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Trimby P, Al-Mosawi M, Al-Jawad M, Micklethwaite S, Aslam Z, Winkelmann A, Piazolo S. The characterisation of dental enamel using transmission Kikuchi diffraction in the scanning electron microscope combined with dynamic template matching. Ultramicroscopy 2024; 260:113940. [PMID: 38422822 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2024.113940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Revised: 02/11/2024] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
The remarkable physical properties of dental enamel can be largely attributed to the structure of the hydroxyapatite (HAp) crystallites on the sub-micrometre scale. Characterising the HAp microstructure is challenging, due to the nanoscale of individual crystallites and practical challenges associated with HAp examination using electron microscopy techniques. Conventional methods for enamel characterisation include imaging using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) or specialised beamline techniques, such as polarisation-dependent imaging contrast (PIC). These provide useful information at the necessary spatial resolution but are not able to measure the full crystallographic orientation of the HAp crystallites. Here we demonstrate the effectiveness of enamel analyses using transmission Kikuchi diffraction (TKD) in the scanning electron microscope, coupled with newly-developed pattern matching methods. The pattern matching approach, using dynamic template matching coupled with subsequent orientation refinement, enables robust indexing of even poor-quality TKD patterns, resulting in significantly improved data quality compared to conventional diffraction pattern indexing methods. The potential of this method for the analysis of nanocrystalline enamel structures is demonstrated by the characterisation of a human enamel TEM sample and the subsequent comparison of the results to high resolution TEM imaging. The TKD - pattern matching approach measures the full HAp crystallographic orientation enabling a quantitative measurement of not just the c-axis orientations, but also the extent of any rotation of the crystal lattice about the c-axis, between and within grains. Results presented here show how this additional information highlights potentially significant aspects of the HAp crystallite structure, including intra-crystallite distortion and the presence of multiple high angle boundaries between adjacent crystallites with rotations about the c-axis. These and other observations enable a more rigorous understanding of the relationship between HAp structures and the physical properties of dental enamel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Trimby
- Oxford Instruments Nanoanalysis, High Wycombe, Buckinghamshire, UK; Carl Zeiss Ltd., Cambourne, Cambridge, UK.
| | | | - Maisoon Al-Jawad
- School of Dentistry, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK
| | - Stuart Micklethwaite
- School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK
| | - Zabeada Aslam
- School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK
| | | | - Sandra Piazolo
- School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK
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2
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Øvrebø Ø, De Lauretis A, Ma Q, Lyngstadaas SP, Perale G, Nilsen O, Rossi F, Haugen HJ. Towards bone regeneration: Understanding the nucleating ability of proline-rich peptides in biomineralisation. Biomater Adv 2024; 159:213801. [PMID: 38401402 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioadv.2024.213801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024]
Abstract
Obtaining rapid mineralisation is a challenge in current bone graft materials, which has been attributed to the difficulty of guiding the biological processes towards osteogenesis. Amelogenin, a key protein in enamel formation, inspired the design of two intrinsically disordered peptides (P2 and P6) that enhance in vivo bone formation, but the process is not fully understood. In this study, we have elucidated the mechanism by which these peptides induce improved mineralisation. Our molecular dynamics analysis demonstrated that in an aqueous environment, P2 and P6 fold to interact with the surrounding Ca2+, PO43- and OH- ions, which can lead to apatite nucleation. Although P2 has a less stable backbone, it folds to a stable structure that allows for the nucleation of larger calcium phosphate aggregates than P6. These results were validated experimentally in a concentrated simulated body fluid solution, where the peptide solutions accelerated the mineralisation process compared to the control and yielded mineral structures mimicking the amorphous calcium phosphate crystals that can be found in lamella bone. A pH drop for the peptide groups suggests depletion of calcium and phosphate, a prerequisite for intrinsic osteoinduction, while S/TEM and SEM suggested that the peptide regulated the mineral nucleation into lamella flakes. Evidently, the peptides accelerate and guide mineral formation, elucidating the mechanism for how these peptides can improve the efficacy of P2 or P6 containing devices for bone regeneration. The work also demonstrates how experimental mineralisation study coupled with molecular dynamics is a valid method for understanding and predicting in vivo performance prior to animal trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Øystein Øvrebø
- Department of Biomaterials, Institute of Clinical Dentistry, University of Oslo, 0318 Oslo, Norway; Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy; Material Biomimetic AS, Oslo Science Park, 0349 Oslo, Norway
| | - Angela De Lauretis
- Department of Biomaterials, Institute of Clinical Dentistry, University of Oslo, 0318 Oslo, Norway; Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Qianli Ma
- Department of Biomaterials, Institute of Clinical Dentistry, University of Oslo, 0318 Oslo, Norway
| | - Ståle Petter Lyngstadaas
- Department of Biomaterials, Institute of Clinical Dentistry, University of Oslo, 0318 Oslo, Norway
| | - Giuseppe Perale
- Industrie Biomediche Insubri SA, Mezzovico-Vira 6805, Switzerland; Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, University of Southern Switzerland, Lugano 6900, Switzerland; Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, Donaueschingenstrasse 13, 1200 Vienna, Austria
| | - Ola Nilsen
- Centre for Materials Science and Nanotechnology, Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, Gaustadalléen 21, NO-0349 Oslo, Norway
| | - Filippo Rossi
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Håvard J Haugen
- Department of Biomaterials, Institute of Clinical Dentistry, University of Oslo, 0318 Oslo, Norway.
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Feng G, Mao Y, Xie G, Chen H, Wang J, Mao P, Lv J. Bioremediation of uranium (Ⅵ) using a native strain Halomonas campaniensis ZFSY-04 isolated from uranium mining and milling effluent: Potential and mechanism. Chemosphere 2024; 346:140646. [PMID: 37944766 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
A significant surge in the exploitation of uranium resources has resulted in considerable amounts of radioactive effluents. Thus, efficient and eco-friendly uranium removal strategies need to be explored to ensure ecological safety and resource recovery. In this study, we investigated the resistance of Halomonas campaniensis strain ZFSY-04, isolated from an evaporation pool at a uranium mine site, and its potential mechanism of uranium (Ⅵ) removal. The results showed that the strain exhibited unique uranium tolerance and its growth was not significantly inhibited under a uranium concentration of 700 mg/L. It had a maximum loading capacity of 865.40 mg/g (dry weight), achieved following incubation under uranium concentration of 100 mg/L, pH 6.0, and temperature 30 °C, for 2 h, indicating that the removal of uranium by the strain was efficient and rapid. Combined with kinetic, isothermal, thermodynamic, and microspectral analyses, the mechanism of uranium loading by strain ZFSY-04 was metabolism-dependent and diverse, including, physical and chemical adsorption on the cell surface, extracellular biomineralisation, intracellular bioaccumulation, and biomineralisation. Our results highlight the unique properties of indigenous strains, including high resistance, high efficiency, rapid uranium removal, and various uranium removal strategies, which make it suitable as a new tool for in situ bioremediation and uranium-contaminated environmental resource recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangwen Feng
- Research Center of Radiation Ecology and Ion Beam Biotechnology, College of Physics Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830017, PR China
| | - Yu Mao
- Research Center of Radiation Ecology and Ion Beam Biotechnology, College of Physics Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830017, PR China
| | - Gen Xie
- Research Center of Radiation Ecology and Ion Beam Biotechnology, College of Physics Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830017, PR China
| | - Henglei Chen
- Research Center of Radiation Ecology and Ion Beam Biotechnology, College of Physics Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830017, PR China
| | - Jun Wang
- Research Center of Radiation Ecology and Ion Beam Biotechnology, College of Physics Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830017, PR China
| | - Peihong Mao
- Research Center of Radiation Ecology and Ion Beam Biotechnology, College of Physics Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830017, PR China
| | - Jie Lv
- College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830017, PR China.
