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Prihanto A, Muryanto S, Sancho Vaquer A, Schmahl WW, Ismail R, Jamari J, Bayuseno AP. In-depth knowledge of the low-temperature hydrothermal synthesis of nanocrystalline hydroxyapatite from waste green mussel shell ( Perna Viridis). Environ Technol 2024; 45:2375-2387. [PMID: 36695167 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2023.2173087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACTThis study presents the use of a low-temperature hydrothermal method for extracting calcium sources from green mussel shell (P. Viridis) wastes and converting them into synthetic nanosized hydroxyapatite (HA). In this study, raw mussel shells were washed, pulverised, and sieved to start producing a fine calcium carbonate-rich powder. XRD quantitative analysis confirmed that the powder contains 97.6 wt. % aragonite. This powder was then calcined for 5 h at 900 °C to remove water, salt, and mud, yielding a calcium-rich feedstock with major minerals of calcite (68.7 wt.%), portlandite (24.7 wt.%), and minor aragonite (6.5 wt.%). The calcined powders were dissolved in aqueous stock solutions of HNO3 and NH4OH before hydrothermally reacting with phosphoric acid [(NH4)2HPO4], yielding pure, nanoscale (16-18 nm) carbonated HA crystals, according to XRD, FT-IR, and SEM analyses. The use of a low-temperature hydrothermal method for a feedstock powder produced by the calcination of low-cost mussel shell wastes would be a valuable processing approach for the industry's development of large-scale hydroxyapatite nanoparticle production.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Prihanto
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Diponegoro University, Semarang, Indonesia
- Chemical Engineering Vocational Program, Catholic Polytechnic Mangun Wijaya, Semarang, Indonesia
| | - S Muryanto
- Department of Chemical Engineering, UNTAG University in Semarang, Semarang, Indonesia
| | - A Sancho Vaquer
- Department of Earth-and Environmental Sciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - W W Schmahl
- Department of Earth-and Environmental Sciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - R Ismail
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Diponegoro University, Semarang, Indonesia
| | - J Jamari
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Diponegoro University, Semarang, Indonesia
| | - A P Bayuseno
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Diponegoro University, Semarang, Indonesia
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Conci N, Griesshaber E, Rivera-Vicéns RE, Schmahl WW, Vargas S, Wörheide G. Molecular and mineral responses of corals grown under artificial Calcite Sea conditions. Geobiology 2024; 22:e12586. [PMID: 38385602 DOI: 10.1111/gbi.12586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
The formation of skeletal structures composed of different calcium carbonate polymorphs (e.g. aragonite and calcite) appears to be both biologically and environmentally regulated. Among environmental factors influencing aragonite and calcite precipitation, changes in seawater conditions-primarily in the molar ratio of magnesium and calcium during so-called 'Calcite' (mMg:mCa below 2) or 'Aragonite' seas (mMg:mCa above 2)-have had profound impacts on the distribution and performance of marine calcifiers throughout Earth's history. Nonetheless, the fossil record shows that some species appear to have counteracted such changes and kept their skeleton polymorph unaltered. Here, the aragonitic octocoral Heliopora coerulea and the aragonitic scleractinian Montipora digitata were exposed to Calcite Sea-like mMg:mCa with various levels of magnesium and calcium concentration, and changes in both the mineralogy (i.e. CaCO3 polymorph) and gene expression were monitored. Both species maintained aragonite deposition at lower mMg:mCa ratios, while concurrent calcite presence was only detected in M. digitata. Despite a strong variability between independent experimental replicates for both species, the expression for a set of putative calcification-related genes, including known components of the M. digitata skeleton organic matrix (SkOM), was found to consistently change at lower mMg:mCa. These results support the previously proposed involvements of the SkOM in counteracting decreases in seawater mMg:mCa. Although no consistent expression changes in calcium and magnesium transporters were observed, down-regulation calcium channels in H. coerulea in one experimental replicate and at an mMg:mCa of 2.5, pointing to a possible active calcium uptake regulation by the corals under altered mMg:mCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Conci
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Paleontology and Geobiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Erika Griesshaber
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Crystallography, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
- GeoBio-Center LMU, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Ramón E Rivera-Vicéns
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Paleontology and Geobiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Wolfgang W Schmahl
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Crystallography, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
- GeoBio-Center LMU, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
- SNSB - Mineralogische Staatssammlung, Munich, Germany
| | - Sergio Vargas
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Paleontology and Geobiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Gert Wörheide
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Paleontology and Geobiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
- GeoBio-Center LMU, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
- SNSB - Bayerische Staatssammlung für Paläontologie und Geologie, Munich, Germany
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Griesshaber E, Checa AG, Salas C, Hoffmann R, Yin X, Neuser R, Rupp U, Schmahl WW. Biological light-weight materials: The endoskeletons of cephalopod mollusks. J Struct Biol 2023; 215:107988. [PMID: 37364762 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2023.107988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Structural biological hard tissues fulfill diverse tasks: protection, defence, locomotion, structural support, reinforcement, buoyancy. The cephalopod mollusk Spirula spirula has a planspiral, endogastrically coiled, chambered, endoskeleton consisting of the main elements: shell-wall, septum, adapical-ridge, siphuncular-tube. The cephalopod mollusk Sepia officinalis has an oval, flattened, layered-cellular endoskeleton, formed of the main elements: dorsal-shield, wall/pillar, septum, siphuncular-zone. Both endoskeletons are light-weight buoyancy devices that enable transit through marine environments: vertical (S. spirula), horizontal (S. officinalis). Each skeletal element of the phragmocones has a specific morphology, component structure and organization. The conjunction of the different structural and compositional characteristics renders the evolved nature of the endoskeletons and facilitates for Spirula frequent migration from deep to shallow water and for Sepia coverage over large horizontal distances, without damage of the buoyancy device. Based on Electron-Backscatter-Diffraction (EBSD) measurements and TEM, FE-SEM, laser-confocal-microscopy imaging we highlight for each skeletal element of the endoskeleton its specific mineral/biopolymer hybrid nature and constituent arrangement. We demonstrate that a variety of crystal morphologies and biopolymer assemblies are needed for enabling the endoskeleton to act as a buoyancy device. We show that all organic components of the endoskeletons have the structure of cholesteric-liquid-crystals and indicate which feature of the skeletal element yields the necessary mechanical property to enable the endoskeleton to fulfill its function. We juxtapose structural, microstructural, texture characteristics and benefits of coiled and planar endoskeletons and discuss how morphometry tunes structural biomaterial function. Both mollusks use their endoskeleton for buoyancy regulation, live and move, however, in distinct marine environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Griesshaber
- Department fur Geo- und Umweltwissenschaften, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Antonio G Checa
- Departamento de Estratigrafía y Paleontología, Universidad de Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; Instituto Andaluz de Ciencias de la Tierra, CSIC-Universidad de Granada, 18100 Armilla, Spain
| | - Carmen Salas
- Departamento de Biología Animal, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29071-Málaga, Spain
| | - René Hoffmann
- Institute of Geology, Mineralogy, and Geophysics, Department of Earth Sciences, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Xiaofei Yin
- Department fur Geo- und Umweltwissenschaften, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Rolf Neuser
- Institute of Geology, Mineralogy, and Geophysics, Department of Earth Sciences, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - U Rupp
- Zentrale Einrichtung Elektronenmikroskopie, Universität Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Wolfgang W Schmahl
- Department fur Geo- und Umweltwissenschaften, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
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Pan F, Liu M, Altenried S, Lei M, Yang J, Straub H, Schmahl WW, Maniura-Weber K, Guillaume-Gentil O, Ren Q. Uncoupling bacterial attachment on and detachment from polydimethylsiloxane surfaces through empirical and simulation studies. J Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 622:419-430. [PMID: 35525145 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2022.04.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial infections related to medical devices can cause severe problems, whose solution requires in-depth understanding of the interactions between bacteria and surfaces. This work investigates the influence of surface physicochemistry on bacterial attachment and detachment under flow through both empirical and simulation studies. We employed polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) substrates having different degrees of crosslinking as the model material and the extended Derjaguin - Landau - Verwey - Overbeek model as the simulation method. Experimentally, the different PDMS materials led to similar numbers of attached bacteria, which can be rationalized by the identical energy barriers simulated between bacteria and the different materials. However, different numbers of residual bacteria after detachment were observed, which was suggested by simulation that the detachment process is determined by the interfacial physicochemistry rather than the mechanical property of a material. This finding is further supported by analyzing the bacteria detachment from PDMS substrates from which non-crosslinked polymer chains had been removed: similar numbers of residual bacteria were found on the extracted PDMS substrates. The knowledge gained in this work can facilitate the projection of bacterial colonization on a given surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Pan
- Laboratory for Biointerfaces, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, 9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Mengdi Liu
- Laboratory for Biointerfaces, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, 9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland; Department of Earth- and Environmental Sciences, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Theresienstrasse 41, 80333 Munich, Germany
| | - Stefanie Altenried
- Laboratory for Biointerfaces, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, 9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Min Lei
- College of Textiles, Donghua University, North Renmin Road 2999, 201620 Shanghai, China
| | - Jiaxin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, CAS, 130022 Changchun, China
| | - Hervé Straub
- Laboratory for Biointerfaces, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, 9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Wolfgang W Schmahl
- Department of Earth- and Environmental Sciences, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Theresienstrasse 41, 80333 Munich, Germany
| | - Katharina Maniura-Weber
- Laboratory for Biointerfaces, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, 9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Orane Guillaume-Gentil
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Qun Ren
- Laboratory for Biointerfaces, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, 9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland.
