Design, synthesis, in vitro and in silico studies of naproxen derivatives as dual lipoxygenase and α-glucosidase inhibitors

Insight into in vitro thymidine phosphorylase and in silico molecular docking studies: identification of hybrid thiazole bearing Schiff base derivatives

In pursuit of effective thymidine phosphorylase inhibitors, a series of hybrid analogs of thiazole-hydrazone derivatives (1-15) were synthesized and evaluated for their enzyme inhibitory potential using 7-deazaxanthine as a positive control. The goal was to determine these derivatives' effectiveness in suppressing thymidine phosphorylase activity, a target relevant to antitumor strategies due to the enzyme's role in angiogenesis and tumor growth. Biological evaluations indicated that all synthesized analogs displayed significant to moderate inhibitory activity, with IC50 values between 3.93 ± 0.90 and 25.75 ± 4.30 µM. Particularly, compounds 12, 9, and 28 exhibited superior potency, with IC50 values of 3.93 ± 0.90, 4.10 ± 1.10, and 4.50 ± 1.10 µM, respectively, surpassing the standard inhibitor 7-deazaxanthine (IC50 = 16.8 ± 2.20 µM). Additionally, molecular docking studies were performed to elucidate the binding interactions of the synthesized thiazole-hydrazone derivatives with the active site of thymidine phosphorylase. The docking results aligned well with experimental data, revealing favorable binding conformations and significant interactions that support the observed inhibitory activities, particularly in the most potent compounds. These findings underscore the promise of thiazole-hydrazone derivatives as effective thymidine phosphorylase inhibitors, suggesting that targeted structural modifications could further enhance their activity. Further investigations, including in vivo studies, are warranted to explore their potential applications in anticancer therapies. This study highlights the valuable role of molecular docking in understanding the structure-activity relationship (SAR) of thiazole-hydrazone derivatives, emphasizing the potential of these compounds in advancing thymidine phosphorylase inhibition strategies for therapeutic purposes.

Synthesis, highly potent α-glucosidase inhibition, antioxidant and molecular docking of various novel dihydropyrimidine derivatives to treat diabetes mellitus

1,4-dihydropyrimidine-2-thiones were synthesized in five series that include 5-carboxylic acid derivatives of dihydropyrimidine (series A, 6-8), novel 5-carboxamide derivatives of dihydropyrimidine (series B, 9-14), N,S-dimethyl-dihydropyrimidine (series C, 15-20), N-hydrazinyl derivatives of dihydropyrimidine (series D, 21-24) and tetrazolo dihydropyrimidine derivatives (series E, 25-28), and evaluated for anti-diabetic capability. The prepared novel compounds were structurally established by FTIR, 1HNMR, 13CNMR, ESI and HRMS. All of these compounds from series A-E were first time examined for α-glucosidase inhibition as to evaluate their anti-diabetic potential. Most of the compounds for example 8, 11-14, 15, 17-21, 25 and 28 demonstrated greater α-glucosidase inhibitory effects (IC50 = 12.5 ± 0.21 to 47.3 ± 0.23 μM) when compared to deoxynojirimycin as standard (IC50 = 52.02 ± 0.36 μM). Compounds from series B and C found to be highly active however, the compounds from series D found generally less active. The structure-activity relationships demonstrated the importance of C-5 carboxamides, C-5 ethyl ester functionality, and the presence of N,S-dimethyl groups at pyrimidine ring for α-glucosidase inhibition. The docking studies demonstrated that all the active compounds have van der Waals and alkyl bonds interactions with the targeted site of the human lysosomal acid α-glucosidase. All these compounds were also tested for antioxidant potential by DPPH radical scavenging protocol that exhibited significant antioxidant effects (IC50 = 21.4 ± 0.45 to 92.1 ± 0.38 μM) as compared to the standard butylated hydroxyanisol (IC50 = 44.2 ± 0.36 μM). Among all, compound 13, 14 and 19 with potent α-glucosidase inhibition (IC50 = 18.9 ± 0.72, 23.3 ± 0.45 and 21.5 ± 0.16 µM, respectively) along with excellent antioxidant potential in the range of (IC50 = 21.4 ± 0.45 to 31.2 ± 0.23 μM) indicated their ability to use as valuable leads for the development of anti-diabetic drugs with the combined effects of antioxidants.

Bio-Oriented Synthesis and Molecular Docking Studies of 1,2,4-Triazole Based Derivatives as Potential Anti-Cancer Agents against HepG2 Cell Line

Triazole-based acetamides serve as important scaffolds for various pharmacologically active drugs. In the present work, structural hybrids of 1,2,4-triazole and acetamides were furnished by chemically modifying 2-(4-isobutylphenyl) propanoic acid (1). Target compounds 7a-f were produced in considerable yields (70-76%) by coupling the triazole of compound 1 with different electrophiles under different reaction conditions. These triazole-coupled acetamide derivatives were verified by physiochemical and spectroscopic (HRMS, FTIR, 13CNMR, and 1HNMR,) methods. The anti-liver carcinoma effects of all of the derivatives against a HepG2 cell line were investigated. Compound 7f, with two methyl moieties at the ortho-position, exhibited the highest anti-proliferative activity among all of the compounds with an IC50 value of 16.782 µg/mL. 7f, the most effective anti-cancer molecule, also had a very low toxicity of 1.190.02%. Molecular docking demonstrates that all of the compounds, especially 7f, have exhibited excellent binding affinities of -176.749 kcal/mol and -170.066 kcal/mol to c-kit tyrosine kinase and protein kinase B, respectively. Compound 7f is recognized as the most suitable drug pharmacophore for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma.