1
|
Al Mukaddim R, Weichmann AM, Taylor R, Hacker TA, Pier T, Hardin J, Graham M, Mitchell CC, Varghese T. Murine cardiac fibrosis localization using adaptive Bayesian cardiac strain imaging in vivo. Sci Rep 2022; 12:8522. [PMID: 35595876 PMCID: PMC9122999 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-12579-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
An adaptive Bayesian regularized cardiac strain imaging (ABR-CSI) algorithm for in vivo murine myocardial function assessment is presented. We report on 31 BALB/CJ mice (n = 17 females, n = 14 males), randomly stratified into three surgical groups: myocardial infarction (MI, n = 10), ischemia–reperfusion (IR, n = 13) and control (sham, n = 8) imaged pre-surgery (baseline- BL), and 1, 2, 7 and 14 days post-surgery using a high frequency ultrasound imaging system (Vevo 2100). End-systole (ES) radial and longitudinal strain images were used to generate cardiac fibrosis maps using binary thresholding. Percentage fibrotic myocardium (PFM) computed from regional fibrosis maps demonstrated statistically significant differences post-surgery in scar regions. For example, the MI group had significantly higher PFMRadial (%) values in the anterior mid region (p = 0.006) at Day 14 (n = 8, 42.30 ± 14.57) compared to BL (n = 12, 1.32 ± 0.85). A random forest classifier automatically detected fibrotic regions from ground truth Masson’s trichrome stained histopathology whole slide images. Both PFMRadial (r = 0.70) and PFMLongitudinal (r = 0.60) results demonstrated strong, positive correlation with PFMHistopathology (p < 0.001).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ashley M Weichmann
- Small Animal Imaging and Radiotherapy Facility, UW-Madison, Madison, USA
| | - Rachel Taylor
- Cardiovascular Physiology Core Facility, UW-Madison, Madison, USA
| | - Timothy A Hacker
- Cardiovascular Physiology Core Facility, UW-Madison, Madison, USA
| | - Thomas Pier
- Experimental Animal Pathology Lab, UW-Madison, Madison, USA
| | - Joseph Hardin
- Experimental Animal Pathology Lab, UW-Madison, Madison, USA
| | - Melissa Graham
- Comparative Pathology Laboratory, Research Animal Resources and Compliance (RARC), UW-Madison, Madison, USA
| | - Carol C Mitchell
- Medicine/Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, UW-Madison, Madison, USA
| | - Tomy Varghese
- Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin (UW)-Madison, Madison, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Xie DM, Chen Y, Liao Y, Lin W, Dai G, Lu DH, Zhu S, Yang K, Wu B, Chen Z, Peng C, Jiang MH. Cardiac Derived CD51-Positive Mesenchymal Stem Cells Enhance the Cardiac Repair Through SCF-Mediated Angiogenesis in Mice With Myocardial Infarction. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:642533. [PMID: 33968928 PMCID: PMC8098770 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.642533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Many tissues contained resident mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSCs) that facilitated tissue hemostasis and repair. However, there is no typical marker to identify the resident cardiac MSCs. We aimed to determine if CD51 could be an optimal marker of cardiac MSCs and assess their therapeutic potential for mice with acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Methods: Cardiac-derived CD51+CD31–CD45–Ter119– cells (named CD51+cMSCs) were isolated from C57BL/6 mice(7-day-old) by flow cytometry. The CD51+cMSCs were characterized by proliferation capacity, multi-differentiation potential, and expression of typical MSC-related markers. Adult C57BL/6 mice (12-week-old) were utilized for an AMI model via permanently ligating the left anterior descending coronary artery. The therapeutic efficacy of CD51+cMSCs was estimated by echocardiography and pathological staining. To determine the underlying mechanism, lentiviruses were utilized to knock down gene (stem cell factor [SCF]) expression of CD51+cMSCs. Results: In this study, CD51 was expressed in the entire layers of the cardiac wall in mice, including endocardium, epicardium, and myocardium, and its expression was decreased with age. Importantly, the CD51+cMSCs possessed potent self-renewal potential and multi-lineage differentiation capacity in vitro and also expressed typical MSC-related surface proteins. Furthermore, CD51+cMSC transplantation significantly improved cardiac function and attenuated cardiac fibrosis through pro-angiogenesis activity after myocardial infarction in mice. Moreover, SCF secreted by CD51+cMSCs played an important role in angiogenesis both in vivo and in vitro. Conclusions: Collectively, CD51 is a novel marker of cardiac resident MSCs, and CD51+cMSC therapy enhances cardiac repair at least partly through SCF-mediated angiogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dong Mei Xie
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Anatomy, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yang Chen
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan Liao
- Shenzhen Beike Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, China
| | - Wanwen Lin
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Gang Dai
- NHC Key Laboratory of Assisted Circulation, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Di Han Lu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuanghua Zhu
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ke Yang
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bingyuan Wu
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhihong Chen
- Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chaoquan Peng
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mei Hua Jiang
- Department of Anatomy, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
The Role of Extracellular Vesicles as Paracrine Effectors in Stem Cell-Based Therapies. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1201:175-193. [PMID: 31898787 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-31206-0_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Stem cells act in a paracrine manner through the secretion of biologically active cargo that acts on cells locally and systemically. These active molecules include not only soluble factors but also extracellular vesicles (EVs) that have recently emerged as a mechanism of cell-to-cell communication. EVs act as vehicles that transfer molecules between originator and recipient cells, thereby modifying the phenotype and function of the latter. As EVs released from stem cells may successfully activate regenerative processes in injured cells, their application as a form of therapy can be envisaged. EVs exert these proregenerative effects through the modulation of relevant cellular processes including proliferation, angiogenesis, oxidative stress, inflammation, and immunotolerance, among others. In this chapter, we review the preclinical studies that report the effect of stem cell-derived EVs in various pathological models of human disease.
Collapse
|
4
|
Zubkova ES, Beloglazova IB, Evtushenko EG, Kopylov AT, Shevchenko EK, Dergilev KV, Ratner EI, Parfenova EV, Men'shikov MY. Application of Adeno-Associated Virus Vectors for Engineering SCF-Containing Extracellular Vesicles of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells. Bull Exp Biol Med 2019; 166:527-534. [PMID: 30793234 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-019-04387-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal cells from rat adipose tissue were transduced with adeno-associated viral (AAV) vector encoding stem cell factor SCF that stimulates proliferation of cardiac c-kit+ cells and improved cardiac function and survival of animals after myocardial infarction. Extracellular vesicles isolated from the medium conditioned by mesenchymal stromal cells by ultracentrifugation were characterized by Western blotting, transmission electron microscopy, nanoparticle tracking analysis, immunostaining, and mass spectrometry analysis. Using proteomic analysis, we identified transgenic SCF in extracellular vesicles released by AAV-modified mesenchymal stromal cells and detected some proteins specific of extracellular vesicles secreted by transduced cells. Extracellular vesicles from AAV-transduced mesenchymal stromal cells could be used for delivery of transgenic proteins as they were readily endocytosed by both cardiosphere-derived cells and cardiac-progenitor cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E S Zubkova
- National Medical Research Center for Cardiology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia. .,M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.
| | - I B Beloglazova
- National Medical Research Center for Cardiology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia.,M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - E G Evtushenko
- National Medical Research Center for Cardiology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - E K Shevchenko
- National Medical Research Center for Cardiology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - K V Dergilev
- National Medical Research Center for Cardiology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia.,M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - E I Ratner
- National Medical Research Center for Cardiology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - E V Parfenova
- National Medical Research Center for Cardiology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia.,M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - M Yu Men'shikov
- National Medical Research Center for Cardiology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Khorramirouz R, Go JL, Noble C, Morse D, Lerman A, Young MD. In Vivo Response of Acellular Porcine Pericardial for Tissue Engineered Transcatheter Aortic Valves. Sci Rep 2019; 9:1094. [PMID: 30705386 PMCID: PMC6355869 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-37550-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Current heart valve prostheses have limitations that include durability, inability to grow in pediatric patients, and lifelong anticoagulation. Transcatheter aortic valve replacements are minimally invasive procedures, and therefore have emerged as an alternative to traditional valve prostheses. In this experiment, the regenerative capacity of potential tissue engineered transcatheter valve scaffolds (1) acellular porcine pericardium and (2) mesenchymal stem cell-seeded acellular porcine pericardium were compared to native porcine aortic valve cusps in a rat subcutaneous model for up to 8 weeks. Immunohistochemistry, extracellular matrix evaluation, and tissue biomechanics were evaluated on the explanted tissue. Acellular valve scaffolds expressed CD163, CD31, alpha smooth muscle actin, and vimentin at each time point indicating host cell recellularization; however, MSC-seeded tissue showed greater recellularization. Inflammatory cells were observed with CD3 biomarker in native porcine pericardial tissue throughout the study. No inflammation was observed in either acellular or MSC-seeded scaffolds. There was no mechanical advantage observed in MSC-seeded tissue; however after the first week post-explant, there was a decrease in mechanical properties in all groups (p < 0.05). MSC-seeded and acellular porcine pericardium expressed decreased inflammatory response and better host-cell recellularization compared to the native porcine aortic valve cusps.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reza Khorramirouz
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Jason L Go
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Christopher Noble
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - David Morse
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Amir Lerman
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Melissa D Young
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Rühle A, Huber PE, Saffrich R, Lopez Perez R, Nicolay NH. The current understanding of mesenchymal stem cells as potential attenuators of chemotherapy-induced toxicity. Int J Cancer 2018; 143:2628-2639. [PMID: 29931767 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.31619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Chemotherapeutic agents are part of the standard treatment algorithms for many malignancies; however, their application and dosage are limited by their toxic effects to normal tissues. Chemotherapy-induced toxicities can be long-lasting and may be incompletely reversible; therefore, causative therapies for chemotherapy-dependent side effects are needed, especially considering the increasing survival rates of treated cancer patients. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been shown to exhibit regenerative abilities for various forms of tissue damage. Preclinical data suggest that MSCs may also help to alleviate tissue lesions caused by chemotherapeutic agents, mainly by establishing a protective microenvironment for functional cells. Due to the systemic administration of most anticancer agents, the effects of these drugs on the MSCs themselves are of crucial importance to use stem cell-based approaches for the treatment of chemotherapy-induced tissue toxicities. Here, we present a concise review of the published data regarding the influence of various classes of chemotherapeutic agents on the survival, stem cell characteristics and physiological functions of MSCs. Molecular mechanisms underlying the effects are outlined, and resulting challenges of MSC-based treatments for chemotherapy-induced tissue injuries are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Rühle
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Molecular and Radiation Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (dkfz), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Peter E Huber
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Molecular and Radiation Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (dkfz), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rainer Saffrich
- Medical Faculty Mannheim, Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Immunology, German Red Cross Blood Service Baden-Württemberg-Hessen, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Ramon Lopez Perez
- Department of Molecular and Radiation Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (dkfz), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nils H Nicolay
