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Martin-Roy R, Thyrring J, Mata X, Bangsgaard P, Bennike O, Christiansen G, Funder S, Gotfredsen AB, Gregersen KM, Hansen CH, Ilsøe PC, Klassen L, Kristensen IK, Ravnholt GB, Marin F, Der Sarkissian C. Advancing responsible genomic analyses of ancient mollusc shells. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0302646. [PMID: 38709766 PMCID: PMC11073703 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0302646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024] Open
Abstract
The analysis of the DNA entrapped in ancient shells of molluscs has the potential to shed light on the evolution and ecology of this very diverse phylum. Ancient genomics could help reconstruct the responses of molluscs to past climate change, pollution, and human subsistence practices at unprecedented temporal resolutions. Applications are however still in their infancy, partly due to our limited knowledge of DNA preservation in calcium carbonate shells and the need for optimized methods for responsible genomic data generation. To improve ancient shell genomic analyses, we applied high-throughput DNA sequencing to 27 Mytilus mussel shells dated to ~111-6500 years Before Present, and investigated the impact, on DNA recovery, of shell imaging, DNA extraction protocols and shell sub-sampling strategies. First, we detected no quantitative or qualitative deleterious effect of micro-computed tomography for recording shell 3D morphological information prior to sub-sampling. Then, we showed that double-digestion and bleach treatment of shell powder prior to silica-based DNA extraction improves shell DNA recovery, also suggesting that DNA is protected in preservation niches within ancient shells. Finally, all layers that compose Mytilus shells, i.e., the nacreous (aragonite) and prismatic (calcite) carbonate layers, with or without the outer organic layer (periostracum) proved to be valuable DNA reservoirs, with aragonite appearing as the best substrate for genomic analyses. Our work contributes to the understanding of long-term molecular preservation in biominerals and we anticipate that resulting recommendations will be helpful for future efficient and responsible genomic analyses of ancient mollusc shells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphaël Martin-Roy
- Centre for Anthropobiology and Genomics of Toulouse, UMR5288, CNRS, University Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Jakob Thyrring
- Department of Ecoscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Arctic Research Centre, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Xavier Mata
- Centre for Anthropobiology and Genomics of Toulouse, UMR5288, CNRS, University Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Pernille Bangsgaard
- Globe Institute, Section for GeoGenetics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ole Bennike
- Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Svend Funder
- Globe Institute, Section for GeoGenetics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | | | - Peter Carsten Ilsøe
- Globe Institute, Section for GeoGenetics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | | | - Frédéric Marin
- Biogéosciences, UMR6282, CNRS-EPHE-uB, University of Burgundy, EPHE, Dijon, France
| | - Clio Der Sarkissian
- Centre for Anthropobiology and Genomics of Toulouse, UMR5288, CNRS, University Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
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Lutet-Toti C, Da Silva Feliciano M, Debrosse N, Thomas J, Plasseraud L, Marin F. Diverting the Use of Hand-Operated Tablet Press Machines to Bioassays: A Novel Protocol to Test 'Waste' Insoluble Shell Matrices. Methods Protoc 2024; 7:30. [PMID: 38668137 PMCID: PMC11053508 DOI: 10.3390/mps7020030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
To mineralize their shells, molluscs secrete a complex cocktail of proteins-collectively defined as the calcifying shell matrix-that remains occluded in the exoskeleton. Nowadays, protein extracts from shells are recognized as a potential source of bioactive substances, among which signalling molecules, bactericides or protease inhibitors offer the most tangible perspectives in applied sciences, health, and aquaculture. However, one technical obstacle in testing the activity of shell extracts lies in their high insolubility. In this paper, we present a protocol that circumvents this impediment. After an adapted shell protein extraction and the production of two organic fractions-one soluble, one insoluble-we employ a hand-operated tablet press machine to generate well-calibrated tablets composed of 100% insoluble shell matrix. FT-IR monitoring of the quality of the tablets shows that the pressure used in the press machine does not impair the molecular properties of the insoluble extracts. The produced tablets can be directly tested in different biological assays, such as the bactericidal inhibition zone assay in Petri dish, as illustrated here. Diverting the use of the hand-operated tablet press opens new perspectives in the analysis of insoluble shell matrices, for discovering novel bioactive components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Lutet-Toti
