant Abutments Debonded from Monolithic Zirconia Restorations Using Heat Treatment: An In Vitro Study

Aim: The aim of this in vitro study is to present a debonding protocol developed to remove a screw-retained, monolithic, zirconia restoration from its titanium-base abutment, and to microscopically evaluate the abutment integrity at both the prosthetic and connection levels. Materials and Methods: A total of 30 samples were tested. Each sample consisted of a monolithic zirconia restoration bonded on a titanium link abutment. Five different shapes were designed and fabricated. Randomly, one-third of the Ti-link abutments were subjected to an anodizing process. Then, all the zirconia samples were bonded to the Ti-link abutments according to a pre-established protocol. Forty-eight hours later, the samples were debonded according to the experimental protocol. The outcomes were evaluated by a visual inspection with an optical microscope, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and chemical composition analysis. Results: Thirty samples were collected and visually analyzed. Seven samples were randomly evaluated via scanning electron microscopy. In all the examinations, no relevant changes were reported. Chemical composition analysis also relieved no changes in the chemical structure of the titanium. Conclusions: The titanium-base abutments do not alter the structure and properties of the material, not creating phase changes or the birth of oxides such as to induce fragility. Further clinical studies with longer follow-up periods are needed to confirm these preliminary results.

Risk Characteristics of Peri-Implant Infections: A Retrospective Evaluation in a University Consultation Setting

Peri-implantitis is a common biological complication in dentistry. The aim of the present study was to retrospectively analyze risk characteristics in a group of patients referred to a university-based consultation for peri-implantitis. In all, 190 initial cases from 2010 to 2019 were evaluated and descriptively summarized. The evaluation included various parameters such as periodontitis, smoking and oral hygiene status, implant position, type of prosthetic restoration and retention, mucosal quality, and further anamnestic and clinical findings related to the potential risk of developing peri-implantitis. Peri-implantitis was diagnosed in 83% of the cases, with peri-implant mucositis alone in 16% of cases; furthermore, 38% of the patients were diagnosed with active/instable periodontitis, while 14% had stable periodontitis. Residual cement was considered as a potential co-factor of peri-implant inflammation in 43% of cases. Suboptimal implant positioning was found in 19% of patients. Peri-implantitis or peri-implant mucositis was present in about one-third of patients in the absence of smoking and periodontitis factors. Of note, 6% showed no identifiable risk factors. Factors related to an increased risk of peri-implantitis should be taken into consideration when planning implant treatment. Adequate prosthetic implant position, restoration, and cleanability remain important for long-term success.

New Ceramic Multi-Unit Dental Abutments with an Antimicrobial Glassy Coating

The choice of suitable materials and new designs in oral implantology and the subsequent enhancement of the characteristics of the dental implant developed is an important research topic with wide scope. The present work aims to develop a new multifunctional zirconia-ceria/alumina (Ce-TZP/Al₂O₃) composite with an antimicrobial glass-based coating to be used in multi-unit abutments compatible with commercially available Ti implants for peri-implantitis prevention. An airbrush spraying technique was effectively applied to coat the sintered ceramic composite starting from a glass powder suspension. This deposition technique was appropriate for obtaining continuous antimicrobial glass-based coatings with homogenous thickness (~35 µm) on ceramic dental implant components. The dental implant systems with the antimicrobial glassy coating were subjected to a mechanical integrity test following ISO 14801 to determine their long-term stability. The tested implant-coating structure seems to be stable under in vitro conditions with ultimate applied forces exceeding the maximum physiological occlusal loading force. This paper also presents a pilot clinical case report that shows peri-implant tissue around the mechanically stable glass coating with no signs of inflammation 1 year after implant insertion. This result is a preliminary probe of the durability and biological tolerance of the glassy material by the gingiva, as well as the antimicrobial effect on the peri-implant microbiota displayed by the coating.

Implant‐abutment emergence angle and profile in relation to peri‐implantitis: A systematic review

Statement

The aim of this systematic review is to analyze literature regarding the relationship between the implant‐abutment emergence angle (EA) and implant emergence profile (EP) and the prevalence of peri‐implantitis.

Methods

PubMed and the Cochrane Library were searched for studies from initiation up to April 2022. Studies describing the EA and EP in association with peri‐implantitis were considered eligible for this review and selected for inclusion in this review if implant groups with wide and narrow EA and different EP types were described.

Results

Searches in PubMed and the Cochrane Library led to 1116 unique titles and the inclusion of three studies. These concerned 168–349 implants. Two studies presented the mean prevalence of peri‐implantitis which was 16.7% and 24.8% at the implant level. Both studies showed a significant relationship between peri‐implantitis in bone‐level implant groups with an EA above 30° compared to implants with an EA below 30°. A third study presented marginal bone loss which tended to be smaller when the EA was around 20°–40°. In one of the three included studies, the prevalence of peri‐implantitis was significantly higher if implants had a convex EP compared to a concave or straight EP. Another study showed a significantly higher prevalence of peri‐implantitis in implants with a convex EP compared to other EP types, if combined with an EA above 30°.

Conclusions

Three eligible studies were found. Reported associations should therefore be considered with caution. Synthesis suggests an association between a larger EA (>30°) and a higher prevalence of peri‐implantitis or marginal bone loss compared to a smaller EA (<30°). A convex EP may also be associated with a higher prevalence of peri‐implantitis. However, causality remains a question.

Microleakage assessment of CAD-CAM Cobalt-Chrome and Zirconia abutments on a conical connection dental implant: A comparative in vitro study

Objective

To assess the marginal and bacterial microleakage in zirconia and CAD‐CAM or cast Co‐Cr implant abutments.

Methods

Sixty‐four conical connection implants with their respective abutments were divided into four groups (Co‐Cr (milled, laser‐sintered, and cast) and Zirconia (milled)). All specimens were subjected to a chewing simulation and thermocycling. After aging process, specimens were submerged in a 0.2% methylene blue solution with Porphyromonas gingivalis (P.g) for 48 h. The marginal microleakage was measured using a 40× optical microscopy at the internal part of the implant, and when positive microleakage was observed, a DNA isolation with a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test was used. The microbiological assessment was based on colony forming units (CFUs).

Results

Thirty (47%) implant‐abutments presented microleakage and the PCR was performed on those specimens (1 Zirconia, 1 Co‐Cr milled, 14 Co‐Cr laser‐sintered and 14 cast). Seven specimens (1 Co‐Cr laser‐sintered and six cast) presented values below the PCR detection limit (< 100 CFUs). The lowest CFUs count occurred in the Co‐Cr milled group (5.17E+02 CFUs/ml) followed by zirconia (7.70E+03 CFUs/ml). The Co‐Cr cast (9.39E+03 CFUs/ml) and laser‐sintered (2.4E+05 CFUs/ml) groups had higher bacterial count. The CFU count comparison performed between Co‐Cr cast and laser‐sintered resulted in a statistically significant differences in favor of Co‐CrCL (p < .05).