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Barbosa N, Jaquet JM, Urquidi O, Adachi TBM, Filella M. Combined in vitro and in vivo investigation of barite microcrystals in Spirogyra (Zygnematophyceae, Charophyta). J Plant Physiol 2022; 276:153769. [PMID: 35939894 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2022.153769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
We have investigated the biomineralisation of barite ‒a useful proxy for reconstructing paleoproductivity‒ in a freshwater alga, Spirogyra, by combining in vitro and in vivo approaches to unveil the nature of its barite microcrystals. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDXS) observations on simply dried samples revealed that the number and size of barite crystals were related to the barium concentration in the media. Additionally, their morphology showed a crystallographic face (011), which is not normally observed, suggesting the influence of organic molecules on the growth kinetics. The critical point drying method was used to preserve the internal and external structures of Spirogyra cells for SEM imaging. Crystals were found adjacent to the cytoplasmic membrane, near chloroplasts and fibrillary network. In vivo optical microscopy and Raman tweezer microspectroscopy in living cells showed that barite microcrystals are optically visible and follow cytoplasmic streaming. These results led us to propose that barite formation in Spirogyra occurs in the cytoplasm where barium and sulphate are both available: barium supplied non-selectively through the active transport of the divalent cations needed for actin polymerisation, and sulphate because necessary for amino acid biosynthesis in chloroplasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natercia Barbosa
- Department F.-A. Forel, University of Geneva, Boulevard Carl-Vogt 66, CH-1205 Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Geneva, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, CH-1205 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Michel Jaquet
- Department Earth Sciences, University of Geneva, Rue des Maraîchers 13, CH-1205 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Oscar Urquidi
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Geneva, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, CH-1205 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Takuji B M Adachi
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Geneva, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, CH-1205 Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Montserrat Filella
- Department F.-A. Forel, University of Geneva, Boulevard Carl-Vogt 66, CH-1205 Geneva, Switzerland.
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Hoffmann TD, Paine K, Gebhard S. Genetic optimisation of bacteria-induced calcite precipitation in Bacillus subtilis. Microb Cell Fact 2021; 20:214. [PMID: 34794448 PMCID: PMC8600894 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-021-01704-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Microbially induced calcite precipitation (MICP) is an ancient property of bacteria, which has recently gained considerable attention for biotechnological applications. It occurs as a by-product of bacterial metabolism and involves a combination of chemical changes in the extracellular environment, e.g. pH increase, and presence of nucleation sites on the cell surface or extracellular substances produced by the bacteria. However, the molecular mechanisms underpinning MICP and the interplay between the contributing factors remain poorly understood, thus placing barriers to the full biotechnological and synthetic biology exploitation of bacterial biomineralisation. Results In this study, we adopted a bottom-up approach of systematically engineering Bacillus subtilis, which has no detectable intrinsic MICP activity, for biomineralisation. We showed that heterologous production of urease can induce MICP by local increases in extracellular pH, and this can be enhanced by co-expression of urease accessory genes for urea and nickel uptake, depending on environmental conditions. MICP can be strongly enhanced by biofilm-promoting conditions, which appeared to be mainly driven by production of exopolysaccharide, while the protein component of the biofilm matrix was dispensable. Attempts to modulate the cell surface charge of B. subtilis had surprisingly minor effects, and our results suggest this organism may intrinsically have a very negative cell surface, potentially predisposing it for MICP activity. Conclusions Our findings give insights into the molecular mechanisms driving MICP in an application-relevant chassis organism and the genetic elements that can be used to engineer de novo or enhanced biomineralisation. This study also highlights mutual influences between the genetic drivers and the chemical composition of the surrounding environment in determining the speed, spatial distribution and resulting mineral crystals of MICP. Taken together, these data pave the way for future rational design of synthetic precipitator strains optimised for specific applications. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12934-021-01704-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy D Hoffmann
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, Milner Centre for Evolution, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Kevin Paine
- Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering, BRE Centre for Innovative Construction Materials, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Susanne Gebhard
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, Milner Centre for Evolution, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK.
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Leng Y, Soares A. Understanding the mechanisms of biological struvite biomineralisation. Chemosphere 2021; 281:130986. [PMID: 34289630 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The mechanisms of struvite production through biomineralisation were investigated for five microorganisms (Bacillus pumilus, Brevibacterium antiquum, Myxococcus xanthus, Halobacterium salinarum and Idiomarina loihiensis). After 72-96 h of incubation, the microbial strains tested increased the solution pH from 7.5 to 7.7 to 8.4-8.7, and removed ortho-phosphate (63-71%) and magnesium (94-99%) by biomineralisation. The minerals formed were identified as struvite (i.e. bio-struvite). Within the initial 24 h of incubation, microbial growth rates of 0.16-0.28 1/h were measured, and bio-struvite production was observed when the solution supersaturation index with respect to struvite achieved 0.6-0.8 units. The crystals produced by B. pumilus, H. salinarum and M. xanthus were thin trapezoidal-platy shaped and presented a gap size about 200 μm for intervals between cumulative volume undersize distribution at 50% and 90%. While B. antiquum and I. loihiensis produced crystals of coffin-lid/long-bar shape and a narrow size gap around 100 μm for intervals between cumulative volume percentage of 50% and 90%, indicating homogeneous crystal size distribution. Intracellular supersaturation of struvite phase was achieved within B. antiquum and I. loihiensis cells, corresponding to observation of intracellular vesicle-like structures occupied with electron-dense granules/materials. This study suggests that B. antiquum and I. loihiensis produced bio-struvite through biologically controlled mineralisation. This mechanism is the preferred for recovering nutrients from streams such as wastewater because it allows a link between manipulation of microbial growth conditions and bio-struvite production, even in highly complex streams like wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yirong Leng
- Cranfield Water Science Institute, Cranfield University, Bedfordshire, MK43 0AL, UK
| | - Ana Soares
- Cranfield Water Science Institute, Cranfield University, Bedfordshire, MK43 0AL, UK.
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Seidl B, Reisecker C, Neues F, Campanaro A, Epple M, Hild S, Ziegler A. The dorsal tergite cuticle of Helleria brevicornis: Ultrastructure, mineral distribution, calcite microstructure and texture. J Struct Biol X 2021; 5:100051. [PMID: 34337383 PMCID: PMC8313847 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjsbx.2021.100051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Among the terrestrial Crustacea, isopods have most successfully established themselves in a large variety of terrestrial habitats. As in most Crustacea, their cuticle consists of a hierarchically organised organic phase of chitin-protein fibrils, containing calcium carbonate and some calcium phosphate. In previous studies, we examined the tergite cuticle of Tylos europaeus, which lives on seashores and burrows into moist sand. In this study, we investigate the closely related species Helleria brevicornis, which is completely terrestrial and lives in leaf litter and humus and burrows into the soil. To get deeper insights in relation between the structure of the organic and mineral phase in species living in diverse habitats, we have investigated the structure, and the chemical and crystallographic properties of the tergite cuticle using various preparation techniques, and microscopic and analytical methods. The results reveal long and short epicuticular sensilla with brushed tips on the tergite surface that do not occur in T. europaeus. As in T. europaeus a distal exocuticle, which contains a low number of organic fibres, contains calcite while the subjacent layers of the exo- and endocuticle contain amorphous calcium carbonate. The distal exocuticle contains a polygonal pattern of mineral initiation sites that correspond to interprismatic septa described for decapod crabs. The shape and position of calcite units do not follow the polygonal pattern of the septa. The results indicate that the calcite units form by crystallisation from an amorphous phase that progresses from both margins of the septa to the centres of the polygons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bastian Seidl
- Central Facility for Electron Microscopy, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89069 Ulm, Germany
| | - Christian Reisecker
- Department of Polymer Science, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenbergerstraße 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Frank Neues
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CeNIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstrasse 5-7, 45117Essen, Germany
| | - Alessandro Campanaro
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Research Centre for Plant and Certification, Via di Lanciola 12/a, I-50125 Cascine del Riccio, Florence, Italy
| | - Matthias Epple
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CeNIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstrasse 5-7, 45117Essen, Germany
| | - Sabine Hild
- Department of Polymer Science, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenbergerstraße 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Andreas Ziegler
- Central Facility for Electron Microscopy, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89069 Ulm, Germany
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Bhandari U, Arulkumar A, Ganeshkumar A, Paramasivam S, Rajaram R, Miranda JM. Metal accumulation and biomineralisation of coastal and mangrove-associated molluscs of Palk Bay, Southeastern India. Mar Pollut Bull 2021; 167:112259. [PMID: 33839569 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The present study aimed to determine metal accumulation levels in tissue and biomineralisation in shells of 20 species of molluscs (13 gastropods and 7 bivalves) from Palk Bay, India. In most cases, metal concentrations in the tissues were higher than in the shells of the same species collected from same location, meaning that in many cases biomineralisation factors of metal ratios were <1. The highest biomineralisation factor for Cd was detected in Melampus sincaporensis (3.72 ± 0.1) from the Thondi mangrove, for Pb in Cerithidea cingulata (2.51 ± 0.17) from the Vattanam mangrove, for Cu in Melampus sincaporensis (0.88 ± 0.2) from the Thondi mangrove, and for Zn in Cerithidea cingulata (0.93 ± 0.3) from the Devipattinam mangrove. In most cases, metal concentrations were higher than reported in previous studies but were within the maximum limits stated by national and international regulatory agencies. Variations in the biomineralisation factor of metal ratios among the molluscan species likely stems from variations in bioaccumulation efficiency, selectivity of individual organisms, and availability of metals in the mangrove and coastal environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uttra Bhandari
- Department of Oceanography and Coastal Area Studies, School of Marine Sciences, Alagappa University, Science Campus, Karaikudi 630 003, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Abimannan Arulkumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Achariya Arts and Science College (Affiliated to Pondicherry University), Villianur, Puducherry 605 110, India
| | - Arumugam Ganeshkumar
- Department of Marine Science, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620024, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sadayan Paramasivam