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Checa AG, Linares F, Grenier C, Griesshaber E, Rodríguez-Navarro AB, Schmahl WW. The argonaut constructs its shell via physical self-organization and coordinated cell sensorial activity. iScience 2021; 24:103288. [PMID: 34765916 PMCID: PMC8571729 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The shell of the cephalopod Argonauta consists of two layers of fibers that elongate perpendicular to the shell surfaces. Fibers have a high-Mg calcitic core sheathed by thin organic membranes (>100 nm) and configurate a polygonal network in cross section. Their evolution has been studied by serial sectioning with electron microscopy-associated techniques. During growth, fibers with small cross-sectional areas shrink, whereas those with large sections widen. It is proposed that fibers evolve as an emulsion between the fluid precursors of both the mineral and organic phases. When polygons reach big cross-sectional areas, they become subdivided by new membranes. To explain both the continuation of the pattern and the subdivision process, the living cells from the mineralizing tissue must perform contact recognition of the previously formed pattern and subsequent secretion at sub-micron scale. Accordingly, the fabrication of the argonaut shell proceeds by physical self-organization together with direct cellular activity. The shell consists of a polygonal organic pattern that evolves as a physical system An emulsion model accounts for the configuration of the pattern Mean polygon size and number is kept by the additional splitting of large polygons Cell sensitivity explains the propagation of the pattern and polygon splitting
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio G Checa
- Departamento de Estratigrafía y Paleontología, Universidad de Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain.,Instituto Andaluz de Ciencias de la Tierra, CSIC-Universidad de Granada, 18100 Armilla, Spain
| | - Fátima Linares
- Centro de Instrumentación Científica, Universidad de Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Christian Grenier
- Departamento de Estratigrafía y Paleontología, Universidad de Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Erika Griesshaber
- Department für Geo- und Umweltwissenschaften, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80333 München, Germany
| | | | - Wolfgang W Schmahl
- Department für Geo- und Umweltwissenschaften, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80333 München, Germany
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Yin X, Griesshaber E, Checa A, Nindiyasari-Behal F, Sánchez-Almazo I, Ziegler A, Schmahl WW. Calcite crystal orientation patterns in the bilayers of laminated shells of benthic rotaliid foraminifera. J Struct Biol 2021; 213:107707. [PMID: 33581285 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2021.107707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Shells of calcifying foraminifera play a major role in marine biogeochemical cycles; fossil shells form important archives for paleoenvironment reconstruction. Despite their importance in many Earth science disciplines, there is still little consensus on foraminiferal shell mineralization. Geochemical, biochemical, and physiological studies showed that foraminiferal shell formation might take place through various and diverse mineralization mechanisms. In this study, we contribute to benthic foraminiferal shell calcification through deciphering crystallite organization within the shells. We base our conclusions on results gained from electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD) measurements and describe microstructure/texture characteristics within the laminated shell walls of the benthic, symbiontic foraminifera: Ammonia tepida, Amphistegina lobifera, Amphistegina lessonii. We highlight crystallite assembly patterns obtained on differently oriented cuts and discuss crystallite sizes, morphologies, interlinkages, orientations, and co-orientation strengths. We show that: (i) crystals within benthic foraminiferal shells are mesocrystals, (ii) have dendritic-fractal morphologies and (iii) interdigitate strongly. Based on crystal size, we (iv) differentiate between the two layers that comprise the shells and demonstrate that (v) crystals in the septa have different assemblies relative to those in the shell walls. We highlight that (vi) at junctions of different shell elements the axis of crystal orientation jumps abruptly such that their assembly in EBSD maps has a bimodal distribution. We prove (vii) extensive twin-formation within foraminiferal calcite; we demonstrate (viii) the presence of two twin modes: 60°/[001] and 77°/~[6 -6 1] and visualize their distributions within the shells. In a broader perspective, we draw conclusions on processes that lead to the observed microstructure/texture patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Yin
- Department für Geo- und Umweltwissenschaften, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80333 Munich, Germany.
| | - E Griesshaber
- Department für Geo- und Umweltwissenschaften, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80333 Munich, Germany
| | - A Checa
- Departamento de Estratigrafía y Paleontología, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain, and Instituto Andaluz de Ciencias de la Tierra, CSIC-Universidad de Granada, Armilla, Spain
| | | | - I Sánchez-Almazo
- Centro de Instrumentación Científica, Universidad de Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - A Ziegler
- Zentrale Einrichtung Elektronenmikroskopie, Universität Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - W W Schmahl
- Department für Geo- und Umweltwissenschaften, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80333 Munich, Germany
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Girard EB, Fuchs A, Kaliwoda M, Lasut M, Ploetz E, Schmahl WW, Wörheide G. Sponges as bioindicators for microparticulate pollutants? Environ Pollut 2021; 268:115851. [PMID: 33126031 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Amongst other threats, the world's oceans are faced with man-made pollution, including an increasing number of microparticulate pollutants. Sponges, aquatic filter-feeding animals, are able to incorporate fine foreign particles, and thus may be a potential bioindicator for microparticulate pollutants. To address this question, 15 coral reef demosponges sampled around Bangka Island (North Sulawesi, Indonesia) were analyzed for the nature of their foreign particle content using traditional histological methods, advanced light microscopy, and Raman spectroscopy. Sampled sponges accumulated and embedded the very fine sediment fraction (<200 μm), absent in the surrounding sand, in the ectosome (outer epithelia) and spongin fibers (skeletal elements), which was confirmed by two-photon microscopy. A total of 34 different particle types were identified, of which degraded man-made products, i.e., polystyrene, particulate cotton, titanium dioxide and blue-pigmented particles, were incorporated by eight specimens at concentrations between 91 and 612 particle/g dry sponge tissue. As sponges can weigh several hundreds of grams, we conservatively extrapolate that sponges can incorporate on average 10,000 microparticulate pollutants in their tissue. The uptake of particles, however, appears independent of the material, which suggests that the fluctuation in material ratios is due to the spatial variation of surrounding microparticles. Therefore, particle-bearing sponges have a strong potential to biomonitor microparticulate pollutants, such as microplastics and other degraded industrial products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsa B Girard
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80333, Munich, Germany
| | - Adrian Fuchs
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Nanoscience (CeNS), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Melanie Kaliwoda
- SNSB - Mineralogische Staatssammlung München, 80333, München, Germany
| | - Markus Lasut
- Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science, Sam Ratulangi University, Jalan Kampus Unsrat Bahu, Manado, 95115, Sulawesi Utara, Indonesia
| | - Evelyn Ploetz
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Nanoscience (CeNS), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Wolfgang W Schmahl
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80333, Munich, Germany; SNSB - Mineralogische Staatssammlung München, 80333, München, Germany; GeoBio-Center(LMU), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80333, Munich, Germany
| | - Gert Wörheide
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80333, Munich, Germany; GeoBio-Center(LMU), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80333, Munich, Germany; SNSB - Bayerische Staatssammlung für Paläontologie und Geologie, 80333, Munich, Germany.
