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Cao Z, Aharonian F, Axikegu, Bai YX, Bao YW, Bastieri D, Bi XJ, Bi YJ, Bian W, Bukevich AV, Cao Q, Cao WY, Cao Z, Chang J, Chang JF, Chen AM, Chen ES, Chen HX, Chen L, Chen L, Chen L, Chen MJ, Chen ML, Chen QH, Chen S, Chen SH, Chen SZ, Chen TL, Chen Y, Cheng N, Cheng YD, Cui MY, Cui SW, Cui XH, Cui YD, Dai BZ, Dai HL, Dai ZG, Danzengluobu, Dong XQ, Duan KK, Fan JH, Fan YZ, Fang J, Fang JH, Fang K, Feng CF, Feng H, Feng L, Feng SH, Feng XT, Feng Y, Feng YL, Gabici S, Gao B, Gao CD, Gao Q, Gao W, Gao WK, Ge MM, Geng LS, Giacinti G, Gong GH, Gou QB, Gu MH, Guo FL, Guo XL, Guo YQ, Guo YY, Han YA, Hasan M, He HH, He HN, He JY, He Y, Hor YK, Hou BW, Hou C, Hou X, Hu HB, Hu Q, Hu SC, Huang DH, Huang TQ, Huang WJ, Huang XT, Huang XY, Huang Y, Ji XL, Jia HY, Jia K, Jiang K, Jiang XW, Jiang ZJ, Jin M, Kang MM, Karpikov I, Kuleshov D, Kurinov K, Li BB, Li CM, Li C, Li C, Li D, Li F, Li HB, Li HC, Li J, Li J, Li K, Li SD, Li WL, Li WL, Li XR, Li X, Li YZ, Li Z, Li Z, Liang EW, Liang YF, Lin SJ, Liu B, Liu C, Liu D, Liu DB, Liu H, Liu HD, Liu J, Liu JL, Liu MY, Liu RY, Liu SM, Liu W, Liu Y, Liu YN, Luo Q, Luo Y, Lv HK, Ma BQ, Ma LL, Ma XH, Mao JR, Min Z, Mitthumsiri W, Mu HJ, Nan YC, Neronov A, Ou LJ, Pattarakijwanich P, Pei ZY, Qi JC, Qi MY, Qiao BQ, Qin JJ, Raza A, Ruffolo D, Sáiz A, Saeed M, Semikoz D, Shao L, Shchegolev O, Sheng XD, Shu FW, Song HC, Stenkin YV, Stepanov V, Su Y, Sun DX, Sun QN, Sun XN, Sun ZB, Takata J, Tam PHT, Tang QW, Tang R, Tang ZB, Tian WW, Wang C, Wang CB, Wang GW, Wang HG, Wang HH, Wang JC, Wang K, Wang K, Wang LP, Wang LY, Wang PH, Wang R, Wang W, Wang XG, Wang XY, Wang Y, Wang YD, Wang YJ, Wang ZH, Wang ZX, Wang Z, Wang Z, Wei DM, Wei JJ, Wei YJ, Wen T, Wu CY, Wu HR, Wu QW, Wu S, Wu XF, Wu YS, Xi SQ, Xia J, Xiang GM, Xiao DX, Xiao G, Xin YL, Xing Y, Xiong DR, Xiong Z, Xu DL, Xu RF, Xu RX, Xu WL, Xue L, Yan DH, Yan JZ, Yan T, Yang CW, Yang CY, Yang F, Yang FF, Yang LL, Yang MJ, Yang RZ, Yang WX, Yao YH, Yao ZG, Yin LQ, Yin N, You XH, You ZY, Yu YH, Yuan Q, Yue H, Zeng HD, Zeng TX, Zeng W, Zha M, Zhang BB, Zhang F, Zhang H, Zhang HM, Zhang HY, Zhang JL, Zhang L, Zhang PF, Zhang PP, Zhang R, Zhang SB, Zhang SR, Zhang SS, Zhang X, Zhang XP, Zhang YF, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Zhao B, Zhao J, Zhao L, Zhao LZ, Zhao SP, Zhao XH, Zheng F, Zhong WJ, Zhou B, Zhou H, Zhou JN, Zhou M, Zhou P, Zhou R, Zhou XX, Zhou XX, Zhu BY, Zhu CG, Zhu FR, Zhu H, Zhu KJ, Zou YC, Zuo X. Measurements of All-Particle Energy Spectrum and Mean Logarithmic Mass of Cosmic Rays from 0.3 to 30 PeV with LHAASO-KM2A. Phys Rev Lett 2024; 132:131002. [PMID: 38613275 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.132.131002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
We present the measurements of all-particle energy spectrum and mean logarithmic mass of cosmic rays in the energy range of 0.3-30 PeV using data collected from LHAASO-KM2A between September 2021 and December 2022, which is based on a nearly composition-independent energy reconstruction method, achieving unprecedented accuracy. Our analysis reveals the position of the knee at 3.67±0.05±0.15 PeV. Below the knee, the spectral index is found to be -2.7413±0.0004±0.0050, while above the knee, it is -3.128±0.005±0.027, with the sharpness of the transition measured with a statistical error of 2%. The mean logarithmic mass of cosmic rays is almost heavier than helium in the whole measured energy range. It decreases from 1.7 at 0.3 PeV to 1.3 at 3 PeV, representing a 24% decline following a power law with an index of -0.1200±0.0003±0.0341. This is equivalent to an increase in abundance of light components. Above the knee, the mean logarithmic mass exhibits a power law trend towards heavier components, which is reversal to the behavior observed in the all-particle energy spectrum. Additionally, the knee position and the change in power-law index are approximately the same. These findings suggest that the knee observed in the all-particle spectrum corresponds to the knee of the light component, rather than the medium-heavy components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Cao
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - F Aharonian
- Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, 31 Fitzwilliam Place, 2 Dublin, Ireland
- Max-Planck-Institut for Nuclear Physics, P.O. Box 103980, 69029 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Axikegu
- School of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Y X Bai
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Y W Bao
- School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - D Bastieri
- Center for Astrophysics, Guangzhou University, 510006 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - X J Bi
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Y J Bi
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - W Bian
- Tsung-Dao Lee Institute and School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200240 Shanghai, China
| | - A V Bukevich
- Institute for Nuclear Research of Russian Academy of Sciences, 117312 Moscow, Russia
| | - Q Cao
- Hebei Normal University, 050024 Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - W Y Cao
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Zhe Cao
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, China
| | - J Chang
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy and Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - J F Chang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, China
| | - A M Chen
- Tsung-Dao Lee Institute and School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200240 Shanghai, China
| | - E S Chen
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - H X Chen
- Research Center for Astronomical Computing, Zhejiang Laboratory, 311121 Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Liang Chen
- Key Laboratory for Research in Galaxies and Cosmology, Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200030 Shanghai, China
| | - Lin Chen
- School of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Long Chen
- School of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - M J Chen
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - M L Chen
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, China
| | - Q H Chen
- School of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - S Chen
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University, 650091 Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - S H Chen
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - S Z Chen
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - T L Chen
- Key Laboratory of Cosmic Rays (Tibet University), Ministry of Education, 850000 Lhasa, Tibet, China
| | - Y Chen
- School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - N Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Y D Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - M Y Cui
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy and Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - S W Cui
- Hebei Normal University, 050024 Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - X H Cui
- National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China
| | - Y D Cui
- School of Physics and Astronomy (Zhuhai) and School of Physics (Guangzhou) and Sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, 519000 Zhuhai and 510275 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - B Z Dai
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University, 650091 Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - H L Dai
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, China
| | - Z G Dai
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Danzengluobu
- Key Laboratory of Cosmic Rays (Tibet University), Ministry of Education, 850000 Lhasa, Tibet, China
| | - X Q Dong
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - K K Duan
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy and Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - J H Fan
- Center for Astrophysics, Guangzhou University, 510006 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Y Z Fan
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy and Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - J Fang
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University, 650091 Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - J H Fang
- Research Center for Astronomical Computing, Zhejiang Laboratory, 311121 Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - K Fang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - C F Feng
- Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - H Feng
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
| | - L Feng
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy and Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - S H Feng
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - X T Feng
- Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Y Feng
- Research Center for Astronomical Computing, Zhejiang Laboratory, 311121 Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Y L Feng
- Key Laboratory of Cosmic Rays (Tibet University), Ministry of Education, 850000 Lhasa, Tibet, China
| | - S Gabici
- APC, Université Paris Cité, CNRS/IN2P3, CEA/IRFU, Observatoire de Paris, 119 75205 Paris, France
| | - B Gao
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - C D Gao
- Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Q Gao
- Key Laboratory of Cosmic Rays (Tibet University), Ministry of Education, 850000 Lhasa, Tibet, China
| | - W Gao
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - W K Gao
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - M M Ge
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University, 650091 Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - L S Geng
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - G Giacinti
- Tsung-Dao Lee Institute and School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200240 Shanghai, China
| | - G H Gong
- Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
| | - Q B Gou
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - M H Gu
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, China
| | - F L Guo
- Key Laboratory for Research in Galaxies and Cosmology, Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200030 Shanghai, China
| | - X L Guo
- School of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Y Q Guo
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Y Y Guo
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy and Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Y A Han
- School of Physics and Microelectronics, Zhengzhou University, 450001 Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - M Hasan
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - H H He
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - H N He
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy and Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - J Y He
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy and Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Y He
- School of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Y K Hor
- School of Physics and Astronomy (Zhuhai) and School of Physics (Guangzhou) and Sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, 519000 Zhuhai and 510275 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - B W Hou
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - C Hou
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - X Hou
- Yunnan Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 650216 Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - H B Hu
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Q Hu
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy and Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - S C Hu
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- China Center of Advanced Science and Technology, Beijing 100190, China
| | - D H Huang
- School of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - T Q Huang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - W J Huang
- School of Physics and Astronomy (Zhuhai) and School of Physics (Guangzhou) and Sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, 519000 Zhuhai and 510275 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - X T Huang
- Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - X Y Huang
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy and Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Y Huang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - X L Ji
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, China
| | - H Y Jia
- School of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - K Jia
- Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - K Jiang
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, China
| | - X W Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Z J Jiang
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University, 650091 Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - M Jin
