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Singh Y, Jaswal S, Singh S, Verma SK, Thareja S. Dual aromatase-steroid sulfatase inhibitors (DASI's) for the treatment of breast cancer: a structure guided ligand based designing approach. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023; 41:10604-10626. [PMID: 36510679 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2022.2155702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Dual aromatase-steroid sulfatase inhibitors (DASIs) lead to significant deprivation of estrogen levels as compared to a single target inhibition and thereby exhibited an additive or synergistic effect in the treatment of hormone-dependent breast cancer (HDBC). Triazole-bearing DASI's having structural features of clinically available aromatase inhibitors are identified as lead structures for optimization as DASI's. To identify the spatial fingerprints of target-specific triazole as DASI's, we have performed molecular docking assisted Gaussian field-based comparative 3D-QSAR studies on a dataset with dual aromatase-STS inhibitory activities. Separate contours were generated for both aromatase and steroid sulphates showing respective pharmacophoric structural requirements for optimal activity. These developed 3D-QSAR models also showed good statistical measures with the excellent predictive ability with PLS-generated validation constraints. Comparative steric, electrostatic, hydrophobic, HBA, and HBD features were elucidated using respective contour maps for selective target-specific favourable activity. Furthermore, the molecular docking was used for elucidating the mode of binding as DASI's along with the MD simulation of 100 ns revealed that all the protease-ligand docked complexes are overall stable as compared to reference ligand (inhibitor ASD or Irosustat) complex. Further, the MM-GBSA study revealed that compound 24 binds to aromatase as well as STS active site with relatively lower binding energy than reference complex, respectively. A comparative study of these developed multitargeted QSAR models along with molecular docking and dynamics study can be employed for the optimization of drug candidates as DASI's.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yogesh Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, School of Health Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Punjab, India
| | - Shalini Jaswal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, ISF College of Pharmacy, Punjab, India
| | - Satwinder Singh
- Department of Computer Science and Technology, School of Engineering and Technology, Central University of Punjab, Punjab, India
| | - Sant Kumar Verma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, ISF College of Pharmacy, Punjab, India
| | - Suresh Thareja
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, School of Health Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Punjab, India
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2
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Ilovaisky AI, Scherbakov AM, Chernoburova EI, Povarov AA, Shchetinina MA, Merkulova VM, Salnikova DI, Sorokin DV, Bozhenko EI, Zavarzin IV, Terent'ev AO. Secosteroid thiosemicarbazides and secosteroid-1,2,4-triazoles as antiproliferative agents targeting breast cancer cells: Synthesis and biological evaluation. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2023; 234:106386. [PMID: 37666392 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2023.106386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
A convenient and selective approach to 13,17-secoestra-1,3,5(10)-trien-17-oic acid [N'-arylcarbothioamido]hydrazides and hybrid molecules containing secosteroid and 1,2,4-triazole fragments was disclosed and these novel types of secosteroids were screened for cytotoxicity against hormone-dependent human breast cancer cell line MCF-7. Most of secosteroid-1,2,4-triazole hybrids showed significant cytotoxic effect comparable or superior to that of the reference drug cisplatin. Hit secosteroid-1,2,4-triazole hybrids 4b and 4h were characterized by high cytotoxicity and good selectivity towards MCF-7 breast cancer cells. PARP cleavage (marker of apoptosis) and ERα and cyclin D1 downregulation were discovered in MCF-7 cells treated with lead secosteroid-1,2,4-triazole hybrid 4b. The synthesized secosteroids may be considered as new promising anticancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey I Ilovaisky
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky prospect 47, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Alexander M Scherbakov
- N.N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology, Kashirskoye shosse 24, Moscow 115522, Russia
| | - Elena I Chernoburova
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky prospect 47, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Andrey A Povarov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky prospect 47, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Marina A Shchetinina
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky prospect 47, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Valentina M Merkulova
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky prospect 47, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Diana I Salnikova
- N.N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology, Kashirskoye shosse 24, Moscow 115522, Russia
| | - Danila V Sorokin
- N.N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology, Kashirskoye shosse 24, Moscow 115522, Russia
| | - Eugene I Bozhenko
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky prospect 47, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Igor V Zavarzin
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky prospect 47, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Alexander O Terent'ev
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky prospect 47, Moscow 119991, Russia.
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Shetnev A, Kotov A, Kunichkina A, Proskurina I, Baykov S, Korsakov M, Petzer A, Petzer JP. Monoamine oxidase inhibition properties of 2,1-benzisoxazole derivatives. Mol Divers 2023:10.1007/s11030-023-10628-4. [PMID: 36934384 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-023-10628-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/20/2023]
Abstract
Monoamine oxidase (MAO) are flavoenzymes that metabolize neurotransmitter, dietary and xenobiotic amines to their corresponding aldehydes with the production of hydrogen peroxide. Two isoforms, MAO-A and MAO-B, are expressed in humans and mammals, and display different substrate and inhibitor specificities as well as different physiological roles. MAO inhibitors are of much therapeutic value and are used for the treatment of neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders such as depression, anxiety disorders, and Parkinson's disease. To discover MAO inhibitors with good potencies and interesting isoform specificities, the present study synthesized a series of 2,1-benzisoxazole (anthranil) derivatives and evaluated them as in vitro inhibitors of human MAO. The compounds were in most instances specific inhibitors of MAO-B with the most potent MAO-B inhibition observed for 7a (IC50 = 0.017 µM) and 7b (IC50 = 0.098 µM). The most potent MAO-A inhibition was observed for 3l (IC50 = 5.35 µM) and 5 (IC50 = 3.29 µM). It is interesting to note that 3-(2-aminoethoxy)-1,2-benzisoxazole derivatives, the 1,2-benzisoxazole, zonisamide, as well as the isoxazole compound, leflunomide, have been described as MAO inhibitors. This is however the first report of MAO inhibition by derivatives of the 2,1-benzisoxazole structural isomer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Shetnev
- Pharmaceutical Technology Transfer Center, Yaroslavl State Pedagogical University Named After K.D. Ushinsky, 108 Respublikanskaya St., Yaroslavl, 150000, Russian Federation
| | - Alexandr Kotov
- Pharmaceutical Technology Transfer Center, Yaroslavl State Pedagogical University Named After K.D. Ushinsky, 108 Respublikanskaya St., Yaroslavl, 150000, Russian Federation
| | - Anna Kunichkina
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Kosygin Russian State University, 115035, Moscow, Russia
| | - Irina Proskurina
- Pharmaceutical Technology Transfer Center, Yaroslavl State Pedagogical University Named After K.D. Ushinsky, 108 Respublikanskaya St., Yaroslavl, 150000, Russian Federation
| | - Sergey Baykov
- Institute of ChemistryDepartment of Organic Chemistry, Kosygin Russian State University, 115035, Moscow, Russia, Saint Petersburg State University, 7/9 Universitetskaya Nab., Saint Petersburg, 199034, Russian Federation
| | - Mikhail Korsakov
- Pharmaceutical Technology Transfer Center, Yaroslavl State Pedagogical University Named After K.D. Ushinsky, 108 Respublikanskaya St., Yaroslavl, 150000, Russian Federation
| | - Anél Petzer
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa
| | - Jacobus P Petzer
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa.