Conclusions

The abutment material and fabrication technique affected the implant‐abutment microleakage. Although the CAD‐CAM abutments presented favorable results, all tested groups presented microleakage.

Full-Arch Rehabilitation Using Trans-Mucosal Tissue-Level Implants with and without Implant-Abutment Units: A Case Report

Recently, tissue-level implants with a convergent collar have been introduced. While different studies have investigated the outcomes of this implant design in the rehabilitation of single teeth, its use in full-arch rehabilitation has yet to be investigated. The present case report describes the clinical outcomes of a full-arch immediate loading rehabilitation using tissue-level implants, with and without using implant-abutment units, with 2 years of follow-up. A female patient with mandibular terminal dentition and a high level of bone resorption (distal areas with a few millimeters of residual bone in the vertical dimension and both distal and anterior areas with narrow crestal bone in the horizontal dimension) was seen at the C.I.R Dental School, Turin, Italy. The patient was seeking to be rehabilitated with fixed prosthodontics, and she was found eligible for an immediate loading implant full-arch rehabilitation. Four implants were inserted in the same appointment. The two anterior implants were inserted straight and connected directly to the prosthesis (no abutments); the two distal implants were tilted in order to avoid the alveolar nerve and connected to two 30° angulated abutments. Two years post-implant placement, all of the implants were successfully integrated, resulting in an implant survival rate of 100%. The peri-implant soft tissues were stable at all the implant sites. No differences were highlighted between those implants with and without abutments. Within the limitations of the present clinical report, implant full-arch rehabilitations with tissue-level implants both with and without implant-abutment units showed optimal outcomes after two years of follow-up. Further research is encouraged to confirm whether this implant design may be a valid alternative to traditional implants in this type of rehabilitation, with or without implant-abutment units.

Clinical, radiographic, and biochemical evaluation of two-piece versus one-piece single implants with a laser-microgrooved collar surface after 5 years of functional loading

AIM

To compare the clinical and radiographic conditions and the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in peri-implant crevicular fluid (PICF) at two-piece/bone level (TP/BL) versus one-piece/tissue level (OP/TL) single implants with a laser-microgrooved collar after at least 5 years of loading.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

In total, 20 single TP/BL implants and 20 contralateral OP/TL implants, both with a laser-microgrooved collar surface, in 20 systemically and periodontally healthy subjects (12 males and 8 females, between the age of 36 and 64 [mean age of 49.7 ± 12.3 years]), were examined. Levels of IL-1β, IL-1RA, IL-6, IL-8, IL-17, b-FGF, G-CSF, GM-CSF, IFN, MIP-1β, TNF-α, and VEGF were assessed in PICF using the Bio-Plex 200 Suspension Array System. Plaque index (PI), probing depth (PD), bleeding on probing (BOP), and gingival recession (REC) were recorded. Radiographic crestal bone levels (CBL) were assessed at the mesial and distal aspects of the implant sites.

RESULTS

The mean PI, PD, BOP, and REC values had no significant differences in either group. A higher mean value of CBL with statistical difference was detected for TP/BL compared with OP/TL implants. The levels of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, GM-CSF, and MIP-1β and TNF-α were higher at TP/BL implants than at OP/TL implants. However, only IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α values presented significant differences between the groups.

CONCLUSIONS

Although after 5 years of loading single TP/BL and OP/TL implants with a laser-microgrooved collar surface presented similar good clinical conditions, a higher proinflammatory state and higher crestal bone loss were detected for TP/BL implants.

Comparison between Early Loaded Single Implants with Internal Conical Connection or Implants with Transmucosal Neck Design: A Non-Randomized Controlled Trial with 1-Year Clinical, Aesthetics, and Radiographic Evaluation

To evaluate the implant and prosthetic of two implants with different surfaces and neck design. Enrolled patients received bone level, 12° conical connection implants (Nobel Parallel, Nobel Biocare; NOBEL group) with anodized surface (TiUnite) and roughness of 1.35 μm, or transmucosal implant system (Prama, Sweden and Martina; PRAMA group) with convergent collar, ZIrTi surface, and roughness 1.4–1.7 μm. Both implants were made of pure grade IV titanium, with similar diameter and length, chosen according to the dentistry department availability and patient’s request. After early prosthesis delivery, patients were filled for at least one year. Outcome measures were: implant and prosthetic survival and success rates, physiological marginal bone remodeling, periodontal parameters and pink esthetic score (PES). Results: Fifteen patients were allocated and treated in each group. At the one-year follow-up, three patients dropped out, one in the NOBEL group and two in the PRAMA group. During the entire time of investigation, all implants survived and the prostheses were successful. No statistically significant differences were found in term of marginal bone loss, periodontal parameters, and aesthetics (p > 0.05). Conclusion: With the limitations of the present study, both implant systems showed successful clinical results. Finally, many other clinical and surgical variables may influenced marginal bone levels, implant survival, and periodontal parameters. More homogenous clinical trials with larger samples are needed to confirm these preliminary conclusions.

Evaluation of customized cobalt-chromium abutments fabricated with different manufacturing process versus titanium stock abutments on the marginal misfit -An in vitro study

Aim

Accurate fit of the abutment to the implant is required for the uniform load distribution throughout the assembly. The study aims to compare the marginal misfit of titanium stock abutments with the cobalt-chromium (CoCr) customized abutments fabricated with the different manufacturing processes in internal hex implant-abutment connection using an appropriate scanning technique.

Setting and Design

In vitro comparative study.

Materials and Methods

A total of 40 abutments were included in the study. Ten titanium stock abutments were used as control (Group CN) and 30 CoCr abutments were fabricated and taken as the test group. Stock abutments were scanned and from obtained images test group abutments were fabricated as follows: Ten cast abutments (Group CA), 10 sintered abutments (Group SA), and 10 milled abutments (Group MA). Endosseous implanst having internal hex connections were matched with 10 stock abutments and 30 customized CoCr abutments. Implants were mounted in a clear epoxy resin block and the abutments were then fitted onto the implants with a torque of 30Ncm. The marginal discrepancy at implant-abutment connections was measured with confocal laser scanning microscope.

Statistical Analysis Used

One-way ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc test was done for statistical analysis.