- UMR CNRS-uB-EPHE 6282 ‘Biogéosciences’, Université de Bourgogne, 21000 Dijon, France
- Dipartimento di Chimica “Giacomo Ciamician”, Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Nelly Debrosse
- UMR CNRS-uB-EPHE 6282 ‘Biogéosciences’, Université de Bourgogne, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Jérôme Thomas
- UMR CNRS-uB-EPHE 6282 ‘Biogéosciences’, Université de Bourgogne, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Laurent Plasseraud
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de l’Université de Bourgogne, ICMUB UMR CNRS-uB 6302, 21000 Dijon, France;
| | - Frédéric Marin
- UMR CNRS-uB-EPHE 6282 ‘Biogéosciences’, Université de Bourgogne, 21000 Dijon, France
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Griesshaber E, Checa AG, Salas C, Hoffmann R, Yin X, Neuser R, Rupp U, Schmahl WW. Biological light-weight materials: The endoskeletons of cephalopod mollusks. J Struct Biol 2023; 215:107988. [PMID: 37364762 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2023.107988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Structural biological hard tissues fulfill diverse tasks: protection, defence, locomotion, structural support, reinforcement, buoyancy. The cephalopod mollusk Spirula spirula has a planspiral, endogastrically coiled, chambered, endoskeleton consisting of the main elements: shell-wall, septum, adapical-ridge, siphuncular-tube. The cephalopod mollusk Sepia officinalis has an oval, flattened, layered-cellular endoskeleton, formed of the main elements: dorsal-shield, wall/pillar, septum, siphuncular-zone. Both endoskeletons are light-weight buoyancy devices that enable transit through marine environments: vertical (S. spirula), horizontal (S. officinalis). Each skeletal element of the phragmocones has a specific morphology, component structure and organization. The conjunction of the different structural and compositional characteristics renders the evolved nature of the endoskeletons and facilitates for Spirula frequent migration from deep to shallow water and for Sepia coverage over large horizontal distances, without damage of the buoyancy device. Based on Electron-Backscatter-Diffraction (EBSD) measurements and TEM, FE-SEM, laser-confocal-microscopy imaging we highlight for each skeletal element of the endoskeleton its specific mineral/biopolymer hybrid nature and constituent arrangement. We demonstrate that a variety of crystal morphologies and biopolymer assemblies are needed for enabling the endoskeleton to act as a buoyancy device. We show that all organic components of the endoskeletons have the structure of cholesteric-liquid-crystals and indicate which feature of the skeletal element yields the necessary mechanical property to enable the endoskeleton to fulfill its function. We juxtapose structural, microstructural, texture characteristics and benefits of coiled and planar endoskeletons and discuss how morphometry tunes structural biomaterial function. Both mollusks use their endoskeleton for buoyancy regulation, live and move, however, in distinct marine environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Griesshaber
- Department fur Geo- und Umweltwissenschaften, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Antonio G Checa
- Departamento de Estratigrafía y Paleontología, Universidad de Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; Instituto Andaluz de Ciencias de la Tierra, CSIC-Universidad de Granada, 18100 Armilla, Spain
| | - Carmen Salas
- Departamento de Biología Animal, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29071-Málaga, Spain
| | - René Hoffmann
- Institute of Geology, Mineralogy, and Geophysics, Department of Earth Sciences, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Xiaofei Yin
- Department fur Geo- und Umweltwissenschaften, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Rolf Neuser
- Institute of Geology, Mineralogy, and Geophysics, Department of Earth Sciences, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - U Rupp
- Zentrale Einrichtung Elektronenmikroskopie, Universität Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Wolfgang W Schmahl
- Department fur Geo- und Umweltwissenschaften, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
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Khurshid B, Jackson DJ, Engilberge S, Motreuil S, Broussard C, Thomas J, Immel F, Harrington MJ, Crowley PB, Vielzeuf D, Perrin J, Marin F. Molecular characterization of accripin11, a soluble shell protein with an acidic C-terminus, identified in the prismatic layer of the Mediterranean fan mussel Pinna nobilis (Bivalvia, Pteriomorphia). FEBS Open Bio 2022; 13:10-25. [PMID: 36219517 PMCID: PMC9808598 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.13497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We have identified a novel shell protein, accripin11, as a major soluble component of the calcitic prisms of the fan mussel Pinna nobilis. Initially retrieved from a cDNA library, its full sequence is confirmed here by transcriptomic and proteomic approaches. The sequence of the mature protein is 103 residues with a theoretical molecular weight of 11 kDa and is moderately acidic (pI 6.74) except for its C-terminus which is highly enriched in