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Li X, Li X, Liu F, Li S, Shi D. Rational Multitargeted Drug Design Strategy from the Perspective of a Medicinal Chemist. J Med Chem 2021; 64:10581-10605. [PMID: 34313432 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The development of multitarget-directed ligands (MTDLs) has become a widely focused research topic, but rational design remains as an enormous challenge. This paper reviews and discusses the design strategy of incorporating the second activity into an existing single-active ligand. If the binding sites of both targets share similar endogenous substrates, MTDLs can be designed by merging two lead compounds with similar functional groups. If the binding sites are large or adjacent to the solution, two key pharmacophores can be fused directly. If the binding regions are small and deep inside the proteins, the linked-pharmacophore strategy might be the only way. The added pharmacophores of second targets should not affect the binding mode of the original ones. Moreover, the inhibitory activities of the two targets need to be adjusted to achieve an optimal ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangqian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao 266237, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Xiaowei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao 266237, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Fang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao 266237, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Shuo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao 266237, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Dayong Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao 266237, Shandong, P. R. China
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Lu GP, Lin YM. A Base-Induced Ring-Opening Process of 2-Substituted-1,3,4-Oxadiazoles for the Generation of Nitriles at Room Temperature. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL RESEARCH 2019. [DOI: 10.3184/174751914x14007780679741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guo-ping Lu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, 200 Xiaoling Wei, Nanjing 210094, P.R. China
| | - Ya-mei Lin
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, 200 Xiaoling Wei, Nanjing 210094, P.R. China
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Designing multi-targeted agents: An emerging anticancer drug discovery paradigm. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 136:195-211. [PMID: 28494256 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Revised: 04/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The dominant paradigm in drug discovery is to design ligands with maximum selectivity to act on individual drug targets. With the target-based approach, many new chemical entities have been discovered, developed, and further approved as drugs. However, there are a large number of complex diseases such as cancer that cannot be effectively treated or cured only with one medicine to modulate the biological function of a single target. As simultaneous intervention of two (or multiple) cancer progression relevant targets has shown improved therapeutic efficacy, the innovation of multi-targeted drugs has become a promising and prevailing research topic and numerous multi-targeted anticancer agents are currently at various developmental stages. However, most multi-pharmacophore scaffolds are usually discovered by serendipity or screening, while rational design by combining existing pharmacophore scaffolds remains an enormous challenge. In this review, four types of multi-pharmacophore modes are discussed, and the examples from literature will be used to introduce attractive lead compounds with the capability of simultaneously interfering with different enzyme or signaling pathway of cancer progression, which will reveal the trends and insights to help the design of the next generation multi-targeted anticancer agents.
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Salah M, Abdelsamie AS, Frotscher M. First Dual Inhibitors of Steroid Sulfatase (STS) and 17β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 1 (17β-HSD1): Designed Multiple Ligands as Novel Potential Therapeutics for Estrogen-Dependent Diseases. J Med Chem 2017; 60:4086-4092. [PMID: 28406629 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b00062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
STS and 17β-HSD1 are attractive targets for the treatment of estrogen-dependent diseases like endometriosis and breast cancer. The simultaneous inhibition of both enzymes appears more promising than blockage of either protein alone. We describe a designed multiple ligand approach resulting in highly potent dual inhibitors. The most interesting compound 9 showed nanomolar IC50 values for both proteins, membrane permeability, and no interference with estrogen receptors. It efficiently reversed E1S- and E1-induced T47D cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Salah
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Saarland University , Campus C23, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Ahmed S Abdelsamie
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Saarland University , Campus C23, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany.,Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products Department, National Research Centre , Dokki, 12622 Cairo, Egypt
| | - Martin Frotscher
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Saarland University , Campus C23, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
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Jha T, Adhikari N, Halder AK, Saha A. Ligand- and Structure-Based Drug Design of Non-Steroidal Aromatase Inhibitors (NSAIs) in Breast Cancer. Oncology 2017. [DOI: 10.4018/978-1-5225-0549-5.ch004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Aromatase is a multienzyme complex overexpressed in breast cancer and responsible for estrogen production. It is the potential target for designing anti-breast cancer drugs. Ligand and Structure-Based Drug Designing approaches (LBDD and SBDD) are involved in development of active and more specific Nonsteroidal Aromatase Inhibitors (NSAIs). Different LBDD and SBDD approaches are presented here to understand their utility in designing novel NSAIs. It is observed that molecules should possess a five or six membered heterocyclic nitrogen containing ring to coordinate with heme portion of aromatase for inhibition. Moreover, one or two hydrogen bond acceptor features, hydrophobicity, and steric factors may play crucial roles for anti-aromatase activity. Electrostatic, van der Waals, and p-p interactions are other important factors that determine binding affinity of inhibitors. HQSAR, LDA-QSAR, GQSAR, CoMFA, and CoMSIA approaches, pharmacophore mapping followed by virtual screening, docking, and dynamic simulation may be effective approaches for designing new potent anti-aromatase molecules.
