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Karamti MH, Zouhal H, Bousselmi M, Darragi M, Khannous H, Ben Hmid A, Zamali I, Ben Ahmed M, Laher I, Granacher U, Moussa AZB. Changes in Physical Fitness, Muscle Damage and Cognitive Function in Elite Rugby Players over a Season. Sports (Basel) 2024; 12:223. [PMID: 39195599 PMCID: PMC11360730 DOI: 10.3390/sports12080223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2024] [Revised: 08/07/2024] [Accepted: 08/13/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024] Open
Abstract
This study proposes to monitor the physical, immune and cognitive responses and adaptations of elite rugby players throughout the season based on the loads performed. Anthropometric measurements, physical fitness tests (e.g., muscle strength and power, linear and change-of-direction speed, cardiorespiratory fitness) and analyses of serum concentrations of markers of muscle damage (creatine kinase [CK] and lactate dehydrogenase [LDH]) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) were carried out over a sporting season (24 weeks) for 17 elite rugby players (10 forwards and 7 backs) aged 18.91 ± 0.76 years. The physical fitness test results show improvements in the performance of both forwards and backs over the season (p < 0.05), with an advantage for backs compared with forwards in most tests (p < 0.05). Muscle damage markers decreased at the end of the season compared with the baseline levels for forwards (p < 0.05). CK levels were unchanged for the backs, but there were increased LDH concentrations at the end of the season compared with baseline (p < 0.05). Serum BDNF levels decreased for the total group between the second and third sampling (p < 0.05). The muscular and physical capacities of rugby players differ according to their playing position. Immune responses and adaptations, as well as BDNF levels, vary throughout the season and depend on the physical load performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Houssem Karamti
- Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of SFAX, University of Sfax, Sfax 3027, Tunisia; (M.H.K.); (M.B.)
- Research Laboratory (LR23JS01) “Sport Performance, Health & Society”, Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Ksar Said, Tunis 1000, Tunisia
| | - Hassane Zouhal
- Movement, Sport, Health and Sciences Laboratory (M2S), UFR APS, University of Rennes 2-ENS Cachan, Av. Charles Tillon, CEDEX, 35044 Rennes, France
- Institut International des Sciences du Sport (2I2S), 35850 Irodouer, France
| | - Mariem Bousselmi
- Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of SFAX, University of Sfax, Sfax 3027, Tunisia; (M.H.K.); (M.B.)
- Research Laboratory (LR23JS01) “Sport Performance, Health & Society”, Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Ksar Said, Tunis 1000, Tunisia
| | - Manel Darragi
- Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of SFAX, University of Sfax, Sfax 3027, Tunisia; (M.H.K.); (M.B.)
- Research Laboratory (LR23JS01) “Sport Performance, Health & Society”, Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Ksar Said, Tunis 1000, Tunisia
| | | | - Ahlem Ben Hmid
- Clinical Immunology Department, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, Tunis 1000, Tunisia; (A.B.H.)
- Laboratory of Transmission, Control and Immunobiology of Infections (LR11IPT02), Pasteur Institute of Tunis, Tunis 1000, Tunisia
- Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, Tunis El Manar University, Tunis 1000, Tunisia
| | - Imen Zamali
- Clinical Immunology Department, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, Tunis 1000, Tunisia; (A.B.H.)
- Laboratory of Transmission, Control and Immunobiology of Infections (LR11IPT02), Pasteur Institute of Tunis, Tunis 1000, Tunisia
- Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, Tunis El Manar University, Tunis 1000, Tunisia
| | - Mélika Ben Ahmed
- Clinical Immunology Department, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, Tunis 1000, Tunisia; (A.B.H.)
- Laboratory of Transmission, Control and Immunobiology of Infections (LR11IPT02), Pasteur Institute of Tunis, Tunis 1000, Tunisia
- Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, Tunis El Manar University, Tunis 1000, Tunisia
| | - Ismail Laher
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T1Z4, Canada
| | - Urs Granacher
- Department of Sport and Sport Science, Exercise and Human Movement Science, University of Freiburg, 79102 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Amira Zouita Ben Moussa
- Research Laboratory (LR23JS01) “Sport Performance, Health & Society”, Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Ksar Said, Tunis 1000, Tunisia
- Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Ksar Said, University of Manouba, Tunis 1000, Tunisia
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Glaise P, Rogowski I, Martin C. Effects of Repeated High-Intensity Effort Training or Repeated Sprint Training on Repeated High-Intensity Effort Ability and In-Game Performance in Professional Rugby Union Players. J Strength Cond Res 2024; 38:932-940. [PMID: 38489593 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Glaise, P, Rogowski, I, and Martin, C. Effects of repeated high-intensity effort training or repeated sprint training on repeated high-intensity effort ability and in-game performance in professional rugby union players. J Strength Cond Res 38(5): 932-940, 2024-This study investigated the effects of repeated high-intensity efforts (RHIE) training compared with repeated sprint exercise (RSE) training on RHIE ability (RHIEa) and in-game performance in professional rugby union players. Thirty-nine, male, professional, rugby union players were randomly assigned to 3 training groups (RHIE training, RSE training, and control). Repeated high-intensity effort ability and high-intensity effort characteristics (including sprints, acceleration, and contact efforts) during official games were measured before and after a 10-week specific (RHIE, RSE, or control) training period. The results of this study showed that concerning RHIEa, both the RHIE and RSE training significantly increased the players' average sprint velocity ( p < 0.001, d = -0.39 and p < 0.001, d = -0.53 respectively), average sled push velocity (ASPV; p < 0.001, d = -0.81 and p = 0.017, d = -0.48 respectively), and RHIE score ( p < 0.001, d = -0.72 and p < 0.001, d = -0.60 respectively). Repeated high-intensity effort training trended in a smaller increase in average sprint velocity than RSE training, a larger increase in ASPV, and a similar increase in RHIE score. Concerning in-game high-intensity efforts, both the RHIE and RSE training produced significant improvements in the number of sprints ( p = 0.047, d = -0.28 and p < 0.001, d = -0.47 respectively), total distance ( p < 0.001, d = -0.50 and p = 0.002, d = -0.38 respectively), the number of accelerations ( p < 0.001, d = -0.37 and p = 0.003, d = -0.32 respectively), and contact rate ( p < 0.001, d = -0.97 and p = 0.020, d = -0.28 respectively). Conversely, the magnitude of the increase in contact rate was almost twice as high in RHIE compared with RSE training. To conclude, the findings of this study were that both RSE and RHIE training are effective methods for developing RHIEa and in-game high-intensity efforts in professional rugby union. In practical applications, as the gains in certain abilities and game performance data differed depending on the training method chosen, we suggest that coaches choose the most appropriate method according to the profile of the players, their position, and the style of play they want to develop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Glaise
- Inter-university Laboratory of Human Movement Biology EA 7424, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, University of Lyon, Lyon, France; and
- USBPA Rugby, Bourg en Bresse, France
| | - Isabelle Rogowski
- Inter-university Laboratory of Human Movement Biology EA 7424, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, University of Lyon, Lyon, France; and
| | - Cyril Martin
- Inter-university Laboratory of Human Movement Biology EA 7424, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, University of Lyon, Lyon, France; and
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Hu X, Boisbluche S, Philippe K, Maurelli O, Ren X, Li S, Xu B, Prioux J. Position-specific workload of professional rugby union players during tactical periodization training. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0288345. [PMID: 38551898 PMCID: PMC10980212 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0288345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2024] Open
Abstract
The positional workload characteristics in rugby union on three acquisition days (i.e. strength, endurance, and speed days) of tactical periodization are still relatively unknown. Therefore, the primary aim of this study was to shed light on the positional external workload variables (10 Hz Global Positioning System and accelerometer microtechnology) and internal workload indicators (the session rating of perceived exertion) of players in a professional rugby union team by utilizing and comparing two tactical periodization models. Twenty-six male players (15 forwards and 11 backs) were recruited from a French second-division rugby club. Data were obtained over 10 weeks of in-season home games: a total of 780 observations were analyzed. Student's t-test observed different external workload profiles between positions among acquisition days. Mean external workload values, except PlayerLoadslow, were significantly higher (p≤0.01; effect size: 0.41-1.93) for backs than forwards for all acquisition days. Moreover, forwards perceived a higher internal workload than backs on the strength day of both models. The findings demonstrate that applying these two tactical periodization models could result in effective rugby union training. Validating external and internal workload characteristics on tactical periodization acquisition days enables extensive analysis of training load monitoring data; these data can be utilized to discover the unique characteristics of each position and design position-specific acquisition days to improve performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaopan Hu
- Sino-French Joint Research Center of Sport Science, College of Physical Education and Health, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
- Movement, Sport, and Health Sciences Laboratory, Rennes 2 University, Bruz, France
- Department of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, École Normale Supérieure de Rennes, Bruz, France
| | | | - Kilian Philippe
- Department of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, École Normale Supérieure de Rennes, Bruz, France
- Movement, Balance, Performance, and Health Laboratory, University of Pau and Pays de l’Adour, Tarbes, France
| | - Olivier Maurelli
- Muscle Dynamics and Metabolism Laboratory, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Xiangyu Ren
- Sino-French Joint Research Center of Sport Science, College of Physical Education and Health, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
- Movement, Sport, and Health Sciences Laboratory, Rennes 2 University, Bruz, France
- Department of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, École Normale Supérieure de Rennes, Bruz, France
| | - Shichang Li