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Crippa G, Griesshaber E, Checa AG, Harper EM, Simonet Roda M, Schmahl WW. Orientation patterns of aragonitic crossed-lamellar, fibrous prismatic and myostracal microstructures of modern Glycymeris shells. J Struct Biol 2020; 212:107653. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2020.107653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Crippa G, Griesshaber E, Checa AG, Harper EM, Simonet Roda M, Schmahl WW. SEM, EBSD, laser confocal microscopy and FE-SEM data from modern Glycymeris shell layers. Data Brief 2020; 33:106547. [PMID: 33294532 PMCID: PMC7701352 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2020.106547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we provide the dataset associated with the research article “Orientation patterns of aragonitic crossed-lamellar, fibrous prismatic and myostracal microstructures of modern Glycymeris shells” [1]. Based on several tools (SEM, EBSD, laser confocal microscopy and FE-SEM) we present original data relative to the microstructure and texture of aragonite crystallites in all Glycymeris shell layers (crossed-lamellar, complex crossed-lamellar, fibrous prismatic and pedal retractor and adductor myostraca) and address texture characteristics at the transition from one layer to the other, identifying similarities and differences among the different layers. Shells were cut transversely, obliquely and longitudinally in order to obtain different orientated sections of the outer and inner layer and of the myostraca. The identification of major microstructural elements was provided by detailed SEM and laser confocal microscopy images. Microstructure and texture characterization was based on EBSD measurements presented as band contrast images and as color-coded crystal orientation maps with corresponding pole figures. Crystal co-orientation was measured with the MUD value. Finally, the distribution of the organic matrix occluded within the outer crossed-lamellar layer was revealed using FE-SEM. These data, besides providing a modern unaltered Glycymeris reference to detect diagenetic alteration in fossil analogs used for paleoenvironmental reconstructions, are useful to better comprehend the mechanisms of bivalve shell formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaia Crippa
- Università degli Studi di Milano, Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra 'A. Desio', via Mangiagalli 34, Milano 20133, Italy
| | - Erika Griesshaber
- Department für Geo- und Umweltwissenschaften, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Antonio G Checa
- Departamento de Estratigrafía y Paleontología, Universidad de Granada, Instituto Andaluz de Ciencias de la Tierra, CSIC-Universidad de Granada, Armilla, Granada 18100, Spain
| | - Elizabeth M Harper
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EQ, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Simonet Roda
- Department für Geo- und Umweltwissenschaften, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Wolfgang W Schmahl
- Department für Geo- und Umweltwissenschaften, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Munich, Germany
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Bayuseno AP, Schmahl WW. Thermal decomposition of struvite in water: qualitative and quantitative mineralogy analysis. Environ Technol 2020; 41:3591-3597. [PMID: 31056016 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2019.1615558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Struvite (MgNH4PO4·6H2O) is a potential fertilizer mineral that can be obtained from wastewaters. When the ambient temperature changes, struvite may decompose in water and other phosphate-bearing minerals form instead. The wet decomposition may include complex mineralization, as the struvite crystal structure releases both water molecules and ammonia. An in-situ x-ray measurement for the wet transformation of the struvite is needed to get insight into the mineral formed and into the influence of the water temperature on the decomposition/remineralization. In this study, the X-ray diffraction (XRD) sample holder containing struvite and water in a sealed condition was heated to temperatures of 55 to 120°C for 24 h. Later the still sealed sample holder was exposed to the X-ray beam with the Debye-Scherrer transmission technique, and the diffraction pattern was analyzed by the XRD Rietveld method. With increasing temperature (<100°C), struvite first dehydrated to dittmarite (MgNH4PO4·H2O). Moreover, a decomposition of struvite into an amorphous form of magnesium hydrogen phosphate has occurred as the XRD background increased dramatically and showed a structured profile with very broad intensity maxima. Furthermore, struvite transforms into dittmarite, newberyite, and bobierrite when the sample was heated above 100°C. The outcome of this work is expected to add knowledge on the instability of struvite, which may occur in the fields of the wastewater treatment and in the bio-mineralization in the urine of animals and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athanasius P Bayuseno
- Center for Waste Management, Mechanical Engineering Graduate Program, Diponegoro University, Semarang, Indonesia
| | - Wolfgang W Schmahl
- Department of Earth-and Environmental Sciences, Ludwig-Maximilian- University of (LMU) Munich, Munich, Germany
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Girard EB, Kaliwoda M, Schmahl WW, Wörheide G, Orsi WD. Biodegradation of textile waste by marine bacterial communities enhanced by light. Environ Microbiol Rep 2020; 12:406-418. [PMID: 32410317 DOI: 10.1111/1758-2229.12856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Knowledge of biofilm formation on pollutants in the marine realm is expanding, but how communities respond to substrates during colonization remains poorly understood. Here, we assess community assembly and respiration in response to two different micropollutants, virgin high-density polyethylene (HDPE) microbeads and textile fibres under different light settings. Raman characterization, high-throughput DNA sequencing data, quantitative PCR, and respiration measurements reveal how a stimulation of aerobic respiration by micropollutants is translated into selection for significantly different communities colonizing the substrates. Despite the lack of evidence for biodegradation of HDPE, an increased abundance and respiration of bacterial taxa closely related to hydrocarbonoclastic Kordiimonas spp. and Alteromonas spp. in the presence of textile waste highlights their biodegradation potential. Incubations with textile fibres exhibited significantly higher respiration rates in the presence of light, which could be partially explained by photochemical dissolution of the textile waste into smaller bioavailable compounds. Our results suggest that the development and increased respiration of these unique microbial communities may potentially play a role in the bioremediation of the relatively long-lived textile pollutants in marine habitats, and that the respiration of heterotrophic hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria colonizing marine pollutants can be stimulated by light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsa B Girard
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, 80333, Germany
| | - Melanie Kaliwoda
- SNSB - Mineralogische Staatssammlung München, München, 80333, Germany
| | - Wolfgang W Schmahl
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, 80333, Germany
- SNSB - Mineralogische Staatssammlung München, München, 80333, Germany
- GeoBio-CenterLMU, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, 80333, Germany
| | - Gert Wörheide
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, 80333, Germany
- GeoBio-CenterLMU, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, 80333, Germany
- SNSB - Bayerische Staatssammlung für Paläontologie und Geologie, Munich, 80333, Germany
| | - William D Orsi
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, 80333, Germany
- GeoBio-CenterLMU, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, 80333, Germany
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12
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Ernst F, Fabritius HO, Griesshaber E, Reisecker C, Neues F, Epple M, Schmahl WW, Hild S, Ziegler A. Functional adaptations in the tergite cuticle of the desert isopod Hemilepistus reaumuri (Milne-Edwards, 1840). J Struct Biol 2020; 212:107570. [PMID: 32650132 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2020.107570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