- Department of Molecular and Radiation Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (dkfz), Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) Partner Site Freiburg, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Sareen N, Sequiera GL, Chaudhary R, Abu-El-Rub E, Chowdhury SR, Sharma V, Surendran A, Moudgil M, Fernyhough P, Ravandi A, Dhingra S. Early passaging of mesenchymal stem cells does not instigate significant modifications in their immunological behavior. Stem Cell Res Ther 2018; 9:121. [PMID: 29720263 PMCID: PMC5930635 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-018-0867-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Revised: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bone marrow-derived allogeneic mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) from young healthy donors are immunoprivileged and their clinical application for regenerative medicine is under evaluation. However, data from preclinical and initial clinical trials indicate that allogeneic MSCs after transplantation provoke a host immune response and are rejected. In the current study, we evaluated the effect of an increase in passage number in cell culture on immunoprivilege of the MSCs. Since only limited numbers of MSCs can be sourced at a time from a donor, it is imperative to expand them in culture to meet the necessary numbers required for cell therapy. Presently, the most commonly used passages for transplantation include passages (P)3–7. Therefore, in this study we included clinically relevant passages, i.e., P3, P5, and P7, for evaluation. Methods The immunoprivilege of MSCs was assessed with the mixed leukocyte reaction assay, where rat MSCs were cocultured with peripheral blood leukocytes for 72 h. Leukocyte-mediated cytotoxicity, apoptosis (Bax/Bcl-xl ratio), leukocyte proliferation, and alterations in cellular bioenergetics in MSCs were assessed after the coculture. Furthermore, the expression of various oxidized phospholipids (oxidized phosphatidylcholine (ox-PC)) was analyzed in MSCs using a lipidomic platform. To determine if the ox-PCs were acting in tandem with downstream intracellular protein alterations, we performed proteome analysis using a liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) proteomic platform. Results Our data demonstrate that MSCs were immunoprivileged at all three passages since coculture with leukocytes did not affect the survival of MSCs at P3, P5, and P7. We also found that, with an increase in the passage number of MSCs, leukocytes did not cause any significant effect on cellular bioenergetics (basal respiration rate, spare respiratory capacity, maximal respiration, and coupling efficiency). Interestingly, in our omics data, we detected alterations in some of the ox-PCs and proteins in MSCs at different passages; however, these changes were not significant enough to affect their immunoprivilege. Conclusions The outcome of this study demonstrates that an increase in passage number (from P3 to P7) in the cell culture does not have any significant effect on the immunoprivilege of MSCs. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13287-018-0867-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Niketa Sareen
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Glen Lester Sequiera
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Rakesh Chaudhary
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Ejlal Abu-El-Rub
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Subir Roy Chowdhury
- Division of Neurodegenerative Disorders, St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre, Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Vikram Sharma
- School of Biomedical and Healthcare Sciences, Plymouth University Peninsula Schools of Medicine and Dentistry, Plymouth, England
| | - Arun Surendran
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Meenal Moudgil
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Paul Fernyhough
- Division of Neurodegenerative Disorders, St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre, Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Amir Ravandi
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Sanjiv Dhingra
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Chaihulonggumulitang Shows Psycho-cardiology Therapeutic Effects on Acute Myocardial Infarction by Enhancing Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells Mobilization. Sci Rep 2018; 8:3724. [PMID: 29487305 PMCID: PMC5829256 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-21789-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic myocardium initiates the mobilization and homing of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) to promote myocardial regeneration after acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Inflammation caused by necrotic cardiomyocytes induce major pathological changes (cardiac remodeling and myocardial apoptosis) as well as anxiety disorder. This process may be inhibited by the differentiation and paracrine effects of BM-MSCs. However, the spontaneous mobilization of BMSCs is insufficient to prevent this effect. Given the anti-inflammatory effects of BM-MSCs, ventricular remodeling and anxiety following AMI, methods focused on enhancing BMSCs mobilization are promising. BFG is a classical traditional Chinese prescription medicine and has been proved effective in treating AMI and reducing anxiety, but the potential mechanism of its function remains unknown. In the present study, we explored the effects of Chaihulonggumulitang (BFG) on AMI and anxiety in vivo and in vitro. We also tested its effects in promoting BMSCs mobilization and alleviating inflammation. Our data showed that the classical Chinese prescription BFG promoted BM-MSCs mobilization, inhibited inflammatory response, and improved heart damage and anxiety developed from AMI. Thus, we provided an underlying mechanism of BFG function in psycho-cardiology conditions such as AMI.
Collapse
|
9
|
Li J, Li SH, Wu J, Weisel RD, Yao A, Stanford WL, Liu SM, Li RK. Young Bone Marrow Sca-1 Cells Rejuvenate the Aged Heart by Promoting Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition. Am J Cancer Res 2018; 8:1766-1781. [PMID: 29556355 PMCID: PMC5858499 DOI: 10.7150/thno.22788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: To improve the regenerative capacity of aged individuals, we reconstituted bone marrow (BM) of aged mice with young Sca-1 cells, which repopulated cardiac progenitors and prevented cardiac dysfunction after a myocardial infarction (MI). However, the mechanisms involved were incompletely elucidated. This study aimed to investigate whether young, highly regenerative BM Sca-1 cells exert their cardio-protective effects on the aged heart through reactivation of the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) process. Methods:In vitro, BM Sca-1 cells were co-cultured with epicardial-derived cells (EPDCs) under hypoxia condition; mRNA and protein levels of EMT genes were measured along with cellular proliferation and migration. In vivo, BM Sca-1+ or Sca-1- cells from young mice (2-3 months) were transplanted into lethally-irradiated old mice (20-22 months) to generate chimeras. In addition, Sca-1 knockout (KO) mice were reconstituted with wild type (WT) BM Sca-1+ cells. The effects of BM Sca-1 cell on EMT reactivation and improvement of cardiac function after MI were evaluated. Results:In vitro, BM Sca-1+ cells increased EPDC proliferation, migration, and EMT relative to Sca-1- cells and these effects were inhibited by a TGF-β blocker. In vivo, more young BM Sca-1+ than Sca-1- cells homed to the epicardium and induced greater host EPDC proliferation, migration, and EMT after MI. Furthermore, reconstitution of Sca-1 KO mice with WT Sca-1+ cells was associated with the reactivation of EMT and improved cardiac function after MI. Conclusions: Young BM Sca-1+ cells improved cardiac regeneration through promoting EPDC proliferation, migration and reactivation of EMT via the TGF-β signaling pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Li
- Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China,Toronto General Research Institute, Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada,Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto; Toronto, Canada
| | - Shu-Hong Li
- Toronto General Research Institute, Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Jun Wu
- Toronto General Research Institute, Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Richard D. Weisel
- Toronto General Research Institute, Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada,Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto; Toronto, Canada
| | - Alina Yao
- Toronto General Research Institute, Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - William L. Stanford
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa
| | - Shi-Ming Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China,✉ Corresponding author: Shi-Ming Liu, MD, Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510260, China. Tel: 86-020-34153522; Fax: 86-20-3415-3709; and Ren-Ke Li, MD, PhD, Toronto Medical Discovery Tower, Room 3-702, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1L7. Tel: 1-416-581-7492; Fax: 1-416-581-7493;
| | - Ren-Ke Li
- Toronto General Research Institute, Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada,Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto; Toronto, Canada,✉ Corresponding author: Shi-Ming Liu, MD, Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510260, China. Tel: 86-020-34153522; Fax: 86-20-3415-3709; and Ren-Ke Li, MD, PhD, Toronto Medical Discovery Tower, Room 3-702, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1L7. Tel: 1-416-581-7492; Fax: 1-416-581-7493;
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Vrijsen KR, Maring JA, Chamuleau SAJ, Verhage V, Mol EA, Deddens JC, Metz CHG, Lodder K, van Eeuwijk ECM, van Dommelen SM, Doevendans PA, Smits AM, Goumans MJ, Sluijter JPG. Exosomes from Cardiomyocyte Progenitor Cells and Mesenchymal Stem Cells Stimulate Angiogenesis Via EMMPRIN. Adv Healthc Mater 2016; 5:2555-2565. [PMID: 27570124 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201600308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Revised: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
To date, cellular transplantation therapy has not yet fulfilled its high expectations for cardiac repair. A major limiting factor is lack of long-term engraftment of the transplanted cells. Interestingly, transplanted cells can positively affect their environment via secreted paracrine factors, among which are extracellular vesicles, including exosomes: small bi-lipid-layered vesicles containing proteins, mRNAs, and miRNAs. An exosome-based therapy will therefore relay a plethora of effects, without some of the limiting factors of cell therapy. Since cardiomyocyte progenitor cells (CMPC) and mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) induce vessel formation and are frequently investigated for cardiac-related therapies, the pro-angiogenic properties of CMPC and MSC-derived exosome-like vesicles are investigated. Both cell types secrete exosome-like vesicles, which are efficiently taken up by endothelial cells. Endothelial cell migration and vessel formation are stimulated by these exosomes in in vitro models, mediated via ERK/Akt-signaling. Additionally, these exosomes stimulated blood vessel formation into matrigel plugs. Analysis of pro-angiogenic factors revealed high levels of extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer (EMMPRIN). Knockdown of EMMPRIN on CMPCs leads to a diminished pro-angiogenic effect, both in vitro and in vivo. Therefore, CMPC and MSC exosomes have powerful pro-angiogenic effects, and this effect is largely mediated via the presence of EMMPRIN on exosomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Krijn R. Vrijsen
- Department of Cardiology; Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology; University Medical Center Utrecht; Utrecht 3584CX The Netherlands
| | - Janita A. Maring
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology; Leiden University Medical Center; 2333ZA The Netherlands
| | - Steven A. J. Chamuleau
- Department of Cardiology; Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology; University Medical Center Utrecht; Utrecht 3584CX The Netherlands
- UMC Utrecht Regenerative Medicine Center; University Medical Center; Utrecht 3584CT The Netherlands
| | - Vera Verhage
- Department of Cardiology; Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology; University Medical Center Utrecht; Utrecht 3584CX The Netherlands
| | - Emma A. Mol
- Department of Cardiology; Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology; University Medical Center Utrecht; Utrecht 3584CX The Netherlands
| | - Janine C. Deddens
- Department of Cardiology; Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology; University Medical Center Utrecht; Utrecht 3584CX The Netherlands
| | - Corina H. G. Metz
- Department of Cardiology; Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology; University Medical Center Utrecht; Utrecht 3584CX The Netherlands
- UMC Utrecht Regenerative Medicine Center; University Medical Center; Utrecht 3584CT The Netherlands
| | - Kirsten Lodder
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology; Leiden University Medical Center; 2333ZA The Netherlands
| | - Esther C. M. van Eeuwijk
- Department of Cardiology; Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology; University Medical Center Utrecht; Utrecht 3584CX The Netherlands
| | - Susan M. van Dommelen
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology; University Medical Center Utrecht; Utrecht 3584CX The Netherlands
| | - Pieter A. Doevendans
- Department of Cardiology; Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology; University Medical Center Utrecht; Utrecht 3584CX The Netherlands
- UMC Utrecht Regenerative Medicine Center; University Medical Center; Utrecht 3584CT The Netherlands
- Netherlands Heart Institute (ICIN); Utrecht 3584CX The Netherlands
| | - Anke M. Smits
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology; Leiden University Medical Center; 2333ZA The Netherlands