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9
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Thomas MP, Potter BVL. Discovery and Development of the Aryl O-Sulfamate Pharmacophore for Oncology and Women's Health. J Med Chem 2015; 58:7634-58. [PMID: 25992880 PMCID: PMC5159624 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b00386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
In 1994, following work from this laboratory, it was reported that estrone-3-O-sulfamate irreversibly inhibits a new potential hormone-dependent cancer target steroid sulfatase (STS). Subsequent drug discovery projects were initiated to develop the core aryl O-sulfamate pharmacophore that, over some 20 years, have led to steroidal and nonsteroidal drugs in numerous preclinical and clinical trials, with promising results in oncology and women's health, including endometriosis. Drugs have been designed to inhibit STS, e.g., Irosustat, as innovative dual-targeting aromatase-steroid sulfatase inhibitors (DASIs) and as multitargeting agents for hormone-independent tumors, such as the steroidal STX140 and nonsteroidal counterparts, acting inter alia through microtubule disruption. The aryl sulfamate pharmacophore is highly versatile, operating via three distinct mechanisms of action, and imbues attractive pharmaceutical properties. This Perspective gives a personal view of the work leading both to the therapeutic concepts and these drugs, their current status, and how they might develop in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark P. Thomas
- Wolfson Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Barry V. L. Potter
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3QT, United Kingdom
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Jha T, Adhikari N, Halder AK, Saha A. Ligand- and Structure-Based Drug Design of Non-Steroidal Aromatase Inhibitors (NSAIs) in Breast Cancer. QUANTITATIVE STRUCTURE-ACTIVITY RELATIONSHIPS IN DRUG DESIGN, PREDICTIVE TOXICOLOGY, AND RISK ASSESSMENT 2015. [DOI: 10.4018/978-1-4666-8136-1.ch011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Aromatase is a multienzyme complex overexpressed in breast cancer and responsible for estrogen production. It is the potential target for designing anti-breast cancer drugs. Ligand and Structure-Based Drug Designing approaches (LBDD and SBDD) are involved in development of active and more specific Nonsteroidal Aromatase Inhibitors (NSAIs). Different LBDD and SBDD approaches are presented here to understand their utility in designing novel NSAIs. It is observed that molecules should possess a five or six membered heterocyclic nitrogen containing ring to coordinate with heme portion of aromatase for inhibition. Moreover, one or two hydrogen bond acceptor features, hydrophobicity, and steric factors may play crucial roles for anti-aromatase activity. Electrostatic, van der Waals, and p-p interactions are other important factors that determine binding affinity of inhibitors. HQSAR, LDA-QSAR, GQSAR, CoMFA, and CoMSIA approaches, pharmacophore mapping followed by virtual screening, docking, and dynamic simulation may be effective approaches for designing new potent anti-aromatase molecules.
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Rana A, Alex JM, Chauhan M, Joshi G, Kumar R. A review on pharmacophoric designs of antiproliferative agents. Med Chem Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-014-1196-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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12
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Ji JZ, Lao KJ, Hu J, Pang T, Jiang ZZ, Yuan HL, Miao JS, Chen X, Ning SS, Xiang H, Guo YM, Yan M, Zhang LY. Discovery of novel aromatase inhibitors using a homogeneous time-resolved fluorescence assay. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2014; 35:1082-92. [PMID: 25047514 PMCID: PMC4125720 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2014.53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM Aromatase is an important target for drugs to treat hormone-dependent diseases, including breast cancer. The aim of this study was to develop a homogeneous time-resolved fluorescence (HTRF) aromatase assay suitable for high-throughput screening (HTS). METHODS A 384-well aromatase HTRF assay was established, and used to screen about 7000 compounds from a compound library. Anti-proliferation activity of the hit was evaluated using alamarBlue(R) assay in a hormone-dependent breast cancer cell line T47D. Molecular docking was conducted to elucidate the binding mode of the hit using the Discovery Studio program. RESULTS The Z' value and signal to background (S/B) ratio were 0.74 and 5.4, respectively. Among the 7000 compounds, 4 hits (XHN22, XHN26, XHN27 and triptoquinone A) were found to inhibit aromatase with IC50 values of 1.60±0.07, 2.76±0.24, 0.81±0.08 and 45.8±11.3 μmol /L, respectively. The hits XHN22, XHN26 and XHN27 shared the same chemical scaffold of 4-imidazolyl quinoline. Moreover, the most potent hit XHN27 at 10 and 50 μmol/L inhibited the proliferation of T47D cells by 45.3% and 35.2%, respectively. The docking study revealed that XHN27 docked within the active site of aromatase and might form a hydrogen bond and had a π-cation interaction with amino acid residues of the protein. CONCLUSION XHN27, an imidazolyl quinoline derivative of flavonoid, is a potent aromatase inhibitor with anti-proliferation activity against breast cancer in vitro. The established assay can be used in HTS for discovering novel aromatase inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-zi Ji
- Jiangsu Center for Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Ke-jing Lao
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Jie Hu
- Jiangsu Center for Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Tao Pang
- Jiangsu Center for Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Jiangsu Center for Pharmacodynamics Research and Evaluation, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Zhen-zhou Jiang
- Jiangsu Center for Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (China Pharmaceutical University), Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Hao-liang Yuan
- Laboratory of Molecular Design and Drug Discovery, School of Science, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Jing-shan Miao
- Jiangsu Center for Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Xin Chen
- Jiangsu Center for Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Shan-shan Ning
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Hua Xiang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yu-meng Guo
- Jiangsu Center for Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Ming Yan
- Jiangsu Center for Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Jiangsu Center for Pharmacodynamics Research and Evaluation, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Lu-yong Zhang
- Jiangsu Center for Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
- State Key laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
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Zhou N, Han SY, Zhou F, Li PP. Anti-tumor effect of Shu-Gan-Liang-Xue decoction in breast cancer is related to the inhibition of aromatase and steroid sulfatase expression. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2014; 154:687-695. [PMID: 24809288 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2014.04.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Revised: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 04/27/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Shu-Gan-Liang-Xue Decoction (SGLXD), a traditional Chinese herbal formula used to ameliorate the hot flushes in breast cancer patients, was reported to have anti-tumor effect on breast cancer. Estrogen plays a critical role in the genesis and evolution of breast cancer. Aromatase and steroid sulfatase (STS) are key estrogen synthesis enzymes that predominantly contribute to the high local hormone concentrations. The present study was to evaluate the anti-tumor effect of SGLXD on estrogen receptor (ER) positive breast cancer cell line ZR-75-1, and to investigate its underlying mechanisms both in vitro and in vivo. MATERIALS AND METHODS The anti-tumor activity of SGLXD in vitro was investigated using the MTT assay. The in vivo anti-tumor effect of SGLXD was evaluated in non-ovariectomized and ovariectomized athymic nude mice. The effect of SGLXD on enzymatic activity of aromatase and STS was examined using the dual-luciferase reporter (DLR) based on bioluminescent measurements. Aromatase and STS protein level were assessed using Western blot assay. RESULTS SGLXD showed dose-dependent inhibitory effect on the proliferation of ZR-75-1 cells with IC50 value of 3.40 mg/mL. It also suppressed the stimulating effect on cell proliferation of testosterone and estrogen sulfates (E1S). Oral administration of 6 g/kg of SGLXD for 25 days resulted in a reduction in tumor volume in non-ovariectomized and ovariectomized nude mice. The bioluminescent measurements confirmed that SGLXD has a dual-inhibitory effect on the activity of aromatase and STS. Western blot assay demonstrated that the treatment of SGLXD resulted in a decrease in aromatase and STS protein levels both in vitro and in vivo. CONCLUSION Our results suggested that SGLXD showed anti-tumor effect on breast cancer cells both in vitro and in vivo. The anti-tumor activity of SGLXD is related to inhibition of aromatase and STS via decreasing their expression. SGLXD may be considered as a novel treatment for ER positive breast cancer.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/chemistry
- Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/isolation & purification
- Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/pharmacology
- Aromatase/metabolism
- Aromatase Inhibitors/chemistry
- Aromatase Inhibitors/isolation & purification
- Aromatase Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Breast Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Breast Neoplasms/enzymology
- Breast Neoplasms/metabolism
- Breast Neoplasms/surgery
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Drugs, Chinese Herbal/chemistry
- Drugs, Chinese Herbal/isolation & purification
- Drugs, Chinese Herbal/pharmacology
- Enzyme Inhibitors/chemistry
- Enzyme Inhibitors/isolation & purification
- Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Female
- Humans
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Nude
- Plants, Medicinal/chemistry
- Steryl-Sulfatase/biosynthesis
- Steryl-Sulfatase/metabolism
- Structure-Activity Relationship
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Integration of Chinese and Western Medicine, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing 100142, China.
| | - Shu-Yan Han
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Integration of Chinese and Western Medicine, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing 100142, China.
| | - Fei Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Integration of Chinese and Western Medicine, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing 100142, China.
| | - Ping-ping Li
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Integration of Chinese and Western Medicine, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing 100142, China.
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14
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Mondal S, Panda G. Synthetic methodologies of achiral diarylmethanols, diaryl and triarylmethanes (TRAMs) and medicinal properties of diaryl and triarylmethanes-an overview. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra01341g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This review covers the synthesis of achiral diarylmethanols, diaryl and triarylmethanes and the bioactivities of diaryl and triarylmethanes during 1995 to 2013.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sankalan Mondal
- Central Drug Research Institute
- Medicinal and Process Chemistry Division
- Lucknow, India
| | - Gautam Panda
- Central Drug Research Institute
- Medicinal and Process Chemistry Division
- Lucknow, India
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Woo LWL, Wood PM, Bubert C, Thomas MP, Purohit A, Potter BVL. Synthesis and structure-activity relationship studies of derivatives of the dual aromatase-sulfatase inhibitor 4-{[(4-cyanophenyl)(4H-1,2,4-triazol-4-yl)amino]methyl}phenyl sulfamate. ChemMedChem 2013; 8:779-99. [PMID: 23495205 PMCID: PMC3743159 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201300015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2013] [Revised: 02/13/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
4-{[(4-Cyanophenyl)(4H-1,2,4-triazol-4-yl)amino]methyl}phenyl sulfamate and its ortho-halogenated (F, Cl, Br) derivatives are first-generation dual aromatase and sulfatase inhibitors (DASIs). Structure-activity relationship studies were performed on these compounds, and various modifications were made to their structures involving relocation of the halogen atom, introduction of more halogen atoms, replacement of the halogen with another group, replacement of the methylene linker with a difluoromethylene linker, replacement of the para-cyanophenyl ring with other ring structures, and replacement of the triazolyl group with an imidazolyl group. The most potent in vitro DASI discovered is an imidazole derivative with IC50 values against aromatase and steroid sulfatase in a JEG-3 cell preparation of 0.2 and 2.5 nM, respectively. The parent phenol of this compound inhibits aromatase with an IC50 value of 0.028 nM in the same assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- L W Lawrence Woo
- Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
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16
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Steroid sulfatase (STS) converts sulfated hormones to free hormones of importance in hormone-dependent diseases such as breast cancer and endometriosis. Carbohydrate sulfatases degrade complex carbohydrates as part of normal cellular turnover; certain lysosomal storage disorders (LSDs) involve defective processing of sulfated glycosaminoglycans by mutant sulfatases. AREAS COVERED Aryl sulfamates have been developed as STS inhibitors, and STX64 and PGL2001 are under evaluation in Phase I and II clinical trials for treatment of endometrial and metastatic breast and prostate cancers and endometriosis. Dual-acting compounds have emerged that are aromatase inhibitors (AIs), selective estrogen receptor antagonists, or inhibitors of microtubule polymerization. Sulfamidase inhibitors as pharmacological chaperones to assist maturation of folding-defective mutants for the treatment of Sanfilippo type A disease are under investigation. Coverage: The patent literature after the mid-1990s. EXPERT OPINION The failure of STX64 in a Phase II monotherapy clinical trial should not dissuade further investigations in multidrug regimens, particularly in combination with AIs. The recent development of dual-acting compounds may enhance the potential for success in the clinic. Further investigations into aryl sulfamates are required to clarify the molecular mechanism of action; additionally, new reversible sulfatase inhibition concepts are needed for the development of pharmacological chaperones for sulfatase LSDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spencer J Williams
- University of Melbourne, School of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
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17
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Synthesis and evaluation of analogues of estrone-3-O-sulfamate as potent steroid sulfatase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2012; 20:2506-19. [PMID: 22455789 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2012.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2012] [Revised: 02/28/2012] [Accepted: 03/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Estrone sulfamate (EMATE) is a potent irreversible inhibitor of steroid sulfatase (STS). In order to further expand SAR, the compound was substituted at the 2- and/or 4-positions and its 17-carbonyl group was also removed. The following general order of potency against STS in two in vitro systems is observed for the derivatives: The 4-NO(2) > 2-halogens, 2-cyano > EMATE (unsubstituted)>17-deoxyEMATE > 2-NO(2) > 4-bromo>2-(2-propenyl), 2-n-propyl > 4-(2-propenyl), 4-n-propyl > 2,4-(2-propenyl)= 2,4-di-n-propyl. There is a clear advantage in potency to place an electron-withdrawing substituent on the A-ring with halogens preferred at the 2-position, but nitro at the 4-position. Substitution with 2-propenyl or n-propyl at the 2- and/or 4-position of EMATE, and also removal of the 17-carbonyl group are detrimental to potency. Three cyclic sulfamates designed are not STS inhibitors. This further confirms that a free or N-unsubstituted sulfamate group (H(2)NSO(2)O-) is a prerequisite for potent and irreversible inhibition of STS as shown by inhibitors like EMATE and Irosustat. The most potent derivative synthesized is 4-nitroEMATE (2), whose IC(50)s in placental microsomes and MCF-7 cells are respectively 0.8 nM and 0.01 nM.