- Sino-French Joint Research Center of Sport Science, College of Physical Education and Health, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bo Xu
- Sino-French Joint Research Center of Sport Science, College of Physical Education and Health, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jacques Prioux
- Sino-French Joint Research Center of Sport Science, College of Physical Education and Health, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
- Movement, Sport, and Health Sciences Laboratory, Rennes 2 University, Bruz, France
- Department of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, École Normale Supérieure de Rennes, Bruz, France
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Stevens LJ, Hopkins WG, Chittenden JA, Koper BZ, Smith TB. Quantifying Offense and Defense Workloads in Professional Rugby Union. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2024; 19:307-314. [PMID: 38171349 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2023-0149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Rugby union is a contact team sport demanding high levels of physical capacity, and understanding the match workloads can be useful to inform training. In this study, the factors influencing locomotion and contact workloads for offensive and defensive ball-in-play periods are quantified. METHODS Locomotion and contact metrics were collected from global positioning system units and videos for 31 professional players of a Super Rugby team across 14 games in the 2021 season. Data were analyzed with a generalized mixed-model procedure that included effects for type of play, playing position, match outcome, and ball-in-play time. Magnitudes were assessed with standardization, and evidence for substantial magnitudes was derived from sampling uncertainty. RESULTS When offense was compared to defense, most metrics showed decisively substantial increases (small to moderate) for forwards and backs. There was decisive evidence that locomotion metrics were substantially lower (large differences) and contact metrics were higher (very large differences) when comparing forwards to backs on offense and defense. When winning was compared to losing, there was good evidence that forwards experienced small increases in overall workload on defense, and backs experienced a small increase in high-speed running and a moderate decrease in contacts on offense. Match-to-match changes associated with ball-in-play time, attributed to fatigue, were decisive (moderate to very large) across most metrics for forwards and backs in offense and defense. CONCLUSIONS The increased locomotion and contact workloads in offensive periods and the differing physical requirements between positions and match outcomes for both types of play are novel findings that should aid practitioners in designing effective training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke J Stevens
- Te Huataki Waiora School of Health, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Will G Hopkins
- Internet Society for Sport Science, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jessica A Chittenden
- School of Sport and Recreation, Auckland University of Technology (AUT), Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Bianca Z Koper
- School of Physical Education, Sport, and Exercise Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Tiaki Brett Smith
- Te Huataki Waiora School of Health, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand
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Curtis C, Mitchell S, Russell M. Match-Play Demands and Anthropometric Characteristics of National and International Women's Fifteen-a-side Rugby Union: A Systematic Scoping Review. J Strength Cond Res 2023; 37:e569-e580. [PMID: 37235209 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Curtis, C, Mitchell, S, and Russell, M. Match-play demands and anthropometric characteristics of national and international women's, fifteen-a-side rugby union: a systematic scoping review. J Strength Cond Res 37(10): e569-e580, 2023-An increased professionalization within women's 15-a-side rugby union (R15s) has prompted greater sports science support and a need to better understand demands of the sport. Online database (PubMed, MEDLINE, and SPORTDiscus) searches were performed according to the PRISMA Scoping Review protocol. Studies were eligible if match-play demands or anthropometric characteristics of women's R15s players were investigated. After calibration exercises, the lead and senior authors independently quality assessed each study. A total of 1,068 studies were identified; 15 of which met the study criteria. The mean total match-play distance covered was 5,378 ± 626 m (forwards: 5,188 ± 667 m and backs: 5,604 ± 609 m), with first half values exceeding second half (2,922 ± 87 m vs. 2,876 ± 115 m). The mean relative distance (RD) (72.0 m·min -1 ) was greater than their male counterparts (64.2 m·min -1 -68.2 m·min -1 ). Backs were exposed to more severe collisions compared with forwards (6 ± 1 vs. 5 ± 4). Work:rest ratios ranged between 1.0:0.7-1.0:0.9. Regarding anthropometric characteristics, the mean lean and fat mass was reported as 51.9 ± 5.2 kg and 18.6 ± 4.6 kg, respectively. The mean body fat percentage was 24.7 ± 5.4%. The mean bone mineral density and bone mineral content was 1.27 ± 0.04 g·cm -2 and 3.07 ± 0.2 kg, respectively. This scoping review summarizes the current evidence base and key findings relating to the match-play demands and anthropometric characteristics that can be used in practice to inform player welfare and sport science support to women's R15s players at a national and international standard. Numerous gaps in our understanding of how best to develop and optimize performance, physical demands, and anthropometric characteristics of women's R15s players remain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Curtis
- School of Social and Health Sciences, Leeds Trinity University, Leeds, United Kingdom
- School of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; and
| | - Scott Mitchell
- School of Social and Health Sciences, Leeds Trinity University, Leeds, United Kingdom
- Saracens Rugby Club, Greenlands Lane, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Russell
- School of Social and Health Sciences, Leeds Trinity University, Leeds, United Kingdom
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Kilduff LP, Pyne DB, Cook CJ. Performance Science Domains: Contemporary Strategies for Teams Preparing for the Rugby World Cup. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2023; 18:1085-1088. [PMID: 37573027 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2023-0179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE As the start of the 10th Rugby Union World Cup approaches, performance staff will be working on the final elements of their teams' preparation. Much of this planning and preparation will be underpinned by the latest performance science research. In this invited commentary, we discuss contemporary performance science research in rugby union centered around 4 key performance domains. First, we outline a systematic approach to developing an overall understanding of the game demands and how performance staff can enhance the players' preparedness for competition. We then move on to outline our understanding of the training science domain, followed by a brief overview of effective recovery strategies at major tournaments. Finally, we outline research in the area of competition-day strategies and how they can positively impact players' readiness to compete. CONCLUSIONS Evaluating a team's preparation for the Rugby Union World Cup can be achieved by mapping their performance plan based on the 4 domains outlined above.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam P Kilduff
- Applied Sports Technology Exercise and Medicine Research Centre (A-STEM), Faculty of Science and Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea,United Kingdom
- Welsh Institute of Performance Science (WIPS), Swansea University, Swansea,United Kingdom
| | - David B Pyne
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise (UCRISE), University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT,Australia
| | - Christian J Cook
- Biomedical Discipline School of Science and Technology, University of New England, Armidale, ACT,Australia
- Hamlyn Center Imperial College, London,United Kingdom
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7
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Wing C, Hart NH, Ma'ayah F, Nosaka K. Factors Affecting Physical and Technical Performance in Australian Football. J Strength Cond Res 2023; 37:1844-1851. [PMID: 37616538 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/16/2022] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Wing, C, Hart, NH, Ma'ayah, F, and Nosaka, K. Factors affecting physical and technical performance in Australian football. J Strength Cond Res 37(9): 1844-1851, 2023-This study assessed player (i.e., lower-body strength and power and aerobic fitness) and environmental (e.g., venue) factors and their effects on the physical (e.g., distance) and technical (e.g., kicks) demands of Australian football (AF). Relative distance, high-speed running (HSR), and acceleration efforts for 19 matches by 33 players in a West AF League team were analyzed from global positioning system data split into periods of successful offense and defense and maximum ball in play (BiP) periods, as well as technical actions. Lower-body strength and power, and aerobic fitness were evaluated using a one-repetition trap-bar deadlift, countermovement jump, 2-km time trial, and Yo-Yo intermittent fitness test, respectively. In matches played at home, distance (p < 0.001, ES = 0.39) and HSR (p < 0.001, ES = 0.34) were significantly reduced during successful defense. In addition, tackle rate was significantly increased (p = 0.003, ES = 0.16) during successful defense when playing at home. Trap-bar deadlift relative to mass significantly increased relative distance (p = 0.004, ES = 0.51) and HSR (p = 0.029, ES = 0.40) in successful offense. In successful defense, superior time trial performance significantly increased relative distance (p < 0.001, ES = 0.58), HSR (p < 0.001, ES = 0.59), and acceleration efforts (p = 0.017, ES = 0.44), while relative distance (p < 0.001, ES = 0.62) and HSR (p = 0.004, ES = 0.52) were also increased during maximum BiP periods. The results demonstrate that player factors have the largest effect on the physical and technical performance of AF players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Wing
- Centre for Human Performance, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia
| | - Nicolas H Hart
- Institute for Health Research, University of Notre Dame Australia, Fremantle, Australia
- College of Nursing and Health Science, Caring Futures Institute, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
- Exercise Medicine Research Institute, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia; and
| | - Fadi Ma'ayah
- Centre for Human Performance, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia
- School of Education, Curtin University, Bentley, Australia
| | - Kazunori Nosaka
- Centre for Human Performance, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia
- Exercise Medicine Research Institute, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia; and