| | - Marie-José Goumans
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology; Leiden University Medical Center; 2333ZA The Netherlands
| | - Joost P. G. Sluijter
- Department of Cardiology; Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology; University Medical Center Utrecht; Utrecht 3584CX The Netherlands
- UMC Utrecht Regenerative Medicine Center; University Medical Center; Utrecht 3584CT The Netherlands
- Netherlands Heart Institute (ICIN); Utrecht 3584CX The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Pombero A, Garcia-Lopez R, Martinez S. Brain mesenchymal stem cells: physiology and pathological implications. Dev Growth Differ 2016; 58:469-80. [PMID: 27273235 DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Revised: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are defined as progenitor cells that give rise to a number of unique, differentiated mesenchymal cell types. This concept has progressively evolved towards an all-encompassing concept including multipotent perivascular cells of almost any tissue. In central nervous system, pericytes are involved in blood-brain barrier, and angiogenesis and vascular tone regulation. They form the neurovascular unit (NVU) together with endothelial cells, astrocytes and neurons. This functional structure provides an optimal microenvironment for neural proliferation in the adult brain. Neurovascular niche include both diffusible signals and direct contact with endothelial and pericytes, which are a source of diffusible neurotrophic signals that affect neural precursors. Therefore, MSCs/pericyte properties such as differentiation capability, as well as immunoregulatory and paracrine effects make them a potential resource in regenerative medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Pombero
- Intituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB)-Arrixaca, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Raquel Garcia-Lopez
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad Miguel Hernandez-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones, Av Ramon y Cajal s/n, San Juan de Alicante, 03550, Spain
| | - Salvador Martinez
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad Miguel Hernandez-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones, Av Ramon y Cajal s/n, San Juan de Alicante, 03550, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Kumar MD, Dravid A, Kumar A, Sen D. Gene therapy as a potential tool for treating neuroblastoma-a focused review. Cancer Gene Ther 2016; 23:115-24. [PMID: 27080224 DOI: 10.1038/cgt.2016.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Revised: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Neuroblastoma, a solid tumor caused by rapid division of undifferentiated neuroblasts, is the most common childhood malignancy affecting children aged <5 years. Several approaches and strategies developed and tested to cure neuroblastoma have met with limited success due to different reasons. Many oncogenes are deregulated during the onset and development of neuroblastoma and thus offer an opportunity to circumvent this disease if the expression of these genes is restored to normalcy. Gene therapy is a powerful tool with the potential to inhibit the deleterious effects of oncogenes by inserting corrected/normal genes into the genome. Both viral and non-viral vector-based gene therapies have been developed and adopted to deliver the target genes into neuroblastoma cells. These attempts have given hope to bringing in a new regime of treatment against neuroblastoma. A few gene-therapy-based treatment strategies have been tested in limited clinical trials yielding some positive results. This mini review is an attempt to provide an overview of the available options of gene therapy to treat neuroblastoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M D Kumar
- School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology University, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - A Dravid
- School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology University, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - A Kumar
- School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology University, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - D Sen
- School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology University, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India.,Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics Laboratory, Centre for Biomaterials, Cellular and Molecular Theranostics, Vellore Institute of Technology University, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Epicardial infarct repair with bioinductive extracellular matrix promotes vasculogenesis and myocardial recovery. J Heart Lung Transplant 2016; 35:661-70. [PMID: 26987597 DOI: 10.1016/j.healun.2016.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Revised: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infarcted myocardium can remodel after successful reperfusion, resulting in left ventricular dilation and heart failure. Epicardial infarct repair (EIR) using a bioinductive extracellular matrix (ECM) biomaterial is a novel surgical approach to promote endogenous myocardial repair and functional recovery after myocardial infarction. Using a pre-clinical porcine model of coronary ischemia-reperfusion, we assessed the effects of EIR on regional functional recovery, safety, and possible mechanisms of benefit. METHODS An ECM biomaterial (CorMatrix ECM) was applied to the epicardium after 75 minutes of coronary ischemia in a porcine model. Following ischemia-reperfusion injury, animals were randomly assigned in 2:1 fashion to EIR (n = 8) or sham treatment (n = 4). Serial cardiac magnetic resonance imaging was performed on normal (n = 4) and study animals at baseline (1 week) and 6 weeks after treatment. Myocardial function and tissue characteristics were assessed. RESULTS Functional myocardial recovery was significantly increased by EIR compared with sham treatment (change in regional myocardial contraction at 6 weeks, 28.6 ± 14.0% vs 4.2 ± 13.5% wall thickening, p < 0.05). Animals receiving EIR had reduced adhesions compared with animals receiving sham treatment (1.44 ± 0.51 vs 3.08 ± 0.89, p < 0.05). Myocardial fibrosis was not increased, and EIR did not cause myocardial constriction, as left ventricular compliance by passive pressure distention at matched volumes was similar between groups (13.9 ± 4.0 mm Hg in EIR group vs 16.0 ± 5.2 mm Hg in sham group, p = 0.61). Animals receiving EIR showed evidence of vasculogenesis in the region of functional recovery. CONCLUSIONS In addition to the beneficial effects of successful reperfusion, EIR using a bioinductive ECM enhances myocardial repair and functional recovery. Clinical translation of EIR early after myocardial infarction as an adjunct to surgical revascularization may be warranted in the future.
Collapse
|
14
|
How to Improve the Survival of Transplanted Mesenchymal Stem Cell in Ischemic Heart? Stem Cells Int 2015; 2016:9682757. [PMID: 26681958 PMCID: PMC4670674 DOI: 10.1155/2016/9682757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) is an intensely studied stem cell type applied for cardiac repair. For decades, the preclinical researches on animal model and clinical trials have suggested that MSC transplantation exerts therapeutic effect on ischemic heart disease. However, there remain major limitations to be overcome, one of which is the very low survival rate after transplantation in heart tissue. Various strategies have been tried to improve the MSC survival, and many of them showed promising results. In this review, we analyzed the studies in recent years to summarize the methods, effects, and mechanisms of the new strategies to address this question.
Collapse
|
15
|
Dhingra S, Wu J, Li SH, Guo J, Huang XP, Mihic A, Hu J, Weisel RD, Li RK. Modulation of Alloimmune Responses by Interleukin-10 Prevents Rejection of Implanted Allogeneic Smooth Muscle Cells and Restores Postinfarction Ventricular Function. Cell Transplant 2015; 24:1013-29. [DOI: 10.3727/096368914x681036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-10 (IL-10) gene transduction into allogeneic smooth muscle cells (SMCs) was evaluated to improve the long-term benefits of allogeneic cell transplantation into infarcted myocardium. Allogeneic cells, including SMCs, have been demonstrated to restore cardiac function and repair the infarcted myocardium, but late rejection of the transplanted cells by the host immune system may reverse the benefits of cell therapy. In a rat myocardial infarction model, three groups of rats were injected with either unmodified autologous, unmodified allogeneic, or allogeneic + IL-10 SMCs into the infarct region. Three weeks later, most of the allogeneic cells were rejected, whereas autologous cells were engrafted in the myocardium. IL-10 gene transduction of the allogeneic SMCs significantly improved the cell survival. To understand the mechanism of this improved survival, we evaluated the host immune responses against the SMCs. Allogeneic SMCs expressing IL-10 decreased leukocyte-mediated cytotoxicity in coculture, decreased the number of cytotoxic CD8+ T-cells, and increased the number of CD4+CD25+ regulatory T-cells in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, IL-10 prevented the production of antidonor antibodies by the recipients against the allogeneic SMCs. Transplantation of unmodified autologous SMCs, but not unmodified allogeneic SMCs, significantly improved fractional shortening and left ventricular dimensions compared to the media-injected control group. However, IL-10 gene-enhanced allogeneic SMCs improved ventricular function, increased wall thickness, and decreased scar length in association with their enhanced survival. We conclude that IL-10 gene-enhanced cell therapy with allogeneic SMCs prevents detrimental alloimmune responses in the recipient, thereby increasing the survival of transplanted allogeneic SMCs and more effectively restoring cardiac function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sanjiv Dhingra
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network and Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiac Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jun Wu
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network and Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiac Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shu-Hong Li
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network and Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiac Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jian Guo
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network and Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiac Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Xi-Ping Huang
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network and Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiac Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anton Mihic
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network and Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiac Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jim Hu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology (Pediatrics), University of Toronto and Physiology and Experimental Medicine Program, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Richard D. Weisel
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network and Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiac Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ren-Ke Li
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network and Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiac Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Ishikawa K, Fish K, Aguero J, Yaniz-Galende E, Jeong D, Kho C, Tilemann L, Fish L, Liang L, Eltoukhy AA, Anderson DG, Zsebo K, Costa KD, Hajjar RJ. Stem cell factor gene transfer improves cardiac function after myocardial infarction in swine. Circ Heart Fail 2014; 8:167-74. [PMID: 25342737 DOI: 10.1161/circheartfailure.114.001711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stem cell factor (SCF), a ligand of the c-kit receptor, is a critical cytokine, which contributes to cell migration, proliferation, and survival. It has been shown that SCF expression increases after myocardial infarction (MI) and may be involved in cardiac repair. The aim of this study was to determine whether gene transfer of membrane-bound human SCF improves cardiac function in a large animal model of MI. METHODS AND RESULTS A transmural MI was created by implanting an embolic coil in the left anterior descending artery in Yorkshire pigs. One week after the MI, the pigs received direct intramyocardial injections of either a recombinant adenovirus encoding for SCF (Ad.SCF, n=9) or β-gal (Ad.β-gal, n=6) into the infarct border area. At 3 months post-MI, ejection fraction increased by 12% relative to baseline after Ad.SCF therapy, whereas it decreased by 4.2% (P=0.004) in pigs treated with Ad.β-gal. Preload-recruitable stroke work was significantly higher in pigs after SCF treatment (Ad.SCF, 55.5±11.6 mm Hg versus Ad.β-gal, 31.6±12.6 mm Hg, P=0.005), indicating enhanced cardiac function. Histological analyses confirmed the recruitment of c-kit(+) cells as well as a reduced degree of apoptosis 1 week after Ad.SCF injection. In addition, increased capillary density compared with pigs treated with Ad.β-gal was found at 3 months and suggests an angiogenic role of SCF. CONCLUSIONS Local overexpression of SCF post-MI induces the recruitment of c-kit(+) cells at the infarct border area acutely. In the chronic stages, SCF gene transfer was associated with improved cardiac function in a preclinical model of ischemic cardiomyopathy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kiyotake Ishikawa
- From the Cardiovascular Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (K.I., K.F., J.A., E.Y.-G., D.J., C.K., L.T., L.F., L.L., K.D.C., R.J.H.); Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC)-Epidemiology, Atherothrombosis and Imaging Department, Madrid, Spain (J.A.); David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge (A.A.E., D.G.A.); and Celladon Corporation, San Diego, CA (K.Z.).