- School of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - M M Kang
- College of Physics, Sichuan University, 610065 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - I Karpikov
- Institute for Nuclear Research of Russian Academy of Sciences, 117312 Moscow, Russia
| | - D Kuleshov
- Institute for Nuclear Research of Russian Academy of Sciences, 117312 Moscow, Russia
| | - K Kurinov
- Institute for Nuclear Research of Russian Academy of Sciences, 117312 Moscow, Russia
| | - B B Li
- Hebei Normal University, 050024 Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - C M Li
- School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Cheng Li
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, China
| | - Cong Li
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - D Li
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - F Li
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, China
| | - H B Li
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - H C Li
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jian Li
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Jie Li
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, China
| | - K Li
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - S D Li
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory for Research in Galaxies and Cosmology, Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200030 Shanghai, China
| | - W L Li
- Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - W L Li
- Tsung-Dao Lee Institute and School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200240 Shanghai, China
| | - X R Li
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xin Li
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, China
| | - Y Z Li
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhe Li
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhuo Li
- School of Physics, Peking University, 100871 Beijing, China
| | - E W Liang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory for Relativistic Astrophysics, School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University, 530004 Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Y F Liang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory for Relativistic Astrophysics, School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University, 530004 Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - S J Lin
- School of Physics and Astronomy (Zhuhai) and School of Physics (Guangzhou) and Sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, 519000 Zhuhai and 510275 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - B Liu
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - C Liu
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - D Liu
- Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - D B Liu
- Tsung-Dao Lee Institute and School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200240 Shanghai, China
| | - H Liu
- School of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - H D Liu
- School of Physics and Microelectronics, Zhengzhou University, 450001 Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - J Liu
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - J L Liu
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - M Y Liu
- Key Laboratory of Cosmic Rays (Tibet University), Ministry of Education, 850000 Lhasa, Tibet, China
| | - R Y Liu
- School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - S M Liu
- School of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - W Liu
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Y Liu
- Center for Astrophysics, Guangzhou University, 510006 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Y N Liu
- Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
| | - Q Luo
- School of Physics and Astronomy (Zhuhai) and School of Physics (Guangzhou) and Sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, 519000 Zhuhai and 510275 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Y Luo
- Tsung-Dao Lee Institute and School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200240 Shanghai, China
| | - H K Lv
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - B Q Ma
- School of Physics, Peking University, 100871 Beijing, China
| | - L L Ma
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - X H Ma
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - J R Mao
- Yunnan Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 650216 Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Z Min
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - W Mitthumsiri
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - H J Mu
- School of Physics and Microelectronics, Zhengzhou University, 450001 Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Y C Nan
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - A Neronov
- APC, Université Paris Cité, CNRS/IN2P3, CEA/IRFU, Observatoire de Paris, 119 75205 Paris, France
| | - L J Ou
- Center for Astrophysics, Guangzhou University, 510006 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - P Pattarakijwanich
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Z Y Pei
- Center for Astrophysics, Guangzhou University, 510006 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - J C Qi
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - M Y Qi
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - B Q Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - J J Qin
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - A Raza
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - D Ruffolo
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - A Sáiz
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - M Saeed
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - D Semikoz
- APC, Université Paris Cité, CNRS/IN2P3, CEA/IRFU, Observatoire de Paris, 119 75205 Paris, France
| | - L Shao
- Hebei Normal University, 050024 Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - O Shchegolev
- Institute for Nuclear Research of Russian Academy of Sciences, 117312 Moscow, Russia
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 141700 Moscow, Russia
| | - X D Sheng
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - F W Shu
- Center for Relativistic Astrophysics and High Energy Physics, School of Physics and Materials Science and Institute of Space Science and Technology, Nanchang University, 330031 Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - H C Song
- School of Physics, Peking University, 100871 Beijing, China
| | - Yu V Stenkin
- Institute for Nuclear Research of Russian Academy of Sciences, 117312 Moscow, Russia
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 141700 Moscow, Russia
| | - V Stepanov
- Institute for Nuclear Research of Russian Academy of Sciences, 117312 Moscow, Russia
| | - Y Su
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy and Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - D X Sun
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy and Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Q N Sun
- School of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - X N Sun
- Guangxi Key Laboratory for Relativistic Astrophysics, School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University, 530004 Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Z B Sun
- National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190 Beijing, China
| | - J Takata
- School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, China
| | - P H T Tam
- School of Physics and Astronomy (Zhuhai) and School of Physics (Guangzhou) and Sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, 519000 Zhuhai and 510275 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Q W Tang
- Center for Relativistic Astrophysics and High Energy Physics, School of Physics and Materials Science and Institute of Space Science and Technology, Nanchang University, 330031 Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - R Tang
- Tsung-Dao Lee Institute and School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200240 Shanghai, China
| | - Z B Tang
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, China
| | - W W Tian
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China
| | - C Wang
- National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190 Beijing, China
| | - C B Wang
- School of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - G W Wang
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - H G Wang
- Center for Astrophysics, Guangzhou University, 510006 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - H H Wang
- School of Physics and Astronomy (Zhuhai) and School of Physics (Guangzhou) and Sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, 519000 Zhuhai and 510275 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - J C Wang
- Yunnan Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 650216 Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Kai Wang
- School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Kai Wang
- School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, China
| | - L P Wang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - L Y Wang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - P H Wang
- School of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - R Wang
- Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - W Wang
- School of Physics and Astronomy (Zhuhai) and School of Physics (Guangzhou) and Sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, 519000 Zhuhai and 510275 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - X G Wang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory for Relativistic Astrophysics, School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University, 530004 Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - X Y Wang
- School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Y Wang
- School of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Y D Wang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Y J Wang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Z H Wang
- College of Physics, Sichuan University, 610065 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Z X Wang
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University, 650091 Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Tsung-Dao Lee Institute and School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200240 Shanghai, China
| | - Zheng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, China
| | - D M Wei
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy and Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - J J Wei
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy and Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Y J Wei
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - T Wen
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University, 650091 Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - C Y Wu
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - H R Wu
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Q W Wu
- School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, China
| | - S Wu
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - X F Wu
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy and Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Y S Wu
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - S Q Xi
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - J Xia
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy and Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - G M Xiang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory for Research in Galaxies and Cosmology, Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200030 Shanghai, China
| | - D X Xiao
- Hebei Normal University, 050024 Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - G Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Y L Xin
- School of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Y Xing
- Key Laboratory for Research in Galaxies and Cosmology, Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200030 Shanghai, China
| | - D R Xiong
- Yunnan Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 650216 Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Z Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - D L Xu
- Tsung-Dao Lee Institute and School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200240 Shanghai, China
| | - R F Xu
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - R X Xu
- School of Physics, Peking University, 100871 Beijing, China
| | - W L Xu
- College of Physics, Sichuan University, 610065 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - L Xue
- Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - D H Yan
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University, 650091 Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - J Z Yan
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy and Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - T Yan
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - C W Yang
- College of Physics, Sichuan University, 610065 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - C Y Yang