To survive in its extreme habitat, the cuticle of the burrowing desert isopod Hemilepistus reaumuri requires properties distinct from isopods living in moist or mesic habitats. In particular, the anterior tergites are exposed to high mechanical loads and temperatures when individuals guard the entrance of their burrow. We have, therefore, investigated the architecture, composition, calcite texture and local mechanical properties of the tergite cuticle, with particular emphasis on large anterior cuticle tubercles and differences between the anterior and posterior tergite. Unexpectedly, structure and thickness of the epicuticle resemble those in mesic isopod species. The anterior tergite has a thicker endocuticle and a higher local stiffness than the posterior tergite. Calcite distribution in the cuticle is unusual, because in addition to the exocuticle the endocuticle distally also contains calcite. The calcite consists of a distal layer of dense and highly co-oriented crystal-units, followed proximally by irregularly distributed and, with respect to each other, misoriented calcite crystallites. The calcite layer at the tip of the tubercle is thicker relative to the tubercle slopes, and its crystallites are more misoriented to each other. A steep decrease of local stiffness and hardness is observed within a distal region of the cuticle, likely caused by a successive increase in the ACC/calcite ratio rather than changes in the degree of mineralisation. Comparison of the results with other isopods reveals a much lower ACC/calcite ratio in H. reaumuri and a correlation between the degree of terrestriality of isopod species and the magnesium content of the cuticle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Ernst
- Central Facility for Electron Microscopy, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89069 Ulm, Germany
| | - Helge-Otto Fabritius
- Bionics and Materials Development, Hamm-Lippstadt University of Applied Sciences, Marker Allee 76-78, 59063 Hamm, Germany; Department of Microstructure Physics and Alloy Design, Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH, Max-Planck-Str. 1, 40237 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Erika Griesshaber
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, LMU, Theresienstr. 41, 80333 München, Germany
| | - Christian Reisecker
- Institute of Polymer Science, Johannes Kepler Universität Linz, Altenbergerstraße 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Frank Neues
- Inorganic Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 5-7, 45117 Essen, Germany
| | - Matthias Epple
- Inorganic Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 5-7, 45117 Essen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang W Schmahl
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, LMU, Theresienstr. 41, 80333 München, Germany
| | - Sabine Hild
- Institute of Polymer Science, Johannes Kepler Universität Linz, Altenbergerstraße 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Andreas Ziegler
- Central Facility for Electron Microscopy, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89069 Ulm, Germany.
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13
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Bayuseno AP, Schmahl WW. Crystallization of struvite in a hydrothermal solution with and without calcium and carbonate ions. Chemosphere 2020; 250:126245. [PMID: 32234617 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Hydrothermal experiments with magnesium, ammonium, and phosphate (MAP) solution at a temperature of 120 OC for 24 h and pH (9 and 10), whilst effects of varying Mg2+/Ca2+/HCO-3 ratios on struvite crystallization were examined. The study was performed to investigate their effects on the quality and quantity of crystals using the XRPD Rietveld refinement and SEM method. Obviously, the struvite crystallization was inhibited through the forming of calcite, dolomite, hydroxyapatite, sylvite, and Mg-whitlockite under different pH conditions. In the absence of Ca2+ and HCO-3 ions, struvite and dittmarite were formed at pH solutions (9 and 10). Struvite proportion reduced with pH (9 and 10) under Mg2+/Ca2+/HCO-3 ratios (1:1:1 and 2:1:1), and depleted under the Mg2+/Ca2+/HCO-3 ratio of 1:2:2. An obvious change in morphologies of crystals into nanosized particles was observed. Results of the low proportion of struvite for experiments with Mg2+/Ca2+/HCO-3 molar ratios may be a drawback for phosphate recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athanasius P Bayuseno
- Center for Waste Management, Mechanical Engineering Graduate Program, Diponegoro University, Tembalang Campus, Semarang, Indonesia.
| | - Wolfgang W Schmahl
- Department of Earth-and Environmental Sciences, Ludwig-Maximilian- University of Munich, Germany.
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14
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Heldmann A, Hoelzel M, Hofmann M, Gan W, Schmahl WW, Griesshaber E, Hansen T, Schell N, Petry W. Diffraction-based determination of single-crystal elastic constants of polycrystalline titanium alloys. J Appl Crystallogr 2019; 52:1144-1156. [PMID: 31636521 PMCID: PMC6782078 DOI: 10.1107/s1600576719010720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The single-crystal elastic constants of polycrystalline titanium alloys have been determined using neutron and synchrotron powder diffraction. Single-crystal elastic constants have been derived by lattice strain measurements using neutron diffraction on polycrystalline Ti-6Al-4V, Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-6Mo and Ti-3Al-8V-6Cr-4Zr-4Mo alloy samples. A variety of model approximations for the grain-to-grain interactions, namely approaches by Voigt, Reuss, Hill, Kroener, de Wit and Matthies, including texture weightings, have been applied and compared. A load-transfer approach for multiphase alloys was also implemented and the results are compared with single-phase data. For the materials under investigation, the results for multiphase alloys agree well with the results for single-phase materials in the corresponding phases. In this respect, all eight elastic constants in the dual-phase Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-6Mo alloy have been derived for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Heldmann
- Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum (MLZ), Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstrasse 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Markus Hoelzel
- Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum (MLZ), Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstrasse 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Michael Hofmann
- Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum (MLZ), Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstrasse 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Weimin Gan
- German Engineering Materials Science Centre, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Max-Planck Strasse, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany
| | - Wolfgang W Schmahl
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Department für Geo- und Umweltwissenschaften, Theresienstrasse 41, 80333 München, Germany
| | - Erika Griesshaber
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Department für Geo- und Umweltwissenschaften, Theresienstrasse 41, 80333 München, Germany
| | - Thomas Hansen
- Institut Laue-Langevin, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, 38042 Grenoble, France
| | - Norbert Schell
- German Engineering Materials Science Centre, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Max-Planck Strasse, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany
| | - Winfried Petry
- Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum (MLZ), Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstrasse 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
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15
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Simonet Roda M, Ziegler A, Griesshaber E, Yin X, Rupp U, Greiner M, Henkel D, Häussermann V, Eisenhauer A, Laudien J, Schmahl WW. Terebratulide brachiopod shell biomineralization by mantle epithelial cells. J Struct Biol 2019; 207:136-157. [PMID: 31071428 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2019.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
To understand mineral transport pathways for shell secretion and to assess differences in cellular activity during mineralization, we imaged with TEM and FE-SEM ultrastructural characteristics of outer mantle epithelium (OME) cells. Imaging was carried out on Magellania venosa shells embedded/etched, chemically fixed/decalcified and high-pressure frozen/freeze-substituted samples from the commissure, central shell portions and from puncta. Imaging results are complemented with morphometric evaluations of volume fractions of membrane-bound organelles. At the commissure the OME consists of several layers of cells. These cells form oblique extensions that, in cross-section, are round below the primary layer and flat underneath fibres. At the commissure the OME is multi-cell layered, in central shell regions it is single-cell layered. When actively secreting shell carbonate extrapallial space is lacking, because OME cells are in direct contact with the calcite of the forming fibres. Upon termination of secretion, OME cells attach via apical hemidesmosomes to extracellular matrix membranes that line the proximal surface of fibres. At the commissure volume fractions for vesicles, mitochondria and lysosomes are higher relative to single-cell layered regions, whereas for endoplasmic-reticulum and Golgi apparatus there is no difference. FE-SEM, TEM imaging reveals the lack of extrapallial space between OME cells and developing fibres. In addition, there is no indication for an amorphous precursor within fibres when these are in active secretion mode. Accordingly, our results do not support transport of minerals by vesicles from cells to sites of mineralization, rather by transfer of carbonate ions via transport mechanisms associated with OME cell membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Simonet Roda
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, LMU, 80333 München, Germany.