| | - Kenneth Fish
- From the Cardiovascular Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (K.I., K.F., J.A., E.Y.-G., D.J., C.K., L.T., L.F., L.L., K.D.C., R.J.H.); Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC)-Epidemiology, Atherothrombosis and Imaging Department, Madrid, Spain (J.A.); David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge (A.A.E., D.G.A.); and Celladon Corporation, San Diego, CA (K.Z.)
| | - Jaume Aguero
- From the Cardiovascular Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (K.I., K.F., J.A., E.Y.-G., D.J., C.K., L.T., L.F., L.L., K.D.C., R.J.H.); Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC)-Epidemiology, Atherothrombosis and Imaging Department, Madrid, Spain (J.A.); David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge (A.A.E., D.G.A.); and Celladon Corporation, San Diego, CA (K.Z.)
| | - Elisa Yaniz-Galende
- From the Cardiovascular Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (K.I., K.F., J.A., E.Y.-G., D.J., C.K., L.T., L.F., L.L., K.D.C., R.J.H.); Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC)-Epidemiology, Atherothrombosis and Imaging Department, Madrid, Spain (J.A.); David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge (A.A.E., D.G.A.); and Celladon Corporation, San Diego, CA (K.Z.)
| | - Dongtak Jeong
- From the Cardiovascular Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (K.I., K.F., J.A., E.Y.-G., D.J., C.K., L.T., L.F., L.L., K.D.C., R.J.H.); Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC)-Epidemiology, Atherothrombosis and Imaging Department, Madrid, Spain (J.A.); David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge (A.A.E., D.G.A.); and Celladon Corporation, San Diego, CA (K.Z.)
| | - Changwon Kho
- From the Cardiovascular Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (K.I., K.F., J.A., E.Y.-G., D.J., C.K., L.T., L.F., L.L., K.D.C., R.J.H.); Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC)-Epidemiology, Atherothrombosis and Imaging Department, Madrid, Spain (J.A.); David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge (A.A.E., D.G.A.); and Celladon Corporation, San Diego, CA (K.Z.)
| | - Lisa Tilemann
- From the Cardiovascular Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (K.I., K.F., J.A., E.Y.-G., D.J., C.K., L.T., L.F., L.L., K.D.C., R.J.H.); Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC)-Epidemiology, Atherothrombosis and Imaging Department, Madrid, Spain (J.A.); David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge (A.A.E., D.G.A.); and Celladon Corporation, San Diego, CA (K.Z.)
| | - Lauren Fish
- From the Cardiovascular Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (K.I., K.F., J.A., E.Y.-G., D.J., C.K., L.T., L.F., L.L., K.D.C., R.J.H.); Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC)-Epidemiology, Atherothrombosis and Imaging Department, Madrid, Spain (J.A.); David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge (A.A.E., D.G.A.); and Celladon Corporation, San Diego, CA (K.Z.)
| | - Lifan Liang
- From the Cardiovascular Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (K.I., K.F., J.A., E.Y.-G., D.J., C.K., L.T., L.F., L.L., K.D.C., R.J.H.); Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC)-Epidemiology, Atherothrombosis and Imaging Department, Madrid, Spain (J.A.); David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge (A.A.E., D.G.A.); and Celladon Corporation, San Diego, CA (K.Z.)
| | - Ahmed A Eltoukhy
- From the Cardiovascular Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (K.I., K.F., J.A., E.Y.-G., D.J., C.K., L.T., L.F., L.L., K.D.C., R.J.H.); Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC)-Epidemiology, Atherothrombosis and Imaging Department, Madrid, Spain (J.A.); David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge (A.A.E., D.G.A.); and Celladon Corporation, San Diego, CA (K.Z.)
| | - Daniel G Anderson
- From the Cardiovascular Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (K.I., K.F., J.A., E.Y.-G., D.J., C.K., L.T., L.F., L.L., K.D.C., R.J.H.); Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC)-Epidemiology, Atherothrombosis and Imaging Department, Madrid, Spain (J.A.); David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge (A.A.E., D.G.A.); and Celladon Corporation, San Diego, CA (K.Z.)
| | - Krisztina Zsebo
- From the Cardiovascular Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (K.I., K.F., J.A., E.Y.-G., D.J., C.K., L.T., L.F., L.L., K.D.C., R.J.H.); Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC)-Epidemiology, Atherothrombosis and Imaging Department, Madrid, Spain (J.A.); David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge (A.A.E., D.G.A.); and Celladon Corporation, San Diego, CA (K.Z.)
| | - Kevin D Costa
- From the Cardiovascular Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (K.I., K.F., J.A., E.Y.-G., D.J., C.K., L.T., L.F., L.L., K.D.C., R.J.H.); Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC)-Epidemiology, Atherothrombosis and Imaging Department, Madrid, Spain (J.A.); David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge (A.A.E., D.G.A.); and Celladon Corporation, San Diego, CA (K.Z.)
| | - Roger J Hajjar
- From the Cardiovascular Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (K.I., K.F., J.A., E.Y.-G., D.J., C.K., L.T., L.F., L.L., K.D.C., R.J.H.); Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC)-Epidemiology, Atherothrombosis and Imaging Department, Madrid, Spain (J.A.); David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge (A.A.E., D.G.A.); and Celladon Corporation, San Diego, CA (K.Z.)
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Zamilpa R, Navarro MM, Flores I, Griffey S. Stem cell mechanisms during left ventricular remodeling post-myocardial infarction: Repair and regeneration. World J Cardiol 2014; 6:610-620. [PMID: 25068021 PMCID: PMC4110609 DOI: 10.4330/wjc.v6.i7.610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2013] [Revised: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Post-myocardial infarction (MI), the left ventricle (LV) undergoes a series of events collectively referred to as remodeling. As a result, damaged myocardium is replaced with fibrotic tissue consequently leading to contractile dysfunction and ultimately heart failure. LV remodeling post-MI includes inflammatory, fibrotic, and neovascularization responses that involve regulated cell recruitment and function. Stem cells (SCs) have been transplanted post-MI for treatment of LV remodeling and shown to improve LV function by reduction in scar tissue formation in humans and animal models of MI. The promising results obtained from the application of SCs post-MI have sparked a massive effort to identify the optimal SC for regeneration of cardiomyocytes and the paradigm for clinical applications. Although SC transplantations are generally associated with new tissue formation, SCs also secrete cytokines, chemokines and growth factors that robustly regulate cell behavior in a paracrine fashion during the remodeling process. In this review, the different types of SCs used for cardiomyogenesis, markers of differentiation, paracrine factor secretion, and strategies for cell recruitment and delivery are addressed.
Collapse
|
18
|
Jia ZB, Tian H, Kang K, Miao HZ, Liu KY, Jiang SL, Wang LP. Expression of the tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-3 by transplanted VSMCs modifies heart structure and function after myocardial infarction. Transpl Immunol 2014; 30:149-58. [PMID: 24727088 DOI: 10.1016/j.trim.2014.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2014] [Revised: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Extracellular matrix (ECM) remodelling is a critical aspect of cardiac remodelling following myocardial infarction. Tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) are physiological inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) that degrade the ECM proteins. TIMP-3 is highly expressed in the heart and is markedly downregulated in patients with ischaemic cardiomyopathy. Cell-based gene therapy can enhance the effects of cell transplantation by temporally and spatially regulating the release of the gene product. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of TIMP-3 gene-transfected vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) in modifying heart structure and function in rats when transplanted 3days after myocardial infarction (MI). METHODS Anesthetised rats were subjected to coronary artery ligation followed 3days later by thoracotomy and transplantation of TIMP-3 gene-transfected VSMCs, untransfected VSMCs or medium injected directly into the ischaemic myocardium. We assessed left ventricular structure and function by echocardiography and morphometry, and measured the levels of myocardial matrix metalloproteinase-2 and -9 (MMP-2, MMP-9), TIMP-3 and tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) at 4weeks post-myocardial infarction. RESULTS Transplantation of TIMP-3 gene-transfected VSMCs and untransfected VSMCs significantly decreased scar expansion and ventricular dilatation 25days post-transplantation (4weeks after MI). MMPs and TNF-α levels were reduced in the transplantation groups when compared to the group that was given an injection of medium only. Transplantation of TIMP-3 gene-transfected VSMCs was more effective in preventing progressive cardiac dysfunction, ventricular dilatation and in reducing MMP-2, MMP-9 and TNF-α levels when compared to the transplantation of untransfected VSMCs. CONCLUSIONS TIMP-3 gene transfection was associated with attenuated left ventricular dilation and recovery of systolic function after MI compared with the control. TIMP-3 transfection enhanced the effects of transplanted VSMCs in rats by inhibiting matrix degradation and inflammatory cytokine expression, leading to improved myocardial remodelling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Bo Jia
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Hai Tian
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Kai Kang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Hong-Zhi Miao
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, First Hospital of Qiqihaer, Qiqihaer, China
| | - Kai-Yu Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Shu-Lin Jiang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Li-Ping Wang
- Department of Geriatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Mao J, Lv Z, Zhuang Y. MicroRNA-23a is involved in tumor necrosis factor-α induced apoptosis in mesenchymal stem cells and myocardial infarction. Exp Mol Pathol 2013; 97:23-30. [PMID: 24269648 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2013.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2012] [Revised: 11/01/2013] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Cell therapy has emerged as an attractive therapeutic modality to treat myocardial infarction (MI) via repairing damaged myocardium, and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are an appealing therapeutic approach for cardiac regeneration. However, the clinical application of MSC-based therapy is restricted because of the poor survival of implanted cells, and this poor survival remains poorly understood. Using a tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α-induced bone marrow (BM)-MSC injury model in vitro and a rat MI model in vivo, we showed in the current study that miR-23a was involved in TNF-α-induced BM-MSC apoptosis through regulating caspase-7 and that the injection of BM-MSCs overexpressing miR-23a could improve left ventricular (LV) function and reduce infarct size in the rat MI model. Our findings elucidate the etiology of MI and provide an alternative treatment strategy for patients with heart failure caused by MI who are not optimal candidates for surgical treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianqiang Mao
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai China; Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Shanghai First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai China
| | - Zhiqian Lv
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai China.
