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Saito R, Shinozaki Y, Tabata K, Nishinaka Y, Yokoyama K, Kon R, Sakai H, Hosoe T, Ikarashi N. Tokishakuyakusan alleviates ultraviolet-induced skin pigmentation by decreasing the expression of melanogenesis-related enzymes. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 332:118348. [PMID: 38762211 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2024.118348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Tokishakuyakusan (TSS), a traditional Kampo medicine, can effectively alleviate symptoms unique to women, such as menstrual pain and menopausal symptoms, and this effect is believed to be related to its ability to increase the secretion of female hormones. TSS is also believed to be effective against skin pigmentation. However, no studies have examined the effect of TSS on pigmentation. AIM OF THE STUDY In this study, we conducted basic research to determine the effects of TSS on pigmentation. MATERIALS AND METHODS Female HRM-2 mice were given free access to a normal diet or a TSS-containing diet for 7 weeks. For 3 weeks starting from the 4th week of treatment, the back of the skin was irradiated with ultraviolet (UV) light, and the melanin level was measured. The expression levels of melanogenesis-related genes and inflammatory markers in the skin were analyzed. RESULTS The melanin level in the skin of the mice exposed to UV radiation was approximately three times greater than that in the skin of the mice in the non-UV-irradiated group, confirming pigmentation due to UV irradiation. The protein expression levels of tyrosinase (Tyr), tyrosinase-related protein-1 (Tyrp1), and dopachrome tautomerase (Dct), which are important for melanin production, were significantly greater in the UV irradiation group than in the non-UV irradiation group. In contrast, the amount of skin melanin in the mice treated with TSS was significantly lower than that in the UV-irradiated group, and the expression levels of melanogenesis-related enzymes were also lower. Furthermore, TSS significantly decreased the expression of microphthalmia transcription factor (Mitf), a transcription factor for melanogenesis-related enzymes, and the inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1β and interleukin-6. CONCLUSIONS TSS inhibits melanin production in melanocytes by suppressing the increase in the expression of melanogenesis-related enzymes caused by UV irradiation. These findings suggested that this effect of TSS is exerted through the combined regulation of MITF expression and anti-inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rinka Saito
- Department of Biomolecular Pharmacology, Hoshi University, Japan
| | - Yui Shinozaki
- Department of Biomolecular Pharmacology, Hoshi University, Japan
| | - Keito Tabata
- Department of Biomolecular Pharmacology, Hoshi University, Japan
| | - Yui Nishinaka
- Department of Biomolecular Pharmacology, Hoshi University, Japan
| | - Koki Yokoyama
- Department of Biomolecular Pharmacology, Hoshi University, Japan
| | - Risako Kon
- Department of Biomolecular Pharmacology, Hoshi University, Japan
| | - Hiroyasu Sakai
- Department of Biomolecular Pharmacology, Hoshi University, Japan
| | - Tomoo Hosoe
- Department of Biomolecular Pharmacology, Hoshi University, Japan
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Choi SH, Kim H, Hwang-Bo J, Kim KM, Kwon JE, Lee SR, Hwang SH, Kang SC, Lee YG. Anti-Melanogenic Effects of Cnidium monnieri Extract via p38 Signaling-Mediated Proteasomal Degradation of Tyrosinase. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:1305. [PMID: 38794376 PMCID: PMC11125256 DOI: 10.3390/plants13101305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Cnidium monnieri fructus is widely used in traditional Oriental medicine for treating female genital disorders, male impotence, frigidity, and skin-related conditions in East Asia. However, the role of C. monnieri fructus extract (CMFE) in melanin synthesis is not well elucidated. This study aimed to investigate the anti-melanogenesis effect and mechanism of action of CMFE in α-MSH-stimulated B16F10 cells. Intracellular melanin content and tyrosinase activity were measured in α-MSH-stimulated B16F10 cells treated with various concentrations of CMFE (0.5-5 μg/mL). mRNA and protein levels of tyrosinase and MITF were evaluated using qRT-PCR and ting. CMFE's effect on the proteasomal degradation of tyrosinase was confirmed using a proteasomal degradation inhibitor, MG132. CMFE treatment activated p38, a protein associated with proteasomal degradation. Treatment with CMFE at up to 5 μg/mL showed no significant cytotoxicity. CMFE significantly reduced α-MSH-stimulated melanin production (43.29 ± 3.55% decrease, p < 0.05) and cellular tyrosinase activity (31.14 ± 3.15% decrease, p < 0.05). Although mRNA levels of MITF and tyrosinase increased, CMFE suppressed tyrosinase protein levels. The suppressive effect of CMFE on tyrosinase protein was blocked by MG132. CMFE inhibited melanogenesis by promoting the proteasome degradation of tyrosinase through p38 activation. These findings suggest that CMFE has the potential to be a natural whitening agent for inhibiting melanogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soon Ho Choi
- Research Institute, APRG Inc., Yongin 16950, Republic of Korea;
| | - Hyunggun Kim
- Department of Biomechatronic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea;
| | - Jeon Hwang-Bo
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Biotechnology and Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Republic of Korea; (J.H.-B.); (J.E.K.); (S.H.H.)
| | - Kyoung Mi Kim
- Research Center, CureBio Therapeutics Co., Ltd., Suwon 16229, Republic of Korea;
| | - Jeong Eun Kwon
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Biotechnology and Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Republic of Korea; (J.H.-B.); (J.E.K.); (S.H.H.)
| | - Sung Ryul Lee
- Department of Convergence Biomedical Science, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, College of Medicine, Inje University, Busan 47392, Republic of Korea;
| | - Sun Ha Hwang
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Biotechnology and Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Republic of Korea; (J.H.-B.); (J.E.K.); (S.H.H.)
| | - Se Chan Kang
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Biotechnology and Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Republic of Korea; (J.H.-B.); (J.E.K.); (S.H.H.)
| | - Yeong-Geun Lee
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Biotechnology and Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Republic of Korea; (J.H.-B.); (J.E.K.); (S.H.H.)