- Yunnan Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 650216 Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - F Yang
- Hebei Normal University, 050024 Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - F F Yang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, China
| | - L L Yang
- School of Physics and Astronomy (Zhuhai) and School of Physics (Guangzhou) and Sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, 519000 Zhuhai and 510275 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - M J Yang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - R Z Yang
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - W X Yang
- Center for Astrophysics, Guangzhou University, 510006 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Y H Yao
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Z G Yao
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - L Q Yin
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - N Yin
- Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - X H You
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Z Y You
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Y H Yu
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Q Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy and Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - H Yue
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - H D Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy and Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - T X Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, China
| | - W Zeng
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University, 650091 Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - M Zha
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - B B Zhang
- School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - F Zhang
- School of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - H Zhang
- Tsung-Dao Lee Institute and School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200240 Shanghai, China
| | - H M Zhang
- School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - H Y Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - J L Zhang
- National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China
| | - Li Zhang
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University, 650091 Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - P F Zhang
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University, 650091 Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - P P Zhang
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy and Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - R Zhang
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy and Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - S B Zhang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China
| | - S R Zhang
- Hebei Normal University, 050024 Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - S S Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - X Zhang
- School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - X P Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Y F Zhang
- School of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy and Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - B Zhao
- School of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - J Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - L Zhao
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, China
| | - L Z Zhao
- Hebei Normal University, 050024 Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - S P Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy and Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - X H Zhao
- Yunnan Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 650216 Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - F Zheng
- National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190 Beijing, China
| | - W J Zhong
- School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - B Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - H Zhou
- Tsung-Dao Lee Institute and School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200240 Shanghai, China
| | - J N Zhou
- Key Laboratory for Research in Galaxies and Cosmology, Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200030 Shanghai, China
| | - M Zhou
- Center for Relativistic Astrophysics and High Energy Physics, School of Physics and Materials Science and Institute of Space Science and Technology, Nanchang University, 330031 Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - P Zhou
- School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - R Zhou
- College of Physics, Sichuan University, 610065 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - X X Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - X X Zhou
- School of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - B Y Zhu
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy and Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - C G Zhu
- Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - F R Zhu
- School of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - H Zhu
- National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China
| | - K J Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, China
| | - Y C Zou
- School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, China
| | - X Zuo
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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He Y, Du J, Liu SM, Tian C, Zhang M, Zhu YH, Zhong HX, Wang X, Shi JJ. Metal-bonded perovskite lead hydride with phonon-mediated superconductivity exceeding 46 K under ambient pressure. J Phys Condens Matter 2024; 36:205502. [PMID: 38335547 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ad2806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
In the search for high-temperature superconductivity in hydrides, a plethora of multi-hydrogen superconductors have been theoretically predicted, and some have been synthesized experimentally under ultrahigh pressures of several hundred GPa. However, the impracticality of these high-pressure methods has been a persistent issue. In response, we propose a new approach to achieve high-temperature superconductivity under ambient pressure by implanting hydrogen into lead to create a stable few-hydrogen binary perovskite, Pb4H. This approach diverges from the popular design methodology of multi-hydrogen covalent high critical temperature (Tc) superconductors under ultrahigh pressure. By solving the anisotropic Migdal-Eliashberg equations, we demonstrate that perovskite Pb4H presents a phonon-mediated superconductivity exceeding 46 K with inclusion of spin-orbit coupling, which is six times higher than that of bulk Pb (7.22 K) and comparable to that of MgB2, the highestTcachieved experimentally at ambient pressure under the Bardeen, Cooper, and Schrieffer framework. The highTccan be attributed to the strong electron-phonon coupling strength of 2.45, which arises from hydrogen implantation in lead that induces several high-frequency optical phonon modes with a relatively large phonon linewidth resulting from H atom vibration. The metallic-bonding in perovskite Pb4H not only improves the structural stability but also guarantees better ductility than the widely investigated multi-hydrogen, iron-based and cuprate superconductors. These results suggest that there is potential for the exploration of new high-temperature superconductors under ambient pressure and may reignite interest in their experimental synthesis in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong He
- State Key Laboratory for Artificial Microstructures and Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Peking University Yangtze Delta Institute of Optoelectronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Juan Du
- School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, People's Republic of China
| | - Shi-Ming Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Artificial Microstructures and Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Peking University Yangtze Delta Institute of Optoelectronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Chong Tian
- State Key Laboratory for Artificial Microstructures and Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Peking University Yangtze Delta Institute of Optoelectronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Zhang
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory for Physics and Chemistry of Functional Materials, College of Physics and Electronic Information, Inner Mongolia Normal University, Hohhot 010022, People's Republic of China
| | - Yao-Hui Zhu
- Physics Department, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Xia Zhong
- School of Mathematics and Physics, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinqiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Artificial Microstructures and Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Peking University Yangtze Delta Institute of Optoelectronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun-Jie Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Artificial Microstructures and Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Peking University Yangtze Delta Institute of Optoelectronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
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Cao Z, Aharonian F, An Q, Axikegu, Bai YX, Bao YW, Bastieri D, Bi XJ, Bi YJ, Cai JT, Cao Q, Cao WY, Cao Z, Chang J, Chang JF, Chen AM, Chen ES, Chen L, Chen L, Chen L, Chen MJ, Chen ML, Chen QH, Chen SH, Chen SZ, Chen TL, Chen Y, Cheng N, Cheng YD, Cui MY, Cui SW, Cui XH, Cui YD, Dai BZ, Dai HL, Dai ZG, Danzengluobu, Della Volpe D, Dong XQ, Duan KK, Fan JH, Fan YZ, Fang J, Fang K, Feng CF, Feng L, Feng SH, Feng XT, Feng YL, Gabici S, Gao B, Gao CD, Gao LQ, Gao Q, Gao W, Gao WK, Ge MM, Geng LS, Giacinti G, Gong GH, Gou QB, Gu MH, Guo FL, Guo XL, Guo YQ, Guo YY, Han YA, He HH, He HN, He JY, He XB, He Y, Heller M, Hor YK, Hou BW, Hou C, Hou X, Hu HB, Hu Q, Hu SC, Huang DH, Huang TQ, Huang WJ, Huang XT, Huang XY, Huang Y, Huang ZC, Ji XL, Jia HY, Jia K, Jiang K, Jiang XW, Jiang ZJ, Jin M, Kang MM, Ke T, Kuleshov D, Kurinov K, Li BB, Li C, Li C, Li D, Li F, Li HB, Li HC, Li HY, Li J, Li J, Li J, Li K, Li WL, Li WL, Li XR, Li X, Li YZ, Li Z, Li Z, Liang EW, Liang YF, Lin SJ, Liu B, Liu C, Liu D, Liu H, Liu HD, Liu J, Liu JL, Liu JY, Liu MY, Liu RY, Liu SM, Liu W, Liu Y, Liu YN, Lu R, Luo Q, Lv HK, Ma BQ, Ma LL, Ma XH, Mao JR, Min Z, Mitthumsiri W, Mu HJ, Nan YC, Neronov A, Ou ZW, Pang BY, Pattarakijwanich P, Pei ZY, Qi MY, Qi YQ, Qiao BQ, Qin JJ, Ruffolo D, Sáiz A, Semikoz D, Shao CY, Shao L, Shchegolev O, Sheng XD, Shu FW, Song HC, Stenkin YV, Stepanov V, Su Y, Sun QN, Sun XN, Sun ZB, Tam PHT, Tang QW, Tang ZB, Tian WW, Wang C, Wang CB, Wang GW, Wang HG, Wang HH, Wang JC, Wang K, Wang LP, Wang LY, Wang PH, Wang R, Wang W, Wang XG, Wang XY, Wang Y, Wang YD, Wang YJ, Wang ZH, Wang ZX, Wang Z, Wang Z, Wei DM, Wei JJ, Wei YJ, Wen T, Wu CY, Wu HR, Wu S, Wu XF, Wu YS, Xi SQ, Xia J, Xia JJ, Xiang GM, Xiao DX, Xiao G, Xin GG, Xin YL, Xing Y, Xiong Z, Xu DL, Xu RF, Xu RX, Xu WL, Xue L, Yan DH, Yan JZ, Yan T, Yang CW, Yang F, Yang FF, Yang HW, Yang JY, Yang LL, Yang MJ, Yang RZ, Yang SB, Yao YH, Yao ZG, Ye YM, Yin LQ, Yin N, You XH, You ZY, Yu YH, Yuan Q, Yue H, Zeng HD, Zeng TX, Zeng W, Zha M, Zhang BB, Zhang F, Zhang HM, Zhang HY, Zhang JL, Zhang LX, Zhang L, Zhang PF, Zhang PP, Zhang R, Zhang SB, Zhang SR, Zhang SS, Zhang X, Zhang XP, Zhang YF, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Zhao B, Zhao J, Zhao L, Zhao LZ, Zhao SP, Zheng F, Zhou B, Zhou H, Zhou JN, Zhou M, Zhou P, Zhou R, Zhou XX, Zhu CG, Zhu FR, Zhu H, Zhu KJ, Zuo X. Measurement of Ultra-High-Energy Diffuse Gamma-Ray Emission of the Galactic Plane from 10 TeV to 1 PeV with LHAASO-KM2A. Phys Rev Lett 2023; 131:151001. [PMID: 37897763 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.131.151001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023]
Abstract
The diffuse Galactic γ-ray emission, mainly produced via interactions between cosmic rays and the interstellar medium and/or radiation field, is a very important probe of the distribution, propagation, and interaction of cosmic rays in the Milky Way. In this Letter, we report the measurements of diffuse γ rays from the Galactic plane between 10 TeV and 1 PeV energies, with the square kilometer array of the Large High Altitude Air Shower Observatory (LHAASO). Diffuse emissions from the inner (15°10 TeV). The energy spectrum in the inner Galaxy regions can be described by a power-law function with an index of -2.99±0.04, which is different from the curved spectrum as expected from hadronic interactions between locally measured cosmic rays and the line-of-sight integrated gas content. Furthermore, the measured flux is higher by a factor of ∼3 than the prediction. A similar spectrum with an index of -2.99±0.07 is found in the outer Galaxy region, and the absolute flux for 10≲E≲60 TeV is again higher than the prediction for hadronic cosmic ray interactions. The latitude distributions of the diffuse emission are consistent with the gas distribution, while the longitude distributions show clear deviation from the gas distribution. The LHAASO measurements imply that either additional emission sources exist or cosmic ray intensities have spatial variations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Cao