- Department of Oceanography and Coastal Area Studies, School of Marine Sciences, Alagappa University, Science Campus, Karaikudi 630 003, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Rajendran Rajaram
- Department of Marine Science, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620024, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Jose Manuel Miranda
- Departamento de QuímicaAnalítica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Facultade de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Pabellón 4, Planta Baja, 27002 Lugo, Spain
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Shah FA. Magnesium whitlockite - omnipresent in pathological mineralisation of soft tissues but not a significant inorganic constituent of bone. Acta Biomater 2021; 125:72-82. [PMID: 33610767 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Whitlockite is a calcium phosphate that was first identified in minerals collected from the Palermo Quarry, New Hampshire. The terms magnesium whitlockite [Mg-whitlockite; Ca18Mg2(HPO4)2(PO4)12] and beta-tricalcium phosphate [β-TCP; β-Ca3(PO4)2] are often used interchangeably since Mg-whitlockite is not easily distinguished from β-Ca3(PO4)2 by powder X-ray diffraction although their crystalline structures differ significantly. Being both osteoconductive and bioresorbable, Mg-whitlockite is pursued as a synthetic bone graft substitute. In recent years, advances in development of synthetic Mg-whitlockite have been accompanied by claims that Mg-whitlockite is the second most abundant inorganic constituent of bone, occupying as much as 20-35 wt% of the inorganic fraction. To find evidence in support of this notion, this review presents an exhaustive summary of Mg-whitlockite identification in biological tissues. Mg-whitlockite is mainly found in association with pathological mineralisation of various soft tissues and dental calculus, and occasionally with enamel and dentine. With the exception of high-temperature treated tumoural calcified deposits around interphalangeal and metacarpal joints and rhomboidal Mg-whitlockite crystals in post-apoptotic osteocyte lacunae in human alveolar bone, this unusual mineral has never been detected in the extracellular matrix of mammalian bone. Characterisation techniques capable of unequivocally distinguishing between different calcium phosphate phases, such as high-resolution imaging, crystallography, and/or spectroscopy have exclusively identified bone mineral as poorly crystalline, ion-substituted, carbonated apatite. The idea that Mg-whitlockite is a significant constituent of bone mineral remains unsubstantiated. Contrary to claims that such biomaterials represent a bioinspired/biomimetic approach to bone repair, Mg-whitlockite remains, exclusively, a pathological biomineral. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Magnesium whitlockite (Mg-whitlockite) is a unique calcium phosphate that typically features in pathological calcification of soft tissues; however, an alarming trend emerging in the synthetic bioceramics community claims that Mg-whitlockite occupies 20-35 wt% of bone mineral and therefore synthetic Mg-whitlockite represents a biomimetic approach towards bone regeneration. By providing an overview of Mg-whitlockite detection in biological tissues and scrutinising a diverse cross-section of literature relevant to bone composition analysis, this review concludes that Mg-whitlockite is exclusively a pathological biomineral, and having never been reported in bone extracellular matrix, Mg-whitlockite does not constitute a biomimetic strategy for bone repair.
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10
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Castro-Claros JD, Checa A, Lucena C, Pearson JR, Salas C. Shell-adductor muscle attachment and Ca 2+ transport in the bivalves Ostrea stentina and Anomia ephippium. Acta Biomater 2021; 120:249-262. [PMID: 33035693 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2020.09.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Among bivalve muscles, the adductors are particularly important for animal survival because they control valve closure. Most studies have addressed the type and morphology of this muscle in bivalves but few have focused on the mechanism that anchors it to the shell myostracum layer. Moreover, the possible calcium transport mechanism through the adductor muscle cells to the myostracum shell layer, which is necessary for bivalve biomineralisation, has never been addressed. Our results indicate that the muscle cell-shell attachment is mediated by the outer mantle epithelial cell layer, here termed tendon cells. These cells are modified at the muscle scar zone by the presence of actin cytoskeletal bundles, which anchor cells to the extracellular matrix via focal adhesion (or focal contact) junctions at the basal side and to extrapallial matrix at the apical side, both rich in collagen. From apical focal adhesions, bundles of collagen-rich fibres cross the extrapallial space and penetrate the myostracum shell layer. The latter constitutes one of the strongest anchoring structures among invertebrates. Numerous vesicles protrude from the tendon cells into the extrapallial space. TEM-EDX analysis reveals the presence of Ca2+ inside some of these vesicles both in tendon cells and in the extrapallial space. This suggests a potential mechanism for calcium transport from cells to the myostracum. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: The interfaces between bivalve shells and muscular attachments are unique and of special interest as adhesive functional biomaterials, being one of the strongest invertebrate anchoring structures. We present an updated ultrastructural model of the adductor muscle-shell attachment. Muscle cells connect with the shell through epithelial `tendon cells`, which have a cytoskeleton of actin microfilaments that connect to the extracellular matrix via focal adhesions. Collagen-rich fibres arise from apical focal adhesions, cross the nanometric extrapallial space and penetrate the myostracum where they form an organic network. Calcium is present inside vesicles that are released into the extrapallial space. The lack of direct cellular control on secretion restricts the myostracal microstructure to prismatic aragonitic similar to its inorganic counterpart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Diego Castro-Claros
- Departamento de Estratigrafía y Paleontología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; Departamento de Biología Animal, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Málaga Spain.
| | - Antonio Checa
- Instituto Andaluz de Ciencias de la Tierra, CSIC-Universidad de Granada, 18100 Armilla, Spain.
| | - Cristina Lucena
- Servicios Centrales de Apoyo a la Investigación (SCAI), Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain.
| | - John R Pearson
- Andalusian Centre for Nanomedicine and Biotechnology (BIONAND), Campanillas, Málaga, Spain.
| | - Carmen Salas
- Instituto de Biotecnología y Desarrollo Azul (IBYDA), Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain.
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11
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Venn AA, Bernardet C, Chabenat A, Tambutté E, Tambutté S. Paracellular transport to the coral calcifying medium: effects of environmental parameters. J Exp Biol 2020; 223:jeb227074. [PMID: 32675232 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.227074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Coral calcification relies on the transport of ions and molecules to the extracellular calcifying medium (ECM). Little is known about paracellular transport (via intercellular junctions) in corals and other marine calcifiers. Here, we investigated whether the permeability of the paracellular pathway varied in different environmental conditions in the coral Stylophora pistillata Using the fluorescent dye calcein, we characterised the dynamics of calcein influx from seawater to the ECM and showed that increases in paracellular permeability (leakiness) induced by hyperosmotic treatment could be detected by changes in calcein influx rates. We then used the calcein-imaging approach to investigate the effects of two environmental stressors on paracellular permeability: seawater acidification and temperature change. Under conditions of seawater acidification (pH 7.2) known to depress pH in the ECM and the calcifying cells of S. pistillata, we observed a decrease in half-times of calcein influx, indicating increased paracellular permeability. By contrast, high temperature (31°C) had no effect, whereas low temperature (20°C) caused decreases in paracellular permeability. Overall, our study establishes an approach to conduct further in vivo investigation of paracellular transport and suggests that changes in paracellular permeability could form an uncharacterised aspect of the physiological response of S. pistillata to seawater acidification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander A Venn
- Marine Biology Department, Centre Scientifique de Monaco, 8 Quai Antoine 1er, 98000 Monaco
| | - Coralie Bernardet
- Marine Biology Department, Centre Scientifique de Monaco, 8 Quai Antoine 1er, 98000 Monaco
| | - Apolline Chabenat
- Marine Biology Department, Centre Scientifique de Monaco, 8 Quai Antoine 1er, 98000 Monaco
| | - Eric Tambutté
- Marine Biology Department, Centre Scientifique de Monaco, 8 Quai Antoine 1er, 98000 Monaco
| | - Sylvie Tambutté
- Marine Biology Department, Centre Scientifique de Monaco, 8 Quai Antoine 1er, 98000 Monaco
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12
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Ernst F, Fabritius HO, Griesshaber E, Reisecker C, Neues F, Epple M, Schmahl WW, Hild S, Ziegler A. Functional adaptations in the tergite cuticle of the desert isopod Hemilepistus reaumuri (Milne-Edwards, 1840). J Struct Biol 2020; 212:107570. [PMID: 32650132 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2020.107570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
To survive in its extreme habitat, the cuticle of the burrowing desert isopod Hemilepistus reaumuri requires properties distinct from isopods living in moist or mesic habitats. In particular, the anterior tergites are exposed to high mechanical loads and temperatures when individuals guard the entrance of their burrow. We have, therefore, investigated the architecture, composition, calcite texture and local mechanical properties of the tergite cuticle, with particular emphasis on large anterior cuticle tubercles and differences between the anterior and posterior tergite. Unexpectedly, structure and thickness of the epicuticle resemble those in mesic isopod species. The anterior tergite has a thicker endocuticle and a higher local stiffness than the posterior tergite. Calcite distribution in the cuticle is unusual, because in addition to the exocuticle the endocuticle distally also contains calcite. The calcite consists of a distal layer of dense and highly co-oriented crystal-units, followed proximally by irregularly distributed and, with respect to each other, misoriented calcite crystallites. The calcite layer at the tip of the tubercle is thicker relative to the tubercle slopes, and its crystallites are more misoriented to each other. A steep decrease of local stiffness and hardness is observed within a distal region of the cuticle, likely caused by a successive increase in the ACC/calcite ratio rather than changes in the degree of mineralisation. Comparison of the results with other isopods reveals a much lower ACC/calcite ratio in H. reaumuri and a correlation between the degree of terrestriality of isopod species and the magnesium content of the cuticle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Ernst
- Central Facility for Electron Microscopy, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89069 Ulm, Germany
| | - Helge-Otto Fabritius
- Bionics and Materials Development, Hamm-Lippstadt University of Applied Sciences, Marker Allee 76-78, 59063 Hamm, Germany; Department of Microstructure Physics and Alloy Design, Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH, Max-Planck-Str. 1, 40237 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Erika Griesshaber
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, LMU, Theresienstr. 41, 80333 München, Germany
| | - Christian Reisecker
- Institute of Polymer Science, Johannes Kepler Universität Linz, Altenbergerstraße 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Frank Neues
- Inorganic Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 5-7, 45117 Essen, Germany
| | - Matthias Epple
- Inorganic Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 5-7, 45117 Essen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang W Schmahl
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, LMU, Theresienstr. 41, 80333 München, Germany
| | - Sabine Hild
- Institute of Polymer Science, Johannes Kepler Universität Linz, Altenbergerstraße 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Andreas Ziegler
- Central Facility for Electron Microscopy, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89069 Ulm, Germany.