aspartic acid. The protein exhibits a peculiar cysteine pattern in its central domain. The full sequence shares similarity with six other uncharacterized molluscan shell proteins from the orders Ostreida, Pteriida and Mytilida, all of which are pteriomorphids and produce a phylogenetically restricted pattern of nacro-prismatic shell microstructures. This suggests that accripin11 is a member of a family of clade-specific shell proteins. A 3D model of accripin11 was predicted with AlphaFold2, indicating that it possesses three short alpha helices and a disordered C-terminus. Recombinant accripin11 was tested in vitro for its ability to influence the crystallization of CaCO3 , while a polyclonal antibody was able to locate accripin11 to prismatic extracts, particularly in the acetic acid-soluble matrix. The putative functions of accripin11 are further discussed in relation to shell biomineralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benazir Khurshid
- Laboratoire Biogéosciences, UMR CNRS‐EPHE 6282Université de Bourgogne – Franche‐ComtéDijonFrance,Synchrotron SOLEILBeamline ANATOMIXGif‐sur‐YvetteFrance
| | | | - Sylvain Engilberge
- Structural Biology GroupEuropean Synchrotron Radiation FacilityGrenobleFrance
| | - Sébastien Motreuil
- Laboratoire Biogéosciences, UMR CNRS‐EPHE 6282Université de Bourgogne – Franche‐ComtéDijonFrance
| | | | - Jérôme Thomas
- Laboratoire Biogéosciences, UMR CNRS‐EPHE 6282Université de Bourgogne – Franche‐ComtéDijonFrance
| | - Françoise Immel
- Chrono‐Environnement, UMR 6249 CNRSUniversité de Bourgogne Franche‐ComtéBesançonFrance
| | | | - Peter B. Crowley
- School of Biological and Chemical SciencesNational University of IrelandGalwayIreland
| | | | | | - Frédéric Marin
- Laboratoire Biogéosciences, UMR CNRS‐EPHE 6282Université de Bourgogne – Franche‐ComtéDijonFrance
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Yoshida MA, Hirota K, Imoto J, Okuno M, Tanaka H, Kajitani R, Toyoda A, Itoh T, Ikeo K, Sasaki T, Setiamarga DHE. Gene Recruitments and Dismissals in the Argonaut Genome Provide Insights into Pelagic Lifestyle Adaptation and Shell-like Eggcase Reacquisition. Genome Biol Evol 2022; 14:evac140. [PMID: 36283693 PMCID: PMC9635652 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evac140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 10/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The paper nautilus or greater argonaut, Argonauta argo, is a species of octopods which is characterized by its pelagic lifestyle and by the presence of a protective spiral-shaped shell-like eggcase in females. To reveal the genomic background of how the species adapted to the pelagic lifestyle and acquired its shell-like eggcase, we sequenced the draft genome of the species. The genome size was 1.1 Gb, which is the smallest among the cephalopods known to date, with the top 215 scaffolds (average length 5,064,479 bp) covering 81% (1.09 Gb) of the total assembly. A total of 26,433 protein-coding genes were predicted from 16,802 assembled scaffolds. From these, we identified nearly intact HOX, Parahox, Wnt clusters, and some gene clusters that could probably be related to the pelagic lifestyle, such as reflectin, tyrosinase, and opsin. The gene models also revealed several homologous genes related to calcified shell formation in Conchiferan mollusks, such as Pif-like, SOD, and TRX. Interestingly, comparative genomics analysis revealed that the homologous genes for such genes were also found in the genome of the shell-less octopus, as well as Nautilus, which has a true outer shell. Therefore, the draft genome sequence of Arg. argo presented here has helped us to gain further insights into the genetic background of the dynamic recruitment and dismissal of genes to form an important, converging extended phenotypic structure such as the shell and the shell-like eggcase. Additionally, it allows us to explore the evolution of from benthic to pelagic lifestyles in cephalopods and octopods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masa-aki Yoshida
- Marine Biological Science Section, Education and Research Center for Biological Resources, Faculty of Life and Environmental Science, Shimane University, Okinoshima, Shimane 685-0024, Japan
| | - Kazuki Hirota
- Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8654, Japan
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biochemistry, National Institute of Technology (KOSEN), Wakayama College, Gobo, Wakayama 644-0012, Japan
| | - Junichi Imoto
- Center for Information Biology, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan
| | - Miki Okuno
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Infectious Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Fukuoka 830-0011, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Tanaka
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | - Rei Kajitani
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | - Atsushi Toyoda
- Comparative Genomics Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan
- Advanced Genomics Center, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan
| | - Takehiko Itoh
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | - Kazuho Ikeo
- Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8654, Japan