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - F Aharonian
- Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, 31 Fitzwilliam Place, 2 Dublin, Ireland
- Max-Planck-Institut for Nuclear Physics, P.O. Box 103980, 69029 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Q An
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, 230026 Hefei, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Axikegu
- School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Y X Bai
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Y W Bao
- School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - D Bastieri
- Center for Astrophysics, Guangzhou University, 510006 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - X J Bi
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Y J Bi
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - J T Cai
- Center for Astrophysics, Guangzhou University, 510006 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Q Cao
- Hebei Normal University, 050024 Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - W Y Cao
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Zhe Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, 230026 Hefei, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - J Chang
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy & Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - J F Chang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, 230026 Hefei, China
| | - A M Chen
- Tsung-Dao Lee Institute & School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200240 Shanghai, China
| | - E S Chen
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Liang Chen
- Key Laboratory for Research in Galaxies and Cosmology, Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200030 Shanghai, China
| | - Lin Chen
- School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Long Chen
- School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - M J Chen
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - M L Chen
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, 230026 Hefei, China
| | - Q H Chen
- School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - S H Chen
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - S Z Chen
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - T L Chen
- Key Laboratory of Cosmic Rays (Tibet University), Ministry of Education, 850000 Lhasa, Tibet, China
| | - Y Chen
- School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - N Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Y D Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - M Y Cui
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy & Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - S W Cui
- Hebei Normal University, 050024 Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - X H Cui
- National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China
| | - Y D Cui
- School of Physics and Astronomy (Zhuhai) & School of Physics (Guangzhou) & Sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, 519000 Zhuhai & 510275 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - B Z Dai
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University, 650091 Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - H L Dai
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, 230026 Hefei, China
| | - Z G Dai
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Danzengluobu
- Key Laboratory of Cosmic Rays (Tibet University), Ministry of Education, 850000 Lhasa, Tibet, China
| | - D Della Volpe
- Département de Physique Nucléaire et Corpusculaire, Faculté de Sciences, Université de Genève, 24 Quai Ernest Ansermet, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - X Q Dong
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - K K Duan
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy & Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - J H Fan
- Center for Astrophysics, Guangzhou University, 510006 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Y Z Fan
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy & Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - J Fang
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University, 650091 Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - K Fang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - C F Feng
- Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - L Feng
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy & Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - S H Feng
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - X T Feng
- Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Y L Feng
- Key Laboratory of Cosmic Rays (Tibet University), Ministry of Education, 850000 Lhasa, Tibet, China
| | - S Gabici
- APC, Université Paris Cité, CNRS/IN2P3, CEA/IRFU, Observatoire de Paris, 119 75205 Paris, France
| | - B Gao
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - C D Gao
- Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - L Q Gao
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Q Gao
- Key Laboratory of Cosmic Rays (Tibet University), Ministry of Education, 850000 Lhasa, Tibet, China
| | - W Gao
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - W K Gao
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - M M Ge
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University, 650091 Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - L S Geng
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - G Giacinti
- Tsung-Dao Lee Institute & School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200240 Shanghai, China
| | - G H Gong
- Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
| | - Q B Gou
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - M H Gu
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, 230026 Hefei, China
| | - F L Guo
- Key Laboratory for Research in Galaxies and Cosmology, Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200030 Shanghai, China
| | - X L Guo
- School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Y Q Guo
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Y Y Guo
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy & Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Y A Han
- School of Physics and Microelectronics, Zhengzhou University, 450001 Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - H H He
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - H N He
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy & Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - J Y He
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy & Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - X B He
- School of Physics and Astronomy (Zhuhai) & School of Physics (Guangzhou) & Sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, 519000 Zhuhai & 510275 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Y He
- School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - M Heller
- Département de Physique Nucléaire et Corpusculaire, Faculté de Sciences, Université de Genève, 24 Quai Ernest Ansermet, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Y K Hor
- School of Physics and Astronomy (Zhuhai) & School of Physics (Guangzhou) & Sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, 519000 Zhuhai & 510275 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - B W Hou
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - C Hou
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - X Hou
- Yunnan Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 650216 Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - H B Hu
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Q Hu
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy & Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - S C Hu
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - D H Huang
- School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - T Q Huang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - W J Huang
- School of Physics and Astronomy (Zhuhai) & School of Physics (Guangzhou) & Sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, 519000 Zhuhai & 510275 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - X T Huang
- Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - X Y Huang
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy & Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Y Huang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Z C Huang
- School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - X L Ji
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, 230026 Hefei, China
| | - H Y Jia
- School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - K Jia
- Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - K Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, 230026 Hefei, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - X W Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Z J Jiang
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University, 650091 Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - M Jin
- School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - M M Kang
- College of Physics, Sichuan University, 610065 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - T Ke
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - D Kuleshov
- Institute for Nuclear Research of Russian Academy of Sciences, 117312 Moscow, Russia
| | - K Kurinov
- Institute for Nuclear Research of Russian Academy of Sciences, 117312 Moscow, Russia
| | - B B Li
- Hebei Normal University, 050024 Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Cheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, 230026 Hefei, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Cong Li
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - D Li
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - F Li
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, 230026 Hefei, China
| | - H B Li
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - H C Li
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - H Y Li
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy & Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - J Li
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy & Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jian Li
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Jie Li
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, 230026 Hefei, China
| | - K Li
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - W L Li
- Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - W L Li
- Tsung-Dao Lee Institute & School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200240 Shanghai, China
| | - X R Li
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, 230026 Hefei, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Y Z Li
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhe Li
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhuo Li
- School of Physics, Peking University, 100871 Beijing, China
| | - E W Liang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University, 530004 Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Y F Liang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University, 530004 Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - S J Lin
- School of Physics and Astronomy (Zhuhai) & School of Physics (Guangzhou) & Sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, 519000 Zhuhai & 510275 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - B Liu
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - C Liu
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - D Liu
- Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - H Liu
- School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - H D Liu
- School of Physics and Microelectronics, Zhengzhou University, 450001 Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - J Liu
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - J L Liu
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - J Y Liu
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - M Y Liu
- Key Laboratory of Cosmic Rays (Tibet University), Ministry of Education, 850000 Lhasa, Tibet, China
| | - R Y Liu
- School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - S M Liu
- School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - W Liu
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Y Liu
- Center for Astrophysics, Guangzhou University, 510006 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Y N Liu
- Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
| | - R Lu
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University, 650091 Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Q Luo
- School of Physics and Astronomy (Zhuhai) & School of Physics (Guangzhou) & Sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, 519000 Zhuhai & 510275 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - H K Lv