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Hamada R, Funasaka Y, Saeki H, Serizawa N, Hagino T, Yano Y, Mitsui H, Kanda N. Dietary habits in adult Japanese patients with vitiligo. J Dermatol 2024; 51:491-508. [PMID: 38421796 DOI: 10.1111/1346-8138.17163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Vitiligo is an autoimmune skin disease with acquired depigmentation. Dietary habits may modulate the pathogenesis of vitiligo. We evaluated dietary habits in adult Japanese patients with nonsegmental vitiligo, and compared their results with those of age- and sex-matched controls. We also examined the relationship between dietary habits and Vitiligo Area Scoring Index (VASI), or vitiligo on different anatomical sites. The intakes of energy, nutrients, and foods in the participants were analyzed using a brief-type self-administered diet history questionnaire. Patients with vitiligo showed higher body mass index (BMI) and lower intakes of manganese, vitamin D, pulses, and confection, compared with controls. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that vitiligo was associated with high BMI. VASI was higher in males than in females, and negatively correlated with age or intakes of potatoes and vegetables other than green/yellow vegetables. Linear multivariate regression analysis showed that high VASI was associated with younger age. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that moderate to severe vitiligo (VASI ≥ 4.25) was associated with male sex and longer disease duration. Multivariate logistic regression analyses showed the following association with vitiligo on respective anatomical sites: high intake of eggs and dairy products and high VASI on the head or neck, high intake of oils and fats and high VASI on the trunk, high intake of cereals and high VASI on the upper limbs, male sex and high VASI on the lower limbs, and high BMI and high VASI on the hands or feet. In conclusion, the control of obesity might have prophylactic or therapeutic effects on vitiligo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Risa Hamada
- Department of Dermatology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoko Funasaka
- Department of Dermatology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hidehisa Saeki
- Department of Dermatology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naotaka Serizawa
- Department of Dermatology, Nippon Medical School Chiba Hokusoh Hospital, Inzai, Japan
| | - Teppei Hagino
- Department of Dermatology, Nippon Medical School Chiba Hokusoh Hospital, Inzai, Japan
| | | | | | - Naoko Kanda
- Department of Dermatology, Nippon Medical School Chiba Hokusoh Hospital, Inzai, Japan
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Park S, Han N, Lee J, Lee JN, An S, Bae S. Anti-Melanogenic Effects of Lilium lancifolium Root Extract via Downregulation of PKA/CREB and MAPK/CREB Signaling Pathways in B16F10 Cells. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:3666. [PMID: 37960022 PMCID: PMC10648933 DOI: 10.3390/plants12213666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Hyperpigmentation disorders causing emotional distress require the topical use of depigmenting agents of natural origin. In this study, the anti-melanogenic effects of the Lilium lancifolium root extract (LRE) were investigated in B16F10 cells. Consequently, a non-cytotoxic concentration of the extract reduced intracellular melanin content and tyrosinase activity in a dose-dependent manner, correlating with the diminished expression of core melanogenic enzymes within cells. LRE treatment also inhibited cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) response element-binding protein (CREB)/microphthalmia-associated transcription factor signaling, which regulates the expression of tyrosinase-related genes. Upon examining these findings from a molecular mechanism perspective, LRE treatment suppressed the phosphorylation of protein kinase A (PKA), p38, and extracellular signal-related kinase (ERK), which are upstream regulators of CREB. In addition, L-phenylalanine and regaloside A, specifically identified within the LRE using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, exhibited inhibitory effects on melanin production. Collectively, these results imply that LRE potentially suppresses cAMP-mediated melanogenesis by downregulating PKA/CREB and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/CREB signaling pathways. Therefore, it can be employed as a novel therapeutic ingredient of natural origin to ameliorate hyperpigmentation disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seokmuk Park
- Department of Cosmetics Engineering, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea; (S.P.); (N.H.)
| | - Nayeon Han
- Department of Cosmetics Engineering, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea; (S.P.); (N.H.)
- Dermato Bio, Inc., #505, Techno Cube, 13-18 Songdogwahak-ro 16beon-gil, Yeongsu-gu, Incheon 21984, Republic of Korea;
| | - Jungmin Lee
- Dermato Bio, Inc., #505, Techno Cube, 13-18 Songdogwahak-ro 16beon-gil, Yeongsu-gu, Incheon 21984, Republic of Korea;
| | - Jae-Nam Lee
- Department of Cosmetology, Graduate School of Engineering, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea;
| | - Sungkwan An
- Eco Up Bio, Inc., 373 Chang-ui-ri, Seorak-myeon, Gapyeong-gun 477852, Republic of Korea;
| | - Seunghee Bae
- Department of Cosmetics Engineering, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea; (S.P.); (N.H.)
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Hall KA, Filardo EJ. The G Protein-Coupled Estrogen Receptor (GPER): A Critical Therapeutic Target for Cancer. Cells 2023; 12:2460. [PMID: 37887304 PMCID: PMC10605794 DOI: 10.3390/cells12202460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Estrogens have been implicated in the pathogenesis of various cancers, with increasing concern regarding the overall rising incidence of disease and exposure to environmental estrogens. Estrogens, both endogenous and environmental, manifest their actions through intracellular and plasma membrane receptors, named ERα, ERβ, and GPER. Collectively, they act to promote a broad transcriptional response that is mediated through multiple regulatory enhancers, including estrogen response elements (EREs), serum response elements (SREs), and cyclic AMP response elements (CREs). Yet, the design and rational assignment of antiestrogen therapy for breast cancer has strictly relied upon an endogenous estrogen-ER binary rubric that does not account for environmental estrogens or GPER. New endocrine therapies have focused on the development of drugs that degrade ER via ER complex destabilization or direct enzymatic ubiquitination. However, these new approaches do not broadly treat all cancer-involved receptors, including GPER. The latter is concerning since GPER is directly associated with tumor size, distant metastases, cancer stem cell activity, and endocrine resistance, indicating the importance of targeting this receptor to achieve a more complete therapeutic response. This review focuses on the critical importance and value of GPER-targeted therapeutics as part of a more holistic approach to the treatment of estrogen-driven malignancies.
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Prossnitz ER, Barton M. The G protein-coupled oestrogen receptor GPER in health and disease: an update. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2023:10.1038/s41574-023-00822-7. [PMID: 37193881 DOI: 10.1038/s41574-023-00822-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Oestrogens and their receptors contribute broadly to physiology and diseases. In premenopausal women, endogenous oestrogens protect against cardiovascular, metabolic and neurological diseases and are involved in hormone-sensitive cancers such as breast cancer. Oestrogens and oestrogen mimetics mediate their effects via the cytosolic and nuclear receptors oestrogen receptor-α (ERα) and oestrogen receptor-β (ERβ) and membrane subpopulations as well as the 7-transmembrane G protein-coupled oestrogen receptor (GPER). GPER, which dates back more than 450 million years in evolution, mediates both rapid signalling and transcriptional regulation. Oestrogen mimetics (such as phytooestrogens and xenooestrogens including endocrine disruptors) and licensed drugs such as selective oestrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) and downregulators (SERDs) also modulate oestrogen receptor activity in both health and disease. Following up on our previous Review of 2011, we herein summarize the progress made in the field of GPER research over the past decade. We will review molecular, cellular and pharmacological aspects of GPER signalling and function, its contribution to physiology, health and disease, and the potential of GPER to serve as a therapeutic target and prognostic indicator of numerous diseases. We also discuss the first clinical trial evaluating a GPER-selective drug and the opportunity of repurposing licensed drugs for the targeting of GPER in clinical medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric R Prossnitz
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Molecular Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA.
- Center of Biomedical Research Excellence in Autophagy, Inflammation and Metabolism, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA.
- University of New Mexico Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA.
| | - Matthias Barton
- Molecular Internal Medicine, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
- Andreas Grüntzig Foundation, Zürich, Switzerland.
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Fernandes B, Cavaco-Paulo A, Matamá T. A Comprehensive Review of Mammalian Pigmentation: Paving the Way for Innovative Hair Colour-Changing Cosmetics. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:biology12020290. [PMID: 36829566 PMCID: PMC9953601 DOI: 10.3390/biology12020290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
The natural colour of hair shafts is formed at the bulb of hair follicles, and it is coupled to the hair growth cycle. Three critical processes must happen for efficient pigmentation: (1) melanosome biogenesis in neural crest-derived melanocytes, (2) the biochemical synthesis of melanins (melanogenesis) inside melanosomes, and (3) the transfer of melanin granules to surrounding pre-cortical keratinocytes for their incorporation into nascent hair fibres. All these steps are under complex genetic control. The array of natural hair colour shades are ascribed to polymorphisms in several pigmentary genes. A myriad of factors acting via autocrine, paracrine, and endocrine mechanisms also contributes for hair colour diversity. Given the enormous social and cosmetic importance attributed to hair colour, hair dyeing is today a common practice. Nonetheless, the adverse effects of the long-term usage of such cosmetic procedures demand the development of new methods for colour change. In this context, case reports of hair lightening, darkening and repigmentation as a side-effect of the therapeutic usage of many drugs substantiate the possibility to tune hair colour by interfering with the biology of follicular pigmentary units. By scrutinizing mammalian pigmentation, this review pinpoints key targetable processes for the development of innovative cosmetics that can safely change the hair colour from the inside out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Fernandes
- CEB—Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus of Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Artur Cavaco-Paulo
- CEB—Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus of Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- LABBELS—Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- Correspondence: (A.C.-P.); (T.M.); Tel.: +351-253-604-409 (A.C.-P.); +351-253-601-599 (T.M.)
| | - Teresa Matamá
- CEB—Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus of Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- LABBELS—Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- Correspondence: (A.C.-P.); (T.M.); Tel.: +351-253-604-409 (A.C.-P.); +351-253-601-599 (T.M.)