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18
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Pokhrel M, Ma E. Synthesis and screening of aromatase inhibitory activity of substituted C19 steroidal 17-oxime analogs. Molecules 2011; 16:9868-85. [PMID: 22124202 PMCID: PMC6264551 DOI: 10.3390/molecules16129868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2011] [Revised: 11/05/2011] [Accepted: 11/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The synthesis and aromatase inhibitory activity of androst-4-en-, androst-5-en-, 1β,2β-epoxy- and/or androsta-4,6-dien-, 4β,5β-epoxyandrostane-, and 4-substituted androst-4-en-17-oxime derivatives are described. Inhibition activity of synthesized compounds was assessed using aromatase enzyme and [1β-3H]androstenedione as substrate. Most of the compounds displayed similar to or more aromatase inhibitory activity than formestane (74.2%). 4-Chloro-3β-hydroxy-4-androsten-17-one oxime (14, 93.8%) showed the highest activity, while 4-azido-3β-hydroxy-4-androsten-17-one oxime (17, 32.8%) showed the lowest inhibitory activity for aromatase.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eunsook Ma
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; ; Tel.: +82-53-850-3621; Fax: +82-53-850-3602
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19
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Fu XS, Li PP. Shu-Gan-Liang-Xue Decoction Simultaneously Down-regulates Expressions of Aromatase and Steroid Sulfatase in Estrogen Receptor Positive Breast Cancer Cells. Chin J Cancer Res 2011; 23:208-13. [PMID: 23467843 DOI: 10.1007/s11670-011-0208-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2011] [Accepted: 06/17/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Estradiol (E2) plays an important role in the development of breast cancer. In postmenopausal women, the estrogen can be synthesized via aromatase (CYP19) pathway and steroid-sulfatase (STS) pathway in peripheral tissues, when the production in ovary has ceased. The objective of our study was to explore the effects of Shu-Gan-Liang-Xue Decoction (SGLXD) on the expressions of CYP19 and STS in estrogen receptor positive breast cancer MCF-7 and T47D cells. METHODS The effects of SGLXD on the cell viability of MCF-7 and T47D were analyzed by MTT assay. By quantitative real-time RT-PCR and Western blot, we evaluated the mRNA and protein expressions of CYP19 and STS in MCF-7 and T47D cells after SGLXD treatment. RESULTS By MTT assay, the cell viability rates of MCF-7 and T47D were significantly inhibited by SGLXD in a dose-dependent manner, the IC50 values were 40.07 mg/ml for MCF-7 cells and 25.62 mg/ml for T47D cells, respectively. As evidenced by real-time PCR and Western blot, the high concentrations of SGLXD significantly down-regulated the expressions of CYP19 and STS both in the transcript level and the protein level. CONCLUSION The results suggest that SGLXD is a potential dual aromatase-sulfatase inhibitor by simultaneously down-regulating the expressions of CYP19 and STS in MCF-7 and T47D cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Song Fu
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Peking University School of Oncology, Beijing Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing 100142, China
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20
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Wood PM, Woo LWL, Thomas MP, Mahon MF, Purohit A, Potter BVL. Aromatase and dual aromatase-steroid sulfatase inhibitors from the letrozole and vorozole templates. ChemMedChem 2011; 6:1423-38. [PMID: 21608133 PMCID: PMC3170879 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201100145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Concurrent inhibition of aromatase and steroid sulfatase (STS) may provide a more effective treatment for hormone-dependent breast cancer than monotherapy against individual enzymes, and several dual aromatase-sulfatase inhibitors (DASIs) have been reported. Three aromatase inhibitors with sub-nanomolar potency, better than the benchmark agent letrozole, were designed. To further explore the DASI concept, a new series of letrozole-derived sulfamates and a vorozole-based sulfamate were designed and biologically evaluated in JEG-3 cells to reveal structure-activity relationships. Amongst achiral and racemic compounds, 2-bromo-4-(2-(4-cyanophenyl)-2-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)ethyl)phenyl sulfamate is the most potent DASI (aromatase: IC₅₀ =0.87 nM; STS: IC₅₀ =593 nM). The enantiomers of the phenolic precursor to this compound were separated by chiral HPLC and their absolute configuration determined by X-ray crystallography. Following conversion to their corresponding sulfamates, the S-(+)-enantiomer was found to inhibit aromatase and sulfatase most potently (aromatase: IC₅₀ =0.52 nM; STS: IC₅₀ =280 nM). The docking of each enantiomer and other ligands into the aromatase and sulfatase active sites was also investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul M Wood
- Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of BathClaverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY (UK), Fax: (+44) 1225-386-114
| | - L W Lawrence Woo
- Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of BathClaverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY (UK), Fax: (+44) 1225-386-114
| | - Mark P Thomas
- Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of BathClaverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY (UK), Fax: (+44) 1225-386-114
| | - Mary F Mahon
- X-Ray Crystallographic Suite, Department of Chemistry, University of BathClaverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY (UK)
| | - Atul Purohit
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Imperial College London, Hammersmith HospitalLondon, W12 0NN (UK)
| | - Barry V L Potter
- Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of BathClaverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY (UK), Fax: (+44) 1225-386-114
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21
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Woo LWL, Purohit A, Potter BVL. Development of steroid sulfatase inhibitors. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2011; 340:175-85. [PMID: 21238537 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2010.12.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2010] [Revised: 10/13/2010] [Accepted: 12/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Hydrolysis of biologically inactive steroid sulfates to unconjugated steroids by steroid sulfatase (STS) is strongly implicated in rendering estrogenic stimulation to hormone-dependent cancers such as those of the breast. Considerable progress has been made in the past two decades with regard to the discovery, design and development of STS inhibitors. We outline historical aspects of their development, cumulating in the discovery of the first clinical trial candidate STX64 (BN83495, Irosustat) and other sulfamate-based inhibitors. The development of reversible STS inhibitors and the design of dual inhibitors of both aromatase and STS is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- L W Lawrence Woo
- Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
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22
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Geisler J, Sasano H, Chen S, Purohit A. Steroid sulfatase inhibitors: promising new tools for breast cancer therapy? J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2011; 125:39-45. [PMID: 21356310 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2011.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2010] [Revised: 02/05/2011] [Accepted: 02/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Inhibition of aromatase is currently well-established as the major treatment option of hormone-dependent breast cancer in postmenopausal women. However, despite the effects of aromatase inhibitors in both early and metastatic breast cancer, endocrine resistance may cause relapses of the disease and progression of metastasis. Thus, driven by the success of manipulating the steroidogenic enzyme aromatase, several alternative enzymes involved in steroid synthesis and metabolism have recently been investigated as possible drug targets. One of the most promising targets is the steroid sulfatase (STS) which converts steroid sulfates like estrone sulfate (E1S) and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS) to estrone (E1) and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), respectively. Estrone and DHEA may thereafter be used for the synthesis of more potent estrogens and androgens that may eventually fuel hormone-sensitive breast cancer cells. The present review summarizes the biology behind steroid sulfatase and its inhibition, the currently available information derived from basic and early clinical trials in breast cancer patients, as well as ongoing research. Article from the Special Issue on Targeted Inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Geisler
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Division of Clinical Medicine and Laboratory Sciences, University of Oslo, Norway.
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23
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Woo LWL, Bubert C, Purohit A, Potter BVL. Hybrid dual aromatase-steroid sulfatase inhibitors with exquisite picomolar inhibitory activity. ACS Med Chem Lett 2011; 2:243-7. [PMID: 24900302 PMCID: PMC4018047 DOI: 10.1021/ml100273k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2010] [Accepted: 12/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Single agents against multiple drug targets are highly topical. Hormone-dependent breast cancer (HDBC) may be more effectively treated by dual inhibition of aromatase and steroid sulfatase (STS), and several dual aromatase-sulfatase inhibitors (DASIs) have been recently reported. The best compounds from two leading classes of DASI, 3 and 9, are low nanomolar inhibitors. In search of a novel class of DASI, core motifs of two leading classes were combined to give a series of hybrid structures, with several compounds showing markedly improved dual inhibitory activities in the picomolar range in JEG-3 cells. Thus, DASIs 14 (IC50: aromatase, 15 pM; STS, 830 pM) and 15 (IC50: aromatase, 18 pM; STS, 130 pM) are the first examples of an exceptional new class of highly potent dual inhibitor that should encourage further development toward multitargeted therapeutic intervention in HDBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. W. Lawrence Woo
- Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Christian Bubert
- Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Atul Purohit
- Endocrinology and Metabolic Medicine, Imperial College London, Faculty of Medicine, St. Mary’s Hospital, London W2 1NY, United Kingdom
| | - Barry V. L. Potter
- Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
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24
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Wood PM, Woo LWL, Labrosse JR, Thomas MP, Mahon MF, Chander SK, Purohit A, Reed MJ, Potter BVL. Bicyclic derivatives of the potent dual aromatase-steroid sulfatase inhibitor 2-bromo-4-{[(4-cyanophenyl)(4h-1,2,4-triazol-4-yl)amino]methyl}phenylsulfamate: synthesis, SAR, crystal structure, and in vitro and in vivo activities. ChemMedChem 2011; 5:1577-93. [PMID: 20632362 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201000203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The design and synthesis of a series of bicyclic ring containing dual aromatase-sulfatase inhibitors (DASIs) based on the aromatase inhibitor (AI) 4-[(4-bromobenzyl)(4H-1,2,4-triazol-4-yl)amino]benzonitrile are reported. Biological evaluation with JEG-3 cells revealed structure-activity relationships. The X-ray crystal structure of sulfamate 23 was determined, and selected compounds were docked into the aromatase and steroid sulfatase (STS) crystal structures. In the sulfamate-containing series, compounds containing a naphthalene ring are both the most potent AI (39, IC(50 AROM)=0.25 nM) and the best STS inhibitor (31, IC(50 STS)=26 nM). The most promising DASI is 39 (IC(50 AROM)=0.25 nM, IC(50 STS)=205 nM), and this was evaluated orally in vivo at 10 mg kg(-1), showing potent inhibition of aromatase (93 %) and STS (93 %) after 3 h. Potent aromatase and STS inhibition can thus be achieved with a DASI containing a bicyclic ring system; development of such a DASI could provide an attractive new option for the treatment of hormone-dependent breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul M Wood
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology and Sterix Ltd. University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
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25
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Woo LWL, Jackson T, Putey A, Cozier G, Leonard P, Acharya KR, Chander SK, Purohit A, Reed MJ, Potter BVL. Highly Potent First Examples of Dual Aromatase−Steroid Sulfatase Inhibitors based on a Biphenyl Template. J Med Chem 2010; 53:2155-70. [DOI: 10.1021/jm901705h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L. W. Lawrence Woo
- Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology and Sterix Ltd, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K