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Nolan D, Curran O, Brady AJ, Egan B. Physical Match Demands of International Women's Rugby Union: A Three-Year Longitudinal Analysis of a Team Competing in The Women's Six Nations Championship. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2023; 8:jfmk8010032. [PMID: 36976129 PMCID: PMC10053341 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk8010032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
There is a paucity of studies describing the physical match demands of elite international women's rugby union, which limits coaches' ability to effectively prepare players for the physical demands required to compete at the elite level. Global positioning system technologies were used to measure the physical match demands of 53 international female rugby union players during three consecutive Women's Six Nations Championships (2020-2022), resulting in 260 individual match performances. Mixed-linear modelling was used to investigate differences in physical match demands between positions. Significant effects (p < 0.05) of the position were observed for all variables, with the exception of relative distances (m.min-1) at velocities of 1.01-3.00 m·s-1 (p = 0.094) and 3.01-5.00 m·s-1 (p = 0.216). This study provides valuable data on the physical match demands of elite international women's rugby union match play that may aid practitioners in the physical preparation of players to compete at this level. Training methodologies for elite-level female rugby union players should consider the unique demands across positional groups with specific considerations of high-velocity running and collision frequency.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Nolan
- School of Health and Human Performance, Dublin City University, D09 V209 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Orlaith Curran
- School of Health and Human Performance, Dublin City University, D09 V209 Dublin, Ireland
- Irish Rugby Football Union, D04 F720 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Aidan J Brady
- Insight Centre for Data Analytics, Dublin City University, D09 V209 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Brendan Egan
- School of Health and Human Performance, Dublin City University, D09 V209 Dublin, Ireland
- Florida Institute for Human and Machine Cognition, Pensacola, FL 32502, USA
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9
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Wing C, Hart NH, Ma'ayah F, Nosaka K. Replicating Maximum Periods of Play in Australian Football Matches Through Position-Specific Drills. J Strength Cond Res 2023:00124278-990000000-00183. [PMID: 36727991 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Wing, C, Hart, NH, Ma'ayah, F, and Nosaka, K. Replicating maximum periods of play in Australian football matches through position-specific drills. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2022-This study evaluated whether a position-specific drill replicates the running intensities of maximum ball in play (BiP) phases in competitive matches of Australian football (AF). Match data were collected on 32 AF players across 3 seasons (2019, 2020, 2021), with training session data collected from the same players across the 2021 season. Three position-specific training drills were created for defense, offense, and combination (defense and offense combined). Running intensities were compared between maximum BiP periods (e.g., periods with the highest metric per minute) from competitive matches and position-specific training drills, as well as between the 3 position-specific training drills using linear mixed models. The significance level was set at p < 0.05. Measures of distance (offense: 44.4 m·minute-1, defense: 83.5 m·minute-1, combination: 50.4 m·minute-1), high-speed running (offense: 76.7 m·minute-1, defense: 134.6 m·minute-1, combination: 89.6 m·minute-1), very high-speed running (offense: 26.7 m·minute-1, defense: 56.2 m·minute-1, combination: 55.0 m·minute-1), and high-intensity efforts (offense: 2.3 efforts·minute-1, defense: 3.0 efforts·minute-1, combination: 2.8 efforts·minute-1), relative to time were greater (p < 0.001) in all 3 position-specific training drills compared with BiP phases. All measured metrics were significantly (p < 0.001) greater in the defense drill compared with the offense drill, whereas distance, high-speed running, PlayerLoad, and accelerations were significantly (p < 0.001) greater when compared with the combination drill. These demonstrate that position-specific training drills that we created replicated or exceeded the running intensities recorded during matches based on maximum BiP periods. Position-specific training drills seem to be an attractive addition to AF players training regimens because it concurrently provides training for physical and technical actions (e.g., handballs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Wing
- Centre for Exercise and Sports Science Research, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
| | - Nicolas H Hart
- Institute for Health Research, University of Notre Dame Australia, Fremantle, WA, Australia.,Caring Futures Institute, College of Nursing and Health Science, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,School of Nursing, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Exercise Medicine Research Institute, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia; and
| | - Fadi Ma'ayah
- Centre for Exercise and Sports Science Research, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia.,School of Education, Curtin University, Bentley WA, Australia
| | - Kazunori Nosaka
- Centre for Exercise and Sports Science Research, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia.,Exercise Medicine Research Institute, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia; and
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10
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Weaving D, Young D, Riboli A, Jones B, Coratella G. The Maximal Intensity Period: Rationalising its Use in Team Sports Practice. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2022; 8:128. [PMID: 36224479 PMCID: PMC9556679 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-022-00519-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Quantifying the highest intensity of competition (the maximal intensity period [MIP]) for varying durations in team sports has been used to identify training targets to inform the preparation of players. However, its usefulness has recently been questioned since it may still underestimate the training intensity required to produce specific physiological adaptations. Within this conceptual review, we aimed to: (i) describe the methods used to determine the MIP; (ii) compare the data obtained using MIP or whole-match analysis, considering the influence of different contextual factors; (iii) rationalise the use of the MIP in team sports practice and (iv) provide limitations and future directions in the area. Different methods are used to determine the MIP, with MIP values far greater than those derived from averaging across the whole match, although they could be affected by contextual factors that should be considered in practice. Additionally, while the MIP might be utilised during sport-specific drills, it is inappropriate to inform the intensity of interval-based, repeated sprint and linear speed training modes. Lastly, MIP does not consider any variable of internal load, a major limitation when informing training practice. In conclusion, practitioners should be aware of the potential use or misuse of the MIP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Weaving
- grid.10346.300000 0001 0745 8880Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, West Yorkshire UK ,Leeds Rhinos Rugby League Club, Leeds, West Yorkshire UK
| | - Damien Young
- Technology University of the Shannon, Midlands Midwest. Thurles Campus, Thurles, Tipperary, E41 PC92 Ireland
| | - Andrea Riboli
- grid.4708.b0000 0004 1757 2822Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Giuseppe, 20133 Colombo 71, Milano Italy
| | - Ben Jones
- grid.10346.300000 0001 0745 8880Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, West Yorkshire UK ,Leeds Rhinos Rugby League Club, Leeds, West Yorkshire UK ,England Performance Unit, The Rugby Football League, Leeds, UK ,grid.1020.30000 0004 1936 7371School of Science and Technology, University of New England, Armidale, Australia ,grid.419471.eDivision of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Cape Town and the Sports Science Institute of South Africa, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Giuseppe Coratella
- grid.4708.b0000 0004 1757 2822Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Giuseppe, 20133 Colombo 71, Milano Italy
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11
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Morgans R, Bezuglov E, Orme P, Burns K, Rhodes D, Babraj J, Di Michele R, Oliveira RFS. The Physical Demands of Match-Play in Academy and Senior Soccer Players from the Scottish Premiership. Sports (Basel) 2022; 10:150. [PMID: 36287763 PMCID: PMC9608936 DOI: 10.3390/sports10100150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to assess the physical match performance among senior and youth soccer players from an elite Scottish Premiership club during the 2021/2022 season. Twenty-two first team (25.9 ± 4.5 years, 78.3 ± 8.2 kg, 1.82 ± 0.07 cm) and 16 youth players (16.8 ± 0.9 years, 70.1 ± 6.8 kg, 177 ± 5.8 cm) were examined. A selection of physical match performance variables were measured using a global positioning system. Linear mixed-effect regressions revealed for all examined variables no significant differences between first team and U-18 players and no significant differences between playing level by position interaction. Across both teams, Centre Backs compared to Wing Backs, showed a 295 m (p < 0.01) lower high-intensity distance, and performed on average 36 fewer very-high intensity decelerations (p = 0.03). Comparing to Wide Midfielders, Centre Backs showed lower total (1297 m, p = 0.01), high-intensity (350 m, p = 0.01), and sprint (167 m, p < 0.01) distances. Sprint distance was also lower in Centre Backs vs. Strikers (118 m, p = 0.03), and in Central Midfielders vs. both Strikers (104 m, p = 0.03) and Wide Midfielders (154 m, p = 0.01). The present findings highlight the physical match performance of elite Scottish players and provide useful information within the context of understanding how methods of physical development of youth soccer are implemented in different countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryland Morgans
- Department of Sports Medicine and Medical Rehabilitation, Sechenov State Medical University Moscow, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Eduard Bezuglov
- Department of Sports Medicine and Medical Rehabilitation, Sechenov State Medical University Moscow, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- High Performance Sports Laboratory, Moscow Witte University, 115432 Moscow, Russia
| | - Patrick Orme
- Sport Science and Medical Department, Bristol City FC, Bristol BS3 2EJ, UK
| | - Kyler Burns
- Sport Science and Medical Department, Dundee United FC, Dundee DD3 7JW, UK
| | - Dave Rhodes
- Football Performance Hub, School of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston PR1 2HE, UK
| | - John Babraj
- Division of Sport and Exercise Sciences, School of Applied Sciences, Abertay University, Dundee DD1 1HG, UK