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Arterburn JB, Prossnitz ER. G Protein-Coupled Estrogen Receptor GPER: Molecular Pharmacology and Therapeutic Applications. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2023; 63:295-320. [PMID: 36662583 PMCID: PMC10153636 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-031122-121944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The actions of estrogens and related estrogenic molecules are complex and multifaceted in both sexes. A wide array of natural, synthetic, and therapeutic molecules target pathways that produce and respond to estrogens. Multiple receptors promulgate these responses, including the classical estrogen receptors of the nuclear hormone receptor family (estrogen receptors α and β), which function largely as ligand-activated transcription factors, and the 7-transmembrane G protein-coupled estrogen receptor, GPER, which activates a diverse array of signaling pathways. The pharmacology and functional roles of GPER in physiology and disease reveal important roles in responses to both natural and synthetic estrogenic compounds in numerous physiological systems. These functions have implications in the treatment of myriad disease states, including cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and metabolic disorders. This review focuses on the complex pharmacology of GPER and summarizes major physiological functions of GPER and the therapeutic implications and ongoing applications of GPER-targeted compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey B Arterburn
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico, USA
- University of New Mexico Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA;
| | - Eric R Prossnitz
- University of New Mexico Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA;
- Center of Biomedical Research Excellence in Autophagy, Inflammation and Metabolism, and Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
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Muhammad A, Forcados GE, Yusuf AP, Abubakar MB, Sadiq IZ, Elhussin I, Siddique MAT, Aminu S, Suleiman RB, Abubakar YS, Katsayal BS, Yates CC, Mahavadi S. Comparative G-Protein-Coupled Estrogen Receptor (GPER) Systems in Diabetic and Cancer Conditions: A Review. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27248943. [PMID: 36558071 PMCID: PMC9786783 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27248943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
For many patients, diabetes Mellitus and Malignancy are frequently encountered comorbidities. Diabetes affects approximately 10.5% of the global population, while malignancy accounts for 29.4 million cases each year. These troubling statistics indicate that current treatment approaches for these diseases are insufficient. Alternative therapeutic strategies that consider unique signaling pathways in diabetic and malignancy patients could provide improved therapeutic outcomes. The G-protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER) is receiving attention for its role in disease pathogenesis and treatment outcomes. This review aims to critically examine GPER' s comparative role in diabetes mellitus and malignancy, identify research gaps that need to be filled, and highlight GPER's potential as a therapeutic target for diabetes and malignancy management. There is a scarcity of data on GPER expression patterns in diabetic models; however, for diabetes mellitus, altered expression of transport and signaling proteins has been linked to GPER signaling. In contrast, GPER expression in various malignancy types appears to be complex and debatable at the moment. Current data show inconclusive patterns of GPER expression in various malignancies, with some indicating upregulation and others demonstrating downregulation. Further research should be conducted to investigate GPER expression patterns and their relationship with signaling pathways in diabetes mellitus and various malignancies. We conclude that GPER has therapeutic potential for chronic diseases such as diabetes mellitus and malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aliyu Muhammad
- Center for Cancer Research, Department of Biology, Tuskegee University, Tuskegee, AL 36088, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria P.M.B. 1044, Nigeria
| | | | - Abdurrahman Pharmacy Yusuf
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Federal University of Technology, Minna P.M.B. 65, Nigeria
| | - Murtala Bello Abubakar
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto P.M.B. 2254, Nigeria
- Centre for Advanced Medical Research & Training (CAMRET), Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto P.M.B. 2254, Nigeria
| | - Idris Zubairu Sadiq
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria P.M.B. 1044, Nigeria
| | - Isra Elhussin
- Center for Cancer Research, Department of Biology, Tuskegee University, Tuskegee, AL 36088, USA
| | - Md Abu Talha Siddique
- Center for Cancer Research, Department of Biology, Tuskegee University, Tuskegee, AL 36088, USA
| | - Suleiman Aminu
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria P.M.B. 1044, Nigeria
| | - Rabiatu Bako Suleiman
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria P.M.B. 1044, Nigeria
| | - Yakubu Saddeeq Abubakar
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria P.M.B. 1044, Nigeria
| | - Babangida Sanusi Katsayal
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria P.M.B. 1044, Nigeria
| | - Clayton C Yates
- Center for Cancer Research, Department of Biology, Tuskegee University, Tuskegee, AL 36088, USA
| | - Sunila Mahavadi
- Center for Cancer Research, Department of Biology, Tuskegee University, Tuskegee, AL 36088, USA
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Echinochrome A Inhibits Melanogenesis in B16F10 Cells by Downregulating CREB Signaling. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:md20090555. [PMID: 36135744 PMCID: PMC9502928 DOI: 10.3390/md20090555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessive increase in melanin pigment in the skin can be caused by a variety of environmental factors, including UV radiation, and can result in spots, freckles, and skin cancer. Therefore, it is important to develop functional whitening cosmetic reagents that regulate melanogenesis. In this study, we investigated the effects of echinochrome A (Ech A) on melanogenesis in the B16F10 murine melanoma cell line. We triggered B16F10 cells using α-MSH under Ech A treatment to observe melanin synthesis and analyze expression changes in melanogenesis-related enzymes (tyrosinase, tyrosinase-related protein 1 (TYRP1), and tyrosinase-related protein 2 (TYRP2)) at the mRNA and protein levels. Furthermore, we measured expression changes in the microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF), CREB, and pCREB proteins. Melanin synthesis in the cells stimulated by α-MSH was significantly reduced by Ech A. The expression of the tyrosinase, TYRP1, and TYRP2 mRNA and proteins was significantly decreased by Ech A, as was that of the MITF, CREB, and pCREB proteins. These results show that Ech A suppresses melanin synthesis by regulating melanogenesis-related enzymes through the CREB signaling pathway and suggest the potential of Ech A as a functional agent to prevent pigmentation and promote skin whitening.