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - B Q Ma
- School of Physics, Peking University, 100871 Beijing, China
| | - L L Ma
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - X H Ma
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - J R Mao
- Yunnan Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 650216 Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Z Min
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - W Mitthumsiri
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, 10400 Bangkok, Thailand
| | - H J Mu
- School of Physics and Microelectronics, Zhengzhou University, 450001 Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Y C Nan
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - A Neronov
- APC, Université Paris Cité, CNRS/IN2P3, CEA/IRFU, Observatoire de Paris, 119 75205 Paris, France
| | - Z W Ou
- School of Physics and Astronomy (Zhuhai) & School of Physics (Guangzhou) & Sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, 519000 Zhuhai & 510275 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - B Y Pang
- School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - P Pattarakijwanich
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, 10400 Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Z Y Pei
- Center for Astrophysics, Guangzhou University, 510006 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - M Y Qi
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Y Q Qi
- Hebei Normal University, 050024 Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - B Q Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - J J Qin
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - D Ruffolo
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, 10400 Bangkok, Thailand
| | - A Sáiz
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, 10400 Bangkok, Thailand
| | - D Semikoz
- APC, Université Paris Cité, CNRS/IN2P3, CEA/IRFU, Observatoire de Paris, 119 75205 Paris, France
| | - C Y Shao
- School of Physics and Astronomy (Zhuhai) & School of Physics (Guangzhou) & Sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, 519000 Zhuhai & 510275 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - L Shao
- Hebei Normal University, 050024 Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - O Shchegolev
- Institute for Nuclear Research of Russian Academy of Sciences, 117312 Moscow, Russia
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 141700 Moscow, Russia
| | - X D Sheng
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - F W Shu
- Center for Relativistic Astrophysics and High Energy Physics, School of Physics and Materials Science & Institute of Space Science and Technology, Nanchang University, 330031 Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - H C Song
- School of Physics, Peking University, 100871 Beijing, China
| | - Yu V Stenkin
- Institute for Nuclear Research of Russian Academy of Sciences, 117312 Moscow, Russia
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 141700 Moscow, Russia
| | - V Stepanov
- Institute for Nuclear Research of Russian Academy of Sciences, 117312 Moscow, Russia
| | - Y Su
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy & Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Q N Sun
- School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - X N Sun
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University, 530004 Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Z B Sun
- National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190 Beijing, China
| | - P H T Tam
- School of Physics and Astronomy (Zhuhai) & School of Physics (Guangzhou) & Sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, 519000 Zhuhai & 510275 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Q W Tang
- Center for Relativistic Astrophysics and High Energy Physics, School of Physics and Materials Science & Institute of Space Science and Technology, Nanchang University, 330031 Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Z B Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, 230026 Hefei, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - W W Tian
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China
| | - C Wang
- National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190 Beijing, China
| | - C B Wang
- School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - G W Wang
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - H G Wang
- Center for Astrophysics, Guangzhou University, 510006 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - H H Wang
- School of Physics and Astronomy (Zhuhai) & School of Physics (Guangzhou) & Sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, 519000 Zhuhai & 510275 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - J C Wang
- Yunnan Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 650216 Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - K Wang
- School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - L P Wang
- Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - L Y Wang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - P H Wang
- School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - R Wang
- Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - W Wang
- School of Physics and Astronomy (Zhuhai) & School of Physics (Guangzhou) & Sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, 519000 Zhuhai & 510275 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - X G Wang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University, 530004 Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - X Y Wang
- School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Y Wang
- School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Y D Wang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Y J Wang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Z H Wang
- College of Physics, Sichuan University, 610065 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Z X Wang
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University, 650091 Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Tsung-Dao Lee Institute & School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200240 Shanghai, China
| | - Zheng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, 230026 Hefei, China
| | - D M Wei
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy & Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - J J Wei
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy & Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Y J Wei
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - T Wen
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University, 650091 Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - C Y Wu
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - H R Wu
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - S Wu
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - X F Wu
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy & Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Y S Wu
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - S Q Xi
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - J Xia
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy & Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - J J Xia
- School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - G M Xiang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory for Research in Galaxies and Cosmology, Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200030 Shanghai, China
| | - D X Xiao
- Hebei Normal University, 050024 Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - G Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - G G Xin
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Y L Xin
- School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Y Xing
- Key Laboratory for Research in Galaxies and Cosmology, Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200030 Shanghai, China
| | - Z Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - D L Xu
- Tsung-Dao Lee Institute & School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200240 Shanghai, China
| | - R F Xu
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - R X Xu
- School of Physics, Peking University, 100871 Beijing, China
| | - W L Xu
- College of Physics, Sichuan University, 610065 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - L Xue
- Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - D H Yan
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University, 650091 Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - J Z Yan
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy & Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - T Yan
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - C W Yang
- College of Physics, Sichuan University, 610065 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - F Yang
- Hebei Normal University, 050024 Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - F F Yang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, 230026 Hefei, China
| | - H W Yang
- School of Physics and Astronomy (Zhuhai) & School of Physics (Guangzhou) & Sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, 519000 Zhuhai & 510275 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - J Y Yang
- School of Physics and Astronomy (Zhuhai) & School of Physics (Guangzhou) & Sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, 519000 Zhuhai & 510275 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - L L Yang
- School of Physics and Astronomy (Zhuhai) & School of Physics (Guangzhou) & Sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, 519000 Zhuhai & 510275 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - M J Yang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - R Z Yang
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - S B Yang
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University, 650091 Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Y H Yao
- College of Physics, Sichuan University, 610065 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Z G Yao
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Y M Ye
- Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
| | - L Q Yin
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - N Yin
- Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - X H You
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Z Y You
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Y H Yu
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Q Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy & Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - H Yue
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - H D Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy & Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - T X Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, 230026 Hefei, China
| | - W Zeng
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University, 650091 Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - M Zha
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - B B Zhang
- School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - F Zhang
- School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - H M Zhang
- School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - H Y Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - J L Zhang
- National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China
| | - L X Zhang
- Center for Astrophysics, Guangzhou University, 510006 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Li Zhang
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University, 650091 Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - P F Zhang
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University, 650091 Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - P P Zhang
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy & Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - R Zhang
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy & Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - S B Zhang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China
| | - S R Zhang
- Hebei Normal University, 050024 Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - S S Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - X Zhang
- School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - X P Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Y F Zhang
- School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy & Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - B Zhao
- School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - J Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - L Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, 230026 Hefei, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - L Z Zhao
- Hebei Normal University, 050024 Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - S P Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy & Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - F Zheng
- National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190 Beijing, China
| | - B Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - H Zhou