| | - Rocco Di Michele
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Rafael Franco Soares Oliveira
- Sports Science School of Rio Maior-Polytechnic Institute of Santarém, 2040-413 Rio Maior, Portugal
- Life Quality Research Centre, 2040-413 Rio Maior, Portugal
- Research Centre in Sport Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
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12
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Wing C, Hart NH, Ma'ayah F, Nosaka K. Impact of Sudden Rule Changes on Player Injuries and Performance: Insights from Australian Football. J Sports Sci Med 2022; 21:458-464. [PMID: 36157397 PMCID: PMC9459767 DOI: 10.52082/jssm.2022.458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of reduced quarter time due to COVID-19 pandemic rule changes, on running performance and injuries in Australian Football. Microsensor data for eight matches performed by the same 17 players were compared between the 2019 (standard) and 2020 (COVID-19) seasons using linear and generalised mixed models. Injury rates were assessed in 34 players across the full 2019 season, and 32 players across the full 2020 season. The total distance (ES = 1.28 [0.55 to 2.02]), high-speed (>18 km/h) (ES = 0.44 [-0.24 to 1.12]) and very highspeed (>24 km/h) (ES = 0.27 [-0.41 to 0.94]) distances, PlayerLoad™ (ES = 0.96 [0.25 to 1.67]), high-intensity efforts (ES = 0.48 [-0.20 to 1.16]), and accelerations (ES = 0.33 [-0.34 to 1.01]) were smaller (p ≤ 0.01) for the 2020 than the 2019 season. Expressed relative to playing time, distance (ES=-0.38 [-1.06 to 0.30]), PlayerLoad™ (ES = -0.27 [-0.94 to 0.41]), and acceleration efforts (ES = -0.50 [-1.18 to 0.18]) were greater (p < 0.05) for the 2020 than the 2019 season. No significant differences in maximum ball-in-play periods nor the difference between the 1st and 4th quarters were evident. Injury rates remained similar between 2019 (3.36 per game) and 2020 (3.55 per game). However, the proportion of injuries that led to lost time (missed games) was greater for the 2020 (38%) than 2019 season (24%). The changes in the rules had a profound impact on player performance and increased the likelihood of time loss injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Wing
- Centre for Human Performance, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
| | - Nicolas H Hart
- Institute for Health Research, University of Notre Dame Australia, Fremantle, WA, Australia
- Caring Futures Institute, College of Nursing and Health Science, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Exercise Medicine Research Institute, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
- School of Nursing, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Fadi Ma'ayah
- Centre for Human Performance, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
- School of Education, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia
| | - Kazunori Nosaka
- Centre for Human Performance, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
- Exercise Medicine Research Institute, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
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13
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Curtis C, Arjomandkhah N, Cooke C, Ranchordas MK, Russell M. Season-Long Changes in the Body Composition Profiles of Competitive Female Rugby Union Players Assessed via Dual Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry. RESEARCH QUARTERLY FOR EXERCISE AND SPORT 2022; 93:601-607. [PMID: 34653342 DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2021.1886226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Background: Reference data for the body composition values of female athletes are limited to very few sports, with female Rugby Union players having mostly been omitted from such analyses.Methods: Using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scans, this study assessed the body composition profiles (body mass, bone mineral content; BMC, fat mass; FM, lean mass; LM, bone mineral density; BMD) of 15 competitive female Rugby Union players before and after the 2018/19 competitive season. Total competitive match-play minutes were also recorded for each player.Results: Body mass (73.7 ± 9.6 kg vs 74.9 ± 10.2 kg, p ≤ 0.05, d = 0.13) and BMC (3.2 ± 0.4 kg vs 3.3 ± 0.4 kg, p ≤ 0.05, d = 0.15) increased pre- to post-season for all players. Conversely, FM (21.0 ± 8.8 kg), LM (50.7 ± 3.9 kg), and BMD (1.31 ± 0.06 g·cm-2) were similar between time-points (all p > .05). Accounting for position, body mass (rpartial(12) = 0.196), FM (rpartial(12) = -0.013), LM (rpartial(12) = 0.351), BMD (rpartial(12) = 0.168) and BMC (rpartial(12) = -0.204) showed no correlation (all p > .05) against match-play minutes.Conclusion: The demands of the competitive season influenced specific body composition indices (i.e., body mass, BMC) in female Rugby Union players; a finding which was unrelated to the number of minutes played in matches. While the causes of such differences remain unclear, practitioners should be cognizant of the body composition changes occurring throughout a female Rugby Union competitive season and, where necessary, consider modifying variables associated with adaptation and recovery accordingly.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Curtis
- Leeds Trinity University
- Middlesex University
| | | | - C Cooke
- Leeds Trinity University
- Leeds Beckett University
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14
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Grainger A, Heffernan S, Waldrom M, Sawczuk T. Autonomic Nervous System Indices of Player Readiness During Elite-Level Rugby Union Game-Week Microcycles. J Strength Cond Res 2022; 36:3173-3178. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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15
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Peek RJ, Fleming JA, Carey DL, Middleton KJ, Gastin PB, Clarke AC. The temporal distribution and occurrence of impacts and movement relative to peak periods in men’s rugby union. J Sci Med Sport 2022; 25:776-782. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2022.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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16
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Glaise P, Morel B, Rogowski I, Cornu B, Martin C. Influence of Repeated-Sprint Ability on the in-Game Activity Profiles of Semiprofessional Rugby Union Players According to Position. Front Sports Act Living 2022; 4:857373. [PMID: 35548461 PMCID: PMC9082549 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2022.857373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the influence of repeated-sprint ability (RSA) on the activity of rugby union players in a competitive situation according to their position. Thirty-three semiprofessional rugby union players (age, 25.6 ± 4.3; height, 184.0 ± 8.0 cm; weight, 98.9 ± 13.9 kg, ~20 h training a week), divided into two position subgroups (forwards n = 20, backs n = 13) or four positional subgroups (front row and locks n = 13, back row n = 7, inside backs n = 6, outside backs n = 7), were tested. Their RSA was assessed with a 12 × 20 m sprint test over a 20 s cycle. GPS data (distance, acceleration, number of sprints, maximum velocity, and high-velocity running) and technical data were collected on 18 semiprofessional division rugby union games. In forwards, players with lower cumulated sprint time in the RSA test produced significantly more accelerations (ρ = −0.85, p < 0.001) and more combat actions per match minute (ρ = −0.69, p < 0.001). In backs, RSA was significantly correlated with high-intensity running [distance (ρ = −0.76), Vmax (ρ = −0.84), sprints frequency (ρ = −0.71), high-velocity running (ρ = −0.76), all p < 0.01]. Then, the players were divided into four subgroups (front row and locks, back row, inside backs and outside backs). RSA was significantly associated with the number of accelerations (ρ = −0.96, p <001) and combat actions in front row and locks (ρ = −0.71, p = 0.007). In the back row, RSA was correlated with distance (ρ = −0.96, p = 0.003) and the frequency of combat actions (ρ = −0.79, p = 0.04). In inside backs, RSA was significantly (all p < 0.01) correlated with distance (ρ = −0.81), number of accelerations (ρ = −0.94) and high-velocity running (ρ = −0.94), while in outside backs, RSA was associated with sprint frequency (ρ = −0.85) and the maximal in-game velocity reached (ρ = −0.89). These results demonstrate that RSA is associated with match running and combat activity performance (i) regardless of the position on the pitch and (ii) specifically for each player's position by improving the corresponding activity profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Glaise
- Inter-University Laboratory of Human Movement Biology (LIBM EA7424), University Claude Bernard Lyon, Lyon, France
- Union Sportive Bressane Pays de l'Ain (USBPA Rugby), Bourg-en-Bresse, France
| | - Baptiste Morel
- Inter-University Laboratory of Human Movement Biology (LIBM EA7424), University Savoie Mont-Blanc, Chambéry, France
| | - Isabelle Rogowski
- Inter-University Laboratory of Human Movement Biology (LIBM EA7424), University Claude Bernard Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Brice Cornu
- Union Sportive Bressane Pays de l'Ain (USBPA Rugby), Bourg-en-Bresse, France
| | - Cyril Martin
- Inter-University Laboratory of Human Movement Biology (LIBM EA7424), University Claude Bernard Lyon, Lyon, France
- *Correspondence: Cyril Martin
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17
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Ellens S, Middleton K, Gastin PB, Varley MC. Techniques to derive and clean acceleration and deceleration data of athlete tracking technologies in team sports: A scoping review. J Sports Sci 2022; 40:1772-1800. [PMID: 35446231 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2022.2054535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The application of acceleration and deceleration data as a measure of an athlete's physical performance is common practice in team sports. Acceleration and deceleration are monitored with athlete tracking technologies during training and games to quantify training load, prevent injury and enhance performance. However, inconsistencies exist throughout the literature in the reported methodological procedures used to quantify acceleration and deceleration. The object of this review was to systematically map and provide a summary of the methodological procedures being used on acceleration and deceleration data obtained from athlete tracking technologies in team sports and describe the applications of the data. Systematic searches of multiple databases were undertaken. To be included, studies must have investigated full body acceleration and/or deceleration data of athlete tracking technologies. The search identified 276 eligible studies. Most studies (60%) did not provide information on how the data was derived and what sequence of steps were taken to clean the data. Acceleration and deceleration data were commonly applied to quantify and describe movement demands using effort metrics. This scoping review identified research gaps in the methodological procedures and deriving and cleaning techniques that warrant future research focussing on their effect on acceleration and deceleration data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Ellens