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Sevilla A, Chéret J, Slominski RM, Slominski AT, Paus R. Revisiting the role of melatonin in human melanocyte physiology: A skin context perspective. J Pineal Res 2022; 72:e12790. [PMID: 35133682 PMCID: PMC8930624 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The evolutionarily ancient methoxyindoleamine, melatonin, has long perplexed investigators by its versatility of functions and mechanisms of action, which include the regulation of vertebrate pigmentation. Although first discovered through its potent skin-lightening effects in amphibians, melatonin's role in human skin and hair follicle pigmentation and its impact on melanocyte physiology remain unclear. Synthesizing our limited current understanding of this role, we specifically examine its impact on melanogenesis, oxidative biology, mitochondrial function, melanocyte senescence, and pigmentation-related clock gene activity, with emphasis on human skin, yet without ignoring instructive pointers from nonhuman species. Given the strict dependence of melanocyte functions on the epithelial microenvironment, we underscore that melanocyte responses to melatonin are best interrogated in a physiological tissue context. Current evidence suggests that melatonin and some of its metabolites inhibit both, melanogenesis (via reducing tyrosinase activity) and melanocyte proliferation by stimulating melatonin membrane receptors (MT1, MT2). We discuss whether putative melanogenesis-inhibitory effects of melatonin may occur via activation of Nrf2-mediated PI3K/AKT signaling, estrogen receptor-mediated and/or melanocortin-1 receptor- and cAMP-dependent signaling, and/or via melatonin-regulated changes in peripheral clock genes that regulate human melanogenesis, namely Bmal1 and Per1. Melatonin and its metabolites also accumulate in melanocytes where they exert net cyto- and senescence-protective as well as antioxidative effects by operating as free radical scavengers, stimulating the synthesis and activity of ROS scavenging enzymes and other antioxidants, promoting DNA repair, and enhancing mitochondrial function. We argue that it is clinically and biologically important to definitively clarify whether melanocyte cell culture-based observations translate into melatonin-induced pigmentary changes in a physiological tissue context, that is, in human epidermis and hair follicles ex vivo, and are confirmed by clinical trial results. After defining major open questions in this field, we close by suggesting how to begin answering them in clinically relevant, currently available preclinical in situ research models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alec Sevilla
- Dr. Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Jérémy Chéret
- Dr. Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Radomir M. Slominski
- Graduate Biomedical Sciences Program, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Andrzej T. Slominski
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
- Pathology Laboratory Service, Veteran Administration Medical Center at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL35294, USA
- Corresponding authors: Ralf Paus, MD, DSc: ; Andrzej T. Slominski, MD, PhD:
| | - Ralf Paus
- Dr. Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
- Monasterium Laboratory, Münster, Germany
- CUTANEON – Skin & Hair Innovations, Hamburg, Germany
- Corresponding authors: Ralf Paus, MD, DSc: ; Andrzej T. Slominski, MD, PhD:
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12
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Lee HJ, An S, Bae S, Lee JH. Diarylpropionitrile inhibits melanogenesis via protein kinase A/cAMP-response element-binding protein/microphthalmia-associated transcription factor signaling pathway in α-MSH-stimulated B16F10 melanoma cells. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY AND THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF PHARMACOLOGY 2022; 26:113-123. [PMID: 35203061 PMCID: PMC8890945 DOI: 10.4196/kjpp.2022.26.2.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Diarylpropionitrile (DPN), a selective agonist for estrogen receptor β (ERβ), has been reported to regulate various hormonal responses through activation of ERβ in tissues including the mammary gland and brain. However, the effect of DPN on melanogenesis independent of ERβ has not been studied. The aim of this study is to examine the possibility of anti-melanogenic effect of DPN and its underlying mechanism. Melanin contents and cellular tyrosinase activity assay indicated that DPN inhibited melanin biosynthesis in alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone-stimulated B16F10 melanoma cell line. However, DPN had no direct influence on in vitro tyrosinase catalytic activity. On the other hand, 17β-estradiol had no effect on inhibition of melanogenesis, suggesting that the DPN-mediated suppression of melanin production was not related with estrogen signaling pathway. Immunoblotting analysis showed that DPN down-regulated the expression of microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF), a central transcription factor of melanogenesis and its down-stream genes including tyrosinase, tyrosinase-related protein (TRP)-1, and TRP-2. Also, DPN attenuated the phosphorylation of protein kinase A (PKA) and cAMP-response element-binding protein (CREB). Additionally, DPN suppressed the melanin synthesis in UVB-irradiated HaCaT conditioned media culture system suggesting that DPN has potential as an anti-melanogenic activity in physiological conditions. Collectively, our data show that DPN inhibits melanogenesis via down-regulation of PKA/CREB/MITF signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Jeong Lee
- Department of Cosmetics Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Sungkwan An
- Department of Cosmetics Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Seunghee Bae
- Department of Cosmetics Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Jae Ho Lee
- Department of Cosmetics Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
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13
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Kang MS, Jang SC, Park T, Kim MS, Park JS, Chi WJ, Kim SY. Synthesis and Melanogenesis Effect of 7,8-Dimethoxy-4-Methylcoumarin via MAPK Signaling-Mediated Microphthalmia-Associated Transcription Factor Upregulation. Nat Prod Commun 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x221076647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Tyrosinase ultimately controls the melanogenesis rate of the skin, and tanning and haircare products generally induce the activation of tyrosinase. Moreover, various enzymes, including tyrosinase, tyrosinase-related protein 1 (TRP1), and tyrosinase-related protein 2 (TRP2), mediate melanogenesis in which microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) is a master regulator. One coumarin family member 7,8-dihydroxy-4-methylcoumarin (DHMC) shows extensive biological activities with beneficial health effects; however, it also induces cytotoxicity and its melanogenic effect has not been reported yet. Therefore, we first synthesized DHMC derivatives via methylation to obtain 7,8-dimethoxy-4-methylcoumairn (DMMC), and investigated the pro- or anti-melanogenic effects of DHMC and DMMC in B16-F10 melanoma cells as well as the underlying mechanism. DHMC showed cytotoxicity at all tested concentrations, whereas DMMC did not reduce cell viability, even at the high concentration. DMMC also drives the significant increase in intracellular melanin and tyrosinase activity. Moreover, DMMC induced MITF expression by significantly increasing tyrosinase activity, which activates the gene expression of TRP1 and TRP2. Western blotting confirmed that DMMC induced the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling by the phosphorylation of C-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), resulting in the increased melanin production and the decreased phosphorylation of protein kinase B. Collectively, this study showed the pro-melanogenic effect of DMMC and its potential as a safe tanning and dyeing agent.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Taejin Park
- Sunmoon University, Chungnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Seon Kim
- Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Soo Park
- Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Jae Chi
- National Institute of Biological Resources, Incheon, Republic of South Korea
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14
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Calycosin, a Common Dietary Isoflavonoid, Suppresses Melanogenesis through the Downregulation of PKA/CREB and p38 MAPK Signaling Pathways. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031358. [PMID: 35163281 PMCID: PMC8836186 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Calycosin, a bioactive isoflavonoid isolated from root extracts of Astragalus membranaceus, has been reported to inhibit melanogenesis, the mechanism of which remains undefined. In this study, we interrogated the mechanistic basis by which calycosin inhibits melanin production in two model systems, i.e., B16F10 melanoma cells and zebrafish embryos. Calycosin was effective in protecting B16F10 cells from α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH)-induced melanogenesis and tyrosinase activity. This anti-melanogenic effect was accompanied by decreased expression levels of microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF), a key protein controlling melanin synthesis, and its target genes tyrosinase and tyrosinase-related protein-2 (TRP-2) in calycosin-treated cells. Mechanistically, we obtained the first evidence that calycosin-mediated MITF downregulation was attributable to its ability to block signaling pathways mediated by cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) and p38 MAP kinase. The protein kinase A (PKA) inhibitor H-89 and p38 inhibitor SB203580 validated the premise that calycosin inhibits melanin synthesis and tyrosinase activity by regulating the PKA/CREB and p38 MAPK signaling pathways. Moreover, the in vivo anti-melanogenic efficacy of calycosin was manifested by its ability to suppress body pigmentation and tyrosinase activity in zebrafish embryos. Together, these data suggested the translational potential of calycosin to be developed as skin-lightening cosmeceuticals.