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13
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Shah FA, Ruscsák K, Palmquist A. Transformation of bone mineral morphology: From discrete marquise-shaped motifs to a continuous interwoven mesh. Bone Rep 2020; 13:100283. [PMID: 32577436 PMCID: PMC7305389 DOI: 10.1016/j.bonr.2020.100283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Continual bone apposition at the cranial sutures provides the unique opportunity to understand how bone is built. Bone harvested from 16-week-old Sprague Dawley rat calvaria was either (i) deproteinised to isolate the inorganic phase (i.e., bone mineral) for secondary electron scanning electron microscopy or (ii) resin embedded for X-ray micro-computed tomography, backscattered electron scanning electron microscopy, and micro-Raman spectroscopy. Interdigitated finger-like projections form the interface between frontal and parietal bones. Viewed from the surface, bone mineral at the mineralisation front is comprised of nanoscale mineral platelets arranged into discrete, ~0.6–3.5 μm high and ~0.2–1.5 μm wide, marquise-shaped motifs that gradually evolve into a continuous interwoven mesh of mineralised bundles. Marquise-shaped motifs also contribute to the burial of osteoblastic–osteocytes by contributing to the roof over the lacunae. In cross-section, apices of the finger-like projections resemble islands of mineralised tissue, where new bone apposition at the surface is evident as low mineral density areas, while the marquise-shaped motifs appear as near-equiaxed assemblies of mineral platelets. Carbonated apatite content is higher towards the internal surface of the cranial vault. Up to 4 μm from the bone surface, strong Amide III, Pro, Hyp, and Phe signals, distinct PO43− bands, but negligible CO32– signal indicate recent bone formation and/or delayed maturation of the mineral. We show, for the first time, that the extracellular matrix of bone is assembled into micrometre-sized units, revealing a superstructure above the mineralised collagen fibril level, which has significant implications for function and mechanical competence of bone. The mineralisation front at cranial sutures of 16-week-old rats was investigated Interdigitated finger-like projections extend between frontal and parietal bones Micrometre-sized, marquise-shaped motifs of bone apatite at the mineralisation front Distinct motifs evolve into interwoven mesh of mineralised bundles Cranial bones are more mineralised at the internal surface (towards the dura mater)
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Affiliation(s)
- Furqan A Shah
- Department of Biomaterials, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Krisztina Ruscsák
- Department of Biomaterials, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anders Palmquist
- Department of Biomaterials, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Rajendran A, Pattanayak DK. Mechanistic studies of biomineralisation on silver incorporated anatase TiO 2. Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl 2020; 109:110558. [PMID: 32228955 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2019.110558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 11/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Here we report silver incorporated anatase TiO2 developed on Ti metal by H2O2-AgNO3 and heat treatment to have faster biomineralisation or apatite-forming ability in simulated body fluid (SBF). Apatite-forming ability has been investigated concerning heat treatment temperatures ranges, 400-800 °C and duration of soaking period in SBF. The apatite formation showed an increasing trend with increase in the heat treatment temperatures up to 600 °C and beyond that the Ti metal lost this ability. XRD as wells as Raman results of such chemical and heat-treated Ti metal at different temperatures further correlates the apatite nucleation directly in relation with that of anatase to rutile TiO2 formation. Further, a time dependent apatite mineralisation study by XPS revealed simultaneous calcium and phosphate deposition at the early stage of soaking in SBF. Therefore, the apatite nucleation in the present chemically treated Ti metal depends on the crystalline phase of TiO2 formed by H2O2 and heat treatment along with Ag+ ion release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Archana Rajendran
- CSIR-Central Electrochemical Research Institute, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu 630006, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Deepak K Pattanayak
- CSIR-Central Electrochemical Research Institute, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu 630006, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India.
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15
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Chandra Rajan K, Vengatesen T. Molecular adaptation of molluscan biomineralisation to high-CO 2 oceans - The known and the unknown. Mar Environ Res 2020; 155:104883. [PMID: 32072987 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2020.104883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2019] [Revised: 01/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
High-CO2 induced ocean acidification (OA) reduces the calcium carbonate (CaCO3) saturation level (Ω) and the pH of oceans. Consequently, OA is causing a serious threat to several ecologically and economically important biomineralising molluscs. Biomineralisation is a highly controlled biochemical process by which molluscs deposit their calcareous structures. In this process, shell matrix proteins aid the nucleation, growth and assemblage of the CaCO3 crystals in the shell. These molluscan shell proteins (MSPs) are, ultimately, responsible for determination of the diverse shell microstructures and mechanical strength. Recent studies have attempted to integrate gene and protein expression data of MSPs with shell structure and mechanical properties. These advances made in understanding the molecular mechanism of biomineralisation suggest that molluscs either succumb or adapt to OA stress. In this review, we discuss the fate of biomineralisation process in future high-CO2 oceans and its ultimate impact on the mineralised shell's structure and mechanical properties from the perspectives of limited substrate availability theory, proton flux limitation model and the omega myth theory. Furthermore, studying the interplay of energy availability and differential gene expression is an essential first step towards understanding adaptation of molluscan biomineralisation to OA, because if there is a need to change gene expression under stressors, any living system would require more energy than usual. To conclude, we have listed, four important future research directions for molecular adaptation of molluscan biomineralisation in high-CO2 oceans: 1) Including an energy budgeting factor while understanding differential gene expression of MSPs and ion transporters under OA. 2) Unraveling the genetic or epigenetic changes related to biomineralisation under stressors to help solving a bigger picture about future evolution of molluscs, and 3) Understanding Post Translational Modifications of MSPs with and without stressors. 4) Understanding carbon uptake mechanisms across taxa with and without OA to clarify the OA theories on Ω.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanmani Chandra Rajan
- The Swire Institute of Marine Science and School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Thiyagarajan Vengatesen
- The Swire Institute of Marine Science and School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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16
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Rupp U, Ziegler A. The effect of exuviae ingestion on lysosomal calcium accumulation and the presence of exosomes in the hepatopancreas of Porcellio scaber. J Struct Biol 2019; 208:107392. [PMID: 31550534 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2019.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The hepatopancreas of isopods has major functions in food digestion and storage of carbohydrates and lipids. Also, it stores essential and accumulates xenobiotic metals in lysosomal granules within the two major cell types, the S- and B-cells of the tissue. A µCT study on moulting Porcellio scaber has shown mineral within the hepatopancreas lumen, when the animal has ingested their shed cuticle after moulting, suggesting recycling of mineral from the exuviae. This study aims to reveal if the lysosomal metal containing granules store calcium originating from the ingested exuviae. Therefore, we investigated the effect of cuticle ingestion on the elemental composition of the hepatopancreas granules of P. scaber, using electron probe X-ray microanalysis. For the preservation of diffusible elements, samples were high pressure frozen and freeze substituted in acetone and we used Propane-1,3-diol as a floatation medium for sections. We analyzed S- and B-cells of animals in the postmoult and intermoult stage that have ingested their exuviae and, as a negative control, cells from postmoult animals that have not ingested their exuviae. STEM and TEM were used for the investigation of the ultrastructure. Unexpectedly, the cryo-fixed samples contain numerous extracellular vesicles (exosomes) and many multivesicular bodies containing pro-exosomes. We show a significant increase of calcium, copper, zinc and sulphur within the metal granules upon exuviae ingestion, and, after 9 days, a reduction of calcium and zinc. The results indicate transitory storage of calcium from the exuviae within the metal granules and its subsequent utilization in cuticle mineralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Rupp
- Central Facility for Electron Microscopy, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89069 Ulm, Germany.