Results

One-way ANOVA revealed a significant difference in marginal misfit of abutments. The mean marginal misfit was lowest for stock abutments (0.35 ± 0.009 μm). Among the customized abutments, the mean marginal misfit was highest for cast abutments (2.44 ± 0.445 μm) followed by sintered abutments (1.67 ± 0.232 μm) and least for milled abutments (0.65 ± 0.041 μm). A significant difference was found in marginal misfit with cast abutments and sintered abutments when compared to stock abutments (P < 0.001). The difference in marginal misfit was insignificant between stock abutments and milled abutments (P = 0.052).

Conclusion

Difference in marginal misfit exists between the titanium stock abutments and customized CoCr abutments. Among the customized abutments, milled CoCr abutments have the least marginal discrepancy and cast CoCr abutments have a maximum marginal discrepancy. Milled CoCr abutments can be used as an alternative to titanium stock abutments.

A Ru/RuO2-Doped TiO2 Nanotubes as pH Sensors for Biomedical Applications: The Effect of the Amount and Oxidation of Deposited Ru on the Electrochemical Response

In the field of orthopedic or dental implants, titanium and its alloys are most commonly used because of their excellent mechanical and corrosion properties and good biocompatibility. After implantation into the patient’s body, there is a high risk of developing bacterial inflammation, which negatively affects the surrounding tissues and the implant itself. Early detection of inflammation could be done with a pH sensor. In this work, pH-sensitive systems based on TiO₂-Ru and TiO₂-RuO₂ combinations were fabricated and investigated. As a base material, Ti-6Al-4V alloy nanostructured by anodic oxidation was used. Ruthenium was successfully deposited on nanotubular TiO₂ using cyclic polarization, galvanostatic and potentiostatic mode. Potentiostatic mode proved to be the most suitable. The selected samples were oxidized by cyclic polarization to form a TiO₂-RuO₂ system. The success of the oxidation was confirmed by XPS analysis. The electrochemical response of the systems to pH change was measured in saline solution using different techniques. The measurement of open circuit potential showed that unoxidized samples (TiO₂-Ru) exhibited sub-Nernstian behavior (39.2 and 35.8 mV/pH). The oxidized sample (TiO₂-RuO₂) containing the highest amount of Ru exhibited super-Nernstian behavior (67.3 mV/pH). The Mott–Schottky analysis proved to be the best method. The use of the electrochemical impedance method can also be considered, provided that greater stability of the samples is achieved.

Comparison of stresses in monoblock tilted implants and conventional angled multiunit abutment-implant connection systems in the all-on-four procedure

Background

The All-on-four dental implant method is an implantology method designed to provide a comfortable prosthetic treatment option by avoiding advanced surgical procedures. This research aims to compare and evaluate the stress and tension values in conventional angled multiunit abutment-implant connection systems and monoblock dental implants used in the all-on-four procedure with finite element analysis.

Methods

Two master models were created by placing four implants connected to multiunit abutments (group A) in the interforaminal region of a completely edentulous mandible and four monoblock implants (group B) in the same region of another completely edentulous mandible. Group A implants were classified according to their diameter as follows: 3.5 mm (M1A), 4.0 mm (M2A), and 4.5 mm (M3A). Similarly, group B implants were classified as M1B, M2B, and M3B. In the six models rehabilitated with acrylic fixed prostheses, a 100 N force was applied to the anterior implant region, and a 250 N force was applied to the posterior cantilever in both axial and 30° oblique directions. Von Mises stresses were analyzed in the bone and implant regions of all models.

Results

M1A and M1B, M2A and M2B, and M3A and M3B were compared with each other under axial and oblique forces. The maximum Von Mises stresses in the bone around implants and the prosthesis screws, and the maximum and minimum principal stresses in the cortical and trabecular bone in group A models were significantly higher than those in group B models.

Conclusions

In monoblock implant systems under axial and oblique forces, higher stress is accumulated in the bone, prosthesis screw and implant compared to multiunit abutment-implant connection systems.

Original vs compatible stock abutment- implant connection. An in vitro analysis of the internal accuracy and mechanical fatigue behaviour

PURPOSE

To assess the internal accuracy and mechanical behaviour under cyclic loading after artificial aging of implantsupported crowns restored with original stock abutments and two compatible non-original stock abutments.

METHODS

Forty-eight original internal hexagon connection implants were connected to different stock abutments. The samples were divided into three groups depending on the manufacturer of the abutment components (one original, two non-originals).Firstly, samples were cross-sectioned and observed by using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) to evaluate the internal accuracy in three different implant-abutment interface locations (platform, internal and screw). Further, cyclic fatigue loading was carried out according to the ISO Norm 14801 using dynamic testing machine under sinusoidal loads for 2,000,000 cycles at test frequencies of 2 Hz in air after thermocycling with 10,000 cycles at 5 °C and 55 °C in artificial saliva for aging simulation.

RESULTS

Original abutment components presented the highest percentage of surface with tight contact with the implant in the three implant-abutment interfaces studied. Additionally, original configuration showed highest fatigue limit value and fatigue strength exponent (280 N and -0.054) than non-original 1 (225 N and -0.109) and non-original 2 (200 N and -0.101).

CONCLUSION

Original abutment components provide better fit and mechanical results under cyclic loading than nonoriginal configurations. The results obtained in this study seem to suggest that the use of the original stock abutments to implants leads to a more homogeneous load distribution between the components that can influence the long-term success of the restorations.

Fabrication and evaluation of antimicrobial biomimetic nanofibre coating for improved dental implant bio-seal: An in vitro study

BACKGROUND

A weak implant-soft tissue interface may lead to bacterial ingression, breakdown of underlying tissues, and eventually implant failure. This study proposes a surface modification technique of titanium alloy (Ti), using a nano-biopolymer scaffold to enhance soft tissue attachment in dental implants.

METHODS

Gelatin (20% w/v) embedded with 10±2 nm silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) was electrospun to form a Gelatin Electrospun Mat (GEM) scaffold, bonded to Ti alloy surface using chemical surface functionalization. Antimicrobial activity of AgNPs was tested against representative Gram-positive (S. aureus) and Gram-negative bacteria (E. coli) at 4, 24, and 48 hours (h) and after embedding in scaffold at 48 h. Cytotoxicity analysis (MTT assay) was carried out using the 3T3 mouse fibroblast cell line at 24 and 72 h for two groups: Control (unmodified Ti disc) and Experimental (GEM embedded with AgNPs); and further validated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM).

RESULTS

The AgNPs-embedded GEM showed good antimicrobial activity at 48 h, with the AgNPs showing complete (99.99%) inhibition of bacterial colony counts at 24 h and 48 h. Cell viability and proliferation over the GEM modified Ti discs were seen to be significantly increased (p < 0.05) at 72 h as compared to control. SEM images revealed intimate spreading of fibroblasts, with differentiated cell morphology and pseudopodial processes, indicative of enhanced fibroblastic adhesion, growth, and differentiation over the scaffold.