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15
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Zhang Z, Shen W, Liu W, Lyu L. Role of miRNAs in melanin metabolism: Implications in melanin-related diseases. J Cosmet Dermatol 2022; 21:4146-4159. [PMID: 35041756 DOI: 10.1111/jocd.14762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short single-stranded non-coding RNAs that regulate degradation and expression of messenger RNA (mRNA) and play a wide range of key roles in different biological processes. They mediate different stages of melanocyte differentiation, growth, and apoptosis through a variety of pathways and can mediate melanin production by targeting key enzymes. AIMS This article was aimed to review the role of miRNAs in melanin metabolism and to introduce the role and significance of miRNAs in melanin-related diseases. MATERIALS & METHODS Systematic search and retrospective review were performed on the published data. RESULTS This paper reviews the process of melanin synthesis and the regulatory mechanism, explores the miRNA expression profiles in different model organisms, and introduces the mechanisms of several key miRNAs participating in melanin metabolism through target genes. We also explore the potential role of miRNA as a new target for the treatment of melanin metabolism disease, including vitiligo, melanoma, and chloasma. CONCLUSION miRNAs play a key role in melanin-related diseases, and the miRNAs involved may be potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhigang Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Hospital of Yunnan University, Yunnan University, Kunming, China.,Science and Technology Achievement Incubation Center, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Wanlu Shen
- Science and Technology Achievement Incubation Center, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Weimin Liu
- Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Hospital of Yunnan University, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Lechun Lyu
- Science and Technology Achievement Incubation Center, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
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16
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Pepermans RA, Sharma G, Prossnitz ER. G Protein-Coupled Estrogen Receptor in Cancer and Stromal Cells: Functions and Novel Therapeutic Perspectives. Cells 2021; 10:cells10030672. [PMID: 33802978 PMCID: PMC8002620 DOI: 10.3390/cells10030672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Estrogen is involved in numerous physiological and pathophysiological systems. Its role in driving estrogen receptor-expressing breast cancers is well established, but it also has important roles in a number of other cancers, acting both on tumor cells directly as well as in the function of multiple cells of the tumor microenvironment, including fibroblasts, immune cells, and adipocytes, which can greatly impact carcinogenesis. One of its receptors, the G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER), has gained much interest over the last decade in both health and disease. Increasing evidence shows that GPER contributes to clinically observed endocrine therapy resistance in breast cancer while also playing a complex role in a number of other cancers. Recent discoveries regarding the targeting of GPER in combination with immune checkpoint inhibition, particularly in melanoma, have led to the initiation of the first Phase I clinical trial for the GPER-selective agonist G-1. Furthermore, its functions in metabolism and corresponding pathophysiological states, such as obesity and diabetes, are becoming more evident and suggest additional therapeutic value in targeting GPER for both cancer and other diseases. Here, we highlight the roles of GPER in several cancers, as well as in metabolism and immune regulation, and discuss the therapeutic value of targeting this estrogen receptor as a potential treatment for cancer as well as contributing metabolic and inflammatory diseases and conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard A. Pepermans
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA; (R.A.P.); (G.S.)
| | - Geetanjali Sharma
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA; (R.A.P.); (G.S.)
- Center of Biomedical Research Excellence in Autophagy, Inflammation and Metabolism, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Eric R. Prossnitz
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA; (R.A.P.); (G.S.)
- Center of Biomedical Research Excellence in Autophagy, Inflammation and Metabolism, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
- University of New Mexico Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-505-272-5647
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17
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Anti-Melanogenic Effects of Paederia foetida L. Extract via MAPK Signaling-Mediated MITF Downregulation. COSMETICS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/cosmetics8010022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, in order to explore the anti-melanogenic effect of PFE (Paederia foetida L. extract) and suggest its availability, B16F10 cells, which are murine melanoma cells, were stimulated with alpha-Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH) to conduct an in vitro experiment. Treatment with PFE in B16F10 cells with activated melanogenesis due to stimulants showed that PFE significantly inhibits melanin content as well as intracellular tyrosinase activity within a range that does not cause cytotoxicity. In addition, Western blot assay demonstrated that PFE strongly inhibited the protein expression of not only tyrosinase-related protein (TRP)-1, -2, and tyrosinase, but also microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF). Moreover, mechanism studies have shown that PFE processing inhibited the activation of melanin production by regulating the phosphorylation of each mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) family in the MAPK signaling pathway. To test the biocompatibility of PFE on human skin, a primary skin irritation test was performed. The results revealed that PFE did not have any side effects on human skin. These findings suggest that PFE holds great potential as a skin whitening agent and in the prevention of hyperpigmentation disorders.
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18
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Liu S, Chen F, Zhang Y, Cai L, Qiu W, Yang M. G protein-coupled estrogen receptor 1 mediates estrogen effect in red common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2021; 239:108868. [PMID: 32791253 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2020.108868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled estrogen receptor 1 (GPER1) plays a crucial role in the regulation of non-genomic estrogen effect. However, the research about fish GPER1 is still limited. The present study aims to obtain the full-length sequence of gper1 from red common carp (Cyprinus carpio) and characterize its expression pattern, and to further explore its potential role in regulating the environmental estrogen induced immunotoxicity. We first cloned the full-length mRNA and genomic sequences of gper1 in C. carpio by PCR, and obtained a 1908 bp sequence with a 1062 bp open reading frame encoding GPER1 protein with 353 amino acids. Additionally, qRT-PCR showed that gper1 was expressed across different tissues in C. carpio, with the highest expression in the brain, which is similar to that in zebrafish. Moreover, applying a luciferase reporter system, we found that the promotor sequence of gper1 has strong activity, and similar to GPER1 in other animals, carp GPER1 also has seven-transmembrane domains, indicating its potential functions. We confirmed the binding ability of GPER1 with G1 and G15 in primary macrophages of C. carpio by testing the related gene expression levels after 6 h exposure, and similar to G1, bisphenol A (BPA), a typical environmental estrogen, could interact with GPER1 to increase the Ca2+ concentration in macrophages treated for 30 min. Furthermore, inhibition of GPER1 with GPER1 antagonist G36 rescued the cellular immunotoxicity caused by BPA, which further suggested that carp GPER1 could mediate the estrogen effect. Our findings contribute to better understanding of the role of carp GPER1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Liu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Fangyi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Ling Cai
- Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, PRC, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China.
| | - Wenhui Qiu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Integrated Surface Water-Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Ming Yang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; Shanghai Applied Radiation Institute, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China.