| | - Andreas Ziegler
- Central Facility for Electron Microscopy, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89069 Ulm, Germany
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17
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Kurian M, Stevens R, McGrath KM. Towards the Development of Artificial Bone Grafts: Combining Synthetic Biomineralisation with 3D Printing. J Funct Biomater 2019; 10:E12. [PMID: 30791603 PMCID: PMC6462944 DOI: 10.3390/jfb10010012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A synthetic technique inspired by the biomineralisation process in nacre has been previously reported to be effective in replicating the nanostructural elements of nacre in 2D chitosan hydrogel films. Here we evaluate the applicability of this synthetic biomineralisation technique, herein called the McGrath method, in replicating the flat tabular morphology of calcium carbonate and other nanostructural elements obtained when 2D chitosan hydrogel films were used, on a 3D porous chitosan hydrogel-based scaffold, hence developing 3D chitosan-calcium carbonate composites. Nozzle extrusion-based 3D printing technology was used to develop 3D porous scaffolds using chitosan hydrogel as the printing ink in a custom-designed 3D printer. The rheology of the printing ink and print parameters were optimised in order to fabricate 3D cylindrical structures with a cubic lattice-based internal structure. The effects of various dehydration techniques, including air-drying, critical point-drying and freeze-drying, on the structural integrity of the as-printed scaffolds from the nano to macroscale, were evaluated. The final 3D composite materials were characterised using scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The study has shown that McGrath method can be used to develop chitosan-calcium carbonate composites wherein the mineral and matrix are in intimate association with each other at the nanoscale. This process can be successfully integrated with 3D printing technology to develop 3D compartmentalised polymer-mineral composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mima Kurian
- The MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Material and Nanotechnology, The School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6012, New Zealand.
| | - Ross Stevens
- The School of Architecture and Design, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6012, New Zealand.
| | - Kathryn M McGrath
- The MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Material and Nanotechnology, The School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6012, New Zealand.
- The University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo NSW 2007, Australia.
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18
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Shah FA, Thomsen P, Palmquist A. Osseointegration and current interpretations of the bone-implant interface. Acta Biomater 2019; 84:1-15. [PMID: 30445157 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2018.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Revised: 10/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Complex physical and chemical interactions take place in the interface between the implant surface and bone. Various descriptions of the ultrastructural arrangement to various implant design features, ranging from solid and macroporous geometries to surface modifications on the micron-, submicron-, and nano- levels, have been put forward. Here, the current knowledge regarding structural organisation of the bone-implant interface is reviewed with a focus on solid devices, mainly metal (or alloy) intended for permanent anchorage in bone. Certain biomaterials that undergo surface and bulk degradation are also considered. The bone-implant interface is a heterogeneous zone consisting of mineralised, partially mineralised, and unmineralised areas. Within the meso-micro-nano-continuum, mineralised collagen fibrils form the structural basis of the bone-implant interface, in addition to accumulation of non-collagenous macromolecules such as osteopontin, bone sialoprotein, and osteocalcin. In the published literature, as many as eight distinct arrangements of the bone-implant interface ultrastructure have been described. The interpretation is influenced by the in vivo model and species-specific characteristics, healing time point(s), physico-chemical properties of the implant surface, implant geometry, sample preparation route(s) and associated artefacts, analytical technique(s) and their limitations, and non-compromised vs compromised local tissue conditions. The understanding of the ultrastructure of the interface under experimental conditions is rapidly evolving due to the introduction of novel techniques for sample preparation and analysis. Nevertheless, the current understanding of the interface zone in humans in relation to clinical implant performance is still hampered by the shortcomings of clinical methods for resolving the finer details of the bone-implant interface. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Being a hierarchical material by design, the overall strength of bone is governed by composition and structure. Understanding the structure of the bone-implant interface is essential in the development of novel bone repair materials and strategies, and their long-term success. Here, the current knowledge regarding the eventual structural organisation of the bone-implant interface is reviewed, with a focus on solid devices intended for permanent anchorage in bone, and certain biomaterials that undergo surface and bulk degradation. The bone-implant interface is a heterogeneous zone consisting of mineralised, partially mineralised, and unmineralised areas. Within the meso-micro-nano-continuum, mineralised collagen fibrils form the structural basis of the bone-implant interface, in addition to accumulation of non-collagenous macromolecules such as osteopontin, bone sialoprotein, and osteocalcin.
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19
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Boufala K, Ouhenia S, Louis G, Betrancourt D, Chicot D, Belabbas I. Microstructure analysis and mechanical properties by instrumented indentation of Charonia Lampas Lampas shell. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2018; 89:114-121. [PMID: 30268867 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2018.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Revised: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy have been used to characterize the microstructure and instrumented microindentation for the determination of the mechanical properties of Charonia Lampas Lampas shell. Both elastic modulus and hardness are found to be dependent on the texture of the three distinct layers. From the analysis of load-depth curves, the shell exhibits small viscoelastic behaviour at low indentation loads and mainly elastoplastic behaviour at higher loads. These phenomena were attributed to the influence of the organic matter present in the shell. Both elastic modulus and hardness are found to be load-dependent in each layer in relation to their microstructure and, accordingly, to the anisotropy of the predominant mineral part. At a macroscopic scale, this tendency is explained by using a rule of mixture and jointly by the anisotropy of the aragonite. The Bull and Page model is subsequently applied to the hardness variation in order to compute the macrohardness which is the characteristic hardness number of a material and the hardness parameter related to the indentation size effect. This model describes well the experimental results for the relative higher depths, and deviates for the small depths due to the effect of the viscoelastic behaviour which then requires a more appropriate model to describe this phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Boufala
- Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie des Matériaux et Catalyse, Faculté des Sciences Exactes, Université de Bejaia, 06000 Bejaia, Algeria
| | - S Ouhenia
- Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie des Matériaux et Catalyse, Faculté des Sciences Exactes, Université de Bejaia, 06000 Bejaia, Algeria.
| | - G Louis
- IMT Lille Douai, Univ. Lille, Laboratoire de Génie Civil et géo-Environnement, LGCgE-EA 4515, Département Génie Civil & Environmental, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - D Betrancourt
- IMT Lille Douai, Univ. Lille, Laboratoire de Génie Civil et géo-Environnement, LGCgE-EA 4515, Département Génie Civil & Environmental, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - D Chicot
- Université de Lille, Laboratoire de Génie Civil et géo-Environnement, LGCgE-EA 4515, Villeneuve d'Ascq F-59650, France
| | - I Belabbas
- Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie des Matériaux et Catalyse, Faculté des Sciences Exactes, Université de Bejaia, 06000 Bejaia, Algeria
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20
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Sleight VA, Peck LS, Dyrynda EA, Smith VJ, Clark MS. Cellular stress responses to chronic heat shock and shell damage in temperate Mya truncata. Cell Stress Chaperones 2018; 23:1003-1017. [PMID: 29754331 PMCID: PMC6111077 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-018-0910-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Acclimation, via phenotypic flexibility, is a potential means for a fast response to climate change. Understanding the molecular mechanisms underpinning phenotypic flexibility can provide a fine-scale cellular understanding of how organisms acclimate. In the last 30 years, Mya truncata populations around the UK have faced an average increase in sea surface temperature of 0.7 °C and further warming of between 1.5 and 4 °C, in all marine regions adjacent to the UK, is predicted by the end of the century. Hence, data are required on the ability of M. truncata to acclimate to physiological stresses, and most notably, chronic increases in temperature. Animals in the present study were exposed to chronic heat-stress for 2 months prior to shell damage and subsequently, only 3, out of 20 damaged individuals, were able to repair their shells within 2 weeks. Differentially expressed genes (between control and damaged animals) were functionally enriched with processes relating to cellular stress, the immune response and biomineralisation. Comparative transcriptomics highlighted genes, and more broadly molecular mechanisms, that are likely to be pivotal in this lack of acclimation. This study demonstrates that discovery-led transcriptomic profiling of animals during stress-response experiments can shed light on the complexity of biological processes and changes within organisms that can be more difficult to detect at higher levels of biological organisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria A Sleight
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EJ, UK.