| | - Yu Zhuang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Mewhort HEM, Turnbull JD, Meijndert HC, Ngu JMC, Fedak PWM. Epicardial infarct repair with basic fibroblast growth factor-enhanced CorMatrix-ECM biomaterial attenuates postischemic cardiac remodeling. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2013; 147:1650-9. [PMID: 24075463 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2013.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2013] [Revised: 07/23/2013] [Accepted: 08/02/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Dysregulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) following myocardial infarction is a key contributor to myocardial fibrosis, chamber dilation, and progression to heart failure. Basic fibroblast growth factor is a potent inhibitor of fibrosis. We propose a novel surgical procedure leveraging a commercially available ECM biomaterial for the treatment of ischemic heart failure. METHODS Epicardial infarct repair using CorMatrix-ECM biomaterial patch (CorMatrix Cardiovascular Inc, Roswell, Ga) was compared with sham in a rat myocardial infarction model. Key indices of ischemic remodeling, including inflammation, fibrosis, and myocardial performance were evaluated 16 weeks post-treatment. RESULTS Histology and immunohistochemistry demonstrated comprehensive integration of CorMatrix-ECM biomaterial patch without evidence of immune reaction and an increase in basic fibroblast growth factor expression in treated animals. Functional analysis by serial echocardiography of normal (n = 13), sham (n = 15), nonenhanced CorMatrix-ECM patch (n = 18), and basic fibroblast growth factor-enhanced CorMatrix-ECM patch (n = 10) animals revealed an improvement in ejection fraction in basic fibroblast growth factor-enhanced CorMatrix-ECM patch animals compared with shams (55.3% ± 8.0% vs 35.1% ± 7.6%; P < .001). Prevention of left ventricle remodeling was also confirmed by pressure volume loop analysis, which demonstrated reduced left ventricular end diastolic volumes in basic fibroblast growth factor-enhanced CorMatrix-ECM patch animals (n = 5) compared with shams (n = 6) (208.0 ± 59.3 μL vs 363. 1 ± 108.7 μL; P < .01) and improved left ventricle contractility in nonenhanced CorMatrix-ECM patch (n = 7) and basic fibroblast growth factor-enhanced CorMatrix-ECM patch animals compared with shams (0.709 ± 0.306 and 0.609 ± 0.160 vs 0.437 ± 0.218; P < .05). CONCLUSIONS Epicardial infarct repair with basic growth factor-enhanced CorMatrix-ECM biomaterial patch attenuates myocardial remodeling and improves cardiac performance after subacute myocardial infarction in a rat coronary ligation model. These observations establish proof-of-concept for this novel surgical approach.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Holly E M Mewhort
- Campbell Cardiovascular Translational Research Program, Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Cardiac Sciences, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jeannine D Turnbull
- Campbell Cardiovascular Translational Research Program, Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Cardiac Sciences, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - H Christopher Meijndert
- Campbell Cardiovascular Translational Research Program, Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Cardiac Sciences, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Janet M C Ngu
- Campbell Cardiovascular Translational Research Program, Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Cardiac Sciences, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Paul W M Fedak
- Campbell Cardiovascular Translational Research Program, Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Cardiac Sciences, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Li SH, Guo J, Wu J, Sun Z, Han M, Shan SW, Deng Z, Yang BB, Weisel RD, Li RK. miR-17 targets tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1 and 2 to modulate cardiac matrix remodeling. FASEB J 2013; 27:4254-65. [PMID: 23825222 DOI: 10.1096/fj.13-231688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
We aimed to investigate the role of miR-17 in cardiac matrix remodeling following myocardial infarction (MI). Using real-time PCR, we quantified endogenous miR-17 in infarcted mouse hearts. Compared with related microRNAs, miR-17 was up-regulated most dramatically: 3.7-fold and 2.4-fold in the infarct region 3 and 7 d post-MI, respectively, and 2.4-fold in the border zone at d 3 compared to sham control (P<0.01). Chimeric luciferase reporter constructs were cloned for miR-17 target validation. miR-17 targeted the 3'-UTR of TIMP2 and the protein coding region of TIMP1. The miR-17 mimic decreased TIMP2 (P<0.01) and TIMP1 (P<0.05) protein expression compared with the scrambled control. Inhibition of endogenous miR-17 by in vivo antagomir delivery enhanced TIMP2 (P<0.01) and TIMP1 (P<0.05) protein expression compared to the mismatch group, decreased MMP9 activity (P<0.05), reduced infarct size as early as 7 d post-MI (P<0.05), and improved cardiac function (fractional shortening and fractional area contraction, P<0.05) at d 21 and 28 post-MI. Transgenic mice overexpressing miR-17 in the heart confirmed the deleterious role of miR-17 in matrix modulation. Our study suggests that miR-17 participates in the regulation of cardiac matrix remodeling and provides a novel therapeutic approach using miR-17 inhibitors to prevent remodeling and heart failure after MI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Hong Li
- 1University Health Network, Toronto Medical Discovery Tower, MaRS Centre, Rm. 3-702, 101 College St., Toronto, ON, Canada, M5G 1L7.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
She T, Wang X, Gan Y, Kuang D, Yue J, Ni J, Zhao X, Wang G. Hyperglycemia suppresses cardiac stem cell homing to peri-infarcted myocardium via regulation of ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK activities. Int J Mol Med 2012; 30:1313-20. [PMID: 22965067 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2012.1125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2012] [Accepted: 07/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperglycemia in the acute phase of myocardial infarction (MI) is a marker of worse prognosis in both diabetic and non-diabetic patients; however, the role of hyperglycemia in the homing of cardiac stem cells (CSCs) to damaged myocardium post-MI and the possible mechanisms involved are not well understood. In this study, an MI model was induced in normoglycemic and hyperglycemic rats by left coronary artery ligation. Immunofluorescence was used to examine the migration of CSCs in vivo by injecting BrdU-labeled CSCs into the atrium-ventricle groove (AV-groove). Immunohistochemistry, western blot analysis and ELISA were carried out to detect the expression of stem cell factor (SCF) protein and RT-PCR was conducted for the expression of SCF mRNA. Phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK was detected by western blot analysis. Afterwards, cardiac function was evaluated by hemodynamic measurement. On Day 5 post-MI, the accumulation of CSCs significantly increased in the peri-infarcted myocardium in normoglycemic rats, which led to an improvement in cardiac function 3 weeks after MI. However, the accumulation of CSCs markedly decreased in hyperglycemic rats, followed by the decline of cardiac function. SCF expression, followed with phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK, were also significantly downregulated in the peri-infarcted myocardium in hyperglycemic rats compared to normoglycemic rats. Moreover, SCF expression and the migration of CSCs were blocked by either the MEK-specific inhibitor PD98059 or the p38 MAPK-selective inhibitor SB203580. The experiments in vitro confirmed that hyperglycemia decreased SCF expression via reduction in ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK activities and further inhibited the migration of CSCs. The results suggest that hyperglycemia suppresses CSC migration towards the ischemic area post-MI. This is possibly due to decreased myocardial SCF expression via reduction of ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK activities in hyperglycemic rats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tonghui She
- Institute of Pathology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, P.R. China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Yaniz-Galende E, Chen J, Chemaly E, Liang L, Hulot JS, McCollum L, Arias T, Fuster V, Zsebo KM, Hajjar RJ. Stem cell factor gene transfer promotes cardiac repair after myocardial infarction via in situ recruitment and expansion of c-kit+ cells. Circ Res 2012; 111:1434-45. [PMID: 22931954 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.111.263830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE There is growing evidence that the myocardium responds to injury by recruiting c-kit(+) cardiac progenitor cells to the damage tissue. Even though the ability of exogenously introducing c-kit(+) cells to injured myocardium has been established, the capability of recruiting these cells through modulation of local signaling pathways by gene transfer has not been tested. OBJECTIVE To determine whether stem cell factor gene transfer mediates cardiac regeneration in a rat myocardial infarction model, through survival and recruitment of c-kit(+) progenitors and cell-cycle activation in cardiomyocytes, and explore the mechanisms involved. METHODS AND RESULTS Infarct size, cardiac function, cardiac progenitor cells recruitment, fibrosis, and cardiomyocyte cell-cycle activation were measured at different time points in controls (n=10) and upon stem cell factor gene transfer (n=13) after myocardial infarction. We found a regenerative response because of stem cell factor overexpression characterized by an enhancement in cardiac hemodynamic function: an improvement in survival; a reduction in fibrosis, infarct size and apoptosis; an increase in cardiac c-kit(+) progenitor cells recruitment to the injured area; an increase in cardiomyocyte cell-cycle activation; and Wnt/β-catenin pathway induction. CONCLUSIONS Stem cell factor gene transfer induces c-kit(+) stem/progenitor cell expansion in situ and cardiomyocyte proliferation, which may represent a new therapeutic strategy to reverse adverse remodeling after myocardial infarction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Yaniz-Galende
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Shahzad U, Li G, Zhang Y, Yau TM. Transmyocardial Revascularization Induces Mesenchymal Stem Cell Engraftment in Infarcted Hearts. Ann Thorac Surg 2012; 94:556-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2012.03.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2011] [Revised: 03/13/2012] [Accepted: 03/20/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
|
25
|
Kim RH, Mehrazarin S, Kang MK. Therapeutic potential of mesenchymal stem cells for oral and systemic diseases. Dent Clin North Am 2012; 56:651-75. [PMID: 22835544 PMCID: PMC3426923 DOI: 10.1016/j.cden.2012.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are adult stem cells whose self-renewal, multipotency, and immunosuppressive functions have been investigated for therapeutic applications. MSCs have used for various systemic organ regenerative therapies, allowing rescue of tissue function in damaged or failing organs. This article reviews the regenerative and immunomodulatory functions of MSCs and their applications in dental, orofacial, and systemic tissue regeneration and treatment of inflammatory disorders. It also addresses challenges to MSC-mediated therapeutics arising from tissue and MSC aging and host immune response against allogenic MSC transplantation, and discusses alternative sources of MSCs aimed at overcoming these limitations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reuben H. Kim