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19
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Takayasu S, Usutani M, Makita K, Daimon M. The activation of G protein-coupled receptor 30 increases pro-opiomelanocortin gene expression through cAMP/PKA/NR4A pathway in mouse pituitary corticotroph AtT-20 cells. Neurosci Lett 2020; 739:135468. [PMID: 33152456 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2020.135468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptor 30 (GPR30) signaling plays an important role in many regulatory pathways, such as gene expression, cell proliferation and migration. However, whether GPR30 is involved in transcription of the pro-opiomelanocortin (Pomc) gene in pituitary corticotroph cells is currently unknown. Here, we report that GPR30 signaling, activated by the GPR30 specific agonist G-1, increases Pomc expression in the mouse corticotroph cell line AtT-20. G-1 also increased nuclear receptor subfamily 4 group A member 1- and 2-dependent transcription activity and phosphorylation of cyclic adenosine monophosphate response element binding protein. Furthermore, protein kinase A inhibitors strongly attenuated G-1-mediated transactivation. The findings suggest that G-1 stimulates GPR30-mediated mechanisms via cyclic adenosine monophosphate/protein kinase A/nuclear receptor subfamily 4 group A members activity in the regulation of Pomc in corticotroph cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinobu Takayasu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine and Hospital, Hirosaki, Aomori, Japan.
| | - Mari Usutani
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine and Hospital, Hirosaki, Aomori, Japan
| | - Koshi Makita
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine and Hospital, Hirosaki, Aomori, Japan
| | - Makoto Daimon
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine and Hospital, Hirosaki, Aomori, Japan
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20
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Bang J, Zippin JH. Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) signaling in melanocyte pigmentation and melanomagenesis. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2020; 34:28-43. [PMID: 32777162 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The second messenger cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) regulates numerous functions in both benign melanocytes and melanoma cells. cAMP is generated from two distinct sources, transmembrane and soluble adenylyl cyclases (tmAC and sAC, respectively), and is degraded by a family of proteins called phosphodiesterases (PDEs). cAMP signaling can be regulated in many different ways and can lead to varied effects in melanocytes. It was recently revealed that distinct cAMP signaling pathways regulate pigmentation by either altering pigment gene expression or the pH of melanosomes. In the context of melanoma, many studies report seemingly contradictory roles for cAMP in tumorigenesis. For example, cAMP signaling has been implicated in both cancer promotion and suppression, as well as both therapy resistance and sensitization. This conundrum in the field may be explained by the fact that cAMP signals in discrete microdomains and each microdomain can mediate differential cellular functions. Here, we review the role of cAMP signaling microdomains in benign melanocyte biology, focusing on pigmentation, and in melanomagenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakyung Bang
- Department of Dermatology, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jonathan H Zippin
- Department of Dermatology, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
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21
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Bellenghi M, Puglisi R, Pontecorvi G, De Feo A, Carè A, Mattia G. Sex and Gender Disparities in Melanoma. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E1819. [PMID: 32645881 PMCID: PMC7408637 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12071819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Worldwide, the total incidence of cutaneous melanoma is higher in men than in women, with some differences related to ethnicity and age and, above all, sex and gender. Differences exist in respect to the anatomic localization of melanoma, in that it is more frequent on the trunk in men and on the lower limbs in women. A debated issue is if-and to what extent-melanoma development can be attributed to gender-specific behaviors or to biologically intrinsic differences. In the search for factors responsible for the divergences, a pivotal role of sex hormones has been observed, although conflicting results indicate the involvement of other mechanisms. The presence on the X chromosome of numerous miRNAs and coding genes playing immunological roles represents another important factor, whose relevance can be even increased by the incomplete X chromosome random inactivation. Considering the known advantages of the female immune system, a different cancer immune surveillance efficacy was suggested to explain some sex disparities. Indeed, the complexity of this picture emerged when the recently developed immunotherapies unexpectedly showed better improvements in men than in women. Altogether, these data support the necessity of further studies, which consider enrolling a balanced number of men and women in clinical trials to better understand the differences and obtain actual gender-equitable healthcare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Bellenghi
- Center for Gender-specific Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (M.B.); (R.P.); (G.P.); (G.M.)
| | - Rossella Puglisi
- Center for Gender-specific Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (M.B.); (R.P.); (G.P.); (G.M.)
| | - Giada Pontecorvi
- Center for Gender-specific Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (M.B.); (R.P.); (G.P.); (G.M.)
| | - Alessandra De Feo
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, 40136 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Alessandra Carè
- Center for Gender-specific Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (M.B.); (R.P.); (G.P.); (G.M.)
| | - Gianfranco Mattia
- Center for Gender-specific Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (M.B.); (R.P.); (G.P.); (G.M.)
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22
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Inhibitory Effects of Pinostilbene Hydrate on Melanogenesis in B16F10 Melanoma Cells via ERK and p38 Signaling Pathways. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21134732. [PMID: 32630811 PMCID: PMC7369948 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21134732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanin protects our skin from harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation. However, when produced in excess, it can cause hyperpigmentation disorders, such as melanoma, freckles, lentigo, and blotches. In this study, we investigated the effects of pinostilbene hydrate (PH) on melanogenesis. We also examined the underlying mechanisms of PH on melanin production in B16F10 cells. Our findings indicated that PH significantly inhibits melanin content and cellular tyrosinase activity in cells without causing cytotoxicity. In addition, Western blot analysis showed that PH downregulated the protein levels of microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF), tyrosinase, and other melanogenic enzymes, such as tyrosinase-related protein-1 (TRP-1) and tyrosinase-related protein-2 (TRP-2). Although PH activated the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), it inhibited p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases (p38). Furthermore, the inhibition of tyrosinase activity by PH was attenuated by treatment with PD98059 (a specific ERK inhibitor). Additionally, p-AKT was upregulated by PH treatment. Finally, the inhibitory effects of PH on melanin content and tyrosinase activity were confirmed in normal human melanocytes. These results suggest PH downregulates melanogenesis via the inhibition of MITF expression, followed by the MAPKase signaling pathways. Thus, PH may be used to treat or prevent hyperpigmentation disorders and in functional cosmetic agents for skin whitening.