- British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ET, UK.
| | - Lloyd S Peck
- British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ET, UK
| | - Elisabeth A Dyrynda
- Centre for Marine Biodiversity & Biotechnology, Institute of Life & Earth Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, UK
| | - Valerie J Smith
- Scottish Oceans Institute, School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife, KY16 8LB, UK
| | - Melody S Clark
- British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ET, UK
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Blay C, Planes S, Ky CL. Cultured Pearl Surface Quality Profiling by the Shell Matrix Protein Gene Expression in the Biomineralised Pearl Sac Tissue of Pinctada margaritifera. Mar Biotechnol (NY) 2018; 20:490-501. [PMID: 29663093 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-018-9811-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Nucleated pearls are produced by molluscs of the Pinctada genus through the biomineralisation activity of the pearl sac tissue within the recipient oyster. The pearl sac originates from graft tissue taken from the donor oyster mantle and its functioning is crucial in determining key factors that impact pearl quality surface characteristics. The specific role of related gene regulation during gem biogenesis was unknown, so we analysed the expression profiles of eight genes encoding nacreous (PIF, MSI60, PERL1) or prismatic (SHEM5, PRISM, ASP, SHEM9) shell matrix proteins or both (CALC1) in the pearl sac (N = 211) of Pinctada margaritifera during pearl biogenesis. The pearls and pearl sacs analysed were from a uniform experimental graft with sequential harvests at 3, 6 and 9 months post-grafting. Quality traits of the corresponding pearls were recorded: surface defects, surface deposits and overall quality grade. Results showed that (1) the first 3 months of culture seem crucial for pearl quality surface determination and (2) all the genes (SHEM5, PRISM, ASP, SHEM9) encoding proteins related to calcite layer formation were over-expressed in the pearl sacs that produced low pearl surface quality. Multivariate regression tree building clearly identified three genes implicated in pearl surface quality, SHEM9, ASP and PIF. SHEM9 and ASP were clearly implicated in low pearl quality, whereas PIF was implicated in high quality. Results could be used as biomarkers for genetic improvement of P. margaritifera pearl quality and constitute a novel perspective to understanding the molecular mechanism of pearl formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carole Blay
- Ifremer, UMR EIO241, Labex Corail, Centre du Pacifique, BP 49, 98719, Taravao, Tahiti, French Polynesia
- PSL Research University: EPHE-UPVD-CNRS, USR 3278 CRIOBE, Université de Perpignan, 52 Avenue Paul Alduy, 66860, Perpignan Cedex, France
- Laboratoire d'Excellence "CORAIL", Tahiti, French Polynesia
| | - Serge Planes
- PSL Research University: EPHE-UPVD-CNRS, USR 3278 CRIOBE, Université de Perpignan, 52 Avenue Paul Alduy, 66860, Perpignan Cedex, France
- Laboratoire d'Excellence "CORAIL", Tahiti, French Polynesia
| | - Chin-Long Ky
- Ifremer, UMR EIO241, Labex Corail, Centre du Pacifique, BP 49, 98719, Taravao, Tahiti, French Polynesia.
- Laboratoire d'Excellence "CORAIL", Tahiti, French Polynesia.
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22
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Ceci A, Pinzari F, Russo F, Maggi O, Persiani AM. Saprotrophic soil fungi to improve phosphorus solubilisation and release: In vitro abilities of several species. Ambio 2018; 47:30-40. [PMID: 29159452 PMCID: PMC5722741 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-017-0972-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Modern agriculture is dependent on phosphate rock (PR), which is a nonrenewable resource. Improvement of phosphorus (P) availability for crops in agricultural soils represents a key strategy to slow down the depletion of PR. The aim of this study was to identify potential P biofertilisers among saprotrophic fungal species. We tested 30 fungal strains belonging to 28 taxa (4 Zygomycota and 24 Ascomycota) and with different life strategies. The study showed that many saprotrophic fungi have the ability to mobilise P from insoluble forms according to a variety of mechanisms. Our results expand the pool of P solubilising fungal species, also suggesting a new solubilisation index and shedding light on parameters that could be basic in the selection of efficient soil P-biofertilisers fungi. Rhizopus stolonifer var. stolonifer, Aspergillus niger and Alternaria alternata were found to be the best performing strains in terms of amounts of TCP solubilisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Ceci
- Dipartimento di Biologia Ambientale, Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Flavia Pinzari
- Consiglio per la ricerca in agricoltura e l’analisi dell’economia agraria. Centro di ricerca Agricoltura e Ambiente (CREA-AA), Via della Navicella 2-4, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Fabiana Russo
- Dipartimento di Biologia Ambientale, Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Oriana Maggi
- Dipartimento di Biologia Ambientale, Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Persiani
- Dipartimento di Biologia Ambientale, Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
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23
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Rivadeneyra A, Gonzalez-Martinez A, Portela GR, Martin-Ramos DJ, Gonzalez-Lopez J, Rivadeneyra MA. Biomineralisation of carbonate and sulphate by the halophilic bacterium Halomonas maura at different manganese concentrations. Extremophiles 2017; 21:1049-56. [PMID: 29018969 DOI: 10.1007/s00792-017-0965-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The ability of Halomonas maura to bioprecipitate carbonate and sulphate crystals in solid media at different manganese concentrations has been demonstrated in this study for the first time. The precipitated minerals were studied by X-ray diffraction, scanning and transmission electron microscopy, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The precipitated minerals were different based on the manganese concentration present in the medium and the incubation time. In the absence of manganese, H. maura formed pseudokutnahorite crystals; in the presence of manganese, the concentration in the culture medium determined the precipitation carbonates, such as rhodochrosite and dolomites. However, in the presence of low concentrations of manganese chloride (MnCl2) (5 g/l), kutnohorite crystals were also formed. Finally, when H. maura was grown in the presence of manganese, small amounts of sulphate crystals (such as bassanite and gypsum) were detected. Our study of the precipitated minerals showed an active role of H. maura in the biomineralisation process, but the geochemical conditions, and the manganese concentrations in particular, were clearly influential.
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24
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Cohen S, Krueger T, Fine M. Measuring coral calcification under ocean acidification: methodological considerations for the 45Ca-uptake and total alkalinity anomaly technique. PeerJ 2017; 5:e3749. [PMID: 28879064 PMCID: PMC5582612 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.3749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
As the oceans become less alkaline due to rising CO2 levels, deleterious consequences are expected for calcifying corals. Predicting how coral calcification will be affected by on-going ocean acidification (OA) requires an accurate assessment of CaCO3 deposition and an understanding of the relative importance that decreasing calcification and/or increasing dissolution play for the overall calcification budget of individual corals. Here, we assessed the compatibility of the 45Ca-uptake and total alkalinity (TA) anomaly techniques as measures of gross and net calcification (GC, NC), respectively, to determine coral calcification at pHT 8.1 and 7.5. Considering the differing buffering capacity of seawater at both pH values, we were also interested in how strongly coral calcification alters the seawater carbonate chemistry under prolonged incubation in sealed chambers, potentially interfering with physiological functioning. Our data indicate that NC estimates by TA are erroneously ∼5% and ∼21% higher than GC estimates from 45Ca for ambient and reduced pH, respectively. Considering also previous data, we show that the consistent discrepancy between both techniques across studies is not constant, but largely depends on the absolute value of CaCO3 deposition. Deriving rates of coral dissolution from the difference between NC and GC was not possible and we advocate a more direct approach for the future by simultaneously measuring skeletal calcium influx and efflux. Substantial changes in carbonate system parameters for incubation times beyond two hours in our experiment demonstrate the necessity to test and optimize experimental incubation setups when measuring coral calcification in closed systems, especially under OA conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Cohen
- The Interuniversity Institute for Marine Science, Eilat, Israel.,The Mina & Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel.,Laboratory for Biological Geochemistry, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, École Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Krueger
- Laboratory for Biological Geochemistry, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, École Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Maoz Fine
- The Interuniversity Institute for Marine Science, Eilat, Israel.,The Mina & Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
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25
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Shah FA, Zanghellini E, Matic A, Thomsen P, Palmquist A. The Orientation of Nanoscale Apatite Platelets in Relation to Osteoblastic-Osteocyte Lacunae on Trabecular Bone Surface. Calcif Tissue Int 2016; 98:193-205. [PMID: 26472430 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-015-0072-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The orientation of nanoscale mineral platelets was quantitatively evaluated in relation to the shape of lacunae associated with partially embedded osteocytes (osteoblastic-osteocytes) on the surface of deproteinised trabecular bone of adult sheep. By scanning electron microscopy and image analysis, the mean orientation of mineral platelets at the osteoblastic-osteocyte lacuna (Ot.Lc) floor was found to be 19° ± 14° in the tibia and 20° ± 14° in the femur. Further, the mineral platelets showed a high degree of directional coherency: 37 ± 7% in the tibia and 38 ± 9% in the femur. The majority of Ot.Lc in the tibia (69.37%) and the femur (74.77%) exhibited a mean orientation of mineral platelets between 0° and 25°, with the largest fraction within a 15°-20° range, 17.12 and 19.8% in the tibia and femur, respectively. Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy were used to characterise the features observed on the anorganic bone surface. The Ca/P (atomic %) ratio was 1.69 ± 0.1 within the Ot.Lc and 1.68 ± 0.1 externally. Raman spectra of NaOCl-treated bone showed peaks associated with carbonated apatite: ν1, ν2 and ν4 PO4(3-), and ν1 CO3(2-), while the collagen amide bands were greatly reduced in intensity compared to untreated bone. The apatite-to-collagen ratio increased considerably after deproteinisation; however, the mineral crystallinity and the carbonate-to-phosphate ratios were unaffected. The ~19°-20° orientation of mineral platelets in at the Ot.Lc floor may be attributable to a gradual rotation of osteoblasts in successive layers relative to the underlying surface, giving rise to the twisted plywood-like pattern of lamellar bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Furqan A Shah
- Department of Biomaterials, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden.