- Phone: (310) 825-7312, , UCLA School of Dentistry, Division of Restorative Dentistry, 10833 Le Conte Ave., Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Shebli Mehrazarin
- , Phone: (310) 267-2810, UCLA School of Dentistry, 10833 Le Conte Ave., Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Mo K. Kang
- Jack Weichman Endowed Chair, Phone: (310) 825-8048, , UCLA School of Dentistry, Division of Associated Clinical Specialty, Section of Endodontics, 10833 Le Conte Ave., Los Angeles, CA 90095
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Hassan F, Meduru S, Taguchi K, Kuppusamy ML, Mostafa M, Kuppusamy P, Khan M. Carvedilol enhances mesenchymal stem cell therapy for myocardial infarction via inhibition of caspase-3 expression. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2012; 343:62-71. [PMID: 22739507 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.112.196915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Adult stem cells have shown great promise toward repairing infarcted heart and restoring cardiac function. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), because of their inherent multipotent nature and their ability to secrete a multitude of growth factors and cytokines, have been used for cardiac repair with encouraging results. Preclinical studies showed that MSCs injected into infarcted hearts improve cardiac function and attenuate fibrosis. Although stem cell transplantation is a promising therapeutic option to repair the infarcted heart, it is faced with a number of challenges, including the survival of the transplanted cells in the ischemic region, due to excessive oxidative stress present in the ischemic region. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of Carvedilol (Carv), a nonselective β-blocker with antioxidant properties, on the survival and engraftment of MSCs in the infarcted heart. MSCs were subjected to a simulated host-tissue environment, similar to the one present in the infarcted myocardium, by culturing them in the presence of hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) to induce oxidative stress. MSCs were treated with 2.5 μM Carv for 1 h in serum-free medium, followed by treatment with H(2)O(2) for 2 h. The treated cells exhibited significant protection against H(2)O(2)-induced cell death versus untreated controls as determined by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazolyl-2)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling assays. Likewise, transplantation of MSCs after permanent left coronary artery ligation and treatment of animals after myocardial infarction (MI) with Carv (5 mg/kg b.wt.) led to significant improvement in cardiac function, decreased fibrosis, and caspase-3 expression compared with the MI or MSC-alone groups.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fatemat Hassan
- Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Mesenchymal stem cells for cardiac regeneration: translation to bedside reality. Stem Cells Int 2012; 2012:646038. [PMID: 22754578 PMCID: PMC3382381 DOI: 10.1155/2012/646038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2012] [Accepted: 04/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death worldwide. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), an estimate of 17.3 million people died from CVDs in 2008 and by 2030, the number of deaths is estimated to reach almost 23.6 million. Despite the development of a variety of treatment options, heart failure management has failed to inhibit myocardial scar formation and replace the lost cardiomyocyte mass with new functional contractile cells. This shortage is complicated by the limited ability of the heart for self-regeneration. Accordingly, novel management approaches have been introduced into the field of cardiovascular research, leading to the evolution of gene- and cell-based therapies. Stem cell-based therapy (aka, cardiomyoplasty) is a rapidly growing alternative for regenerating the damaged myocardium and attenuating ischemic heart disease. However, the optimal cell type to achieve this goal has not been established yet, even after a decade of cardiovascular stem cell research. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in particular have been extensively investigated as a potential therapeutic approach for cardiac regeneration, due to their distinctive characteristics. In this paper, we focus on the therapeutic applications of MSCs and their transition from the experimental benchside to the clinical bedside.
Collapse
|
28
|
Karam JP, Muscari C, Montero-Menei CN. Combining adult stem cells and polymeric devices for tissue engineering in infarcted myocardium. Biomaterials 2012; 33:5683-95. [PMID: 22594970 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2012] [Accepted: 04/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
An increasing number of studies in cardiac cell therapy have provided encouraging results for cardiac repair. Adult stem cells may overcome ethical and availability concerns, with the additional advantages, in some cases, to allow autologous grafts to be performed. However, the major problems of cell survival, cell fate determination and engraftment after transplantation, still remain. Tissue-engineering strategies combining scaffolds and cells have been developed and have to be adapted for each type of application to enhance stem cell function. Scaffold properties required for cardiac cell therapy are here discussed. New tissue engineering advances that may be implemented in combination with adult stem cells for myocardial infarction therapy are also presented. Biomaterials not only provide a 3D support for the cells but may also mimic the structural architecture of the heart. Using hydrogels or particulate systems, the biophysical and biochemical microenvironments of transplanted cells can also be controlled. Advances in biomaterial engineering have permitted the development of sophisticated drug-releasing materials with a biomimetic 3D support that allow a better control of the microenvironment of transplanted cells.
Collapse
|
29
|
Dissecting paracrine effectors for mesenchymal stem cells. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2012; 129:137-52. [PMID: 22968371 DOI: 10.1007/10_2012_149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
There has been increasing interest in the application of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in regenerative medicine in recent years. In this context, the beneficial effects of MSCs have been ascribed mainly to a paracrine action rather than to direct replacement of the injured tissue. Indeed, MSCs produce a great variety of trophic and immunomodulatory factors. In this chapter, we provide an overview of growth factors and chemokines involved in stimulation of cell proliferation, inhibition of apoptosis, enhancement of angiogenesis, and suppression of inflammatory and immune response. In addition, we discuss the emerging role of the extracellular vesicles released from MSCs as possible paracrine mediators.
Collapse
|
30
|
Abstract
Despite recent studies suggesting that the heart has instrinsic mechanisms of self-regeneration following myocardial infarction, it cannot regenerate itself to an optimal level. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are currently being investigated for regeneration of mesenchyme-derived tissues, such as bone, cartilage and tendon. In vitro evidence suggests that MSCs can also differentiate into cardiomyogenic and vasculogenic lineages, offering another cell source for cardiovascular regeneration. In vivo, MSCs may contribute to the re-growth and protection of vasculature and cardiomyocytes, mediated by paracrine actions, and/or persist within the myocardium in a differentiated state; although proof of cardiomyocytic phenotype and functional integration remains elusive. Herein, we review the evidence of MSCs as a cell source for cardiovascular regeneration, as well as their limitations that may prevent them from being effectively used in the clinic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Drew Kuraitis
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, 40 Ruskin Street, Ottawa, ON, K1Y 4W7, Canada
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Tian H, Huang ML, Liu KY, Jia ZB, Sun L, Jiang SL, Liu W, McDonald Kinkaid HY, Wu J, Li RK. Inhibiting matrix metalloproteinase by cell-based timp-3 gene transfer effectively treats acute and chronic ischemic cardiomyopathy. Cell Transplant 2011; 21:1039-53. [PMID: 21944319 DOI: 10.3727/096368911x601000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
After a myocardial infarction (MI), an increase in the cardiac ratio of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) relative to their inhibitors (TIMPs) causes extracellular matrix modulation that leads to ventricular dilatation and congestive heart failure. Cell therapy can mitigate these effects. In this study, we tested whether increasing MMP inhibition via cell-based gene transfer of Timp-3 further preserved ventricular morphometry and cardiac function in a rat model of MI. We also measured the effect of treatment timing. We generated MI (coronary artery ligation) in adult rats. Three or 14 days later, we implanted medium (control) or vascular smooth muscle cells transfected with empty vector (VSMCs) or Timp-3 (C-TIMP-3) into the peri-infarct region (n = 15-24/group). We assessed MMP-2 and -9 expression and activity, TIMP-3, and TNF-α expression, cell apoptosis, infarct size and thickness, ventricular morphometry, and cardiac function (by echocardiography). Relative to medium, VSMCs delivered at either time point significantly reduced cardiac expression and activity of MMP-2 and -9, reduced expression of TNF-α, and increased expression of TIMP-3. Cell therapy also reduced apoptosis and scar area, increased infarct thickness, preserved ventricular structure, and reduced functional loss. All these effects were augmented by C-TIMP-3 treatment. Survival and cardiac function were significantly greater when VSMCs or C-TIMP-3 were delivered at 3 (vs. 14) days after MI. Upregulating post-MI cardiac TIMP-3 expression via cell-based gene therapy contributed additional regulation of MMP, TIMP, and TNF-α levels, thereby boosting the structural and functional effects of VSMCs transplanted at 3 or 14 days after an MI in rats. Early treatment may be superior to late, though both are effective.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hai Tian
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Surgical Therapy of End-Stage Heart Failure: Understanding Cell-Mediated Mechanisms Interacting with Myocardial Damage. Int J Artif Organs 2011; 34:529-45. [DOI: 10.5301/ijao.5000004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/11/2011] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Worldwide, cardiovascular disease results in an estimated 14.3 million deaths per year, giving rise to an increased demand for alternative and advanced treatment. Current approaches include medical management, cardiac transplantation, device therapy, and, most recently, stem cell therapy. Research into cell-based therapies has shown this option to be a promising alternative to the conventional methods. In contrast to early trials, modern approaches now attempt to isolate specific stem cells, as well as increase their numbers by means of amplifying in a culture environment. The method of delivery has also been improved to minimize the risk of micro-infarcts and embolization, which were often observed after the use of coronary catheterization. The latest approach entails direct, surgical, transepicardial injection of the stem cell mixture, as well as the use of tissue-engineered meshes consisting of embedded progenitor cells.