CONCLUSION

Results show good antifouling properties and biocompatibility of the fabricated coating, making it a promising strategy to reduce post-operative infections and peri-implant diseases in Ti dental implants. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Prosthetic complications of fixed dental prostheses supported by locking-taper implants: a retrospective study with a mean follow-up of 5 years

BACKGROUND

Restoration with locking-taper implants is a widely used methodology. However, conical connection systems such as locking-taper implant systems have rarely been examined. This study provides a retrospective investigation of locking-taper fixed restorations, mainly focusing on prosthetic complications.

METHODS

Patients undergo treatment with conical connected implants from 2008 to 2010 were examined. Preparation of the implant sites was performed according to the standard procedures for the Bicon system. Bone healing took over 6 months, and the prosthetic procedure was initiated thereafter. Integrated abutment crowns or gold porcelain crowns were used, and the prosthesis type was a single crown or a fixed dental prosthesis. Once the crown was in place, its occlusion was thoroughly checked and adjusted, and then the crown was glazed or finely polished. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to calculate the cumulative complication-free rates for 5 and 10 years. Additionally, a Cox regression model was used to identify the factors that independently influenced the results. Implant survival and marginal bone loss were also investigated.

RESULTS

A total of 392 patients who underwent 541 implants and 434 locking taper implant-based restorations from 2008 to 2010 were examined. The overall 5-year cumulative complication-free rate was 83.34%. The most common prosthetic complication was veneer chipping, with a frequency of 67.53%. According to the Cox regression model, the complication-free rate of integrated abutment crowns was significantly higher than that of gold porcelain crowns, that of molar regions was significantly higher than that of premolar regions, and that of females was significantly higher than that of males. Only three implant failures happened, and the mean marginal bone loss values at 1- year, 5-years and 10- years were 0.25 mm (95% CI ± 0.12), 0.40 mm (95% CI ± 0.03) and 0.51 mm (95% CI ± 0.05), respectively.

CONCLUSION

Veneer chipping was the most common complication with locking-taper implant-supported fixed restorations. The incidence of complications for IACs is significantly higher than that for GPCs. Age, location, and prosthesis type are not determinants of prosthetic complications. Besides, the long-term clinical effect of locking-taper implant can meet the clinical needs. The bone tissue level around the implant can maintain long-term stability.

Mechanical Performance of Chairside Ceramic CAD/CAM Restorations and Zirconia Abutments with Different Internal Implant Connections: In Vitro Study and Finite Element Analysis

(computer-aided design-computer-aided manufacturing) CAD/CAM monolithic restorations connected to zirconia abutments manufactured with a chairside workflow are becoming a more common restorative option. However, their mechanical performance is still uncertain. The aim of this study was to evaluate the mechanical behavior of a combination of a zirconia abutment and monolithic all-ceramic zirconia and lithium disilicate crown manufactured with a chairside workflow, connected to titanium implants with two types of internal connection—tube in tube connection and conical connection with platform switching. They were thermally cycled from 5 °C to 55 °C and were subjected to a static and fatigue test following ISO 14801. The fractured specimens from the fatigue test were examined by SEM (scanning electron microscopy). Simulations of the stress distribution over the different parts of the restorative complex during the mechanical tests were evaluated by means of (finite element analysis) FEA. The mechanical performance of the zirconia abutment with an internal conical connection was higher than that of the tube in tube connection. Additionally, the use of disilicate or zirconia all-ceramic chairside CAD/CAM monolithic restorations has similar results in terms of mechanical fracture and fatigue resistance. Stress distribution affects the implant/restoration complex depending on the connection design. Zirconia abutments and monolithic restorations seem to be highly reliable in terms of mechanical resistance.

Original versus nonoriginal cast-to-gold abutment-implant connection: Analysis of the internal fit and long-term fatigue performance

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

Restoring implants with nonoriginal abutments is common. However, studies that evaluated compatible abutments with long-term fatigue performance are lacking.

PURPOSE

The purpose of this in vitro study was to assess the internal fit and the cyclic fatigue life after artificial aging of 3 implant-abutment configurations restored with 1 original and 2 compatible nonoriginal cast-to-gold abutments.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Forty-eight original internal hexagon connection implants were connected to 3 different brands of abutments (n=16): 1 original to the implant system and the other 2 with nonoriginal abutments. Internal fit and the percentage of surface with tight contact were assessed by scanning electron microscopy in 12 cross-sectioned specimens (n=4) at 3 different areas (platform, internal, and screw). Thirty-six implant-abutment-crown specimens (n=12) were immersed in artificial saliva and thermocycled for 10 000 cycles between 5 °C and 55 °C. Subsequently, a cyclic load test, as per International Organization for Standardization (ISO) Standard 14 801, was completed in a universal testing machine at 2 Hz in air.

RESULTS

The original abutments presented the best fit and highest percentage of tight contact in the internal areas. In addition, the original abutments showed the lower cyclic fatigue strength degradation and the highest long-term success.

CONCLUSIONS

Occlusal loads are transferred more homogenously through the system when original abutments are used because of the better fit between the internal components, leading to increased fatigue resistance.

Effects of insertion torque on the structure of dental implants with different connections: Experimental pilot study in vitro

OBJECTIVE

During the insertion of dental implants in the bone tissue, different torque values can be applied. However, the high applied torque can cause damage to the implant connection. Our study sought to evaluate, by measuring the angle of rotation of the insertion drive and, later microscopic observation, possible changes in the structure of implants of different diameters with 3 different types of connections after the application of 4 different torque intensities.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Three hundred tapered dental implants and three hundred insertion drivers were used in the present study. Implants of 3.5 and 4 mm in diameter with 3 connection models were tested: external hexagon (EH), internal hexagon (IH) and Morse taper (MT). Then, sis groups were performed: EH3 group, EH4 group, IH3 group, IH4 group, MT3 group and MT4 group. The samples were submitted to the torque/torsion force at 4 intensities (n = 10 samples per group and intensity): 60, 80, 100 and 120 Ncm. The turning angle of the insertion driver was measured in each test. In addition, in 10 samples from each group, the maximum torque value supported by each implant model was measured. After the tests, all samples were inspected microscopically to describe the observed changes.

RESULTS

The maximum torque supported by the different implant models showed statistically significant difference (p < 0.0001). The values of the measured angles showed statistically significant differences between the torque values applied within each group (p < 0.001) and between groups with the same torque value (p < 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS

Within the limitations of the present study in vitro, the results showed that high torque values cause mechanical damage to the implants.