- BIOMATCELL VINN Excellence Center of Biomaterials and Cell Therapy, Göteborg, Sweden.
| | - Ezio Zanghellini
- Department of Applied Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Aleksandar Matic
- Department of Applied Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Peter Thomsen
- Department of Biomaterials, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
- BIOMATCELL VINN Excellence Center of Biomaterials and Cell Therapy, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Anders Palmquist
- Department of Biomaterials, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
- BIOMATCELL VINN Excellence Center of Biomaterials and Cell Therapy, Göteborg, Sweden
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26
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Abbasi S, Lamb DT, Palanisami T, Kader M, Matanitobua V, Megharaj M, Naidu R. Bioaccessibility of barium from barite contaminated soils based on gastric phase in vitro data and plant uptake. Chemosphere 2016; 144:1421-1427. [PMID: 26495826 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Revised: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Barite contamination of soil commonly occurs from either barite mining or explorative drilling operations. This work reported in vitro data for barite contaminated soils using the physiologically based extraction test (PBET) methodology. The existence of barite in plant tissue and the possibility of 'biomineralised' zones was also investigated using Scanning Electron Microscopy. Soils with low barium (Ba) concentrations showed a higher proportion of Ba extractability than barite rich samples. Barium uptake to spinach from soil was different between short term spiking studies and field weathered soils. Furthermore, Ba crystals were not evident in spinach tissue or acid digest solutions grown in barium nitrate spiked soils despite high accumulation. Barite was found in the plant digest solutions from barite contaminated soils only. Results indicate that under the conservative assumptions made, a child would need to consume extreme quantities of soil over an extended period to cause chronic health problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sedigheh Abbasi
- University of South Australia, Building X, Mawson Lakes, SA 5095, Australia
| | - Dane T Lamb
- University of South Australia, Building X, Mawson Lakes, SA 5095, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE), University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, Bld X, SA 5095, Australia; Faculty of Science and Information Technology, The University of Newcastle, ATC Building, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.
| | - Thavamani Palanisami
- University of South Australia, Building X, Mawson Lakes, SA 5095, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE), University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, Bld X, SA 5095, Australia; Faculty of Science and Information Technology, The University of Newcastle, ATC Building, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Mohammed Kader
- University of South Australia, Building X, Mawson Lakes, SA 5095, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE), University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, Bld X, SA 5095, Australia
| | | | - Mallavarapu Megharaj
- University of South Australia, Building X, Mawson Lakes, SA 5095, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE), University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, Bld X, SA 5095, Australia; Faculty of Science and Information Technology, The University of Newcastle, ATC Building, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Ravi Naidu
- Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE), University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, Bld X, SA 5095, Australia; Faculty of Science and Information Technology, The University of Newcastle, ATC Building, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
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27
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Ramaswamy J, Nam HK, Ramaraju H, Hatch NE, Kohn DH. Inhibition of osteoblast mineralization by phosphorylated phage-derived apatite-specific peptide. Biomaterials 2015; 73:120-30. [PMID: 26406452 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2015.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Functionalization of biomaterials with material- and cell-specific peptide sequences allows for better control of their surface properties and communication with the surrounding environment. Using a combinatorial phage display approach, we previously identified the peptide VTKHLNQISQSY (VTK) with specific affinity to biomimetic apatite. Phosphorylation of the serine residues of the peptide (pVTK) caused a significant increase in binding to apatite, as well as a dose-dependent inhibition of osteoblast mineralization. In this study, we investigated the mechanisms behind pVTK mediated inhibition of mineralization using MC3T3 cells and testing the hypothesis that mineralization is inhibited via alteration of the Enpp1-TNAP-Ank axis. Inhibition of mineralization was not due to disruption of collagen deposition or calcium chelation by the negatively charged pVTK. The timing of peptide administration was important in inhibiting mineralization - pVTK had a greater effect at later stages of osteogenic differentiation (days 7-12 of culture corresponding to matrix maturation and mineralization), and could prevent progression of mineralization once it had started. pVTK treatment resulted in a significant decrease in ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 1 (Enpp1) enzyme activity and gene expression. The expression of ankylosis protein (Ank), osteopontin (OPN) and Pit-1 genes was also significantly reduced with peptide treatment, while tissue non-specific alkaline phosphatase (TNAP), bone sialoprotein (BSP), and Runx2 gene expression was significantly higher. The ability of pVTK to inhibit mineralization can potentially be translated into therapeutics against pathological calcification seen in cardiovascular disease, osteoarthritis or craniosynostosis, or be used to prevent failure of biomaterials due to calcification, such as bioprosthetic heart valves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janani Ramaswamy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Hwa Kyung Nam
- Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Harsha Ramaraju
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Nan E Hatch
- Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - David H Kohn
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Biologic & Materials Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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28
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Müter D, Sørensen HO, Oddershede J, Dalby KN, Stipp SLS. Microstructure and micromechanics of the heart urchin test from X-ray tomography. Acta Biomater 2015; 23:21-26. [PMID: 25983316 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2015.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Revised: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 05/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The microstructure of many echinoid species has long fascinated scientists because of its high porosity and outstanding mechanical properties. We have used X-ray microtomography to examine the test of Echinocardium cordatum (heart urchin), a burrowing cousin of the more commonly known sea urchins. Three dimensional imaging demonstrates that the bulk of the test is composed of only two distinct, highly porous, fenestrated regions (stereom), in which the thickness of the struts is constant. Different degrees of porosity are achieved by varying the spacing of the struts. Drawing an analogy to vertebrate trabecular bone, where for example, human bone has a connectivity density of ≈1/mm(3), we measure up to 150,000 strut connections per mm(3). Simulations of mechanical loading using finite element calculations indicate that the test performs at very close to the optimum expected for foams, highlighting the functional link between structure and mechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Müter
- Nano-Science Center, Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - H O Sørensen
- Nano-Science Center, Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - J Oddershede
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - K N Dalby
- Nano-Science Center, Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - S L S Stipp
- Nano-Science Center, Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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29
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Marie P, Labas V, Brionne A, Harichaux G, Hennequet-Antier C, Rodriguez-Navarro AB, Nys Y, Gautron J. Quantitative proteomics provides new insights into chicken eggshell matrix protein functions during the primary events of mineralisation and the active calcification phase. J Proteomics 2015; 126:140-54. [PMID: 26049031 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2015.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Revised: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Eggshell is a bioceramic composed of 95% calcium carbonate mineral and 3.5% organic matrix. Its structural organisation is controlled by its organic matrix. We have used quantitative proteomics to study four key stages of shell mineralisation: 1) widespread deposition of amorphous calcium carbonate (ACC), 2) ACC transformation into crystalline calcite aggregates, 3) formation of larger calcite crystal units and 4) development of a columnar structure with preferential calcite crystal orientation. This approach explored the distribution of 216 shell matrix proteins found at the four stages. Variations in abundance according to these calcification events were observed for 175 proteins. A putative function related to the mineralisation process was predicted by bioinformatics for 77 of them and was further characterised. We confirmed the important role of lysozyme, ovotransferrin, ovocleidin-17 and ovocleidin-116 for shell calcification process, characterised major calcium binding proteins (EDIL3, ALB, MFGE8, NUCB2), and described novel proteoglycans core proteins (GPC4, HAPLN3). We suggest that OVAL and OC-17 play a role in the stabilisation of ACC. Finally, we report proteins involved in the regulation of proteins driving the mineralisation. They correspond to numerous molecular chaperones including CLU, PPIB and OCX21, protease and protease inhibitors including OVM and CST3, and regulators of phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Marie
- INRA, UR83 Recherches avicoles, Fonction et Régulation des protéines de l'œuf, F-37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - Valérie Labas
- INRA, UMR INRA85, UMR CNRS 7247, Université de Tours, IFCE, Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, Plate-forme d'Analyse Intégrative des Biomolécules, Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse, F-37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - Aurélien Brionne
- INRA, UR83 Recherches avicoles, Fonction et Régulation des protéines de l'œuf, F-37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - Grégoire Harichaux
- INRA, UMR INRA85, UMR CNRS 7247, Université de Tours, IFCE, Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, Plate-forme d'Analyse Intégrative des Biomolécules, Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse, F-37380 Nouzilly, France
| | | | | | - Yves Nys
- INRA, UR83 Recherches avicoles, Fonction et Régulation des protéines de l'œuf, F-37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - Joël Gautron
- INRA, UR83 Recherches avicoles, Fonction et Régulation des protéines de l'œuf, F-37380 Nouzilly, France.