- Sport and Exercise Science, School of Allied Health, Human Services & Sport, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,La Trobe Sport and Exercise Medicine Research Centre, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Kane Middleton
- Sport and Exercise Science, School of Allied Health, Human Services & Sport, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,La Trobe Sport and Exercise Medicine Research Centre, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Paul B Gastin
- Sport and Exercise Science, School of Allied Health, Human Services & Sport, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,La Trobe Sport and Exercise Medicine Research Centre, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Matthew C Varley
- Sport and Exercise Science, School of Allied Health, Human Services & Sport, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,La Trobe Sport and Exercise Medicine Research Centre, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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18
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Wing C, Hart NH, Ma'ayah F, Nosaka K. Physical and technical demands of Australian football: an analysis of maximum ball in play periods. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2022; 14:15. [PMID: 35078517 PMCID: PMC8790884 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-022-00405-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study compares ball in play (BiP) analyses and both whole game (WG) and quarter averaged data for physical and technical demands of sub-elite Australian football (AF) players competing in the West Australian Football League across playing positions. METHODS Microsensor data were collected from 33 male AF players in one club over 19 games of the 2019 season. BiP time periods and technical performance data (e.g., kicks) were acquired from the Champion Data timeline of statistics, and time matched to the microsensor data. Linear mixed modelling was utilised to establish differences between maximum BiP periods and averaged data. RESULTS The analyses indicated significant differences (p < 0.0001) between maximum BiP and WG data for all metrics and all playing position (half-line, key position, and midfielders). The percentage difference was greatest for very high-speed running (171-178%), accelerations (136-142%), high-intensity efforts (128-139%), and high-speed running (134-147%) compared to PlayerLoad™ (50-56%) and total running distance (56-59%). No significant (p > 0.05) differences were evident for maximum BiP periods when they were compared between playing positions (i.e., half line vs key position vs midfield). Significant (p < 0.0001) differences were also noted between maximum BiP phases and averaged data across all 4 quarters, for each microsensor metric, and all playing positions. Technical actions (e.g., kicks and handballs) were observed in 21-48% of maximum BiP phases, depending on playing positions and microsensor metric assessed, with kicks and handballs constituting > 50% of all actions performed. CONCLUSIONS These results show the BiP analysis method provides a more accurate assessment of the physical demands and technical actions performed by AF players, which are underestimated when using averaged data. The data presented in this study may be used to inform the design and monitoring of representative practice, ensuring that athletes are prepared for both the physical and technical demands of the most demanding passages of play.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Wing
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, WA, 6027, Australia.
| | - Nicolas H Hart
- Institute for Health Research, University of Notre Dame Australia, Fremantle, WA, Australia
- Caring Futures Institute, College of Nursing and Health Science, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Exercise Medicine Research Institute, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
| | - Fadi Ma'ayah
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, WA, 6027, Australia
- School of Education, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia
| | - Kazunori Nosaka
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, WA, 6027, Australia
- Exercise Medicine Research Institute, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
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19
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Paul L, Naughton M, Jones B, Davidow D, Patel A, Lambert M, Hendricks S. Quantifying Collision Frequency and Intensity in Rugby Union and Rugby Sevens: A Systematic Review. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2022; 8:12. [PMID: 35050440 PMCID: PMC8776953 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-021-00398-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Collisions in rugby union and sevens have a high injury incidence and burden, and are also associated with player and team performance. Understanding the frequency and intensity of these collisions is therefore important for coaches and practitioners to adequately prepare players for competition. The aim of this review is to synthesise the current literature to provide a summary of the collision frequencies and intensities for rugby union and rugby sevens based on video-based analysis and microtechnology. METHODS A systematic search using key words was done on four different databases from 1 January 1990 to 1 September 2021 (PubMed, Scopus, SPORTDiscus and Web of Science). RESULTS Seventy-three studies were included in the final review, with fifty-eight studies focusing on rugby union, while fifteen studies explored rugby sevens. Of the included studies, four focused on training-three in rugby union and one in sevens, two focused on both training and match-play in rugby union and one in rugby sevens, while the remaining sixty-six studies explored collisions from match-play. The studies included, provincial, national, international, professional, experienced, novice and collegiate players. Most of the studies used video-based analysis (n = 37) to quantify collisions. In rugby union, on average a total of 22.0 (19.0-25.0) scrums, 116.2 (62.7-169.7) rucks, and 156.1 (121.2-191.0) tackles occur per match. In sevens, on average 1.8 (1.7-2.0) scrums, 4.8 (0-11.8) rucks and 14.1 (0-32.8) tackles occur per match. CONCLUSIONS This review showed more studies quantified collisions in matches compared to training. To ensure athletes are adequately prepared for match collision loads, training should be prescribed to meet the match demands. Per minute, rugby sevens players perform more tackles and ball carries into contact than rugby union players and forwards experienced more impacts and tackles than backs. Forwards also perform more very heavy impacts and severe impacts than backs in rugby union. To improve the relationship between matches and training, integrating both video-based analysis and microtechnology is recommended. The frequency and intensity of collisions in training and matches may lead to adaptations for a "collision-fit" player and lend itself to general training principles such as periodisation for optimum collision adaptation. Trial Registration PROSPERO registration number: CRD42020191112.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Paul
- Division of Physiological Sciences, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
- Health Through Physical Activity, Lifestyle and Sport Research Centre (HPALS), Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Mitchell Naughton
- School of Health and Behavioural Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, QLD, Australia
- Centre for Human Factors and Sociotechnical Systems, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, QLD, Australia
| | - Ben Jones
- Division of Physiological Sciences, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- School of Science and Technology, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
- Leeds Rhinos Rugby League Club, Leeds, UK
- England Performance Unit, The Rugby Football League, Leeds, UK
| | - Demi Davidow
- Division of Physiological Sciences, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Health Through Physical Activity, Lifestyle and Sport Research Centre (HPALS), Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Amir Patel
- Department of Electrical Engineering, African Robotics unit, University of Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa
| | - Mike Lambert
- Division of Physiological Sciences, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Health Through Physical Activity, Lifestyle and Sport Research Centre (HPALS), Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Sharief Hendricks
- Division of Physiological Sciences, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
- Health Through Physical Activity, Lifestyle and Sport Research Centre (HPALS), Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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20
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Match-play profile of elite rugby union, with special reference to repeated high-intensity effort activity (RHIE). SPORT SCIENCES FOR HEALTH 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11332-021-00879-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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21
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Wing C, Hart NH, McCaskie C, Djanis P, Ma'ayah F, Nosaka K. Running Performance of Male Versus Female Players in Australian Football Matches: A Systematic Review. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2021; 7:96. [PMID: 34923616 PMCID: PMC8685186 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-021-00391-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Australian Football is a fast paced, intermittent sport, played by both male and female populations. The aim of this systematic review was to compare male and female Australian Football players, competing at elite and sub-elite levels, for running performance during Australian Football matches based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). METHODS Medline, SPORTDiscus, and Web of Science searches, using search terms inclusive of Australian Football, movement demands and microsensor technology, returned 2535 potential manuscripts, of which 33 were included in the final analyses. RESULTS Results indicated that male athletes performed approximately twice the total running distances of their female counterparts, which was likely due to the differences in quarter length (male elite = 20 min, female elite = 15 min (plus time-on). When expressed relative to playing time, the differences between males and females somewhat diminished. However, high-speed running distances covered at velocities > 14.4 km·h-1 (> 4 m·s-1) were substantially greater (≥ 50%) for male than female players. Male and female players recorded similar running intensities during peak periods of play of shorter duration (e.g., around 1 min), but when the analysis window was lengthened, females showed a greater decrement in running performance. CONCLUSION These results suggest that male players should be exposed to greater training volumes, whereas training intensities should be reasonably comparable across male and female athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Wing
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, , Perth, WA, 6027, Australia.