1-Year Evaluation of OT Bridge Abutments for Immediately Loaded Maxillary Fixed Restorations: A Multicenter Study

Objective  Preliminary data on survival and success rates of immediately loaded, maxillary, screw-retained, implant-supported, fixed restorations delivered on narrow and low-profile OT Equator abutments (OT Bridge, Rhein’83) were evaluated.

Materials and Methods  This retrospective study evaluated data collected from patients rehabilitated with OT Bridge prosthetic concept between November 2017 and February 2019 in six different centers. Outcome measures were implant and prosthetic survival rates, biological and technical complications, marginal bone loss (MBL), oral health impact profile (OHIP), bleeding on probing, and plaque index.

Results  A total of 76 implants were inserted in 14 patients. Patients were followed for a mean period of 15.8 months (range = 12–24). All the patients receive OT Equator (Rhein'83) as intermediate abutments. One year after loading, one implant failed (1.3%). None of the prosthesis failed. One prosthetic complication was experienced in one patient. Three out of 76 implants were connected to the prosthetic framework using only the Seeger system, without screw. Difference in OHIP values was statistically significant (71.9 ± 8.5; p = 0.000). One year after loading, MBL was 0.21 ± 0.11 mm and p- value was 0.000. One year after loading, 8.7% of the examined implant sites present positive bleeding on probing, while 6.4% of the implant sites presented plaque.

Conclusion  The OT Equator abutments (Rhein'83) showed successful results when used to support maxillary fixed dental prosthesis delivered on four to six implants. High implant and prosthetic survival rates, very low complications, high patient satisfaction, and good biological parameters, including only 0.2 mm of bone remodeling were experienced one year after function. Further studies are needed to confirm these preliminary results.

Antibacterial effect of nanocurcumin inside the implant fixture: An in vitro study

Objectives

Infections after implant placement are the main reasons for the failure of implant treatments. The present study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial effects of nanocurcumin inside the implant fixture against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Enterococcus faecalis.

Materials and Methods

Twenty seven implants were classified in three groups for testing the antibacterial effect of nanocurcumin, chlorhexidine (as negative control), and distilled water (as negative control). Each group was then divided into three subgroups to study the effect of the applied torque on the antimicrobial effect of nanocurcumin. All implant abutment assemblies were submerged in bacteria suspension and were incubated at 37°C for 24 hours. The contents of each implant were removed to count the colony of bacteria on the surface of plates containing nutrient agar.

Results

Results indicated that the inhibitory rate of bacteria by nanocurcumin was above 99% in all bacteria. Besides, by increasing the amount of applied torque from 10 to 35 N.cm, the CFU of bacteria in exposure to nanocurcumin significantly were decreased (p‐value < 0.01).

Conclusion

The results of this study revealed that nanocurcumin can be used inside the implant fixture in order to use antimicrobial effects and further stabilization and success of the implant.

Feasibility of Using a Prosthetic-Based Impression Template to Improve the Trueness and Precision of a Complete Arch Digital Impression on Four and Six Implants: An In Vitro Study

Background: Intraoral scanners (IOSs) in implantology represent a viable approach for single teeth or partial arches. However, when used for complete edentulous arches or long-span edentulous areas, it has been demonstrated that there is a need for improvement of IOS-related techniques. Therefore, the aim of this in vitro study was to assess the trueness and precision of a complete arch digital impression on four and six implants taken with or without a customized, prosthetic-based impression template. Materials and Methods: Two experimental models were prepared, representative of a complete edentulous mandible restored with four and six implants with built-in scan abutments. Models were scanned with (test group, TG) or without (control group, CG) the prosthetic-based impression template. Eight scans were taken for each model. The time needed to take impressions, error, trueness, and precision were evaluated. A statistical analysis was performed. Results: In the case of four implants, the time needed for the impression was 128.7 ± 55.3 s in the TG and 81.0 ± 23.5 s in the CG (p = 0.0416). With six scan abutments, the time was 197.5 ± 26.8 and 110.6 ± 25.2 s in the TG and CG, respectively (p = 0.0000). In the TG, no errors were experienced, while in the CG, 13 impressions were retaken due to incorrect stitching processes. In the four-implant impression, the mean angle deviation was 0.252 ± 0.068° (95% CI 0.021–0.115°) in the CG and 0.134 ± 0.053° (95% CI 0.016–0.090°) in the TG. The difference was statistically significant (p = 0.002). In the six-implant impression, the mean angle deviation was 0.373 ± 0.117° (95% CI 0.036–0.198°) in the CG and 0.100 ± 0.029° (95% CI 0.009–0.049°) in the TG (p = 0.000). In the TG, there were no statistically significant differences in the mean angle deviation within the group (p > 0.05), but there were in the CG. A colorimetric analysis showed higher deviations from the original model for the six-implant impression without a prosthetic template. Conclusions: Although all of the impressions exhibited deviation from the original model in the range of clinical acceptability, the prosthetic-based impression template significantly improved the trueness and precision of complete edentulous arches rehabilitated with four or six implants, making the complete arch digital impression more predictable.

Influence of Implant Connection, Abutment Design and Screw Insertion Torque on Implant-Abutment Misfit

Background: An accurate fit at the implant-abutment interface is an important factor to avoid biological and mechanical complications. The aim of this study was to evaluate the marginal misfit at the implant-abutment interface on external and Morse taper connection, with straight and angulated abutments under different insertion torque loads. Materials and Methods: A total of 120 implants were used, 60 with external connection (EC) and 60 with Morse taper connection (IC). Straight (SA) (n = 60) and angulated abutments (AA) (n = 60) were randomly screwed to each connection at different torque levels (n = 10 each): 10, 20 and 30 Ncm. All specimens were subjected to thermal and cyclic loading and the misfit was measured by scanning electron microscopy. Data were analyzed with one-way ANOVA, t-test and Kruskal-Wallis test. Results: Significant differences (p < 0.001) were found between connections and abutments regardless of the torque applied. Morse taper connections with straight and angulated abutments showed the lowest misfit values (0.6 µm). Misfit values decreased as torque increased. Conclusions: The misfit was affected by the type of connection. The type of abutment did not influence the fit in the Morse taper connection. The higher the tightening torque applied the increase in the fit of the implant-abutment interface.

Measurement of gap between abutment and fixture in dental conical connection implants. A focused ion beam SEM observation

BACKGROUND

The aim of the authors was to examine the abutment-fixture interface in Morse-type conical implants in order to verify gaps at this level using a new microscopical approach.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

In this in vitro study, 20 abutment-fixture complexes were prepared by sectioning (longitudinal and cross-sectional to the long axis) with a microtome and then with a focused ion beam (FIB). This is a micrometric machine tool that uses gallium ions to abrade circumscribed areas to dig deeper into the cuts obtained with the microtome in order to eliminate cut-induced artifacts. This is because the FIB abrasion is practically free from artifacts, which are normally generated by the action of the microtome blades or other techniques. Samples were then observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM).