| | - A Ziegler
- Central Facility for Electron Microscopy, University of Ulm, 89069 Ulm, Germany
| | - E Griesshaber
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, LMU, 80333 München, Germany
| | - X Yin
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, LMU, 80333 München, Germany
| | - U Rupp
- Central Facility for Electron Microscopy, University of Ulm, 89069 Ulm, Germany
| | - M Greiner
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, LMU, 80333 München, Germany
| | - D Henkel
- Marine Biogeochemistry/Marine Systems, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research, 24148 Kiel, Germany
| | - V Häussermann
- Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Facultad de Recursos Naturales, Escuela de Ciencias del Mar, Avda. Brasil, 2950 Valparaíso, Chile; Huinay Scientific Field Station, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - A Eisenhauer
- Marine Biogeochemistry/Marine Systems, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research, 24148 Kiel, Germany
| | - J Laudien
- Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, 27568 Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - W W Schmahl
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, LMU, 80333 München, Germany
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16
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Checa AG, Yáñez-Ávila ME, González-Segura A, Varela-Feria F, Griesshaber E, Schmahl WW. Bending and branching of calcite laths in the foliated microstructure of pectinoidean bivalves occurs at coherent crystal lattice orientation. J Struct Biol 2019; 205:7-17. [PMID: 30576768 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2018.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Foliated calcite is widely employed by some important pteriomorph bivalve groups as a construction material. It is made from calcite laths, which are inclined at a low angle to the internal shell surface, although their arrangement is different among the different groups. They are strictly ordered into folia in the anomiids, fully independent in scallops, and display an intermediate arrangement in oysters. Pectinids have particularly narrow laths characterized by their ability to change their growth direction by bending or winding, as well as to bifurcate and polyfurcate. Electron backscatter analysis indicates that the c-axes of laths are at a high, though variable, angle to the growth direction, and that the laths grow preferentially along the projection of an intermediate axis between two a-axes, although they can grow in any intermediate direction. Their main surfaces are not particular crystallographic faces. Analyses done directly on the lath surfaces demonstrate that, during the bending/branching events, all crystallographic axes remain invariant. The growth flexibility of pectinid laths makes them an excellent space-filling material, well suited to level off small irregularities of the shell growth surface. We hypothesize that the exceptional ability of laths to change their direction may be promoted by the mode of growth of biogenic calcite, from a precursor liquid phase induced by organic molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio G Checa
- Departamento de Estratigrafía y Paleontología, Universidad de Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; Instituto Andaluz de Ciencias de la Tierra, CSIC-Universidad de Granada, 18100 Armilla, Spain.
| | - María E Yáñez-Ávila
- Departamento de Estratigrafía y Paleontología, Universidad de Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | | | - Francisco Varela-Feria
- Centro de Investigación, Tecnología e Innovación, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Erika Griesshaber
- Department für Geo- und Umweltwissenschaften, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80333 München, Germany
| | - Wolfgang W Schmahl
- Department für Geo- und Umweltwissenschaften, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80333 München, Germany
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17
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Simonet Roda M, Griesshaber E, Ziegler A, Rupp U, Yin X, Henkel D, Häussermann V, Laudien J, Brand U, Eisenhauer A, Checa AG, Schmahl WW. Calcite fibre formation in modern brachiopod shells. Sci Rep 2019; 9:598. [PMID: 30679565 PMCID: PMC6345923 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-36959-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The fibrous calcite layer of modern brachiopod shells is a hybrid composite material and forms a substantial part of the hard tissue. We investigated how cells of the outer mantle epithelium (OME) secrete calcite material and generate the characteristic fibre morphology and composite microstructure of the shell. We employed AFM, FE-SEM, and TEM imaging of embedded/etched, chemically fixed/decalcified and high-pressure frozen/freeze substituted samples. Calcite fibres are secreted by outer mantle epithelium (OME) cells. Biometric analysis of TEM micrographs indicates that about 50% of these cells are attached via hemidesmosomes to an extracellular organic membrane present at the proximal, convex surface of the fibres. At these sites, mineral secretion is not active. Instead, ion transport from OME cells to developing fibres occurs at regions of closest contact between cells and fibres, however only at sites where the extracellular membrane at the proximal fibre surface is not developed yet. Fibre formation requires the cooperation of several adjacent OME cells. It is a spatially and temporally changing process comprising of detachment of OME cells from the extracellular organic membrane, mineral secretion at detachment sites, termination of secretion with formation of the extracellular organic membrane, and attachment of cells via hemidesmosomes to this membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Simonet Roda
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, LMU, 80333, München, Germany.
| | - Erika Griesshaber
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, LMU, 80333, München, Germany
| | - Andreas Ziegler
- Central Facility for Electron Microscopy, University of Ulm, 89069, Ulm, Germany
| | - Ulrich Rupp
- Central Facility for Electron Microscopy, University of Ulm, 89069, Ulm, Germany
| | - Xiaofei Yin
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, LMU, 80333, München, Germany
| | - Daniela Henkel
- Marine Biogeochemistry/Marine Systems, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research, 24148, Kiel, Germany
| | - Vreni Häussermann
- Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Facultad de Recursos Naturales, Escuela de Ciencias del Mar, Avda. Brasil, 2950, Valparaíso, Chile
- Huinay Scientific Field Station, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - Jürgen Laudien
- Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, 27568, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Uwe Brand
- Department of Earth Sciences, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, St. Catharines, Ontario, L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Anton Eisenhauer
- Marine Biogeochemistry/Marine Systems, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research, 24148, Kiel, Germany
| | - Antonio G Checa
- Departamento de Estratigrafía y Paleontología, Facultad de Ciencias Universidad de Granada, 18071, Granada, Spain
- Instituto Andaluz de Ciencias de la Tierra, CSIC-Universidad de Granada, 18100, Armilla, Spain
| | - Wolfgang W Schmahl
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, LMU, 80333, München, Germany
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18
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Seidl BH, Griesshaber E, Fabritius HO, Reisecker C, Hild S, Taiti S, Schmahl WW, Ziegler A. Tailored disorder in calcite organization in tergite cuticle of the supralittoral isopod Tylos europaeus Arcangeli, 1938. J Struct Biol 2018; 204:464-480. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2018.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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19
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Griesshaber E, Fernandez Diaz L, Nindiyasari F, Yin X, Greiner M, Ziegler A, Schmahl WW. Crystallization of carbonate minerals in organic matrices: influence of hydrogel strength and magnesium doping on hydrogel–mineral organization in the mesocrystal composites. Acta Crystallogr A Found Adv 2018. [DOI: 10.1107/s2053273318091180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
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20
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Schmahl WW, Griesshaber E, Yin X, Greiner M, Ziegler A, Walther P, Fernández Díaz L, del Mar Simonet Roda M, Kelm K. Biomineralisation of marine carbonates – ion by ion growth versus particle accretion. Acta Crystallogr A Found Adv 2018. [DOI: 10.1107/s2053273318091064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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21