| | - Nicolas H Hart
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, , Perth, WA, 6027, Australia
- Institute for Health Research, University of Notre Dame Australia, Fremantle, WA, Australia
- Caring Futures Institute, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Callum McCaskie
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, , Perth, WA, 6027, Australia
| | - Petar Djanis
- South Fremantle Football Club, Parry Street, Fremantle, WA, Australia
- Murdoch Applied Sport Science Laboratory, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Fadi Ma'ayah
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, , Perth, WA, 6027, Australia
- School of Education, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia
| | - Kazunori Nosaka
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, , Perth, WA, 6027, Australia
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22
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Bridgeman LA, Gill ND. The Use of Global Positioning and Accelerometer Systems in Age-Grade and Senior Rugby Union: A Systematic Review. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2021; 7:15. [PMID: 33616786 PMCID: PMC7900280 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-021-00305-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Global positioning systems (GPS) imbedded with accelerometer systems (AS) are used in rugby union (RU) to collect information on absolute and relative distances, distances in different speed zones, high-speed running (HSR) distances, repeated high-intensity efforts (RHIE) and collisions and impacts. This information can be used to monitor match play which can then be used to plan training sessions. The objective of this review was to conduct a systematic review of studies which have reported the use of GPS and AS.
Methods
A systematic review of the use of GPS and AS in both age-grade and senior rugby was conducted. The authors systematically searched electronic databases from January 2010 until March 2020. Keywords included rugby union, GPS, global position* and microtechnology.
Results
A total of 51 studies met the eligibility criteria and were included in this review. There was a total of 34 studies utilising GPS and AS in senior RU players (mean ± SD; age 26.2 ± 1.9 years; height 185.7 ± 2.6 cm; mass 101.3 ± 4.2 kg) and 17 studies in age-grade RU players (mean ± SD; age 17.6 ± 1.5 years; height 182.1 ± 3.3 cm; mass 87.1 ± 8.6 kg). The results of this review highlighted that there are differences between backs and forwards and within these positions in these groups during both match play and training sessions. The backs covered greater total absolute, relative and HSR distance compared to forwards. Forwards are involved in more collisions and impacts than backs. When investigating the most intense periods of match play, studies in this review highlighted that the demands during these periods outweigh the average demands of the game. It was proposed that a rolling average over different time epochs is the best way to assess this and ensure that the most intense periods of play are assessed and monitored.
Conclusions
The information highlighted in this review can be used to help coaches assess performances in match play, allow them to plan appropriate training sessions and monitor training load.
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Delves RIM, Aughey RJ, Ball K, Duthie GM. The Quantification of Acceleration Events in Elite Team Sport: a Systematic Review. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2021; 7:45. [PMID: 34191142 PMCID: PMC8245618 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-021-00332-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Wearable tracking devices are commonly utilised to quantify the external acceleration load of team sport athletes during training and competition. The ability to accelerate is an important attribute for athletes in many team sports. However, there are many different acceleration metrics that exist in team sport research. This review aimed to provide researchers and practitioners with a clear reporting framework on acceleration variables by outlining the different metrics and calculation processes that have been adopted to quantify acceleration loads in team sport research. METHODS A systematic review of three electronic databases (CINAHL, MEDLINE, SPORTDiscus), was performed to identify peer-reviewed studies that published external acceleration load in elite team sports during training and/or competition. Articles published between January 2010 and April 2020 were identified using Boolean search phrases in relation to team sports (population), acceleration/deceleration (comparators), and competition and/or training (outcome). The included studies were required to present external acceleration and/or deceleration load (of any magnitude) from able-bodied athletes (mean age ≥ 18 years) via wearable technologies. RESULTS A total of 124 research articles qualified for inclusion. In total, 113/124 studies utilised GPS/GNSS technology to outline the external acceleration load of athletes. Count-based metrics of acceleration were predominant of all metrics in this review (72%). There was a lack of information surrounding the calculation process of acceleration with 13% of studies specifying the filter used in the processing of athlete data, whilst 32% outlined the minimum effort duration (MED). Markers of GPS/GNSS data quality, including horizontal dilution of precision (HDOP) and the average number of satellites connected, were outlined in 24% and 27% of studies respectively. CONCLUSIONS Team sport research has predominantly quantified external acceleration load in training and competition with count-based metrics. Despite the influence of data filtering processes and MEDs upon acceleration, this information is largely omitted from team sport research. Future research that outlines acceleration load should present filtering processes, MEDs, HDOP, and the number of connected satellites. For GPS/GNSS systems, satellite planning tools should document evidence of available satellites for data collection to analyse tracking device performance. The development of a consistent acceleration filtering method should be established to promote consistency in the research of external athlete acceleration loads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert I M Delves
- Institute for Health & Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, 3011, Australia
| | - Robert J Aughey
- Institute for Health & Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, 3011, Australia.
| | - Kevin Ball
- Institute for Health & Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, 3011, Australia
| | - Grant M Duthie
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Strathfield, NSW, Australia
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Mernagh D, Weldon A, Wass J, Phillips J, Parmar N, Waldron M, Turner A. A Comparison of Match Demands Using Ball-in-Play versus Whole Match Data in Professional Soccer Players of the English Championship. Sports (Basel) 2021; 9:sports9060076. [PMID: 34073473 PMCID: PMC8228731 DOI: 10.3390/sports9060076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This is the first study to report the whole match, ball-in-play (BiP), ball-out-of-play (BoP), and Max BiP (worst case scenario phases of play) demands of professional soccer players competing in the English Championship. Effective playing time per soccer game is typically <60 min. When the ball is out of play, players spend time repositioning themselves, which is likely less physically demanding. Consequently, reporting whole match demands may under-report the physical requirements of soccer players. Twenty professional soccer players, categorized by position (defenders, midfielders, and forwards), participated in this study. A repeated measures design was used to collect Global Positioning System (GPS) data over eight professional soccer matches in the English Championship. Data were divided into whole match and BiP data, and BiP data were further sub-divided into different time points (30-60 s, 60-90 s, and >90 s), providing peak match demands. Whole match demands recorded were compared to BiP and Max BiP, with BiP data excluding all match stoppages, providing a more precise analysis of match demands. Whole match metrics were significantly lower than BiP metrics (p < 0.05), and Max BiP for 30-60 s was significantly higher than periods between 60-90 s and >90 s. No significant differences were found between positions. BiP analysis allows for a more accurate representation of the game and physical demands imposed on professional soccer players. Through having a clearer understanding of maximum game demands in professional soccer, practitioners can design more specific training methods to better prepare players for worst case scenario passages of play.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan Mernagh
- Queens Park Rangers Football Club, London W12 7PJ, UK;
| | - Anthony Weldon
- Department of Sports and Recreation, Faculty of Management and Hospitality, The Technological and Higher Education Institute of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Correspondence:
| | - Josh Wass
- Athlete Health Intelligence, English Institute of Sport, Manchester M11 3BS, UK;
| | | | - Nimai Parmar
- Faculty of Science and Technology, London Sports Institute, Middlesex University London, London NW4 4BT, UK; (N.P.); (A.T.)
| | - Mark Waldron
- Applied Sport Technology Exercise and Medicine Research Centre (A-STEM), College of Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea SA1 8EN, UK;
| | - Anthony Turner
- Faculty of Science and Technology, London Sports Institute, Middlesex University London, London NW4 4BT, UK; (N.P.); (A.T.)
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25
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Competition Nutrition Practices of Elite Male Professional Rugby Union Players. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18105398. [PMID: 34070155 PMCID: PMC8158491 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18105398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Thirty-four elite male professional rugby union players from the New Zealand Super Rugby championship completed dietary intakes via the Snap-N-Send method during a seven-day competition week. Mean seven-day absolute energy intake was significantly higher for forwards (4606 ± 719 kcal·day−1) compared to backs (3761 ± 618 kcal·day−1; p < 0.01; d = 1.26). Forwards demonstrated significantly higher mean seven-day absolute macronutrient intakes compared to backs (p < 0.03; d = 0.86–1.58), but no significant differences were observed for mean seven-day relative carbohydrate (3.5 ± 0.8 vs. 3.7 ± 0.7 g·kg·day−1), protein (2.5 ± 0.4 vs. 2.4 ± 0.5 g·kg·day−1), and fat (1.8 ± 0.4 vs. 1.8 ± 0.5 g·kg·day−1) intakes. Both forwards and backs reported their highest energy (5223 ± 864 vs. 4694 ± 784 kcal·day−1) and carbohydrate (4.4 ± 1.2 vs. 5.1 ± 1.0 g·kg·day−1) intakes on game day, with ≈62% of total calories being consumed prior to kick-off. Mean pre-game meal composition for all players was 1.4 ± 0.5 g·kg−1 carbohydrate, 0.8 ± 0.2 g·kg−1 protein, and 0.5 ± 0.2 g·kg−1 fat. Players fell short of daily sports nutrition guidelines for carbohydrate and appeared to “eat to intensity” by increasing or decreasing energy and carbohydrate intake based on the training load. Despite recommendations and continued education, many rugby players select what would be considered a “lower” carbohydrate intake. Although these intakes appear adequate to be a professional RU player, further research is required to determine optimal dietary intakes.