RESULTS

The observation of the abraded parts with the FIB permitted measurement of the real gap between the implant-abutment components. A variable amount of gap was retrieved (from 0 to 3 μm) by the observations, confirming the non-hermetic nature of the connection. It has to be pointed out that in approximately 65% of cases, the gap accounted for less than 1 μm.

CONCLUSIONS

The reported data confirmed that the analyzed connection system allowed for minimal gap. However, from the evidence of the present analysis, it cannot be assumed that the 2 parts of a Morse-type conical implant are fused in 1 piece, which would create a perfectly matched hermetic connection.

The effects of hyperglycaemia on peri-implant tissues after osseointegration

PURPOSE

We assessed the effects of hyperglycaemia induced by streptozotocin (STZ) on peri-implantitis developing after implant osseointegration.

METHODS

Thirty-six male Wistar rats (4 weeks old) were used. We placed titanium implants 4 weeks after extraction of the maxillary first molars. Healing abutments were attached 4 weeks later. After osseointegration was confirmed, the rats were divided into control, hyperglycaemia (STZ), and STZ with insulin (STZ+INS) groups. Hyperglycaemia was induced by a single injection of 50mg/kg STZ. Silk ligatures were placed on only the right sides (i.e. ligature sides), not on the left sides. Peri-implant tissues extracted at 4 weeks post-ligation were analysed both radiologically (via micro-computed tomography) and histologically (via toluidine blue staining). Total RNA was also extracted and analysed by quantitative PCR to detect TNF-α, IL-1β and the receptor of advanced glycation end products (RAGE). Additionally, advanced glycation end products (AGEs) were measured by ELISA.

RESULTS

Radiological and histological analyses showed that bone loss on the non-ligature sides was significantly greater in the STZ than the control group. However, on the ligature sides, bone loss was greater than on the non-ligature sides, and no significant difference was evident among the three groups. The levels of mRNAs encoding TNF-α, IL-1β, RAGE, and AGEs on the ligature sides were significantly upregulated (all P<0.05) in the STZ compared to the control group.

CONCLUSIONS

Although hyperglycaemia could be associated with bone loss around implants with increased AGE production and RAGE expression, hyperglycaemia does not become a triggering factor of ligature induced peri-implantitis.

Gram-negative enteric rods/Pseudomonas colonization in mucositis and peri-implantitis of implants restored with cemented and screwed reconstructions: A cross-sectional study

PURPOSE

To evaluate the association between Gram-negative enteric rods and Pseudomonas with mucositis and peri-implantitis, in implants restored with cemented and screw-retained reconstructions.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Individuals treated with implants, diagnosed with peri-implant mucositis and or peri-implantitis, participated in this study. Microbiota from the implant and the gingival sulcus of two neighboring teeth were also studied. The microorganisms were identified using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry.

RESULTS

A total of 52 and 51 implants cemented and screwed restored were evaluated in 31 patients. The presence of Gram-negative enteric rods/Pseudomonas (P = .01) was significantly higher in the cemented restored implants. When the unit of analysis was the implant, the presence of Gram-negative enteric rods/Pseudomonas was associated with cemented restored implants after adjustment for possible confounders (odds ratio [OR] = 3.7; 95% CI, 1.4-10; P = .01); besides, peri-implantitis was statistically significant in the multivariate model (P = .008). Considering the patient as a unit of analysis, peri-implantitis was associated with cemented restored implants (OR = 9.4; 95% CI, 2-46; P = .006); this statistically significant association remained after adjusting for potential confounders (OR = 6.8; 95% CI, 1.3-37; P = .02).

CONCLUSION

The presence of Gram-negative enteric rods/Pseudomonas was associated with cemented restored implants; besides, peri-implantitis was associated with cemented restored implants.

Patient-centered rehabilitation of single, partial, and complete edentulism with cemented- or screw-retained fixed dental prosthesis: The First Osstem Advanced Dental Implant Research and Education Center Consensus Conference 2017

The aim of this consensus conference was to provide clinical guidelines, based on the available evidence and on the author's daily practice and experience, for general dentistry and dental practitioners to allow them to delivery long-term successful restorations. Three groups of expert clinicians and dental technicians were invited to evaluate all of the scientific literature from 1967 up to March 2017 to identify relevant studies on assigned topics and to prepare in advance narrative/systematic review, written according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines, to fulfill the consensus statement criteria. The three topics assigned to the three groups were abutment/framework materials and customization (metal vs. metal-free restorations), abutment/framework protocols and designs, and abutment/framework retentions (cemented- vs. screw-retained implant-supported prostheses). All the expert clinicians presented their results, and the lectures were followed by discussions. No significant differences in clinical parameters (marginal bone loss, bleeding on probing, and pocket probing depth) between screw- or cemented-retained were found for single and multiple implant-supported restorations. There is moderate evidence that nonoriginal abutments provide worse mechanical behavior than originals and high evidence that different implant neck designs do not offer any clinical or radiographic advantage. All the participants agreed that it is desirable to connect and remove abutments as few times as possible. There is medium evidence that an adequate platform switching tends to enhance tissue volume and stability in the medium- and long-term follow-up. No statistically significant differences exist between metal and zirconia as a framework material. The authors discussed and all agreed that retrievability and patient's expectation (function and esthetics) should guide the choice of the most adequate technique, component, and material.

A complete physical mapping of the vitamin D receptor gene for dental implant loss: A pilot study

OBJECTIVES

The aim of this pilot case-control study was to investigate the association of clinical variables and genetic polymorphisms in the vitamin D receptor gene (VDR) with dental implant loss.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

This study was carried out with 244 individuals with mean age 51.90 ± 11.28 (81 cases and 163 controls matched by age, sex, and smoking habit). Also, the clusterization phenomenon was investigated stratifying the sample into two groups: (a) 34 patients with multiple losses (presenting two or more lost implants) and (b) 210 without multiple losses (up to one implant loss). Sociodemographic, clinical, and periodontal parameters were analyzed. The tagSNPs in the VDR gene were analyzed by real-time PCR. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed (p < .05).

RESULTS

Edentulism, number of implants installed, and Gingival, Plaque, and Calculus Indexes were associated with implant loss in the univariate analysis. After the multivariate analysis, the allele G of rs3782905 in the recessive model, together with number of installed implants and Gingival Index, was associated with implant failure.

CONCLUSION

It is suggested that the allele G of rs3782905 in the recessive model may be a new genetic risk marker for dental implant loss in patients who lost two or more dental implants. In addition, number of implants installed and Gingival Index were also associated. Replication is mandatory to confirm these findings, due to the modest sample size of this work.