- Tsung-Dao Lee Institute & School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200240 Shanghai, China
| | - J N Zhou
- Key Laboratory for Research in Galaxies and Cosmology, Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200030 Shanghai, China
| | - M Zhou
- Center for Relativistic Astrophysics and High Energy Physics, School of Physics and Materials Science & Institute of Space Science and Technology, Nanchang University, 330031 Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - P Zhou
- School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - R Zhou
- College of Physics, Sichuan University, 610065 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - X X Zhou
- School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - C G Zhu
- Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - F R Zhu
- School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - H Zhu
- National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China
| | - K J Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, 230026 Hefei, China
| | - X Zuo
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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Peng MS, Liu YH, Shen QK, Zhang XH, Dong J, Li JX, Zhao H, Zhang H, Zhang X, He Y, Shi H, Cui C, Ouzhuluobu, Wu TY, Liu SM, Gonggalanzi, Baimakangzhuo, Bai C, Duojizhuoma, Liu T, Dai SS, Murphy RW, Qi XB, Dong G, Su B, Zhang YP. Genetic and cultural adaptations underlie the establishment of dairy pastoralism in the Tibetan Plateau. BMC Biol 2023; 21:208. [PMID: 37798721 PMCID: PMC10557253 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-023-01707-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Domestication and introduction of dairy animals facilitated the permanent human occupation of the Tibetan Plateau. Yet the history of dairy pastoralism in the Tibetan Plateau remains poorly understood. Little is known how Tibetans adapted to milk and dairy products. RESULTS We integrated archeological evidence and genetic analysis to show the picture that the dairy ruminants, together with dogs, were introduced from West Eurasia into the Tibetan Plateau since ~ 3600 years ago. The genetic admixture between the exotic and indigenous dogs enriched the candidate lactase persistence (LP) allele 10974A > G of West Eurasian origin in Tibetan dogs. In vitro experiments demonstrate that - 13838G > A functions as a LP allele in Tibetans. Unlike multiple LP alleles presenting selective signatures in West Eurasians and South Asians, the de novo origin of Tibetan-specific LP allele - 13838G > A with low frequency (~ 6-7%) and absence of selection corresponds - 13910C > T in pastoralists across eastern Eurasia steppe. CONCLUSIONS Results depict a novel scenario of genetic and cultural adaptations to diet and expand current understanding of the establishment of dairy pastoralism in the Tibetan Plateau.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Sheng Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Domestic Animals, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, China
- KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yan-Hu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Domestic Animals, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, China
- KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Quan-Kuan Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Domestic Animals, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, China
- KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiao-Hua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, 650118, China
| | - Jiajia Dong
- Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems (Ministry of Education), College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Jin-Xiu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Domestic Animals, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, China
| | - Hui Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research (LPBR), School of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology (KUST), Kunming, 650000, China
| | - Xiaoming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yaoxi He
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Hong Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research (LPBR), School of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology (KUST), Kunming, 650000, China
| | - Chaoying Cui
- High Altitude Medical Research Center, School of Medicine, Tibetan University, Lhasa, 850000, China
| | - Ouzhuluobu
- High Altitude Medical Research Center, School of Medicine, Tibetan University, Lhasa, 850000, China
| | - Tian-Yi Wu
- National Key Laboratory of High Altitude Medicine, High Altitude Medical Research Institute, Xining, 810000, China
| | - Shi-Ming Liu
- National Key Laboratory of High Altitude Medicine, High Altitude Medical Research Institute, Xining, 810000, China
| | - Gonggalanzi
- High Altitude Medical Research Center, School of Medicine, Tibetan University, Lhasa, 850000, China
| | - Baimakangzhuo
- High Altitude Medical Research Center, School of Medicine, Tibetan University, Lhasa, 850000, China
| | - Caijuan Bai
- The First People's Hospital of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Duojizhuoma
- High Altitude Medical Research Center, School of Medicine, Tibetan University, Lhasa, 850000, China
| | - Ti Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China
| | - Shan-Shan Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Domestic Animals, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, China
- KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Robert W Murphy
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, China
- Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Biology, Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto, ON, M5S 2C6, Canada
| | - Xue-Bin Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research (LPBR), School of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology (KUST), Kunming, 650000, China.
- Tibetan Fukang Hospital, Lhasa, 850000, China.
| | - Guanghui Dong
- Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems (Ministry of Education), College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
| | - Bing Su
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Ya-Ping Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, China.
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Domestic Animals, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, China.
- KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China.
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5
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He Y, Du J, Liu SM, Tian C, Zhang M, Zhu YH, Zhong H, Wang X, Shi JJ. Enhancement for phonon-mediated superconductivity up to 37 K in few-hydrogen metal-bonded layered magnesium hydride under atmospheric pressure. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:21037-21044. [PMID: 37522183 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp02620e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of superconductivity in layered MgB2 has renewed interest in the search for high-temperature conventional superconductors, leading to the synthesis of numerous hydrogen-dominated materials with high critical temperatures (Tc) under high pressures. However, achieving a high-Tc superconductor under ambient pressure remains a challenging goal. In this study, we propose a novel approach to realize a high-temperature superconductor under ambient pressure by introducing a hexagonal H monolayer into the hexagonal close-packed magnesium lattice, resulting in a new and stable few-hydrogen metal-bonded layered magnesium hydride (Mg4)2H1. This compound exhibits superior ductility compared to multi-hydrogen, cuprate, and iron-based superconductors due to its metallic bonding. Our unconventional strategy diverges from the conventional design principles used in hydrogen-dominated covalent high-temperature superconductors. Using anisotropic Migdal-Eliashberg equations, we demonstrate that the stable (Mg4)2H1 compound is a typical phonon-mediated superconductor, characterized by strong electron-phonon coupling and an excellent Tc of 37 K under ambient conditions, comparable to that of MgB2. Our findings not only present a new pathway for exploring high-temperature superconductors but also provide valuable insights for future experimental synthesis endeavors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong He
- State Key Laboratory for Artificial Microstructures and Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Peking University Yangtze Delta Institute of Optoelectronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Juan Du
- Department of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering Faculty of Science, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China.
| | - Shi-Ming Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Artificial Microstructures and Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Peking University Yangtze Delta Institute of Optoelectronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Chong Tian
- State Key Laboratory for Artificial Microstructures and Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Peking University Yangtze Delta Institute of Optoelectronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Min Zhang
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory for Physics and Chemistry of Functional Materials, College of Physics and Electronic Information, Inner Mongolia Normal University, Hohhot 010022, China
| | - Yao-Hui Zhu
- Physics Department, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Hongxia Zhong
- School of Mathematics and Physics, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Xinqiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Artificial Microstructures and Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Peking University Yangtze Delta Institute of Optoelectronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Jun-Jie Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Artificial Microstructures and Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Peking University Yangtze Delta Institute of Optoelectronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
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6
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Liu B, Fang L, Mo P, Chen C, Ji Y, Pang L, Chen H, Deng Y, Ou W, Liu SM. Apoe-knockout induces strong vascular oxidative stress and significant changes in the gene expression profile related to the pathways implicated in redox, inflammation, and endothelial function. Cell Signal 2023; 108:110696. [PMID: 37409402 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2023.110696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E (APOE) was recognized as a key regulator of lipid metabolism, which prompted the Apoe-knockout (Apoe-/-) mouse to be the most widely used atherosclerotic model. However, with more and more important physiological roles of APOE being revealed, it is necessary to reacquaint its comprehensive function in the aorta. In this study, we aimed to reveal how Apoe-knockout impacts the gene pathways and phenotypes in the aorta of mice. We performed transcriptome sequencing to acquire the gene expression profile (GEP) for C57BL/6J and Apoe-/- mouse aorta, and used enrichment analysis to reveal the signal pathways enriched for differentially expressed genes (DEGs). In addition, we used immunofluorescence and ELISA to detect the phenotypic differences of vascular tissues and plasma in the two-group mice. Apoe-knockout resulted in significant changes in the expression of 538 genes, among which about 75% were up-regulated and 134 genes were altered more than twice. In addition to the lipid metabolism pathways, DEGs were also mainly enriched in the pathways implicated in endothelial cell proliferation, migration of epithelial cells, immune regulatory, and redox. GSEA shows that the up-regulated genes are mainly enriched in 'immune regulation pathways' and 'signal regulation' pathways, while the down-regulated genes are enriched in lipid metabolism pathways, 'regulation_of_nitric_oxide_synthase_activity' and the pathways involved in redox homeostasis, including 'monooxygenase regulation', 'peroxisomes' and 'oxygen binding'. A significant increase of reactive oxygen species and a remarkable reduction of GSH/GSSG ratio were respectively observed in the vascular tissues and plasma of Apoe-/- mice. In addition, endothelin-1 significantly increased in the vascular tissue and the plasma of Apoe-/- mice. Taken together, our results suggest that besides functioning in lipid metabolism, APOE may be an important signal regulator that mediates the expression of the genes related to the pathways involved in redox, inflammation, and endothelial function. Apoe-knockout-induced strong vascular oxidative stress is also the key factor contributing to atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benrong Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Guangzhou Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510260, China.