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23
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Baek SH, Kang MG, Park D. Inhibitory Effect of Sesamolin on Melanogenesis in B16F10 Cells Determined by In Vitro and Molecular Docking Analyses. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2020; 21:169-178. [PMID: 31612825 DOI: 10.2174/1389201020666191011151123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Melanin protects the skin against the harmful effects of ultraviolet irradiation. However, melanin overproduction can result in several aesthetic problems, including melasma, freckles, age spots and chloasma. Therefore, development of anti-melanogenic agents is important for the prevention of serious hyperpigmentation diseases. Sesamolin is a lignan compound isolated from sesame seeds with several beneficial properties, including potential for melanin inhibition. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to evaluate the anti-melanogenic effect of sesamolin in cell culture in vitro and the underlying mechanism of inhibition using molecular docking simulation. METHODS Melanogenesis was induced by 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine in B16F10 melanoma cells, and the inhibitory effects of sesamolin were evaluated using zymography, a tyrosinase inhibitory activity assay, western blotting, and real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis. Docking simulations between sesamolin and tyrosinase were performed using Autodock vina. RESULTS Sesamolin significantly inhibited the expression of melanogenesis-related factors tyrosinase, and tyrosinase-related proteins 1 and 2 at the mRNA and protein levels. Treatment of melanoma cells with 50 µM sesamolin demonstrated the strongest inhibition against intercellular tyrosinase and melanin synthesis without exerting cytotoxic effects. Sesamolin significantly reduced mushroom tyrosinase activity in a dose-dependent manner via a competitive inhibition mechanism. Tyrosinase docking simulations supported that sesamolin (-6.5 kcal/mol) bound to the active site of tyrosinase more strongly than the positive control (arbutin, -5.7 kcal/mol). CONCLUSION Sesamolin could be developed as a melanogenesis inhibiting agent owing to its dual function in blocking the generation of melanogenesis-related enzymes and inhibiting the enzymatic response of tyrosinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Hwa Baek
- Department of Predictive Toxicology, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, 34114, South Korea.,Center for Convergent Research of Emerging Virus Infection, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, 34114, South Korea
| | - Myung-Gyun Kang
- Center for Convergent Research of Emerging Virus Infection, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, 34114, South Korea
| | - Daeui Park
- Department of Predictive Toxicology, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, 34114, South Korea.,Center for Convergent Research of Emerging Virus Infection, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, 34114, South Korea
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Huang C, Li P, Wang B, Deng Y, Li J, Mao M, Jian D. Multi‐Factors Associated With Efficacy and Adverse Events of Fractional Erbium:YAG Laser‐Assisted Delivery of Topical Betamethasone for Stable Vitiligo: A Retrospective Analysis. Lasers Surg Med 2019; 52:590-596. [PMID: 31820470 DOI: 10.1002/lsm.23198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chuchu Huang
- Department of Dermatology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric DisordersXiangya Hospital, Central South University87 Xiangya Road Changsha Hunan 410008 China
| | - Peiyao Li
- Department of Dermatology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric DisordersXiangya Hospital, Central South University87 Xiangya Road Changsha Hunan 410008 China
| | - Ben Wang
- Department of Dermatology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric DisordersXiangya Hospital, Central South University87 Xiangya Road Changsha Hunan 410008 China
| | - Yuxuan Deng
- Department of Dermatology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric DisordersXiangya Hospital, Central South University87 Xiangya Road Changsha Hunan 410008 China
| | - Ji Li
- Department of Dermatology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric DisordersXiangya Hospital, Central South University87 Xiangya Road Changsha Hunan 410008 China
| | - Mengping Mao
- Department of Dermatology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric DisordersXiangya Hospital, Central South University87 Xiangya Road Changsha Hunan 410008 China
| | - Dan Jian
- Department of Dermatology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric DisordersXiangya Hospital, Central South University87 Xiangya Road Changsha Hunan 410008 China
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25
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Dika E, Patrizi A, Lambertini M, Manuelpillai N, Fiorentino M, Altimari A, Ferracin M, Lauriola M, Fabbri E, Campione E, Veronesi G, Scarfì F. Estrogen Receptors and Melanoma: A Review. Cells 2019; 8:E1463. [PMID: 31752344 PMCID: PMC6912660 DOI: 10.3390/cells8111463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last three decades cutaneous melanoma has been widely investigated as a steroid hormone-sensitive cancer. Following this hypothesis, many epidemiological studies have investigated the relationship between estrogens and melanoma. No evidence to date has supported this association due to the great complexity of genetic, external and environmental factors underlying the development of this cancer. Molecular mechanisms through which estrogen and their receptor exert a role in melanoma genesis are still under investigation with new studies increasingly focusing on the discovery of new molecular targets for therapeutic treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emi Dika
- Dermatology Section, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, DIMES, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (A.P.); (M.L.); (N.M.); (G.V.); (F.S.)
| | - Annalisa Patrizi
- Dermatology Section, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, DIMES, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (A.P.); (M.L.); (N.M.); (G.V.); (F.S.)
| | - Martina Lambertini
- Dermatology Section, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, DIMES, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (A.P.); (M.L.); (N.M.); (G.V.); (F.S.)
| | - Nicholas Manuelpillai
- Dermatology Section, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, DIMES, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (A.P.); (M.L.); (N.M.); (G.V.); (F.S.)
| | - Michelangelo Fiorentino
- Pathology Unit, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, DIMES, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (M.F.); (M.F.); (E.F.)
| | - Annalisa Altimari
- Laboratory of Oncologic Molecular Pathology, S.Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, 40138 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Manuela Ferracin
- Pathology Unit, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, DIMES, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (M.F.); (M.F.); (E.F.)
| | - Mattia Lauriola
- Histology, Embryology and Applied Biology Unit Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine—DIMES University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Enrica Fabbri
- Pathology Unit, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, DIMES, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (M.F.); (M.F.); (E.F.)
| | - Elena Campione
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy;
| | - Giulia Veronesi
- Dermatology Section, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, DIMES, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (A.P.); (M.L.); (N.M.); (G.V.); (F.S.)
| | - Federica Scarfì
- Dermatology Section, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, DIMES, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (A.P.); (M.L.); (N.M.); (G.V.); (F.S.)
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Lan J, Gao XH, Kaul R. Estrogen receptor subtype agonist activation in human cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma cells modulates expression of CD55 and Cyclin D1. EXCLI JOURNAL 2019; 18:606-618. [PMID: 31611744 PMCID: PMC6785760 DOI: 10.17179/excli2019-1541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Clinical studies indicate gender bias in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) incidence with worse prognosis observed in males than in females, suggesting estrogen-mediated protection. In contrast, recent clinical population studies show risk of cSCC by use of oral contraceptives, thus raising controversy. However, animal studies indicate a protective role of estrogen and estrogen receptor (ER)s in cSCC. Currently we have a poor understanding of ERs that are expressed in human cSCC cells and their possible role in malignant transformation. The focus of current study was to determine ER subtype specific expression on cSCC A431 cells and investigate if ER agonist based activation modulates tumor markers CD55 and Cyclin D1 in the cells. ERα, ERβ and G protein-coupled receptor (GPR30) subtype expression at mRNA and protein level was determined in human cSCC A431 cells by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and Western blotting, respectively. The localization of ER subtypes was determined by confocal microscopy. ER subtype agonist based activation on A431 cells was performed to investigate their role in modulating mRNA and protein expression of tumor markers CD55 and Cyclin D1. A431 cells differentially expressed all three ER subtypes- ERα, ERβ and GPR30 with GPR30 expression being the highest. Confocal studies confirmed that all three ER subtypes were expressed in the cytoplasm and ERα and ERβ lacked nuclear expression. Agonist based activation of both ERα and GPR30 significantly upregulated Cyclin D1 and CD55 expression. Blocking of GPR30 led to significantly downregulation of both Cyclin D1 and CD55 expression. In contrast to ERα and GPR30, ERβ activation significantly downregulated CD55 expression. Taken together, here we demonstrate for the first time that all three ERs- ERα, ERβ and GPR30 are expressed in human A431 cSCC cells and further ER agonist based activation modulates the expression of tumor markers CD55 and Cyclin D1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Lan
- Department of Dermatology, the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110001, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Oklahoma State University, Center for Health Sciences, Tulsa, Oklahoma, 74107, United States
| | - Xing-Hua Gao
- Department of Dermatology, the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110001, China
| | - Rashmi Kaul
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Oklahoma State University, Center for Health Sciences, Tulsa, Oklahoma, 74107, United States
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Beauvericin inhibits melanogenesis by regulating cAMP/PKA/CREB and LXR-α/p38 MAPK-mediated pathways. Sci Rep 2018; 8:14958. [PMID: 30297846 PMCID: PMC6175938 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-33352-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Melanogenesis is the process of production of melanin pigments that are responsible for the colors of skin, eye, and hair and provide protection from ultraviolet radiation. However, excessive levels of melanin formation cause hyperpigmentation disorders such as freckles, melasma, and age spots. Liver X receptors (LXR) are nuclear oxysterol receptors belonging to the family of ligand-activated transcription factors and physiological regulators of lipid and cholesterol metabolism. In the skin, activation of LXRs stimulates differentiation of keratinocytes and augments lipid synthesis in sebocytes. However, the function of LXRs in melanogenesis has not been clearly elucidated. In addition, although beauvericin, a well-known mycotoxin primarily isolated from several fungi, has various biological properties, its involvement in melanogenesis has not been reported. Therefore, in this study, we examined the effects of beauvericin on melanogenesis and its molecular mechanisms. Beauvericin decreased melanin content and tyrosinase activity without any cytotoxicity. Beauvericin also reduced protein levels of MITF, tyrosinase, TRP1, and TRP2. In addition, beauvericin suppressed cAMP-PKA-CREB signaling and upregulated expression of LXR-α, resulting in the suppression of p38 MAPK. Our results indicate that beauvericin attenuates melanogenesis by regulating both cAMP/PKA/CREB and LXR-α/p38 MAPK pathways, consequently leading to a reduction of melanin levels.