A New Strategy Against Peri-Implantitis: Antibacterial Internal Coating

The bacterial biofilm formation in the oral cavity and the microbial activity around the implant tissue represent a potential factor on the interface between bone and implant fixture that could induce an inflammatory phenomenon and generate an increased risk for mucositis and peri-implantitis. The aim of the present clinical trial was to investigate the bacterial quality of a new antibacterial coating of the internal chamber of the implant in vivo at six months. The PIXIT implant (Edierre srl, Genova Italy) is prepared by coating the implant with an alcoholic solution containing polysiloxane oligomers and chlorhexidine gluconate at 1%. A total of 15 healthy patients (60 implants) with non-contributory past medical history (nine women and six men, all non-smokers, mean age of 53 years, ranging from 45-61 years) were scheduled to receive bilateral fixed prostheses or crown restorations supported by an implant fixture. No adverse effects and no implant failure were reported at four months. All experimental sites showed a good soft tissue healing at the experimental point times and no local evidence of inflammation was observed. Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) analysis on coated and uncoated implants showed a decrease of the bacterial count in the internal part of the implant chamber. The mean of total bacteria loading (TBL) detected in each PCR reaction was lower in treated implants (81038 units/reaction) compared to untreated implants (90057 units/reaction) (p < 0.01). The polymeric chlorhexydine coating of the internal chamber of the implant showed the ability to control the bacterial loading at the level of the peri-implant tissue. Moreover, the investigation demonstrated that the coating is able to influence also the quality of the microbiota, in particular on the species involved in the pathogenesis of peri-implantitis that are involved with a higher risk of long-term failure of the dental implant restoration.

Clinical outcomes of using a prosthetic protocol to rehabilitate tissue-level implants with a convergent collar in the esthetic zone: A 3-year prospective study

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

Whether increasing the space for peri-implant soft tissues by using implant systems with conical or convergent transmucosal components would improve tissue stability and esthetics is unclear.

PURPOSE

The purpose of this prospective clinical study was to evaluate the clinical and esthetic outcomes of using tissue-level implants with a convergent collar in the esthetic zone that had been rehabilitated following the biological oriented preparation technique (BOPT) approach after a 3-year follow-up period.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Sixteen participants with at least 1 nonrestorable tooth in the maxillary anterior region or with congenitally missing maxillary lateral incisors were enrolled, and tissue-level implants with a convergent collar were inserted 3 months after extraction. The implants were restored with cemented single crowns designed according to the BOPT protocol. Bone resorption and the pink esthetic score were evaluated over a 3-year period.

RESULTS

Fifteen participants (mean age: 54.6 years) were evaluated over the 3-year period (total: 16 implants). One participant with 1 implant relocated dropped out of the study. The 3-year implant cumulative survival rate was 100%. The mean ±standard deviation bone-level change was 0.071 ±0.11 mm. The mean pink esthetic score was 8.5 ±1.59, range 4-10.

CONCLUSIONS

The use of the BOPT protocol to restore tissue-level implants with a convergent collar achieved good esthetic results and maintained stable soft and hard peri-implant tissues.

The Influence of an Ultrasonic Cleaning Protocol for CAD/CAM Abutment Surfaces on Cell Viability and Inflammatory Response In Vitro

BACKGROUND/AIM

To evaluate the effect of an ultrasonic cleaning and disinfection method for CAD/CAM abutment surfaces on cell viability and inflammatory response in vitro.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Untreated and manually polished surfaces of CAD/CAM generated titanium and zirconia disks were randomly assigned, either to a 3-step ultrasonic cleaning and disinfection process (test: TiUF, TiPF, ZrUF, ZrPF) or to 30 sec steam cleaning (control: TiUS, TiPS, ZrUS, ZrPS). Pre-cleaning surface analyses using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and surface profilometry were performed. Human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs) were cultured on test and control specimens and subsequently examined for cell viability and inflammatory response. Expression of acute inflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL)-6 and vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) were assessed by means of RT-qPCR.

RESULTS

Cells on all specimens exhibited a satisfactory viability, indicating firm attachment. Cells on polished zirconia samples, cleaned by means of sonication (ZrPF), exhibited significantly higher viability than cells on the same material cleaned by steam (ZrPS), p=0.019. For all other three material/ surface treatment combinations (TiU, TiP, ZrU), no such difference was observed between the cleaning methods. The messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) levels of IL-6 and VEGFA were between 50 and 105% of that of the control cells on the non-toxic control surface. mRNA levels of IL-6 and VEGFA correlated well with each other.

CONCLUSION

Except for higher viability of cells cultured on polished zirconia specimens, no universally applicable advantage could be found for the ultrasonic cleaning procedure for zirconia and titanium abutment surfaces regarding cell viability, IL-6 expression or VEGFA expression. The cleaning procedures did not have any negative effect either.

In vitro assessment of connection strength and stability of internal implant-abutment connections

BACKGROUND

Various connections have been machined to improve the fit between the dental abutment and implant. In vivo, the instability created by imprecisely fitting components can cause soft tissue irritation and bacterial colonization of the implant system. The aim of this study was to quantify abutment stability under in vitro force applications.

METHODS

Abutment stability and fit were quantitatively measured after application of rotational, vertical, and horizontal forces.

FINDINGS

The abutment connection held by friction (Friction-Fit) was the only group to have 0° angular rotation. A significantly greater vertical force was required to pull the abutment from the implant for the Friction-Fit connection as compared to all other experimental groups. The abutment connection held by a mechanically locking friction-fit with four grooves (CrossFit) and Friction-Fit demonstrated significantly lower lateral movement as compared to all other connections. The remaining connections evaluated included two hexagon connections that rely on screw placement for abutment fit (Conical + Hex #1 and Conical + Hex #2), one connection with protruding slots to align with recessed channels inside the implant (Conical + 6 Indexing Slots), and an internal connection that allows for abutment indexing every 120° (Internal Tri-Channel).

INTERPRETATION

Internal connection geometry influenced the degree of abutment movement. Friction-Fit and CrossFit connections exhibited the lowest rotational and horizontal motions. Significant differences were found between Friction-Fit and CrossFit following the application of a vertical force, with the Friction-Fit requiring a significantly greater pull force to separate the abutment from the implant.

The compressive strength of implant-abutment complex with different connection designs

Background/purpose

Implant-abutment connection is the component responsible for the transmitting of occlusal force from the crown down to the implant fixture. Different connection geometric structure will lead to different mechanical performance. The purpose of this study was to compare the stability of internal hex Implant -abutment connection with internal hex with Morse taper implant-abutment connection by testing their compressive strength.