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Yin X, Weitzel F, Griesshaber E, Jimínez-López C, Fernández-Díaz L, Ziegler A, Rodríguez-Navarro A, Schmahl WW. The directing effects of bacterial EPS and artificial hydrogel matrices on calcite crystal organization in EPS–hydrogel–calcite composite aggregates. Acta Crystallogr A Found Adv 2018. [DOI: 10.1107/s2053273318094251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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22
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Kadletz PM, Motemani Y, Iannotta J, Salomon S, Khare C, Grossmann L, Maier HJ, Ludwig A, Schmahl WW. Crystallographic Structure Analysis of a Ti-Ta Thin Film Materials Library Fabricated by Combinatorial Magnetron Sputtering. ACS Comb Sci 2018; 20:137-150. [PMID: 29356502 DOI: 10.1021/acscombsci.7b00135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Ti-Ta thin films exhibit properties that are of interest for applications as microactuators and as biomedical implants. A Ti-Ta thin film materials library was deposited at T = 25 °C by magnetron sputtering employing the combinatorial approach, which led to a compositional range of Ti87Ta13 to Ti14Ta86. Subsequent high-throughput characterization methods permitted a quick and comprehensive study of the crystallographic, microstructural, and morphological properties, which strongly depend on the chemical composition. SEM investigation revealed a columnar morphology having pyramidal, sharp tips with coarser columns in the Ti-rich and finer columns in the Ta-rich region. By grazing incidence X-ray diffraction four phases were identified, from Ta-lean to Ta-rich: ω phase, α″ martensite, β phase, and a tetragonal Ta-rich phase (Ta(tetr)). The crystal structure and microstructure were analyzed by Rietveld refinement and clear trends could be determined as a function of Ta-content. The lattice correspondences between β as the parent phase and α″ and ω as derivative phases were expressed in matrix form. The β ⇌ α″ phase transition shows a discontinuity at the composition where the martensitic transformation temperatures fall below room temperature (between 34 and 38 at. % Ta) rendering it first order and confirming its martensitic nature. A short study of the α″ martensite employing the Landau theory is included for a mathematical quantification of the spontaneous lattice strain at room temperature (ϵ̂max = 22.4(6) % for pure Ti). Martensitic properties of Ti-Ta are beneficial for the development of high-temperature actuators with actuation response at transformation temperatures higher than 100 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter M. Kadletz
- Applied Crystallography and Materials Science, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Geosciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, 80333 München, Germany
| | - Yahya Motemani
- Werkstoffe der Mikrotechnik, Institut für Werkstoffe, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Joy Iannotta
- Applied Crystallography and Materials Science, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Geosciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, 80333 München, Germany
| | - Steffen Salomon
- Werkstoffe der Mikrotechnik, Institut für Werkstoffe, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Chinmay Khare
- Werkstoffe der Mikrotechnik, Institut für Werkstoffe, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Lukas Grossmann
- Applied Crystallography and Materials Science, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Geosciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, 80333 München, Germany
| | - Hans Jürgen Maier
- Institut für Werkstoffkunde (Materials Science), Leibniz Universität Hannover, 30823 Garbsen, Germany
| | - Alfred Ludwig
- Werkstoffe der Mikrotechnik, Institut für Werkstoffe, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Wolfgang W. Schmahl
- Applied Crystallography and Materials Science, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Geosciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, 80333 München, Germany
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23
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Yin X, Ziegler A, Kelm K, Hoffmann R, Watermeyer P, Alexa P, Villinger C, Rupp U, Schlüter L, Reusch TBH, Griesshaber E, Walther P, Schmahl WW. Formation and mosaicity of coccolith segment calcite of the marine algae Emiliania huxleyi. J Phycol 2018; 54:85-104. [PMID: 29092105 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.12604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Coccolithophores belong to the most abundant calcium carbonate mineralizing organisms. Coccolithophore biomineralization is a complex and highly regulated process, resulting in a product that strongly differs in its intricate morphology from the abiogenically produced mineral equivalent. Moreover, unlike extracellularly formed biological carbonate hard tissues, coccolith calcite is neither a hybrid composite, nor is it distinguished by a hierarchical microstructure. This is remarkable as the key to optimizing crystalline biomaterials for mechanical strength and toughness lies in the composite nature of the biological hard tissue and the utilization of specific microstructures. To obtain insight into the pathway of biomineralization of Emiliania huxleyi coccoliths, we examine intracrystalline nanostructural features of the coccolith calcite in combination with cell ultrastructural observations related to the formation of the calcite in the coccolith vesicle within the cell. With TEM diffraction and annular dark-field imaging, we prove the presence of planar imperfections in the calcite crystals such as planar mosaic block boundaries. As only minor misorientations occur, we attribute them to dislocation networks creating small-angle boundaries. Intracrystalline occluded biopolymers are not observed. Hence, in E. huxleyi calcite mosaicity is not caused by occluded biopolymers, as it is the case in extracellularly formed hard tissues of marine invertebrates, but by planar defects and dislocations which are typical for crystals formed by classical ion-by-ion growth mechanisms. Using cryo-preparation techniques for SEM and TEM, we found that the membrane of the coccolith vesicle and the outer membrane of the nuclear envelope are in tight proximity, with a well-controlled constant gap of ~4 nm between them. We describe this conspicuous connection as a not yet described interorganelle junction, the "nuclear envelope junction". The narrow gap of this junction likely facilitates transport of Ca2+ ions from the nuclear envelope to the coccolith vesicle. On the basis of our observations, we propose that formation of the coccolith utilizes the nuclear envelope-endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ -store of the cell for the transport of Ca2+ ions from the external medium to the coccolith vesicle and that E. huxleyi calcite forms by ion-by-ion growth rather than by a nanoparticle accretion mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Yin
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, 80333, Germany
| | - Andreas Ziegler
- Central Facility for Electron Microscopy, University of Ulm, Ulm, 89081, Germany
| | - Klemens Kelm
- Institute of Materials Research, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Cologne, 51147, Germany
| | - Ramona Hoffmann
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, 80333, Germany
| | - Philipp Watermeyer
- Institute of Materials Research, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Cologne, 51147, Germany
| | - Patrick Alexa
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, 80333, Germany
| | - Clarissa Villinger
- Central Facility for Electron Microscopy, University of Ulm, Ulm, 89081, Germany
- Institute of Virology, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, 89081, Germany
| | - Ulrich Rupp
- Central Facility for Electron Microscopy, University of Ulm, Ulm, 89081, Germany
| | - Lothar Schlüter
- GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Marine Ecology - Evolutionary Ecology, Kiel, 24105, Germany
| | - Thorsten B H Reusch
- GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Marine Ecology - Evolutionary Ecology, Kiel, 24105, Germany
| | - Erika Griesshaber
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, 80333, Germany
| | - Paul Walther
- Central Facility for Electron Microscopy, University of Ulm, Ulm, 89081, Germany
| | - Wolfgang W Schmahl
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, 80333, Germany
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Zeman OEO, Moudrakovski IL, Hoch C, Hochleitner R, Schmahl WW, Karaghiosoff K, Bräuniger T. Determination of the31P and207Pb Chemical Shift Tensors in Pyromorphite, Pb5(PO4)3Cl, by Single-Crystal NMR Measurements and DFT Calculations. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.201700261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Otto E. O. Zeman
- Department of Chemistry; University of Munich (LMU); Butenandtstraße 5-13 81377 Munich Germany
| | - Igor L. Moudrakovski
- Max-Planck-Institute for Solid-State Research; Heisenbergstraße 1 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Constantin Hoch