| | - Toby Jackson
- Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology and Sterix Ltd, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K
| | - Aurélien Putey
- Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology and Sterix Ltd, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K
| | - Gyles Cozier
- Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology and Sterix Ltd, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K
| | - Philip Leonard
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K
| | - K. Ravi Acharya
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K
| | - Surinder K. Chander
- Endocrinology and Metabolic Medicine and Sterix Ltd, Imperial College London, Faculty of Medicine, St. Mary’s Hospital, London W2 1NY, U.K
| | - Atul Purohit
- Endocrinology and Metabolic Medicine and Sterix Ltd, Imperial College London, Faculty of Medicine, St. Mary’s Hospital, London W2 1NY, U.K
| | - Michael J. Reed
- Endocrinology and Metabolic Medicine and Sterix Ltd, Imperial College London, Faculty of Medicine, St. Mary’s Hospital, London W2 1NY, U.K
| | - Barry V. L. Potter
- Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology and Sterix Ltd, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K
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Determination of the absolute configuration of aromatase and dual aromatase-sulfatase inhibitors by vibrational and electronic circular dichroism spectra analysis. Chirality 2009; 21:802-8. [DOI: 10.1002/chir.20685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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27
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Kil KE, Biegon A, Ding YS, Fischer A, Ferrieri RA, Kim SW, Pareto D, Schueller MJ, Fowler JS. Synthesis and PET studies of [(11)C-cyano]letrozole (Femara), an aromatase inhibitor drug. Nucl Med Biol 2009; 36:215-23. [PMID: 19217534 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2008.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2008] [Revised: 10/18/2008] [Accepted: 11/19/2008] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Aromatase, a member of the cytochrome P450 family, converts androgens such as androstenedione and testosterone into estrone and estradiol, respectively. Letrozole (1-[bis-(4-cyanophenyl)methyl]-1H-1,2,4-triazole; Femara) is a high-affinity aromatase inhibitor (K(i)=11.5 nM) that has Food and Drug Administration approval for breast cancer treatment. Here we report the synthesis of carbon-11-labeled letrozole and its assessment as a radiotracer for brain aromatase in the baboon. METHODS Letrozole and its precursor (4-[(4-bromophenyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl]benzonitrile) were prepared in a two-step synthesis from 4-cyanobenzyl bromide and 4-bromobenzyl bromide, respectively. The [(11)C]cyano group was introduced via tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0)-catalyzed coupling of [(11)C]cyanide with the bromo precursor. Positron emission tomography (PET) studies in the baboon brain were carried out to assess regional distribution and kinetics, reproducibility of repeated measures and saturability. Log D, the free fraction of letrozole in plasma and the [(11)C-cyano]letrozole fraction in arterial plasma were also measured. RESULTS [(11)C-cyano]Letrozole was synthesized in 60 min with a radiochemical yield of 79-80%, with a radiochemical purity greater than 98% and a specific activity of 4.16+/-2.21 Ci/mumol at the end of bombardment (n=4). PET studies in the baboon revealed initial rapid and high uptake and initial rapid clearance, followed by slow clearance of carbon-11 from the brain, with no difference between brain regions. Brain kinetics was not affected by coinjection of unlabeled letrozole (0.1 mg/kg). The free fraction of letrozole in plasma was 48.9%, and log D was 1.84. CONCLUSION [(11)C-cyano]Letrozole is readily synthesized via a palladium-catalyzed coupling reaction with [(11)C]cyanide. Although it is unsuitable as a PET radiotracer for brain aromatase, as revealed by the absence of regional specificity and saturability in brain regions such as amygdala, which are known to contain aromatase, it may be useful in measuring letrozole distribution and pharmacokinetics in the brain and peripheral organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun-Eek Kil
- Medical Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA
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28
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Foster PA, Chander SK, Newman SP, Woo LWL, Sutcliffe OB, Bubert C, Zhou D, Chen S, Potter BVL, Reed MJ, Purohit A. A new therapeutic strategy against hormone-dependent breast cancer: the preclinical development of a dual aromatase and sulfatase inhibitor. Clin Cancer Res 2008; 14:6469-77. [PMID: 18927286 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-08-1027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The production of E2 is paramount for the growth of estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer. Various strategies have been used, including the use of enzyme inhibitors against either aromatase (AROM) or steroid sulfatase (STS), in an attempt to ablate E2 levels. Both these enzymes play a critical role in the formation of estrogenic steroids and their inhibitors are now showing success in the clinic. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We show here, in a xenograft nude mouse model, that the inhibition of both enzymes using STX681, a dual AROM and STS inhibitor (DASI), is a potential new therapeutic strategy against HDBC. MCF-7 cells stably expressing either AROM cDNA (MCF-7(AROM)) or STS cDNA (MCF-7(STS)) were generated. Ovariectomized MF-1 female nude mice receiving s.c. injections of either androstenedione (A(4)) or E2 sulfate and bearing either MCF-7(AROM) or MCF-7(STS) tumors were orally treated with STX64, letrozole, or STX681. Treatment was administered for 28 days. Mice were weighed and tumor measurements were taken weekly. RESULTS STX64, a potent STS inhibitor, completely blocked MCF-7(STS) tumor growth but failed to attenuate MCF-7(AROM) tumor growth. In contrast, letrozole inhibited MCF-7(AROM) tumors but had no effect on MCF-7(STS) tumors. STX681 completely inhibited the growth of both tumors. AROM and STS activity was also completely inhibited by STX681, which was accompanied by a significant reduction in plasma E2 levels. CONCLUSIONS This study indicates that targeting both the AROM and the STS enzyme with a DASI inhibits HDBC growth and is therefore a potentially novel treatment for this malignancy.