Collapse
|
33
|
Miyagi Y, Chiu LLY, Cimini M, Weisel RD, Radisic M, Li RK. Biodegradable collagen patch with covalently immobilized VEGF for myocardial repair. Biomaterials 2011; 32:1280-90. [PMID: 21035179 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2010.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2010] [Accepted: 10/03/2010] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Vascularization of engineered tissues in vitro and in vivo remains a key problem in translation of engineered tissues to clinical practice. Growth factor signalling can be prolonged by covalent tethering, thus we hypothesized that covalent immobilization of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF-165) to a porous collagen scaffold will enable rapid vascularization in vivo. Covalent immobilization may be preferred over controlled release or cell transfection if the effects are desired within the biomaterial rather than the surrounding tissue. Scaffolds were prepared with 14.5 ± 1.4 ng (Low) or 97.2 ± 8.0 ng (High) immobilized VEGF, or left untreated (control), and used to replace a full right ventricular free wall defect in rat hearts. In addition to rapid vascularization, an effective cardiac patch should exhibit neither thinning nor dilatation upon implantation. In vitro, VEGF enhanced the growth of endothelial and bone marrow cells seeded onto scaffolds. In vivo, High VEGF patches had greater blood vessel density (p < 0.01) than control at Day 7 and 28 due to increased cell recruitment and proliferation (p < 0.05 vs. control). At Day 28, VEGF-treated patches were significantly thicker (p < 0.05) than control, and thickness correlated positively with neovascularization (r = 0.67, p = 0.023). Importantly, angiogenesis in VEGF scaffolds contributed to improved cell survival and tissue formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yasuo Miyagi
- Department of Surgery and Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, University of Toronto and University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Guo J, Li RK, Weisel RD. Back to the bench: The rejuvenation of stem cell therapy—the therapeutic potential of CD133+ progenitor cells. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2010; 139:1369-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2009.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2009] [Accepted: 12/04/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
35
|
Zhao ZQ, Puskas JD, Xu D, Wang NP, Mosunjac M, Guyton RA, Vinten-Johansen J, Matheny R. Improvement in cardiac function with small intestine extracellular matrix is associated with recruitment of C-kit cells, myofibroblasts, and macrophages after myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 2010; 55:1250-1261. [PMID: 20298933 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2009.10.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2009] [Revised: 09/29/2009] [Accepted: 10/05/2009] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study tested the hypothesis that modulation of angiogenesis and cardiac function by injecting small intestine extracellular matrix emulsion (EMU) into myocardium is associated with recruitment of c-kit cells, myofibroblasts, and macrophages after myocardial infarction. BACKGROUND Degradation of native extracellular matrix has been associated with adverse cardiac remodeling after infarction. METHODS Sixty-four rats were subjected to 45 min ischemia followed by 3, 7, 21, and 42 days of reperfusion, respectively. Saline or EMU (30 to 50 microl) was injected into the area at risk myocardium after reperfusion. Histological examination was performed by immunohistochemical staining, and cardiac function was analyzed using echocardiography. RESULTS The population of c-kit-positive cells in infarcted myocardium with the EMU injection increased significantly relative to the saline control at 7 days of reperfusion. Along with this change, alpha-smooth muscle actin expressing myofibroblasts and macrophages accumulated to a significant extent compared with the saline control. Increased vascular endothelial growth factor protein level and strong immunoreactivity of vascular endothelial growth factor expression were observed. Angiogenesis in the EMU area was significantly enhanced relative to the saline control, evidenced by increased density of alpha-smooth muscle actin positive vessels. Furthermore, echocardiography showed significant improvements in fractional shortening, ejection fraction, and stroke volume in the EMU group. The wall thickness of the infarcted middle anterior septum in the EMU group was significantly increased relative to the saline control. CONCLUSIONS We show for the first time that injection of EMU into the infarcted myocardium increases neovascularization and preserves cardiac function, potentially mediated by enhanced recruitment of c-kit-positive cells, myofibroblasts, and macrophages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Qing Zhao
- Cardiovascular Research Laboratory, Mercer University School of Medicine, Savannah, Georgia.
| | - John D Puskas
- Cardiothoracic Research Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Carlyle Fraser Heart Center/Crawford Long Hospital, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Di Xu
- Cardiothoracic Research Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Carlyle Fraser Heart Center/Crawford Long Hospital, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Ning-Ping Wang
- Cardiovascular Research Laboratory, Mercer University School of Medicine, Savannah, Georgia
| | - Mario Mosunjac
- Cardiothoracic Research Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Carlyle Fraser Heart Center/Crawford Long Hospital, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Robert A Guyton
- Cardiothoracic Research Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Carlyle Fraser Heart Center/Crawford Long Hospital, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Jakob Vinten-Johansen
- Cardiothoracic Research Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Carlyle Fraser Heart Center/Crawford Long Hospital, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Zhuo Y, Li SH, Chen MS, Wu J, Kinkaid HYM, Fazel S, Weisel RD, Li RK. Aging impairs the angiogenic response to ischemic injury and the activity of implanted cells: combined consequences for cell therapy in older recipients. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2010; 139:1286-94, 1294.e1-2. [PMID: 19931095 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2009.08.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2009] [Revised: 08/06/2009] [Accepted: 08/26/2009] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cell therapy has received much attention for its potential to regenerate ischemic organs, but initial clinical trials in aged patients did not replicate the dramatic benefits recorded in preclinical studies with young animals. This study was designed to improve our understanding of age-related changes in the response to ischemic injury and the regenerative capacity of implanted cells in the context of cell therapy for older recipients. METHODS AND RESULTS Restoration of regional perfusion after hind limb femoral artery ligation was impaired (P < .05) in old (vs young) rats, reflecting approximately 50% reductions in circulating endothelial progenitor cells and the release of vascular endothelial growth factor/basic fibroblast growth factor. Bone marrow stromal cells from young or old donors implanted into the ischemic hind limbs of young or old rats restored regional perfusion. Specifically, we documented significantly greater (P < .05) angiogenic potential in young (vs old) donor cells when recipient age was controlled and greater (P < .05) regenerative responses in young (vs old) recipients when donor cell age was controlled. Contributing to these differences were significantly greater survival in young (vs old) donor cells (in vitro and after implantation) and about 2-fold more production of vascular endothelial growth factor/basic fibroblast growth factor and mobilization of endogenous endothelial progenitor cells in young (vs old) rats in response to ischemia. CONCLUSIONS The outcome of cell therapy in older recipients is determined by a combination of age effects on the donor cells and on the recipients' endogenous responses. Donor cell age and recipient age are equally important contributors to the outcome of cell therapy; thus, novel biointerventions will need to target both components of the process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yufeng Zhuo
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery and Department of Surgery, Toronto General Research Institute and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Kinkaid HYM, Huang XP, Li RK, Weisel RD. What's new in cardiac cell therapy? Allogeneic bone marrow stromal cells as "universal donor cells". J Card Surg 2010; 25:359-66. [PMID: 20149011 DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-8191.2009.00984.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac cell therapies offer distinct and exciting advantages over current treatments to prevent postinfarction heart failure because they can reverse ventricular remodeling and improve function, but only if the implanted stem cells contribute biological functions and achieve prolonged engraftment within the hostile environment of the damaged heart. Unfortunately, function is diminished in autologous stem cells isolated from older patients and those with comorbidities, and so clinical trials testing the implantation of healthy, allogeneic bone marrow-derived stromal cells (MSCs) isolated from young donors are currently underway. MSCs are unique because, in addition to exerting paracrine effects that restore blood flow and recruit endogenous stem cells to the infarct, they exhibit immune-modulating properties in culture that-if retained after allogeneic implantation-imply the cells may escape immune recognition within the heart. At present, the scope of MSC immune modulation after implantation is unclear.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heather Y McDonald Kinkaid
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery and Department of Surgery, Toronto General Research Institute and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Leblond AL, O'Sullivan J, Caplice N. Bone marrow mononuclear stem cells: potential in the treatment of myocardial infarction. STEM CELLS AND CLONING-ADVANCES AND APPLICATIONS 2009; 2:11-9. [PMID: 24198506 PMCID: PMC3781688 DOI: 10.2147/sccaa.s6210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2009] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Despite advances in the management of myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure following myocardial infarction continues to be a major worldwide medical problem. Mononuclear cells from bone marrow are currently being studied as potential candidates for cell-based therapy to repair and regenerate damaged myocardium, with mixed results. The success of this strategy requires structural repair through both cardiomyogenesis and angiogenesis but also functional repair. However, pre-clinical and clinical studies with the intracoronary administration of cells indicate limited cardiomyogenesis and cell survival, controversial functional benefit and suggest paracrine effects mediated by the administered cells. Further investigations for optimizing therapeutic benefit focus on the requirement for stable cell engraftment and the involvement of cytokines in this process. This includes a large and varied range of strategies including cell or heart pre-treatment, tissue engineering and protein therapy. Although cell-based therapy holds promise in the future treatment of myocardial infarction, its current use is significantly hampered by biological and technological challenges.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Laure Leblond
- Centre for Research in Vascular Biology (CRVB), Biosciences Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Potier E, Noailly J, Ito K. Directing bone marrow-derived stromal cell function with mechanics. J Biomech 2009; 43:807-17. [PMID: 19962149 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2009.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2009] [Revised: 11/13/2009] [Accepted: 11/16/2009] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Because bone marrow-derived stromal cells (BMSCs) are able to generate many cell types, they are envisioned as source of regenerative cells to repair numerous tissues, including bone, cartilage, and ligaments. Success of BMSC-based therapies, however, relies on a number of methodological improvements, among which better understanding and control of the BMSC differentiation pathways. Since many years, the biochemical environment is known to govern BMSC differentiation, but more recent evidences show that the biomechanical environment is also directing cell functions. Using in vitro systems that aim to reproduce selected components of the in vivo mechanical environment, it was demonstrated that mechanical loadings can affect BMSC proliferation and improve the osteogenic, chondrogenic, or myogenic phenotype of BMSCs. These effects, however, seem to be modulated by parameters other than mechanics, such as substrate nature or soluble biochemical environment. This paper reviews and discusses recent experimental data showing that despite some knowledge limitation, mechanical stimulation already constitutes an additional and efficient tool to drive BMSC differentiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Potier
- Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Postbus 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Xiang FL, Lu X, Hammoud L, Zhu P, Chidiac P, Robbins J, Feng Q. Cardiomyocyte-specific overexpression of human stem cell factor improves cardiac function and survival after myocardial infarction in mice. Circulation 2009; 120:1065-74, 9 p following 1074. [PMID: 19738140 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.108.839068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Soluble stem cell factor (SCF) has been shown to mobilize bone marrow stem cells and improve cardiac repair after myocardial infarction (MI). However, the effect of membrane-associated SCF on cardiac remodeling after MI is not known. The present study investigated the effects of cardiomyocyte-specific overexpression of the membrane-associated isoform of human SCF (hSCF) on cardiac function after MI. METHODS AND RESULTS A novel mouse model with tetracycline-inducible and cardiac-specific overexpression of membrane-associated hSCF was generated. MI was induced by left coronary artery ligation. Thirty-day mortality after MI was decreased in hSCF/tetracycline transactivator (tTA) compared with wild-type mice. In vivo cardiac function was significantly improved in hSCF/tTA mice at 5 and 30 days after MI compared with wild-type mice. Endothelial progenitor cell recruitment and capillary density were increased and myocardial apoptosis was decreased in the peri-infarct area of hSCF/tTA mice. Myocyte size was decreased in hSCF/tTA mice 30 days after MI compared with WT mice. Furthermore, hSCF overexpression promoted de novo angiogenesis as assessed by matrigel implantation into the left ventricular myocardium. CONCLUSIONS Cardiomyocyte-specific overexpression of hSCF improves myocardial function and survival after MI. These beneficial effects of hSCF may result from increases in endothelial progenitor cell recruitment and neovascularization and decreases in myocardial apoptosis and cardiac remodeling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Li Xiang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease remains the leading cause of death worldwide. Acute ischaemic injury and chronic cardiomyopathies lead to permanent loss of cardiac tissue and ultimately heart failure. Current therapies aim largely to attenuate the pathological remodelling that occurs after injury and to reduce risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Studies in animal models indicate that transplantation of mesenchymal stem cells, bone-marrow-derived haematopoietic stem cells, skeletal myoblasts, or embryonic stem cells has the potential to improve the function of ventricular muscle after ischaemic injury. Clinical trials using primarily bone-marrow-derived cells and skeletal myoblasts have also produced some encouraging results. However, the current experimental evidence suggests that the benefits of cell therapy are modest, the generation of new cardiac tissue is low, and the predominant mechanisms of action of transplanted stem cells involve favourable paracrine effects on injured myocardium. Recent studies show that the adult heart possesses various pools of putative resident stem cells, raising the hope that these cells can be isolated for therapy or manipulated in vivo to improve the healing of cardiac muscle after injury. This article reviews the properties and potential of the various stem cell populations for cardiac repair and regeneration as well as the barriers that might lie ahead.
