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Trimby P, Al-Mosawi M, Al-Jawad M, Micklethwaite S, Aslam Z, Winkelmann A, Piazolo S. The characterisation of dental enamel using transmission Kikuchi diffraction in the scanning electron microscope combined with dynamic template matching. Ultramicroscopy 2024; 260:113940. [PMID: 38422822 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2024.113940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Revised: 02/11/2024] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
The remarkable physical properties of dental enamel can be largely attributed to the structure of the hydroxyapatite (HAp) crystallites on the sub-micrometre scale. Characterising the HAp microstructure is challenging, due to the nanoscale of individual crystallites and practical challenges associated with HAp examination using electron microscopy techniques. Conventional methods for enamel characterisation include imaging using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) or specialised beamline techniques, such as polarisation-dependent imaging contrast (PIC). These provide useful information at the necessary spatial resolution but are not able to measure the full crystallographic orientation of the HAp crystallites. Here we demonstrate the effectiveness of enamel analyses using transmission Kikuchi diffraction (TKD) in the scanning electron microscope, coupled with newly-developed pattern matching methods. The pattern matching approach, using dynamic template matching coupled with subsequent orientation refinement, enables robust indexing of even poor-quality TKD patterns, resulting in significantly improved data quality compared to conventional diffraction pattern indexing methods. The potential of this method for the analysis of nanocrystalline enamel structures is demonstrated by the characterisation of a human enamel TEM sample and the subsequent comparison of the results to high resolution TEM imaging. The TKD - pattern matching approach measures the full HAp crystallographic orientation enabling a quantitative measurement of not just the c-axis orientations, but also the extent of any rotation of the crystal lattice about the c-axis, between and within grains. Results presented here show how this additional information highlights potentially significant aspects of the HAp crystallite structure, including intra-crystallite distortion and the presence of multiple high angle boundaries between adjacent crystallites with rotations about the c-axis. These and other observations enable a more rigorous understanding of the relationship between HAp structures and the physical properties of dental enamel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Trimby
- Oxford Instruments Nanoanalysis, High Wycombe, Buckinghamshire, UK; Carl Zeiss Ltd., Cambourne, Cambridge, UK.
| | | | - Maisoon Al-Jawad
- School of Dentistry, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK
| | - Stuart Micklethwaite
- School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK
| | - Zabeada Aslam
- School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK
| | | | - Sandra Piazolo
- School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK
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Trimby P, Piazolo S, Al-Mosawi M, Al-Jawad M, Micklethwaite S, Aslam Z, Winkelmann A. Effective Characterization of Dental Enamel Nanostructures Using Pattern Matching: A Combined TEM and SEM-TKD Study. Microsc Microanal 2023; 29:787-788. [PMID: 37613728 DOI: 10.1093/micmic/ozad067.391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Pat Trimby
- Oxford Instruments Nanoanalysis, High Wycombe, Buckinghamshire, UK
| | - Sandra Piazolo
- School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK
| | | | - Maisoon Al-Jawad
- School of Dentistry, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK
| | - Stuart Micklethwaite
- School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK
| | - Zabeada Aslam
- School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK
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Al-Mosawi M, Mousa BA, Almohana S, Hadi NR. THE RISK OF ACUTE KIDNEY INJURY AFTER ELECTIVE VERSUS EMERGENCY CORONARY INTERVENTION. Wiad Lek 2023; 75:3010-3017. [PMID: 36723319 DOI: 10.36740/wlek202212120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim: A serious and common complication after percutaneous coronary intervention is acute kidney injury, which is associated with an increased risk of renal, cardiovascular and even mortality; therefore, early prognosis and identification of patients at higher risk are essential for early initiation of preventive measures. The aim of this study is to predict and compare the risk for the development of CI-AKI in patient with ACS who undergo emergency PCI or elective (i.e. after medical stabilization) PCI by utilizing the sensitivity of serum NGAL as an early and reliable predictor for CI-AK. PATIENTS AND METHODS Materials and methods: The study include 37 patients with acute coronary syndrome, baseline serum creatinine, complete blood count and pre and two hours post operative serum neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin were measured and all patients underwent percutaneous coronary intervention according to the standard protocol used in Al Najaf Cardiac Center. RESULTS Results: This is a Two-Arm study that included a total of 37 patients with acute coronary syndrome aged 38-83 years. Eighteen of them had emergency percutaneous coronary intervention while the remaining 19 had elective percutaneous coronary intervention (after medical stabilization). Elevation of serum neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin level two hours after percutaneous coronary intervention was found to be significantly higher among emergency percutaneous coronary intervention group compared to elective group. CONCLUSION Conclusions: Acute coronary syndrome patients are undergoing emergency percutaneous coronary intervention are at an increasing risk for the development of contrast induced acute kidney injury than those undergoing elective percutaneous coronary intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bashar Abed Mousa
- DEPARTMENT OF NEPHROLOGY AND RENAL TRANSPLANT CENTRE, AL-SADER TEACHING HOSPITAL, NAJAF, IRAQ
| | - Sadiq Almohana
- DEPARTMENT OF MEDICINE, FACULTY OF MEDICINE, UNIVERSITY OF KUFA, NAJAF, IRAQ
| | - Najah R Hadi
- DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACOLOGY & THERAPEUTICS, FACULTY OF MEDICINE, UNIVERSITY OF KUFA, NAJAF, IRAQ
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Al-Mosawi M, Davis GR, Bushby A, Montgomery J, Beaumont J, Al-Jawad M. Crystallographic texture and mineral concentration quantification of developing and mature human incisal enamel. Sci Rep 2018; 8:14449. [PMID: 30262903 PMCID: PMC6160435 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-32425-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