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28
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Chemical Constituents from Apios americana and Their Inhibitory Activity on Tyrosinase. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23010232. [PMID: 29361770 PMCID: PMC6017567 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23010232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The goal of this study was to identify phytochemicals with inhibitory activity against tyrosinase. Nine compounds 1–9 were isolated from the tubers of Apios americana. This is the first report of aromadendrin 5-methyl ether (1) being isolated from the Apios species. Among them, compounds 2 and 8 showed inhibitory activity toward tyrosinase. Based on a Dixon plot, the potential Ki values of competitive inhibitors 2 and 8 were calculated as 10.3 ± 0.8 µM and 44.2 ± 1.7 µM, respectively. An IC50 value of 13.2 ± 1.0 µM was calculated for the slow-binding inhibitor 2 after preincubation with tyrosinase. Additionally, the predicted binding sites between the receptor and ligand, as well as secondary structure changes, in the presence of 2 were examined by molecular simulation.
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29
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Natale CA, Li J, Zhang J, Dahal A, Dentchev T, Stanger BZ, Ridky TW. Activation of G protein-coupled estrogen receptor signaling inhibits melanoma and improves response to immune checkpoint blockade. eLife 2018; 7. [PMID: 29336307 PMCID: PMC5770157 DOI: 10.7554/elife.31770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Female sex and history of prior pregnancies are associated with favorable melanoma outcomes. Here, we show that much of the melanoma protective effect likely results from estrogen signaling through the G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER) on melanocytes. Selective GPER activation in primary melanocytes and melanoma cells induced long-term changes that maintained a more differentiated cell state as defined by increased expression of well-established melanocyte differentiation antigens, increased pigment production, decreased proliferative capacity, and decreased expression of the oncodriver and stem cell marker c-Myc. GPER signaling also rendered melanoma cells more vulnerable to immunotherapy. Systemically delivered GPER agonist was well tolerated, and cooperated with immune checkpoint blockade in melanoma-bearing mice to dramatically extend survival, with up to half of mice clearing their tumor. Complete responses were associated with immune memory that protected against tumor rechallenge. GPER may be a useful, pharmacologically accessible target for melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A Natale
- Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Dermatology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States
| | - Jinyang Li
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States
| | - Junqian Zhang
- Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Dermatology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States
| | - Ankit Dahal
- Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Dermatology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States
| | - Tzvete Dentchev
- Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Dermatology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States
| | - Ben Z Stanger
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States
| | - Todd W Ridky
- Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Dermatology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States
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30
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Chung YC, Kim S, Kim JH, Lee GS, Lee JN, Lee NH, Hyun CG. Pratol, an O-Methylated Flavone, Induces Melanogenesis in B16F10 Melanoma Cells via p-p38 and p-JNK Upregulation. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22101704. [PMID: 29019920 PMCID: PMC6151583 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22101704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Revised: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Tyrosinase is the rate-limiting enzyme critical for melanin synthesis. It controls pigmentation in the skin. Activation of tyrosinase is currently the most common approach in the development of tanning and haircare products. Pratol is a 7-hydroxy-4-methoxyflavone found in Trifoliumpratense. In this study, we investigated the effects of pratol on melanogenesis. We also studied the mechanism of action of pratol in B16F10 mouse melanoma cells. The cells were treated with various concentrations (6.25, 12.5, 25, and 50 μM) of pratol to observe its effects. The results showed that pratol significantly increased melanin content and tyrosinase activity in the cells without being cytotoxic. In addition, pratol strongly increased the expression of tyrosinase and tyrosinase-related protein-1 and 2 by enhancing the expression of microphthalmia-associated transcription factor. Furthermore, pratol stimulated melanogenesis via the phosphorylation of p38, c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNK), and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK). The findings from an assay searching for the inhibitor revealed that SB203580 (a specific p38 inhibitor) or SP600125 (a p-JNK inhibitor) attenuated pratol-induced cellular tyrosinase activity whereas PD98059 (an ERK inhibitor) did not. Additionally, pratol interfered with the phosphorylation of p-AKT. We also found that pratol-induced melanogenesis was reversed by H89, which is a specific protein kinase A inhibitor. The results suggest that, owing to its multi-functional properties, pratol may be a potential tanning agent or a therapeutic agent for hair depigmentation in the cosmetic industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- You Chul Chung
- Department of Chemistry and Cosmetics, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea.
| | - Seoyeon Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Cosmetics, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea.
| | - Jin Hwa Kim
- Skin Science Research Institute, Itshanbul Cosmetics Co., Chungbuk 27651, Korea.
| | - Geun Soo Lee
- Skin Science Research Institute, Itshanbul Cosmetics Co., Chungbuk 27651, Korea.
| | - Jung No Lee
- R&D Center, CoSeedBioPham Co., Chungbuk 28161, Korea.
| | - Nam Ho Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Cosmetics, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea.
| | - Chang-Gu Hyun
- Department of Chemistry and Cosmetics, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea.
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Béziers P, Ducrest AL, Simon C, Roulin A. Circulating testosterone and feather-gene expression of receptors and metabolic enzymes in relation to melanin-based colouration in the barn owl. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2017; 250:36-45. [PMID: 28457648 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2017.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2016] [Revised: 03/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Knowledge of how and why secondary sexual characters are associated with sex hormones is important to understand their signalling function. Such a link can occur if i) testosterone participates in the elaboration of sex-traits, ii) the display of an ornament triggers behavioural response in conspecifics that induce a rise in testosterone, or iii) genes implicated in the elaboration of a sex-trait pleiotropically regulate testosterone physiology. To evaluate the origin of the co-variation between melanism and testosterone, we measured this hormone and the expression of enzymes involved in its metabolism in feathers of barn owl (Tyto alba) nestlings at the time of melanogenesis and in adults outside the period of melanogenesis. Male nestlings displaying smaller black feather spots had higher levels of circulating testosterone, potentially suggesting that testosterone could block the production of eumelanin pigments, or that genes involved in the production of small spots pleiotropically regulate testosterone production. In contrast, the enzyme 5α-reductase, that metabolizes testosterone to DHT, was more expressed in feathers of reddish-brown than light-reddish nestlings. This is consistent with the hypothesis that testosterone might be involved in the expression of reddish-brown pheomelanic pigments. In breeding adults, male barn owls displaying smaller black spots had higher levels of circulating testosterone, whereas in females the opposite result was detected during the rearing period, but not during incubation. The observed sex- and age-specific co-variations between black spottiness and testosterone in nestling and adult barn owls may not result from testosterone-dependent melanogenesis, but from melanogenic genes pleiotropically regulating testosterone, or from colour-specific life history strategies that influence testosterone levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Béziers
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Anne-Lyse Ducrest
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Céline Simon
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Alexandre Roulin
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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GPR30 Activation Contributes to the Puerarin-Mediated Neuroprotection in MPP+-Induced SH-SY5Y Cell Death. J Mol Neurosci 2016; 61:227-234. [DOI: 10.1007/s12031-016-0856-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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