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26
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27
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Fornasier-Santos C, Millet GP, Stridgeon P, Girard O, Brocherie F, Nottin S. High-intensity Activity in European vs. National Rugby Union Games in the best 2014-2015 Team. Int J Sports Med 2020; 42:529-536. [PMID: 33197944 DOI: 10.1055/a-1144-3035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to evaluate the influence of competition level on running patterns for five playing position in the most successful 2014-2015 European rugby union team. Seventeen French rugby union championship and seven European rugby Champions Cup games were analysed. Global positioning system (sampling: 10 Hz) were used to determine high-speed movements, high-intensity accelerations, repeated high-intensity efforts and high-intensity micro-movements characteristics for five positional groups. During European Champions Cup games, front row forwards performed a higher number of repeated high-intensity efforts compared to National championship games (5.8±1.6 vs. 3.6±2.3; +61.1%), and back row forwards travelled greater distance both at high-speed movements (3.4±1.8 vs. 2.4±0.9 m·min-1; +41.7%) and after high-intensity accelerations (78.2±14.0 vs. 68.1 ±13.4 m; +14.8%). In backs, scrum halves carried out more high-intensity accelerations (24.7±3.1 vs. 14.8±5.0; +66.3%) whereas outside backs completed a higher number of high-speed movements (62.7±25.4 vs. 48.3±17.0; +29.8%) and repeated high-intensity efforts (13.5±4.6 vs. 9.7±4.9; +39.2%). These results highlighted that the competition level affected the high-intensity activity differently among the five playing positions. Consequently, training programs in elite rugby should be tailored taking into account both the level of competition and the high-intensity running pattern of each playing position.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charly Fornasier-Santos
- LAPEC EA4278 - F84000, Avignon University, Avignon, France.,Department of Performance, Rugby Club Toulonnais, Toulon, France
| | - Gregoire P Millet
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Paul Stridgeon
- Department of Performance, Rugby Club Toulonnais, Toulon, France
| | - Olivier Girard
- School of Human Sciences, Exercise and Sport Science, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Franck Brocherie
- Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance - EA 7370 - Research Department, INSEP, Paris, France
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Griffin SA, Panagodage Perera NK, Murray A, Hartley C, Fawkner SG, P T Kemp S, Stokes KA, Kelly P. The relationships between rugby union, and health and well-being: a scoping review. Br J Sports Med 2020; 55:319-326. [PMID: 33115706 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2020-102085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To scope the relationships between rugby union, and health and well-being. DESIGN Scoping review. DATA SOURCES Published and unpublished reports of any age, identified by searching electronic databases, platforms and reference lists. METHODS A three-step search strategy identified relevant published primary, secondary studies and grey literature, which were screened using a priori inclusion criteria. Data were extracted using a standardised tool, to form (1) a numerical analysis and (2) a thematic summary. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 6658 records were identified, and 198 studies met the inclusion criteria. All forms of rugby union can provide health-enhancing physical activity (PA). 'Non-contact' and wheelchair rugby in particular provide a wide range of physical and mental health and well-being benefits. The evidence is either mixed or unclear in relation to 'contact' rugby union and its effects on a range of physical health domains. Injury and concussion incidence rates are high for contact rugby union relative to other sports. CONCLUSIONS A wide range of stakeholders as well as existing and potential participants can use this information to make a more informed decision about participating in and promoting rugby union as a health-enhancing activity. Industry and policy-makers can use this review to inform policies and strategies that look to increase participation rates and use rugby union as a vehicle to contribute positively to population health. Further research understanding rugby union's contribution to PA as well as to muscle-strengthening and balance is indicated, as well as research examining more health and well-being outcomes across more diverse cohorts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffan A Griffin
- Centre for Sport and Exercise, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK .,Medical Services, Rugby Football Union, London, UK
| | - Nirmala Kanthi Panagodage Perera
- Centre for Sport, Exercise and Osteoarthritis Research Versus Arthritis, Botnar Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, UK.,Sports Medicine, Australian Institute of Sport, Bruce, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Andrew Murray
- Centre for Sport and Exercise, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Scottish Rugby Union, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | | | - Samantha G Fawkner
- The Institute for Sport, Physical Education and Health Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Simon P T Kemp
- Medical Services, Rugby Football Union, London, UK.,Faculty of Epidemiology and Public Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Keith A Stokes
- Medical Services, Rugby Football Union, London, UK.,Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, Somerset, UK
| | - Paul Kelly
- Physical Activity for Health Research Centre, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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Fernández-Valdés B, Sampaio J, Exel J, González J, Tous-Fajardo J, Jones B, Moras G. The Influence of Functional Flywheel Resistance Training on Movement Variability and Movement Velocity in Elite Rugby Players. Front Psychol 2020; 11:1205. [PMID: 32695042 PMCID: PMC7338676 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to identify the changes in movement variability and movement velocity during a six-week training period using a resistance horizontal forward-backward task without (NOBALL) or with (BALL) the constraint of catching and throwing a rugby ball in the forward phase. Eleven elite male rugby union players (mean ± SD: age 25.5 ± 2.0 years, height 1.83 ± 0.06 m, body mass 95 ± 18 kg, rugby practice 14 ± 3 years) performed eight repetitions of NOBALL and BALL conditions once a week in a rotational flywheel device. Velocity was recorded by an attached rotary encoder while acceleration data were used to calculate sample entropy (SampEn), multiscale entropy, and the complexity index. SampEn showed no significant decrease for NOBALL (ES = -0.64 ± 1.02) and significant decrease for BALL (ES = -1.71 ± 1.16; p < 0.007) conditions. Additionally, movement velocity showed a significant increase for NOBALL (ES = 1.02 ± 1.05; p < 0.047) and significant increase for BALL (ES = 1.25 ± 1.08; p < 0.025) between weeks 1 and 6. The complexity index showed higher levels of complexity in the BALL condition, specifically in the first three weeks. Movement velocity and complex dynamics were adapted to the constraints of the task after a four-week training period. Entropy measures seem a promising processing signal technique to identify when these exercise tasks should be changed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Fernández-Valdés
- National Institute of Physical Education of Catalonia (INEFC), University of Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain.,Unió Esportiva Santboiana, División de Honor de Rugby, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Jaime Sampaio
- Research Centre in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CreativeLab Research Community, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Juliana Exel
- Research Centre in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CreativeLab Research Community, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
| | | | - Julio Tous-Fajardo
- National Institute of Physical Education of Catalonia (INEFC), University of Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain.,FC Internazionale Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Ben Jones
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research Centre, Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom.,Leeds Rhinos RLFC, Leeds, United Kingdom.,Yorkshire Carnegie RUFC, Leeds, United Kingdom.,England Performance Unit, The Rugby Football League, Leeds, United Kingdom.,School of Science and Technology, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia.,Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Sports Science Institute of South Africa, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Gerard Moras
- National Institute of Physical Education of Catalonia (INEFC), University of Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
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30
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Alonso E, Miranda N, Zhang S, Sosa C, Trapero J, Lorenzo J, Lorenzo A. Peak Match Demands in Young Basketball Players: Approach and Applications. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17072256. [PMID: 32230798 PMCID: PMC7177956 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17072256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background: The aim of this study is to describe the peak match demands and compare them with average demands in basketball players, from an external load point of view, using different time windows. Another objective is to determine whether there are differences between positions and to provide an approach for practical applications. Methods: During this observational study, each player wore a micro technology device. We collected data from 12 male basketball players (mean ± SD: age 17.56 ± 0.67 years, height 196.17 ± 6.71 cm, body mass 90.83 ± 11.16 kg) during eight games. We analyzed intervals for different time windows using rolling averages (ROLL) to determine the peak match demands for Player Load. A separate one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to identify statistically significant differences between playing positions across different intense periods. Results: Separate one-way ANOVAs revealed statistically significant differences between 1 min, 5 min, 10 min, and full game periods for Player Load, F (3,168) = 231.80, ηp2 = 0.76, large, p < 0.001. It is worth noting that guards produced a statistically significantly higher Player Load in 5 min (p < 0.01, ηp2 = −0.69, moderate), 10 min (p < 0.001, ηp2 = −0.90, moderate), and full game (p < 0.001, ηp2 = −0.96, moderate) periods than forwards. Conclusions: The main finding is that there are significant differences between the most intense moments of a game and the average demands. This means that understanding game demands using averages drastically underestimates the peak demands of the game. This approach helps coaches and fitness coaches to prepare athletes for the most demanding periods of the game and present potential practical applications that could be implemented during training and rehabilitation sessions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique Alonso
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, European University of Madrid, 28670 Villaviciosa de Odón, Spain;
- Correspondence: (E.A.); (J.L.); Tel.: +34-628-148-747 (E.A.); +34-619-330-330 (J.L.)
| | | | - Shaoliang Zhang
- Division of Sports Science & Physical Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China;
| | - Carlos Sosa
- Faculty of Physiotherapy, European University of Madrid, 28670 Madrid, Spain;
- Polytechnic University of Madrid, 28031 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Juan Trapero
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, European University of Madrid, 28670 Villaviciosa de Odón, Spain;
| | - Jorge Lorenzo
- Polytechnic University of Madrid, 28031 Madrid, Spain;
- Correspondence: (E.A.); (J.L.); Tel.: +34-628-148-747 (E.A.); +34-619-330-330 (J.L.)