- Department of Chemistry; University of Munich (LMU); Butenandtstraße 5-13 81377 Munich Germany
| | - Rupert Hochleitner
- Mineralogical State Collection Munich (SNSB); Theresienstraße 4 80333 Munich Germany
| | - Wolfgang W. Schmahl
- Mineralogical State Collection Munich (SNSB); Theresienstraße 4 80333 Munich Germany
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences; University of Munich (LMU); Theresienstraße 4 80333 Munich Germany
| | - Konstantin Karaghiosoff
- Department of Chemistry; University of Munich (LMU); Butenandtstraße 5-13 81377 Munich Germany
| | - Thomas Bräuniger
- Department of Chemistry; University of Munich (LMU); Butenandtstraße 5-13 81377 Munich Germany
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Cereser A, Strobl M, Hall SA, Steuwer A, Kiyanagi R, Tremsin AS, Knudsen EB, Shinohara T, Willendrup PK, da Silva Fanta AB, Iyengar S, Larsen PM, Hanashima T, Moyoshi T, Kadletz PM, Krooß P, Niendorf T, Sales M, Schmahl WW, Schmidt S. Time-of-Flight Three Dimensional Neutron Diffraction in Transmission Mode for Mapping Crystal Grain Structures. Sci Rep 2017; 7:9561. [PMID: 28842660 PMCID: PMC5572055 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-09717-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The physical properties of polycrystalline materials depend on their microstructure, which is the nano- to centimeter scale arrangement of phases and defects in their interior. Such microstructure depends on the shape, crystallographic phase and orientation, and interfacing of the grains constituting the material. This article presents a new non-destructive 3D technique to study centimeter-sized bulk samples with a spatial resolution of hundred micrometers: time-of-flight three-dimensional neutron diffraction (ToF 3DND). Compared to existing analogous X-ray diffraction techniques, ToF 3DND enables studies of samples that can be both larger in size and made of heavier elements. Moreover, ToF 3DND facilitates the use of complicated sample environments. The basic ToF 3DND setup, utilizing an imaging detector with high spatial and temporal resolution, can easily be implemented at a time-of-flight neutron beamline. The technique was developed and tested with data collected at the Materials and Life Science Experimental Facility of the Japan Proton Accelerator Complex (J-PARC) for an iron sample. We successfully reconstructed the shape of 108 grains and developed an indexing procedure. The reconstruction algorithms have been validated by reconstructing two stacked Co-Ni-Ga single crystals, and by comparison with a grain map obtained by post-mortem electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Cereser
- NEXMAP, Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, 2800, Denmark.,European Spallation Source ESS AB, Lund, 22592, Sweden
| | - Markus Strobl
- European Spallation Source ESS AB, Lund, 22592, Sweden.,Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark
| | - Stephen A Hall
- European Spallation Source ESS AB, Lund, 22592, Sweden.,Division of Solid Mechanics, Lund University, Lund, 22362, Sweden
| | - Axel Steuwer
- Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, Port Elizabeth, 6031, South Africa.,University of Malta, Msida, MSD, 2080, Malta
| | - Ryoji Kiyanagi
- J-PARC center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Tokai-mura, 319-1195, Japan
| | - Anton S Tremsin
- Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California, 94720, USA
| | - Erik B Knudsen
- NEXMAP, Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, 2800, Denmark
| | - Takenao Shinohara
- J-PARC center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Tokai-mura, 319-1195, Japan
| | - Peter K Willendrup
- NEXMAP, Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, 2800, Denmark
| | | | - Srinivasan Iyengar
- European Spallation Source ESS AB, Lund, 22592, Sweden.,Division of Materials Engineering, Lund University, Lund, 22362, Sweden
| | - Peter M Larsen
- NEXMAP, Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, 2800, Denmark
| | - Takayasu Hanashima
- Research Center for Neutron Science and Technology, CROSS, Tokai, Naka-gun, 319-1106, Japan
| | - Taketo Moyoshi
- Research Center for Neutron Science and Technology, CROSS, Tokai, Naka-gun, 319-1106, Japan
| | - Peter M Kadletz
- Applied Crystallography and Materials Science, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, München, 80333, Germany
| | - Philipp Krooß
- Institut für Werkstofftechnik (Materials Engineering), Universität Kassel, Kassel, 34125, Germany
| | - Thomas Niendorf
- Institut für Werkstofftechnik (Materials Engineering), Universität Kassel, Kassel, 34125, Germany
| | - Morten Sales
- NEXMAP, Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, 2800, Denmark
| | - Wolfgang W Schmahl
- Applied Crystallography and Materials Science, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, München, 80333, Germany
| | - Søren Schmidt
- NEXMAP, Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, 2800, Denmark.
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Yin X, Nindiyasari F, Griesshaber E, Fernández-Díaz L, Ziegler A, Schmahl WW. Biomimetic formation of calcite in intermixed gelatin/agarose hydrogels: aggregate co-orientation and Mg content. Acta Crystallogr A Found Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1107/s2053273316099137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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27
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Huber J, Griesshaber E, Nindiyasari F, Schmahl WW, Ziegler A. Functionalization of biomineral reinforcement in crustacean cuticle: Calcite orientation in the partes incisivae of the mandibles of Porcellio scaber and the supralittoral species Tylos europaeus (Oniscidea, Isopoda). J Struct Biol 2015; 190:173-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2015.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2014] [Revised: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Hoffmann R, Wochnik AS, Betzler SB, Matich S, Griesshaber E, Schmahl WW, Scheu C. TEM preparation methods and influence of radiation damage on the beam sensitive CaCO3 shell of Emiliania huxleyi. Micron 2014; 62:28-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2014.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Revised: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Schmahl WW, Griesshaber E, Kelm K, Goetz A, Jordan G, Ball A, Xu D, Merkel C, Brand U. Hierarchical structure of marine shell biomaterials: biomechanical functionalization of calcite by brachiopods. Z KRIST-CRYST MATER 2012. [DOI: 10.1524/zkri.2012.1542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Biologic structural materials for skeletons or teeth show a hierarchical architecture, where organic macromolecules and mineral substance form a hybrid composite material with its components inter-weaved on many length scales. On the nanostructure level brachiopods form hybrid composite mesocrystals of calcite with occluded organic molecules. On the microstructure level several types of materials are produced, on which the electron back-scatter diffraction (EBSD) technique gives insight in texture and architecture. We describe the calcite single-crystal fiber composite architecture of the secondary layer involving organic matrix membranes, the competitive-growth texture of the columnar layer and the nano-structuring of the primary layer. In the overall skeleton the organic biopolymers provide flexibility and tensile strength while the mineral provides a high elastic modulus, compressive strength, hardness and resistance to abrasion. The hierarchical composite architecture, from the nanostructure to the macroscopic level provides fracture toughness. The morphogenesis of the biomaterial as a whole and of the mineral crystals is guided by the organic matrix and most probably involves amorphous calcium carbonate (ACC) precursors. In this paper we review the hierarchical architecture of rhynchonelliform brachiopod shells, which is very distinct from mollusk nacre.
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Kelm K, Goetz A, Sehrbrock A, Irsen S, Hoffmann R, Schmahl WW, Griesshaber E. Mosaic Structure in the Spines of Holopneustes porossisimus. Z KRIST-CRYST MATER 2012. [DOI: 10.1524/zkri.2012.1541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Sea urchin spines of Holopneustes porossisimus are porous single crystals, with the pores being filled with a material rich in carbon, silicon, fluorine and sodium. The magnesian calcite constituting the spine is highly strained. Even though the spines appear to be single crystalline on a macroscopic scale, the calcitic material exhibits an extended defect network. We find dislocations as well as rotational and other, not yet identified boundaries. We also observe within spine calcite a patterned distribution of sulphur. Both distributions, that of the defect network and that of sulphur resemble in their pattern to each other and have a similar mesh size of 50 nm. We conclude from these observations that they arise from the growth process of the spine and account for the mosaicity within the spine single crystals.