| | - Lei Fang
- Department of Cardiology, Guangzhou Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510260, China
| | - Pei Mo
- Department of Cardiology, Guangzhou Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510260, China
| | - Changnong Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Guangzhou Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510260, China
| | - Yang Ji
- Department of Emergency, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510260, China
| | - Lihua Pang
- Department of Cardiology, Guangzhou Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510260, China
| | - Huanzhen Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Guangzhou Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510260, China
| | - Yichao Deng
- Department of Cardiology, Guangzhou Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510260, China
| | - Wenchao Ou
- Department of Cardiology, Guangzhou Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510260, China
| | - Shi-Ming Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Guangzhou Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510260, China.
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7
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Cao Z, Aharonian F, An Q, Bai LX, Bai YX, Bao YW, Bastieri D, Bi XJ, Bi YJ, Cai JT, Cao Q, Cao WY, Cao Z, Chang J, Chang JF, Chen ES, Chen L, Chen L, Chen L, Chen MJ, Chen ML, Chen QH, Chen SH, Chen SZ, Chen TL, Chen Y, Cheng HL, Cheng N, Cheng YD, Cui SW, Cui XH, Cui YD, Dai BZ, Dai HL, Dai ZG, Della Volpe D, Dong XQ, Duan KK, Fan JH, Fan YZ, Fang J, Fang K, Feng CF, Feng L, Feng SH, Feng XT, Feng YL, Gao B, Gao CD, Gao LQ, Gao Q, Gao W, Gao WK, Ge MM, Geng LS, Gong GH, Gou QB, Gu MH, Guo FL, Guo XL, Guo YQ, Guo YY, Han YA, He HH, He HN, He JY, He XB, He Y, Heller M, Hor YK, Hou BW, Hou C, Hou X, Hu HB, Hu Q, Hu SC, Huang DH, Huang TQ, Huang WJ, Huang XT, Huang XY, Huang Y, Huang ZC, Ji XL, Jia HY, Jia K, Jiang K, Jiang XW, Jiang ZJ, Jin M, Kang MM, Ke T, Kuleshov D, Kurinov K, Li BB, Li C, Li C, Li D, Li F, Li HB, Li HC, Li HY, Li J, Li J, Li J, Li K, Li WL, Li WL, Li XR, Li X, Li YZ, Li Z, Li Z, Liang EW, Liang YF, Lin SJ, Liu B, Liu C, Liu D, Liu H, Liu HD, Liu J, Liu JL, Liu JL, Liu JS, Liu JY, Liu MY, Liu RY, Liu SM, Liu W, Liu Y, Liu YN, Long WJ, Lu R, Luo Q, Lv HK, Ma BQ, Ma LL, Ma XH, Mao JR, Min Z, Mitthumsiri W, Nan YC, Ou ZW, Pang BY, Pattarakijwanich P, Pei ZY, Qi MY, Qi YQ, Qiao BQ, Qin JJ, Ruffolo D, Sáiz A, Shao CY, Shao L, Shchegolev O, Sheng XD, Song HC, Stenkin YV, Stepanov V, Su Y, Sun QN, Sun XN, Sun ZB, Tam PHT, Tang ZB, Tian WW, Wang C, Wang CB, Wang GW, Wang HG, Wang HH, Wang JC, Wang JS, Wang K, Wang LP, Wang LY, Wang PH, Wang R, Wang W, Wang XG, Wang XY, Wang Y, Wang YD, Wang YJ, Wang ZH, Wang ZX, Wang Z, Wang Z, Wei DM, Wei JJ, Wei YJ, Wen T, Wu CY, Wu HR, Wu S, Wu XF, Wu YS, Xi SQ, Xia J, Xia JJ, Xiang GM, Xiao DX, Xiao G, Xin GG, Xin YL, Xing Y, Xiong Z, Xu DL, Xu RF, Xu RX, Xue L, Yan DH, Yan JZ, Yan T, Yang CW, Yang F, Yang FF, Yang HW, Yang JY, Yang LL, Yang MJ, Yang RZ, Yang SB, Yao YH, Yao ZG, Ye YM, Yin LQ, Yin N, You XH, You ZY, Yu YH, Yuan Q, Yue H, Zeng HD, Zeng TX, Zeng W, Zeng ZK, Zha M, Zhang B, Zhang BB, Zhang F, Zhang HM, Zhang HY, Zhang JL, Zhang LX, Zhang L, Zhang PF, Zhang PP, Zhang R, Zhang SB, Zhang SR, Zhang SS, Zhang X, Zhang XP, Zhang YF, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Zhao B, Zhao J, Zhao L, Zhao LZ, Zhao SP, Zheng F, Zheng JH, Zhou B, Zhou H, Zhou JN, Zhou P, Zhou R, Zhou XX, Zhu CG, Zhu FR, Zhu H, Zhu KJ, Zuo X. A tera-electron volt afterglow from a narrow jet in an extremely bright gamma-ray burst. Science 2023:eadg9328. [PMID: 37289911 DOI: 10.1126/science.adg9328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Some gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) have a tera-electron volt (TeV) afterglow, but the early onset of this has not been observed. We report observations with the Large High Altitude Air Shower Observatory of the bright GRB 221009A, which serendipitously occurred within the instrument field of view. More than 64,000 photons >0.2 TeV were detected within the first 3000 seconds. The TeV flux began several minutes after the GRB trigger, then rose to a peak about 10 seconds later. This was followed by a decay phase, which became more rapid ~650 seconds after the peak. We interpret the emission using a model of a relativistic jet with half-opening angle ~0.8°. This is consistent with the core of a structured jet and could explain the high isotropic energy of this GRB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Cao
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - F Aharonian
- Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, 31 Fitzwilliam Place, 2 Dublin, Ireland
- Max-Planck-Institute for Nuclear Physics, P.O. Box 103980, 69029 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Q An
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - L X Bai
- College of Physics, Sichuan University, 610065 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Y X Bai
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Y W Bao
- School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Key Laboratory of Modern Astronomy and Astrophysics (Nanjing University), Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - D Bastieri
- Center for Astrophysics, Guangzhou University, 510006 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - X J Bi
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Y J Bi
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - J T Cai
- Center for Astrophysics, Guangzhou University, 510006 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Q Cao
- Hebei Normal University, 050024 Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - W Y Cao
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Zhe Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - J Chang
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy & Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - J F Chang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, China
| | - E S Chen
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Liang Chen
- Key Laboratory for Research in Galaxies and Cosmology, Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200030 Shanghai, China
| | - Lin Chen
- School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Long Chen
- School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - M J Chen
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - M L Chen
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, China
| | - Q H Chen
- School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - S H Chen
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - S Z Chen
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - T L Chen
- Key Laboratory of Cosmic Rays (Tibet University), Ministry of Education, 850000 Lhasa, Tibet, China
| | - Y Chen
- School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Key Laboratory of Modern Astronomy and Astrophysics (Nanjing University), Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - H L Cheng
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Cosmic Rays (Tibet University), Ministry of Education, 850000 Lhasa, Tibet, China
- National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China
| | - N Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Y D Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - S W Cui
- Hebei Normal University, 050024 Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - X H Cui
- National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China
| | - Y D Cui
- School of Physics and Astronomy (Zhuhai) & School of Physics (Guangzhou) & Sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, 519000 Zhuhai & 510275 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - B Z Dai
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University, 650091 Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - H L Dai
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, China
| | - Z G Dai
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - D Della Volpe
- Département de Physique Nucléaire et Corpusculaire, Faculté de Sciences, Université de Genève, 24 Quai Ernest Ansermet, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - X Q Dong
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - K K Duan
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy & Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - J H Fan
- Center for Astrophysics, Guangzhou University, 510006 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Y Z Fan
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy & Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - J Fang
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University, 650091 Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - K Fang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - C F Feng
- Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - L Feng
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy & Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - S H Feng
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - X T Feng
- Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Y L Feng
- Key Laboratory of Cosmic Rays (Tibet University), Ministry of Education, 850000 Lhasa, Tibet, China
| | - B Gao
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - C D Gao
- Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - L Q Gao
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Q Gao
- Key Laboratory of Cosmic Rays (Tibet University), Ministry of Education, 850000 Lhasa, Tibet, China
| | - W Gao
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - W K Gao
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - M M Ge
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University, 650091 Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - L S Geng
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - G H Gong
- Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
| | - Q B Gou
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - M H Gu
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, China
| | - F L Guo
- Key Laboratory for Research in Galaxies and Cosmology, Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200030 Shanghai, China
| | - X L Guo
- School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Y Q Guo
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Y Y Guo
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy & Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Y A Han
- School of Physics and Microelectronics, Zhengzhou University, 450001 Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - H H He
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - H N He
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy & Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - J Y He
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy & Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - X B He
- School of Physics and Astronomy (Zhuhai) & School of Physics (Guangzhou) & Sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, 519000 Zhuhai & 510275 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Y He