| | - Takenori Sasaki
- Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8654, Japan
- The University Museum, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Davin H E Setiamarga
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biochemistry, National Institute of Technology (KOSEN), Wakayama College, Gobo, Wakayama 644-0012, Japan
- The University Museum, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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Finding a home for the ram’s horn squid: phylogenomic analyses support Spirula spirula (Cephalopoda: Decapodiformes) as a close relative of Oegopsida. ORG DIVERS EVOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s13127-022-00583-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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7
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Kababya S, Ben Shir I, Schmidt A. From molecular level to macroscopic properties: A solid-state NMR biomineralization and biomimetic exploration. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cocis.2022.101630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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8
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Liu C, Liu H, Huang J, Ji X. Optimized Sensory Units Integrated in the Chiton Shell. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2022; 24:380-392. [PMID: 35275288 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-022-10114-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The first step for animals to interact with external environment is to sense. Unlike vertebrate animals with flexibility, it is challenging for ancient animals that are less flexible especially for mollusca with heavy shells. Chiton, as an example, has eight overlapping shells covering almost the whole body, is known to incorporate sensory units called aesthetes inside the shell. We used micro-computed tomography combined with quantitative image analysis to reveal the optimized shell geometry to resist force and the aesthetes' global distribution at the whole animal levels to facilitate sense from diverse directions both in the seawater and air. Additionally, shell proteomics combined with transcriptome reveals shell matrix proteins responsible for shell construction and potentially sensory function, highlighting unique cadherin-related proteins among mollusca. Together, this multi-level evidence of sensory units in the chiton shell may shed light on the formation of chiton shells and inspire the design of hard armor with sensory function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuang Liu
- College of Oceanography, Hohai University, Xikang Road, Nanjing, 210098, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Haipeng Liu
- College of Oceanography, Hohai University, Xikang Road, Nanjing, 210098, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jingliang Huang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai, 519082, Guangdong, China
| | - Xin Ji
- College of Oceanography, Hohai University, Xikang Road, Nanjing, 210098, Jiangsu, China
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9
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Liu C, Zhang R. Biomineral proteomics: A tool for multiple disciplinary studies. J Proteomics 2021; 238:104171. [PMID: 33652138 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2021.104171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The hard tissues of animals, such as skeletons and teeth, are constructed by a biologically controlled process called biomineralization. In invertebrate animals, biominerals are considered important for their evolutionary success. These biominerals are hieratical biocomposites with excellent mechanical properties, and their formation has intrigued researchers for decades. Although proteins account for ~5 wt% of biominerals, they are critical players in biomineralization. With the development of high-throughput analysis methods, such as proteomics, biomineral protein data are rapidly accumulating, thus necessitating a refined model for biomineralization. This review focuses on biomineral proteomics in invertebrate animals to highlight the diversity of biomineral proteins (generally 40-80 proteins), and the results indicate that biomineralization includes thermodynamic crystal growth as well as intense extracellular matrix activity and/or vesicle transport. Biominerals have multiple functions linked to biological immunity and antipathogen activity. A comparison of proteomes across species and biomineral types showed that von Willebrand factor type A and epidermal growth factor, which frequently couple with other extracellular domains, are the most common domains. Combined with species-specific repetitive low complexity domains, shell matrix proteins can be employed to predict biomineral types. Furthermore, this review discusses the applications of biomineral proteomics in diverse fields, such as tissue regeneration, developmental biology, archeology, environmental science, and material science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuang Liu
- College of Oceanography, Hohai University, Xikang Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210098, China.