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Amarie S, Zaslansky P, Kajihara Y, Griesshaber E, Schmahl WW, Keilmann F. Nano-FTIR chemical mapping of minerals in biological materials. Beilstein J Nanotechnol 2012; 3:312-23. [PMID: 22563528 PMCID: PMC3343267 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.3.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2011] [Accepted: 03/07/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Methods for imaging of nanocomposites based on X-ray, electron, tunneling or force microscopy provide information about the shapes of nanoparticles; however, all of these methods fail on chemical recognition. Neither do they allow local identification of mineral type. We demonstrate that infrared near-field microscopy solves these requirements at 20 nm spatial resolution, highlighting, in its first application to natural nanostructures, the mineral particles in shell and bone. "Nano-FTIR" spectral images result from Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy combined with scattering scanning near-field optical microscopy (s-SNOM). On polished sections of Mytilus edulis shells we observe a reproducible vibrational (phonon) resonance within all biocalcite microcrystals, and distinctly different spectra on bioaragonite. Surprisingly, we discover sparse, previously unknown, 20 nm thin nanoparticles with distinctly different spectra that are characteristic of crystalline phosphate. Multicomponent phosphate bands are observed on human tooth sections. These spectra vary characteristically near tubuli in dentin, proving a chemical or structural variation of the apatite nanocrystals. The infrared band strength correlates with the mineral density determined by electron microscopy. Since nano-FTIR sensitively responds to structural disorder it is well suited for the study of biomineral formation and aging. Generally, nano-FTIR is suitable for the analysis and identification of composite materials in any discipline, from testing during nanofabrication to even the clinical investigation of osteopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergiu Amarie
- Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics and Center for NanoScience, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Paul Zaslansky
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Wissenschaftspark Golm, 14424 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Yusuke Kajihara
- Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics and Center for NanoScience, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Department of Basic Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
| | - Erika Griesshaber
- GeoBio-Center at LMU and Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, 80333 München, Germany
| | - Wolfgang W Schmahl
- GeoBio-Center at LMU and Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, 80333 München, Germany
| | - Fritz Keilmann
- Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics and Center for NanoScience, 85748 Garching, Germany
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32
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang W Schmahl
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, LMU Munich, Theresienstrasse 41, 80333 Munich, Germany.
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33
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Goetz AJ, Steinmetz DR, Griesshaber E, Zaefferer S, Raabe D, Kelm K, Irsen S, Sehrbrock A, Schmahl WW. Interdigitating biocalcite dendrites form a 3-D jigsaw structure in brachiopod shells. Acta Biomater 2011; 7:2237-43. [PMID: 21295163 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2011.01.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2010] [Revised: 01/21/2011] [Accepted: 01/26/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
We report a newly discovered dense microstructure of dendrite-like biocalcite that is formed by marine organisms. High spatial resolution electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) was carried out under specific analytical conditions (15 and 10 kV) on the primary layer of the modern brachiopod Gryphus vitreus. The primary layer of modern brachiopods, previously termed nanocrystalline, is formed by an array of concave/convex calcite grains with interdigitated recesses and protrusions of abutting crystals without any cavities in or between the dendrites. The interface topology of this structure ranges from a few tens of nanometres to tens of micrometres, giving a nanoscale structure to the material fabric. The dendritic grains show a spread of crystallographic orientation of several degrees and can thus be referred to as mesocrystals. Individual dendritic mesocrystals reach sizes in one dimension larger than 20 μm. The preferred crystallographic orientation is similar in the primary and adjacent fibrous shell layers, even though these two layers show completely different crystal morphologies and grain boundary topologies. This observation indicates that two separate control mechanisms are active when the primary and the fibrous shell layers are formed. We propose a growth model for the interdigitated dendritic calcite grain structure based on a precursor of vesicles filled with amorphous calcium carbonate (ACC).
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Harbeck M, Schleuder R, Schneider J, Wiechmann I, Schmahl WW, Grupe G. Research potential and limitations of trace analyses of cremated remains. Forensic Sci Int 2011; 204:191-200. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2010.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2009] [Revised: 05/25/2010] [Accepted: 06/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Jordan G, Eulenkamp C, Schmahl WW. Neutron radiography study of the dehydration kinetics of smectites in moulding sands. Acta Crystallogr A 2010. [DOI: 10.1107/s0108767310093177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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36
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Otte K, Pentcheva R, Schmahl WW. Structure and energetics of the FeOOH polymorphs and their surfaces from first principles. Acta Crystallogr A 2010. [DOI: 10.1107/s0108767310096030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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37
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Bayuseno AP, Schmahl WW. Understanding the chemical and mineralogical properties of the inorganic portion of MSWI bottom ash. Waste Manag 2010; 30:1509-1520. [PMID: 20381330 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2010.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2009] [Revised: 03/01/2010] [Accepted: 03/05/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
This paper investigates the changes of mineralogical composition of bottom ash in the environment. The chemical and mineralogical bulk composition was determined by X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) Rietveld method. Single bottom ash particles were investigated by optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy with quantitative energy-dispersive X-ray microanalysis (SEM/EDX) and electron probe micro analysis (EPMA). SEM/EDX and EPMA are valuable complement to bulk analysis and provide means for rapid and sensitive multi-elemental analysis of ash particles. The fresh bottom ash consists of amorphous (>30 wt.%) and major crystalline phases (>1 wt.%) such as silicates, oxides and carbonates. The mineral assemblage of the fresh bottom ash is clearly unstable and an aging process occurs by reaction towards an equilibrium mineral phase composition in the environmental conditions. The significant decrease of anhydrite and amorphous contents was observed in the aged bottom ash, leading to the formation of ettringite, hydrocalumite and rosenhahnite under atmospheric conditions. In the water-treated sample, the calcite contents increased significantly, but ettringite was altered by the dissolution and precipitation processes in part, to produce gypsum, while the remaining part reacted with chloride to form hydrocalumite. Gypsum and other Ca based minerals may take up substantial amounts of heavy metals and subsequently control leaching behaviour of bottom ash.
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Affiliation(s)
- A P Bayuseno
- Institute for Mineralogy, Geology and Geophysics, Ruhr-University of Bochum, Germany.
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Bayuseno AP, Schmahl WW, Müllejans T. Hydrothermal processing of MSWI fly ash--towards new stable minerals and fixation of heavy metals. J Hazard Mater 2009; 167:250-259. [PMID: 19185425 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.12.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2008] [Revised: 12/23/2008] [Accepted: 12/24/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
A hydrothermal processing strategy of MSWI fly ash is presented for obtaining stable minerals with low toxic potential. Different hydrothermal conditions were tested to obtain high yields of new stable minerals. Experimental parameters including temperature, nature and molarity of alkali reagents, and reaction time were evaluated. The chemical stability of hydrothermal products was examined by the toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) test and subsequent XRD for the leached residue. The significant amounts of Al-substituted 11A tobermorite and katoite in addition to minor amounts of zeolites were formed under experimental conditions at 0.5M NaOH, 180 degrees C for 48 h, however KOH treatment in a similar regime resulted in smaller amounts of Al-substituted 11A tobermorite and katoite. Similarly, a product of mixed Al-substituted 11A tobermorite and katoite could be formed from the washed fly ash treated in 0.5M NaOH at 180 degrees C for 48 h. Under the acidic condition, the treated fly ash exhibited an excellent stability of the mineral assemblage and less release of heavy metals relative to the untreated parent materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- A P Bayuseno
- Institute for Mineralogy, Geology and Geophysics, Ruhr-University of Bochum, Germany.
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Brecht E, Schmahl WW, Fuess H, Casalta H, Schleger P, Lebech B, Andersen NH, Wolf T. Significance of Al doping for antiferromagnetic AFII ordering in YBa2Cu3-xAlxO6+ delta materials: A single-crystal neutron-diffraction study. Phys Rev B Condens Matter 1995; 52:9601-9610. [PMID: 9980009 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.52.9601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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40
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Casalta H, Schleger P, Brecht E, Montfrooij W, Andersen NH, Lebech B, Schmahl WW, Fuess H, Liang R, Hardy WN, Wolf T. Absence of a second antiferromagnetic transition in pure YBa2Cu3O6+x. Phys Rev B Condens Matter 1994; 50:9688-9691. [PMID: 9975044 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.50.9688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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