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29
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Bubert C, Woo LL, Sutcliffe O, Mahon M, Chander S, Purohit A, Reed M, Potter B. Synthesis of Aromatase Inhibitors and Dual Aromatase Steroid Sulfatase Inhibitors by Linking an Arylsulfamate Motif to 4-(4H-1,2,4-triazol-4-ylamino)benzonitrile: SAR, Crystal Structures, in vitro and in vivo Activities. ChemMedChem 2008; 3:1708-30. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.200800164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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30
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Wood PM, Woo LWL, Labrosse JR, Trusselle MN, Abbate S, Longhi G, Castiglioni E, Lebon F, Purohit A, Reed MJ, Potter BVL. Chiral aromatase and dual aromatase-steroid sulfatase inhibitors from the letrozole template: synthesis, absolute configuration, and in vitro activity. J Med Chem 2008; 51:4226-38. [PMID: 18590272 DOI: 10.1021/jm800168s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
To explore aromatase inhibition and to broaden the structural diversity of dual aromatase-sulfatase inhibitors (DASIs), we introduced the steroid sulfatase (STS) inhibitory pharmacophore to letrozole. Letrozole derivatives were prepared bearing bis-sulfamates or mono-sulfamates with or without adjacent substituents. The most potent of the achiral and racemic aromatase inhibitor was 40 (IC 50 = 3.0 nM). Its phenolic precursor 39 was separated by chiral HPLC, and the absolute configuration of each enantiomer was determined using vibrational and electronic circular dichroism in tandem with calculations of the predicted spectra. Of the two enantiomers, ( R)-phenol ( 39a) was the most potent aromatase inhibitor (IC 50 = 0.6 nM, comparable to letrozole), whereas the ( S)-sulfamate, ( 40b) inhibited STS most potently (IC 50 = 553 nM). These results suggest that a new structural class of DASI for potential treatment of hormone-dependent breast cancer has been identified, and this is the first report of STS inhibition by an enantiopure nonsteroidal compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul M Wood
- Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology and Sterix Ltd., University of Bath, Claverton Down, UK
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Jackson T, Woo LL, Trusselle M, Purohit A, Reed M, Potter B. Non-Steroidal Aromatase Inhibitors Based on a Biphenyl Scaffold: Synthesis, in vitro SAR, and Molecular Modelling. ChemMedChem 2008; 3:603-18. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.200700266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Oestrogen producing enzymes and mammary carcinogenesis: a review. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2007; 111:191-202. [DOI: 10.1007/s10549-007-9788-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2007] [Accepted: 10/05/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Jackson T, Woo LWL, Trusselle MN, Chander SK, Purohit A, Reed MJ, Potter BVL. Dual aromatase-sulfatase inhibitors based on the anastrozole template: synthesis, in vitro SAR, molecular modelling and in vivo activity. Org Biomol Chem 2007; 5:2940-52. [PMID: 17728860 DOI: 10.1039/b707768h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis and biological evaluation of a series of novel Dual Aromatase-Sulfatase Inhibitors (DASIs) are described. It is postulated that dual inhibition of the aromatase and steroid sulfatase enzymes, both responsible for the biosynthesis of oestrogens, will be beneficial in the treatment of hormone-dependent breast cancer. The compounds are based upon the Anastrozole aromatase inhibitor template which, while maintaining the haem ligating triazole moiety crucial for enzyme inhibition, was modified to include a phenol sulfamate ester motif, the pharmacophore for potent irreversible steroid sulfatase inhibition. Adaption of a synthetic route to Anastrozole was accomplished via selective radical bromination and substitution reactions to furnish a series of inhibitory aromatase pharmacophores. Linking these fragments to the phenol sulfamate ester moiety employed S(N)2, Heck and Mitsunobu reactions with phenolic precursors, from where the completed DASIs were achieved via sulfamoylation. In vitro, the lead compound, 11, had a high degree of potency against aromatase (IC(50) 3.5 nM), comparable with that of Anastrozole (IC(50) 1.5 nM) whereas, only moderate activity against steroid sulfatase was found. However, in vivo, 11 surprisingly exhibited potent dual inhibition. Compound 11 was modelled into the active site of a homology model of human aromatase and the X-ray crystal structure of steroid sulfatase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toby Jackson
- Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology and Sterix Ltd, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
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Raobaikady B, Parsons MFC, Reed MJ, Purohit A. Tibolone and its delta-4, 7alpha-methyl norethisterone metabolite are reversible inhibitors of human aromatase. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2007; 104:154-60. [PMID: 17467267 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2007.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Tibolone is used for the treatment of climacteric symptoms and osteoporosis in menopausal women. After ingestion, it is rapidly converted to a number of metabolites including 3alpha- and 3beta-hydroxy derivatives and the delta-4, 7alpha-methylnorethisterone (7alpha-MeNET) metabolite, which is rapidly cleared from circulation. Tibolone and some of its metabolites act in a tissue-selective manner to inhibit steroid sulphatase (STS) and 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase Type 1 (17beta-HSD1) activities but also stimulate steroid sulphotransferase and 17beta-HSD2 activities. In the present study we have examined whether the ability of tibolone and its 7alpha-MeNET metabolites to regulate the activities of enzymes involved in oestrogen formation or inactivation extends to another key enzyme involved in oestrogen synthesis, the aromatase, which converts androstenedione to oestrone. Using JEG-3 choriocarcinoma cells, which have a high level of aromatase activity, tibolone and 7alpha-MeNET, but not the 3alpha- or 3beta-hydroxy metabolites, were found to inhibit aromatase activity in intact cells and also lysates prepared from these cells (up to 61% inhibition at 10muM). An investigation into the nature of aromatase inhibition by these compounds revealed that they inhibit aromatase activity by a reversible mechanism. Tibolone and 7alpha-MeNET also inhibited aromatase activity in MCF-7 breast cancer cells, which have a much lower level of aromatase activity than JEG-3 cells. It is concluded that, in addition to inhibiting STS and 17beta-HSD1, tibolone and 7alpha-MeNET may exert some of their tissue-selective effects in regulating oestrogen synthesis by also inhibiting aromatase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Raobaikady
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Medicine, Division of Medicine, St. Mary's Hospital, Imperial College London, London W2 1NY, UK
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Hoffmann J, Sommer A. Anti-hormone Therapy: Principles of Endocrine Therapy of Cancer. TOPICS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/7355_2006_002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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