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31
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Till K, Weakley J, Read DB, Phibbs P, Darrall-Jones J, Roe G, Chantler S, Mellalieu S, Hislop M, Stokes K, Rock A, Jones B. Applied Sport Science for Male Age-Grade Rugby Union in England. SPORTS MEDICINE-OPEN 2020; 6:14. [PMID: 32086645 PMCID: PMC7035403 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-020-0236-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Rugby union (RU) is a skill-collision team sport played at junior and senior levels worldwide. Within England, age-grade rugby governs the participation and talent development of youth players. The RU player development pathway has recently been questioned, regarding player performance and well-being, which sport science research can address. The purpose of this review was to summarise and critically appraise the literature in relation to the applied sport science of male age-grade RU players in England focussing upon (1) match-play characteristics, (2) training exposures, (3) physical qualities, (4) fatigue and recovery, (5) nutrition, (6) psychological challenges and development, and (7) injury. Current research evidence suggests that age, playing level and position influence the match-play characteristics of age-grade RU. Training exposures of players are described as 'organised chaos' due to the multiple environments and stakeholders involved in coordinating training schedules. Fatigue is apparent up to 72 h post match-play. Well-developed physical qualities are important for player development and injury risk reduction. The nutritional requirements are high due to the energetic costs of collisions. Concerns around the psychological characteristics have also been identified (e.g. perfectionism). Injury risk is an important consideration with prevention strategies available. This review highlights the important multi-disciplinary aspects of sport science for developing age-grade RU players for continued participation and player development. The review describes where some current practices may not be optimal, provides a framework to assist practitioners to effectively prepare age-grade players for the holistic demands of youth RU and considers areas for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Till
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK. .,Leeds Rhinos RLFC, Leeds, UK. .,Yorkshire Carnegie RUFC, Leeds, UK.
| | - Jonathon Weakley
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK.,School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Dale B Read
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK
| | - Padraic Phibbs
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK.,Leinster Rugby, Belfield, Dublin, Republic of Ireland
| | - Josh Darrall-Jones
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK.,Bath RUFC, Bath, UK
| | - Greg Roe
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK.,Bath RUFC, Bath, UK
| | - Sarah Chantler
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK.,Yorkshire Carnegie RUFC, Leeds, UK
| | | | | | - Keith Stokes
- University of Bath, Bath, UK.,Rugby Football Union, London, UK
| | | | - Ben Jones
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK.,Leeds Rhinos RLFC, Leeds, UK.,Yorkshire Carnegie RUFC, Leeds, UK.,England Performance Unit, Rugby Football League, Red Hall, Leeds, UK.,School of Science and Technology, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia.,Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Cape Town and the Sports Science Institute of South Africa, Cape Town, South Africa
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32
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Wass J, Mernagh D, Pollard B, Stewart P, Fox W, Parmar N, Jones B, Kilduff L, Turner AN. A comparison of match demands using ball-in-play vs. whole match data in elite male youth soccer players. SCI MED FOOTBALL 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/24733938.2019.1682183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Josh Wass
- Athlete Health Intelligence, English Institute of Sport, London, England
| | - Dylan Mernagh
- Sport science and medicine, Queens Park Rangers Football Club, London, England
| | - Ben Pollard
- Strength and Conditioning, Saracens RFC, London, England
| | - Perry Stewart
- Arsenal Performance and Research Team, Arsenal Football Club, London, UK
| | - Wesley Fox
- Faculty of Science and Technology, London Sports Institute, Middlesex University, London, England
| | - Nimai Parmar
- Faculty of Science and Technology, London Sports Institute, Middlesex University, London, England
| | - Ben Jones
- Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett university, Leeds, England
- Performance Science, Rugby Football League, Leeds, England
| | - Liam Kilduff
- Applied Sport Technology Exercise and Medicine Research Centre (A-STEM), College of Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea, Wales
- Welsh Institute of Performance Science, College of Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea, Wales
| | - Anthony N. Turner
- Faculty of Science and Technology, London Sports Institute, Middlesex University, London, England
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Harty PS, Zabriskie HA, Stecker RA, Currier BS, Moon JM, Richmond SR, Jagim AR, Kerksick CM. Position-Specific Body Composition Values in Female Collegiate Rugby Union Athletes. J Strength Cond Res 2019; 35:3158-3163. [PMID: 31403573 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Harty, PS, Zabriskie, HA, Stecker, RA, Currier, BS, Moon, JM, Richmond, SR, Jagim, AR, and Kerksick, CM. Position-specific body composition values in female collegiate rugby union athletes. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2019-Rugby union is a full-contact, intermittent team sport. Anthropometric characteristics of rugby union athletes have been shown to influence suitability for a given position and affect performance. However, little anthropometric data exist in female rugby union athletes. Thus, the purpose of this study was to report position-specific anthropometric, body composition, and bone density values in female collegiate rugby union athletes and to identify between-position differences in these variables. This investigation was a cross-sectional study involving 101 female collegiate rugby union athletes, categorized as forwards and backs as well as by position (props, hookers, locks, flankers, number 8 forwards, halfback, fly-half, centers, wings, and fullbacks). Anthropometric characteristics of all athletes were measured, and body composition was assessed via dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. Outcome variables included age, height, body mass, BMI, body fat percentage, fat mass (FM), FM index, fat-free mass (FFM), FFM index, lean soft tissue, bone mineral content, bone mineral area, and bone mineral density. Anthropometric and body composition differences between forwards and backs were identified via independent t-tests and Mann-Whitney U tests, depending on normality of the variable. Between-position differences were assessed using one-way analysis of variances (ANOVAs) with Tukey post-hoc comparisons or Welch's ANOVA with Dunnett's T3 post-hoc test. Significant differences (p < 0.014) were identified between forwards and backs for every anthropometric variable, with forwards displaying greater height (167.7 ± 7.2 cm), body mass (81.5 ± 15.1 kg), and body fat percentage (28.2 ± 6.1%) relative to backs (164.5 ± 5.1 cm; 64.5 ± 7.7 kg; 21.9 ± 3.7%). Likewise, significant differences were identified for every anthropometric variable between several positions (p < 0.01). Significant (p < 0.05) interposition differences were identified within the subgroup of forwards, but not within the subgroup of backs. The present investigation is the first to report position-specific anthropometric and body composition data in female collegiate rugby union athletes. The results of this study can be used by rugby union coaches for recruiting and personnel decisions, to determine a player's suitability for a given position, and to further inform training and nutritional interventions in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick S Harty
- Exercise and Performance Nutrition Laboratory, Department of Exercise Science, School of Health Sciences, Lindenwood University, St. Charles, Missouri
| | - Hannah A Zabriskie
- Exercise and Performance Nutrition Laboratory, Department of Exercise Science, School of Health Sciences, Lindenwood University, St. Charles, Missouri
| | - Richard A Stecker
- Exercise and Performance Nutrition Laboratory, Department of Exercise Science, School of Health Sciences, Lindenwood University, St. Charles, Missouri
| | - Bradley S Currier
- Exercise and Performance Nutrition Laboratory, Department of Exercise Science, School of Health Sciences, Lindenwood University, St. Charles, Missouri
| | - Jessica M Moon
- Exercise and Performance Nutrition Laboratory, Department of Exercise Science, School of Health Sciences, Lindenwood University, St. Charles, Missouri
| | - Scott R Richmond
- Exercise and Performance Nutrition Laboratory, Department of Exercise Science, School of Health Sciences, Lindenwood University, St. Charles, Missouri
| | - Andrew R Jagim
- Division of Family Medicine, Human Performance Lab, Mayo Clinic Health System, Onalaska, Wisconsin
| | - Chad M Kerksick
- Exercise and Performance Nutrition Laboratory, Department of Exercise Science, School of Health Sciences, Lindenwood University, St. Charles, Missouri
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Young D, Collins K, Mourot L, Coratella G. The match-play activity cycles in elite U17, U21 and senior hurling competitive games. SPORT SCIENCES FOR HEALTH 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11332-018-00523-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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