For human dental enamel, what is the precise mineralization progression spatially and the precise timing of mineralization? This is an important question in the fundamental understanding of matrix-mediated biomineralization events, but in particular because we can use our understanding of this natural tissue growth in humans to develop biomimetic approaches to repair and replace lost enamel tissue. It is important to understand human tissues in particular since different species have quite distinct spatial and temporal progression of mineralization. In this study, five human central incisors at different stages of enamel maturation/mineralization were spatially mapped using synchrotron X-ray diffraction and X-ray microtomography techniques. From the earliest developmental stage, two crystallite-orientation populations coexist with angular separations between the crystallite populations of approximately 40° varying as a function of position within the tooth crown. In general, one population had significantly lower texture magnitude and contributed a higher percentage to the overall crystalline structure, compared to the other population which contributed only 20-30% but had significantly higher texture magnitude. This quantitative analysis allows us to understand the complex and co-operative structure-function relationship between two populations of crystallites within human enamel. There was an increase in the mineral concentration from the enamel-dentin junction peripherally and from the incisal tip cervically as a function of maturation time. Quantitative backscattered-electron analyses showed that mineralization of prism cores precedes that of prism boundaries. These results provide new insights into the precise understanding of the natural growth of human enamel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Al-Mosawi
- Institute of Dentistry, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary, University of London, London, E1 4NS, United Kingdom
| | - Graham Roy Davis
- Institute of Dentistry, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary, University of London, London, E1 4NS, United Kingdom
| | - Andy Bushby
- School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 4NS, United Kingdom
| | - Janet Montgomery
- Department of Archaeology, Durham University, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - Julia Beaumont
- School of Archaeological and Forensic Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, BD7 1DP, United Kingdom
| | - Maisoon Al-Jawad
- Institute of Dentistry, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary, University of London, London, E1 4NS, United Kingdom.
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Arifhodzic N, Behbehani N, Duwaisan AR, Al-Mosawi M, Khan M. Safety of subcutaneous specific immunotherapy with pollen allergen extracts for respiratory allergy. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2004; 132:258-62. [PMID: 14646387 DOI: 10.1159/000074307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2003] [Accepted: 07/21/2003] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Specific immunotherapy (SIT) is a well-documented treatment for respiratory allergy. However, the major risk of SIT is the development of systemic anaphylactic reactions. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the safety of SIT given by subcutaneous route for 3 years to patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis (AR) with or without asthma. METHODS A prospective open-label study of immunotherapy (Chenopodium album, Bermuda grass, or both) in 181 consecutive patients with AR with or without asthma. After an initial dose-escalation phase, a maintenance dose of 0.5 ml of 100,000 PNU/ml was administered monthly for 3 years. The occurrence and severity of systemic reaction (SR) and local reaction was recorded and graded according to the WHO position paper. RESULTS Of 181 patients enrolled, 57 (31%) did not complete the study (53 due to poor compliance and 4 due to systemic side effects). All 4 patients who developed SR had asthma and all the SR occurred during the dose- escalation phase. Three patients had moderate SR (grade 2), while 1 patient had severe reaction (grade 3). Three of the SR occurred within the first 20 min after injection and 1 SR occurred 2 h after injection. None of the reactions were life threatening and were managed easily. Total rhinitis symptom score decreased from 11.8 at baseline to 7.46 at the end of treatment (p<0.001). The size of the skin prick test reaction to the main sensitising allergen was reduced from 7.48 +/- 2.26 mm at baseline to 5.60 +/- 2.18 mm at the end of treatment, p<001. CONCLUSION If a strict protocol is used, SIT is safe in AR patients with or without mild asthma and may result in significant subjective and objective improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Arifhodzic
- Al Rashed Allergy Centre, Kuwait University, Safat, Kuwait
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Sly WS, Whyte MP, Sundaram V, Tashian RE, Hewett-Emmett D, Guibaud P, Vainsel M, Baluarte HJ, Gruskin A, Al-Mosawi M. Carbonic anhydrase II deficiency in 12 families with the autosomal recessive syndrome of osteopetrosis with renal tubular acidosis and cerebral calcification. N Engl J Med 1985; 313:139-45. [PMID: 3925334 DOI: 10.1056/nejm198507183130302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 252] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Osteopetrosis with renal tubular acidosis and cerebral calcification was identified as a recessively inherited syndrome in 1972. In 1983, we reported a deficiency of carbonic anhydrase II, one of the isozymes of carbonic anhydrase, in three sisters with this disorder. We now describe our study of 18 similarly affected patients with this syndrome in 11 unrelated families of different geographic and ethnic origins. Virtual absence of the carbonic anhydrase II peak on high-performance liquid chromatography, of the esterase and carbon dioxide hydratase activities of carbonic anhydrase II, and of immunoprecipitable isozyme II was demonstrated on extracts of erythrocyte hemolysates from all patients studied. Reduced levels of isozyme II were found in obligate heterozygotes. These observations demonstrate the generality of the findings that we reported earlier in one family and provide further evidence that a deficiency of carbonic anhydrase II is the enzymatic basis for the autosomal recessive syndrome of osteopetrosis with renal tubular acidosis and cerebral calcification. We also summarize the clinical findings in these families, propose mechanisms by which a deficiency of carbonic anhydrase II could produce this metabolic disorder of bone, kidney, and brain, and discuss the clinical evidence for genetic heterogeneity in patients from different kindreds with this inborn error of metabolism.
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