Collapse
|
42
|
Boudoulas KD, Hatzopoulos AK. Cardiac repair and regeneration: the Rubik's cube of cell therapy for heart disease. Dis Model Mech 2009; 2:344-58. [PMID: 19553696 PMCID: PMC2707103 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.000240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute ischemic injury and chronic cardiomyopathies damage healthy heart tissue. Dead cells are gradually replaced by a fibrotic scar, which disrupts the normal electromechanical continuum of the ventricular muscle and compromises its pumping capacity. Recent studies in animal models of ischemic cardiomyopathy suggest that transplantation of various stem cell preparations can improve heart recovery after injury. The first clinical trials in patients produced some encouraging results, showing modest benefits. Most of the positive effects are probably because of a favorable paracrine influence of stem cells on the disease microenvironment. Stem cell therapy attenuates inflammation, reduces apoptosis of surrounding cells, induces angiogenesis, and lessens the extent of fibrosis. However, little new heart tissue is formed. The current challenge is to find ways to improve the engraftment, long-term survival and appropriate differentiation of transplanted stem cells within the cardiovascular tissue. Hence, there has been a surge of interest in pluripotent stem cells with robust cardiogenic potential, as well as in the inherent repair and regenerative mechanisms of the heart. Recent discoveries on the biology of adult stem cells could have relevance for cardiac regeneration. Here, we discuss current developments in the field of cardiac repair and regeneration, and present our ideas about the future of stem cell therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos D. Boudoulas
- Vanderbilt University, Department of Medicine and Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Antonis K. Hatzopoulos
- Vanderbilt University, Department of Medicine and Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Ultrasound-Targeted Gene Delivery Induces Angiogenesis After a Myocardial Infarction in Mice. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2009; 2:869-79. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2009.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2008] [Revised: 03/23/2009] [Accepted: 04/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
44
|
Li SH, Lai TY, Sun Z, Han M, Moriyama E, Wilson B, Fazel S, Weisel RD, Yau T, Wu JC, Li RK. Tracking cardiac engraftment and distribution of implanted bone marrow cells: Comparing intra-aortic, intravenous, and intramyocardial delivery. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2009; 137:1225-33.e1. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2008.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2008] [Revised: 09/29/2008] [Accepted: 11/02/2008] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
|
45
|
Villa A, Sanz R, Fernandez ME, Elizaga J, Ludwig I, Sanchez PL, Fernandez-Aviles F. Panoramic view of the Fifth International Symposium on Stem Cell Therapy and Applied Cardiovascular Biotechnology, April 2008, Madrid (Spain). J Cardiovasc Transl Res 2009; 2:108-13. [PMID: 20559974 DOI: 10.1007/s12265-008-9055-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2008] [Accepted: 08/26/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The Fifth International Symposium on Stem Cell Therapy and Applied Cardiovascular Biotechnology was held on April 24th-25th, 2008, at the Auditorium of the High Council of Scientific Research of Spain (CSIC) in Madrid, as a continuation of a series of yearly meetings, organized in an attempt to encourage translational research in this field and facilitate a positive interaction among experts from several countries, along with industry representatives and journalists. In addition, members of the Task Force of the European Society concerning the clinical investigation of the use of autologous adult stem cells for repair of the heart gathered and discussed an update of the previous consensus, still pending of publication. In this article, we summarize some of the main topics of discussion, the state-of-the-art and latest advances in this field, and new challenges brought up for the near future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adolfo Villa
- Department of Cardiology, General University Hospital Gregorio Marañon, c/Dr. Esquerdo, 46, 28007 Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Cell-based gene therapy modifies matrix remodeling after a myocardial infarction in tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase-3-deficient mice. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2009; 137:471-80. [PMID: 19185172 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2008.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2008] [Revised: 07/25/2008] [Accepted: 08/16/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cell-based gene therapy can enhance the effects of cell transplantation by temporally and spatially regulating the release of the gene product. The purpose of this study was to evaluate transient matrix metalloproteinase inhibition by implanting cells genetically modified to overexpress a natural tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases (tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase-3) into the hearts of mutant (tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase-3-deficient) mice that exhibit an exaggerated response to myocardial infarction. Following a myocardial infarction, tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase-3-deficient mice undergo accelerated cardiac dilatation and matrix disruption due to uninhibited matrix metalloproteinase activity. This preliminary proof of concept study assessed the potential for cell-based gene therapy to reduce matrix remodeling in the remote myocardium and facilitate functional recovery. METHODS Anesthetized tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase-3-deficient mice were subjected to coronary ligation followed by intramyocardial injection of vector-transfected bone marrow stromal cells, bone marrow stromal cells overexpressing tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase-3, or medium. Functional, morphologic, histologic, and biochemical studies were performed 0, 3, 7, and 28 days later. RESULTS Bone marrow stromal cells and bone marrow stromal cells overexpressing tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase-3 significantly decreased scar expansion and ventricular dilatation 28 days after coronary ligation and increased regional capillary density to day 7. Only bone marrow stromal cells overexpressing tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase-3 reduced early matrix metalloproteinase activities and tumor necrosis factor alpha levels relative to medium injection. Bone marrow stromal cells overexpressing tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase-3 were also more effective than bone marrow stromal cells in preventing progressive cardiac dysfunction, preserving remote myocardial collagen content and structure, and reducing border zone apoptosis for at least 28 days after implantation. CONCLUSIONS Tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase-3 overexpression enhanced the effects of bone marrow stromal cells transplanted early after a myocardial infarction in tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase-3-deficient mice by contributing regulated matrix metalloproteinase inhibition to preserve matrix collagen and improve functional recovery.
Collapse
|
47
|
Abstract
The regenerative capacity of the myocardium and its blood vessels has now been well demonstrated. The cytokines granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, erythropoietin, and stem cell factor may play a role in helping to stimulate cell regeneration under normal physiologic conditions and in patients with myocardial injury. After an ischemic insult, cytokines are released into the peripheral circulation and signal for the mobilization of stem cells. In experimental cardiac injury models, the addition of cytokines has been shown to improve myocardial function with and without the concurrent use of stem cell therapy. Preliminary studies in humans using cytokine therapy alone for treating myocardial infarction have been disappointing. Future studies in patients with myocardial injury need to examine the use of various combinations of cytokines, with and without the addition of intravascular stem cell infusions or direct stem cell injections.
Collapse
|
48
|
Regional Myocardial Function After Myocardial Infarction in Mice: A Follow-Up Study by Strain Rate Imaging. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2009; 22:198-205. [DOI: 10.1016/j.echo.2008.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
49
|
Reinecke H, Minami E, Zhu WZ, Laflamme MA. Cardiogenic differentiation and transdifferentiation of progenitor cells. Circ Res 2008; 103:1058-71. [PMID: 18988903 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.108.180588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, cell transplantation has drawn tremendous interest as a novel approach to preserving or even restoring contractile function to infarcted hearts. A typical human infarct involves the loss of approximately 1 billion cardiomyocytes, and, therefore, many investigators have sought to identify endogenous or exogenous stem cells with the capacity to differentiate into committed cardiomyocytes and repopulate lost myocardium. As a result of these efforts, dozens of stem cell types have been reported to have cardiac potential. These include pluripotent embryonic stem cells, as well various adult stem cells resident in compartments including bone marrow, peripheral tissues, and the heart itself. Some of these cardiogenic progenitors have been reported to contribute replacement muscle through endogenous reparative processes or via cell transplantation in preclinical cardiac injury models. However, considerable disagreement exists regarding the efficiency and even the reality of cardiac differentiation by many of these stem cell types, making these issues a continuing source of controversy in the field. In this review, we consider approaches to cell fate mapping and establishing the cardiac phenotype, as well as the present state of the evidence for the cardiogenic and regenerative potential of the major candidate stem cell types.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hans Reinecke
- Center for Cardiovascular Biology, Institute for Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Cheng AS, Yau TM. Paracrine effects of cell transplantation: strategies to augment the efficacy of cell therapies. Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2008; 20:94-101. [PMID: 18707640 DOI: 10.1053/j.semtcvs.2008.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/07/2008] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Within the last few years, it has become evident that the beneficial effect of cell transplantation on ventricular function and myocardial perfusion is in large part mediated through paracrine effects on the host myocardium. Studies in which medium conditioned by cultured cells, usually mesenchymal stem cells, were injected into infarcted animal hearts have provided definitive evidence of this mechanism of action. Paracrine effects of the donor cells include but are not limited to angiogenesis, mobilization of both circulating and bone-marrow-derived stem cells, activation of cardiac-resident stem cells (CRSCs), and stabilization of the extracellular matrix (ECM). These paracrine effects can be augmented by transplantation of cells modified to express therapeutically useful transgenes, or by preconditioning through hypoxic or pharmacologic means. Strategies to enhance the paracrine effects of cell transplantation may thus be employed in the next generation of cell therapies, with greater functional benefit.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew S Cheng
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|