| | - Rongqing Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Enzymology, Yangtze Delta Region Institute of Tsinghua University, 705 Yatai Road, Jiaxing 314006, PR China; College of Biological, Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing 314001, China.
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10
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The First In Situ Observation of the Ram’s Horn Squid Spirula spirula Turns “Common Knowledge” Upside Down. DIVERSITY 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/d12120449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The ram’s horn squid Spirula spirula (Linnaeus, 1758) is the only extant cephalopod with an internal calcareous, chambered shell that is coiled, making it the sole living representative of the once speciose order Spirulida [...]
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11
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Abstract
Molluscs are known for their ability to produce a calcified shell resulting from a genetically controlled and matrix-mediated process, performed extracellularly. The occluded organic matrix consists of a complex mixture of proteins, glycoproteins and polysaccharides that are in most cases secreted by the mantle epithelium. To our knowledge, the model studied here—the argonaut, also called paper nautilus—represents the single mollusc example where this general scheme is not valid: the shell of this cephalopod is indeed formed by its first dorsal arms pair and it functions as an eggcase, secreted by females only; furthermore, this coiled structure is fully calcitic and the organization of its layered microstructures is unique. Thus, the argonautid shell appears as an apomorphy of this restricted family, not homologous to other cephalopod shells. In the present study, we investigated the physical and biochemical properties of the shell of Argonauta hians, the winged argonaut. We show that the shell matrix contains unusual proportions of soluble and insoluble components, and that it is mostly proteinaceous, with a low proportion of sugars that appear to be mostly sulfated glycosaminoglycans. Proteomics performed on different shell fractions generated several peptide sequences and identified a number of protein hits, not shared with other molluscan shell matrices. This may suggest the recruitment of unique molecular tools for mineralizing the argonaut’s shell, a finding that has some implications on the evolution of cephalopod shell matrices.
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12
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Marin F. Mollusc shellomes: Past, present and future. J Struct Biol 2020; 212:107583. [PMID: 32721585 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2020.107583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
In molluscs, the shell fabrication requires a large array of secreted macromolecules including proteins and polysaccharides. Some of them are occluded in the shell during mineralization process and constitute the shell repertoire. The protein moieties, also called shell proteomes or, more simply, 'shellomes', are nowadays analyzed via high-throughput approaches. These latter, applied so far on about thirty genera, have evidenced the huge diversity of shellomes from model to model. They also pinpoint the recurrent presence of functional domains of diverse natures. Shell proteins are not only involved in guiding the mineral deposition, but also in enzymatic and immunity-related functions, in signaling or in coping with many extracellular molecules such as saccharides. Many shell proteins exhibit low complexity domains, the function of which remains unclear. Shellomes appear as self-organizing systems that must be approached from the point of view of complex systems biology: at supramolecular level, they generate emergent properties, i.e., microstructures that cannot be simply explained by the sum of their parts. A conceptual scheme is developed here that reconciles the plasticity of the shellome, its evolvability and the constrained frame of microstructures. Other perspectives arising from the study of shellomes are briefly discussed, including the macroevolution of shell repertoires, their maturation and their transformation through time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Marin
- UMR CNRS 6282 Biogéosciences, Université de Bourgogne - Franche-Comté, 6 Boulevard Gabriel, 21000 Dijon, France
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