Materials and methods

This was an in vitro study. The test group and the control group had 8 specimens separately. The test group was internal hex combined with Morse taper implant connection design, and the control group was internal hex connection design. Static force was applied to the specimens at a 30° angle until failure. The testing protocol was designed according to ISO14801 regulations. We compared the compressive strength of both groups.

Results

The control group showed significantly higher compressive strength than the test group (p < 0.0001).

Conclusions

For the compressive strength of implant abutment complex, incorporating Morse taper design into internal hex connection failed to enhance its mechanical performance. According to this study, internal hex connection has higher compressive strength than internal hex connection combined with Morse taper design.

Single-Implant Treatment

The replacement of one tooth using one implant involves a set of unique criteria for long-term success. Successful therapy should be based on long-term function and health of the adjacent tissues. Sections of this article examine these critical criteria that when working together can result in successful long-term tooth replacement.

Microbiological dynamics of red complex bacteria following full-mouth air polishing in periodontally healthy subjects-a randomized clinical pilot study

OBJECTIVES

Suppression of periodontal pathogens in the oral cavity of periodontally healthy individuals may lower the risk for periodontal or periimplant diseases. Therefore, the present study aimed to analyze the effect of supragingival debridement (SD) with adjunctive full mouth glycine powder air polishing (FM-GPAP) on the prevalence of periodontal pathogens in periodontally healthy individuals.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Eighty-seven systemically and periodontally healthy intraoral carriers of red complex bacteria, i.e., Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia, and Treponema denticola or other periodontal pathogens including Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Prevotella intermedia, and Eikenella corrodens were enrolled into the study and randomly assigned to receive SD with adjunctive FM-GPAP (test, n = 42) or SD alone (control, n = 45). In the first observation period, microbiological samples were obtained prior to, and 2, 5, and 9 days following intervention. If one of these periodontal pathogens could still not be identified, additional microbial sampling was performed after 6 and 12 weeks.

RESULTS

The prevalence of red complex bacteria was significantly reduced in the test compared to the control group following treatment (p = 0.004) and at day 9 (p = 0.031). Intragroup comparison showed a significant (test, p < 0.001; control, p ≤ 0.01) reduction in the mean prevalence in both groups from BL through day 9 with an additional significant intergroup difference (p = 0.048) at day 9. However, the initial strong reduction returned to baseline values after 6 and 12 weeks.

CONCLUSION

In periodontally healthy carriers of periodontal pathogens, FM-GPAP as an adjunct to SD transiently enhances the suppression of red complex bacteria.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE

Whether the enhanced suppression of red complex bacteria by adjunctive FM-GPAP prevents the development of periodontitis in periodontally healthy carriers requires further investigations.

Mechanical Outcomes, Microleakage, and Marginal Accuracy at the Implant-Abutment Interface of Original versus Nonoriginal Implant Abutments: A Systematic Review of In Vitro Studies

Purpose

Instead of original abutments, compatible abutments are often selected for financial reasons. The present study aimed to evaluate mechanical outcomes, microleakage, and marginal accuracy at the implant-abutment interface of original versus nonoriginal implant abutments.

Study Selection

Search strategy encompassed literature from 1967 up to March 2017 to identify relevant studies meeting the inclusion criteria. The following electronic databases were consulted: PubMed database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine, Embase (Excerpta Medica dataBASE), and the Grey Literature Database (New York Academy of Medicine Grey Literature Report). Quality assessment of the full-text articles selected was performed. Abutments were classified in original (produced by the same implant manufacturer), nonoriginal certified (produced by a third-party milling center, certified by implant companies), and nonoriginal compatible (produced by a third-party milling center for similar connections).

Results

A total of 16 articles fulfilled inclusion criteria and quality assessment and were selected for the qualitative analysis. All of the included studies were in vitro research with high or moderate risk of bias and reported data from 653 implant abutments. Original and nonoriginal certified abutments showed better results in terms of mechanical outcomes, microleakage, and marginal accuracy compared to nonoriginal compatible abutments.

Conclusions

Following the clear warnings coming from the present systematic review, clinical suggestions regarding the effect of a nonoriginal abutment can be drawn. However, in vivo, long-term, randomized controlled trials are needed to provide definitive clinical conclusion about the long-term clinical outcomes of original and nonoriginal abutments.

The influence of implant-abutment connection on the screw loosening and microleakage

Background

There are some spaces between abutment and implant body which can be a reservoir of toxic substance, and they can penetrate into subgingival space from microgap at the implant–abutment interface. This penetration may cause periimplantitis which is known to be one of the most important factors associated with late failure. In the present study, three kinds of abutment connection system, external parallel connection (EP), internal parallel connection (IP), and internal conical connection (CC), were studied from the viewpoint of microleakage from the gap between the implant and the abutment and in connection with the loosening of abutment screw.

Methods

We observed dye leakage from abutment screw hole to outside through microgap under the excessive compressive and tensile load and evaluated the anti-leakage characteristics of these connection systems.

Results

During the experiment, one abutment screw for EP and two screws for IP, out of seven samples in each group, were fractured. After the 2000 cycles of compressive tensile loadings, removal torque value (RTV) of abutment screw represented no statistical differences among three groups. Standard deviation was largest in the RTV of EP and smallest in that of CC. The results of microleakage of toluidine blue from implant–abutment connection indicated that microleakage generally increased as loading procedure progressed.

The amount of microleakage was almost plateau at 2000 cycles in CC, but still increasing in other two groups. The value of microleakage greatly scattered in EP, but the deviation of that in CC is significantly smaller. At 500 cycles of loading, there were no significant differences in the amount of microleakage among the groups, but at 1000, 1500, and 2000 cycles of loading, the amount of microleakage in CC was significantly smaller than that in IP. Throughout the experiment, the amount of microleakage in EP was largest, but no statistical difference was indicated due to the high standard deviation.

Conclusions

Within the limitation of the present study, CC was stable even after the loading in the RTV of abutment screw and it prevented microleakage from the microgap between the implant body and the abutment, among the three tested connections.

Acute periprosthetic joint infection due to Fusobacterium nucleatum in a non-immunocompromised patient. Failure using a Debridement, Antibiotics + Implant retention approach

Fusobacterium nucleatum is an obligately anaerobic gram-negative rod, a component of the microbiome of the oropharynx and the gastrointestinal and urogenital tracts, causing an array of human infections which often include periodontal pathologies. As far as we know, there are no previous publications about acute periprosthetic joint infection due to Fusobacterium sp.; we report the first case in the medical literature of an aggressive, acute knee prosthetic infection due to F. nucleatum in a non-immunocompromised patient, unsuccessfully treated with a DAIR approach (Debridement + Antibiotics + Implant Retention).