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30
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Marie P, Labas V, Brionne A, Harichaux G, Hennequet-Antier C, Rodriguez-Navarro AB, Nys Y, Gautron J. Data set for the proteomic inventory and quantitative analysis of chicken eggshell matrix proteins during the primary events of eggshell mineralization and the active growth phase of calcification. Data Brief 2015; 4:430-6. [PMID: 26306314 PMCID: PMC4534581 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2015.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Revised: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Chicken eggshell is a biomineral composed of 95% calcite calcium carbonate mineral and of 3.5% organic matrix proteins. The assembly of mineral and its structural organization is controlled by its organic matrix. In a recent study [1], we have used quantitative proteomic, bioinformatic and functional analyses to explore the distribution of 216 eggshell matrix proteins at four key stages of shell mineralization defined as: (1) widespread deposition of amorphous calcium carbonate (ACC), (2) ACC transformation into crystalline calcite aggregates, (3) formation of larger calcite crystal units and (4) rapid growth of calcite as columnar structure with preferential crystal orientation. The current article detailed the quantitative analysis performed at the four stages of shell mineralization to determine the proteins which are the most abundant. Additionally, we reported the enriched GO terms and described the presence of 35 antimicrobial proteins equally distributed at all stages to keep the egg free of bacteria and of 81 proteins, the function of which could not be ascribed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Marie
- INRA, UR83 Recherches avicoles, Fonction et Régulation des protéines de l׳œuf, F-37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - Valérie Labas
- INRA, UMR INRA85, UMR CNRS 7247; Université de Tours; IFCE, Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, Plate-forme d׳Analyse Intégrative des Biomolécules, Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse, F-37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - Aurélien Brionne
- INRA, UR83 Recherches avicoles, Fonction et Régulation des protéines de l׳œuf, F-37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - Grégoire Harichaux
- INRA, UMR INRA85, UMR CNRS 7247; Université de Tours; IFCE, Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, Plate-forme d׳Analyse Intégrative des Biomolécules, Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse, F-37380 Nouzilly, France
| | | | | | - Yves Nys
- INRA, UR83 Recherches avicoles, Fonction et Régulation des protéines de l׳œuf, F-37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - Joël Gautron
- INRA, UR83 Recherches avicoles, Fonction et Régulation des protéines de l׳œuf, F-37380 Nouzilly, France
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31
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Oh HJ, Choung HW, Lee HK, Park SJ, Lee JH, Lee DS, Seo BM, Park JC. CPNE7, a preameloblast-derived factor, regulates odontoblastic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells. Biomaterials 2015; 37:208-17. [PMID: 25453951 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Tooth development involves sequential interactions between dental epithelial and mesenchymal cells. Our previous studies demonstrated that preameloblast-conditioned medium (PA-CM) induces the odontogenic differentiation of human dental pulp cells (hDPCs), and the novel protein Cpne7 in PA-CM was suggested as a candidate signaling molecule. In the present study, we investigated biological function and mechanisms of Cpne7 in regulation of odontoblast differentiation. Cpne7 was expressed in preameloblasts and secreted extracellularly during ameloblast differentiation. After secretion, Cpne7 protein was translocated to differentiating odontoblasts. In odontoblasts, Cpne7 promoted odontoblastic markers and the expression of Dspp in vitro. Cpne7 also induced odontoblast differentiation and promoted dentin/pulp-like tissue formation in hDPCs in vivo. Moreover, Cpne7 induced differentiation into odontoblasts of non-dental mesenchymal stem cells in vitro, and promoted formation of dentin-like tissues including the structure of dentinal tubules in vivo. Mechanistically, Cpne7 interacted with Nucleolin and modulated odontoblast differentiation via the control of Dspp expression. These results suggest Cpne7 is a diffusible signaling molecule that is secreted by preameloblasts, and regulates the differentiation of mesenchymal cells of dental or non-dental origin into odontoblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Jung Oh
- Department of Oral Histology-Developmental Biology, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, BK 21, Seoul National University, Seoul 110-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Han-Wool Choung
- Department of Oral Histology-Developmental Biology, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, BK 21, Seoul National University, Seoul 110-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Kyung Lee
- Department of Oral Histology-Developmental Biology, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, BK 21, Seoul National University, Seoul 110-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Jin Park
- Department of Oral Histology-Developmental Biology, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, BK 21, Seoul National University, Seoul 110-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Hyun Lee
- Department of Oral Histology-Developmental Biology, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, BK 21, Seoul National University, Seoul 110-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Seol Lee
- Department of Oral Histology-Developmental Biology, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, BK 21, Seoul National University, Seoul 110-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Byoung-Moo Seo
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 110-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo-Cheol Park
- Department of Oral Histology-Developmental Biology, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, BK 21, Seoul National University, Seoul 110-749, Republic of Korea.
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32
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Sigwart JD, Carey N. Grazing under experimental hypercapnia and elevated temperature does not affect the radula of a chiton (Mollusca, Polyplacophora, Lepidopleurida). Mar Environ Res 2014; 102:73-77. [PMID: 24923634 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2014.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Revised: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Chitons (class Polyplacophora) are benthic grazing molluscs with an eight-part aragonitic shell armature. The radula, a serial tooth ribbon that extends internally more than half the length of the body, is mineralised on the active feeding teeth with iron magnetite apparently as an adaptation to constant grazing on rocky substrates. As the anterior feeding teeth are eroded they are shed and replaced with a new row. The efficient mineralisation and function of the radula could hypothetically be affected by changing oceans in two ways: changes in seawater chemistry (pH and pCO2) may impact the biomineralisation pathway, potentially leading to a weaker or altered density of the feeding teeth; rising temperatures could increase activity levels in these ectothermic animals, and higher feeding rates could increase wear on the feeding teeth beyond the animals' ability to synthesise, mineralise, and replace radular rows. We therefore examined the effects of pH and temperature on growth and integrity in the radula of the chiton Leptochiton asellus. Our experiment implemented three temperature (∼10, 15, 20 °C) and two pCO2 treatments (∼400 μatm, pH 8.0; ∼2000 μatm, pH 7.5) for six treatment groups. Animals (n = 50) were acclimated to the treatment conditions for a period of 4 weeks. This is sufficient time for growth of ca. 7-9 new tooth rows or 20% turnover of the mineralised portion. There was no significant difference in the number of new (non-mineralised) teeth or total tooth row count in any treatment. Examination of the radulae via SEM revealed no differences in microwear or breakage on the feeding cusps correlating to treatment groups. The shell valves also showed no signs of dissolution. As a lineage, chitons have survived repeated shifts in Earth's climate through geological time, and at least their radulae may be robust to future perturbations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia D Sigwart
- Queen's University Belfast, Marine Laboratory, 12-13 The Strand, Portaferry, Co., Down, BT22 1PF, UK.
| | - Nicholas Carey
- Queen's University Belfast, Marine Laboratory, 12-13 The Strand, Portaferry, Co., Down, BT22 1PF, UK
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