- School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - M Heller
- Département de Physique Nucléaire et Corpusculaire, Faculté de Sciences, Université de Genève, 24 Quai Ernest Ansermet, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Y K Hor
- School of Physics and Astronomy (Zhuhai) & School of Physics (Guangzhou) & Sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, 519000 Zhuhai & 510275 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - B W Hou
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - C Hou
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - X Hou
- Yunnan Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 650216 Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - H B Hu
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Q Hu
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy & Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - S C Hu
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - D H Huang
- School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - T Q Huang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - W J Huang
- School of Physics and Astronomy (Zhuhai) & School of Physics (Guangzhou) & Sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, 519000 Zhuhai & 510275 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - X T Huang
- Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - X Y Huang
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy & Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Y Huang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Z C Huang
- School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - X L Ji
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, China
| | - H Y Jia
- School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - K Jia
- Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - K Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - X W Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Z J Jiang
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University, 650091 Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - M Jin
- School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - M M Kang
- College of Physics, Sichuan University, 610065 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - T Ke
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - D Kuleshov
- Institute for Nuclear Research of Russian Academy of Sciences, 117312 Moscow, Russia
| | - K Kurinov
- Institute for Nuclear Research of Russian Academy of Sciences, 117312 Moscow, Russia
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 141700 Moscow, Russia
| | - B B Li
- Hebei Normal University, 050024 Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Cheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Cong Li
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - D Li
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - F Li
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, China
| | - H B Li
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - H C Li
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - H Y Li
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy & Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - J Li
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy & Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jian Li
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Jie Li
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, China
| | - K Li
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - W L Li
- Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - W L Li
- Tsung-Dao Lee Institute & School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200240 Shanghai, China
| | - X R Li
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Y Z Li
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhe Li
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhuo Li
- School of Physics, Peking University, 100871 Beijing, China
| | - E W Liang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University, 530004 Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Y F Liang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University, 530004 Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - S J Lin
- School of Physics and Astronomy (Zhuhai) & School of Physics (Guangzhou) & Sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, 519000 Zhuhai & 510275 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - B Liu
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - C Liu
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - D Liu
- Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - H Liu
- School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - H D Liu
- School of Physics and Microelectronics, Zhengzhou University, 450001 Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - J Liu
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - J L Liu
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - J L Liu
- Tsung-Dao Lee Institute & School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200240 Shanghai, China
| | - J S Liu
- School of Physics and Astronomy (Zhuhai) & School of Physics (Guangzhou) & Sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, 519000 Zhuhai & 510275 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - J Y Liu
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - M Y Liu
- Key Laboratory of Cosmic Rays (Tibet University), Ministry of Education, 850000 Lhasa, Tibet, China
| | - R Y Liu
- School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Key Laboratory of Modern Astronomy and Astrophysics (Nanjing University), Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - S M Liu
- School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - W Liu
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Y Liu
- Center for Astrophysics, Guangzhou University, 510006 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Y N Liu
- Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
| | - W J Long
- School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - R Lu
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University, 650091 Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Q Luo
- School of Physics and Astronomy (Zhuhai) & School of Physics (Guangzhou) & Sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, 519000 Zhuhai & 510275 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - H K Lv
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - B Q Ma
- School of Physics, Peking University, 100871 Beijing, China
| | - L L Ma
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - X H Ma
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - J R Mao
- Yunnan Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 650216 Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Z Min
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - W Mitthumsiri
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, 10400 Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Y C Nan
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Z W Ou
- School of Physics and Astronomy (Zhuhai) & School of Physics (Guangzhou) & Sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, 519000 Zhuhai & 510275 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - B Y Pang
- School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - P Pattarakijwanich
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, 10400 Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Z Y Pei
- Center for Astrophysics, Guangzhou University, 510006 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - M Y Qi
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Y Q Qi
- Hebei Normal University, 050024 Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - B Q Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - J J Qin
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - D Ruffolo
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, 10400 Bangkok, Thailand
| | - A Sáiz
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, 10400 Bangkok, Thailand
| | - C Y Shao
- School of Physics and Astronomy (Zhuhai) & School of Physics (Guangzhou) & Sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, 519000 Zhuhai & 510275 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - L Shao
- Hebei Normal University, 050024 Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - O Shchegolev
- Institute for Nuclear Research of Russian Academy of Sciences, 117312 Moscow, Russia
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 141700 Moscow, Russia
| | - X D Sheng
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - H C Song
- School of Physics, Peking University, 100871 Beijing, China
| | - Y V Stenkin
- Institute for Nuclear Research of Russian Academy of Sciences, 117312 Moscow, Russia
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 141700 Moscow, Russia
| | - V Stepanov
- Institute for Nuclear Research of Russian Academy of Sciences, 117312 Moscow, Russia
| | - Y Su
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy & Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Q N Sun
- School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - X N Sun
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University, 530004 Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Z B Sun
- National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190 Beijing, China
| | - P H T Tam
- School of Physics and Astronomy (Zhuhai) & School of Physics (Guangzhou) & Sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, 519000 Zhuhai & 510275 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Z B Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - W W Tian
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China
| | - C Wang
- National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190 Beijing, China
| | - C B Wang
- School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - G W Wang
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - H G Wang
- Center for Astrophysics, Guangzhou University, 510006 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - H H Wang
- School of Physics and Astronomy (Zhuhai) & School of Physics (Guangzhou) & Sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, 519000 Zhuhai & 510275 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - J C Wang
- Yunnan Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 650216 Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - J S Wang
- Tsung-Dao Lee Institute & School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200240 Shanghai, China
| | - K Wang
- School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Key Laboratory of Modern Astronomy and Astrophysics (Nanjing University), Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - L P Wang
- Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - L Y Wang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - P H Wang
- School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - R Wang
- Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - W Wang
- School of Physics and Astronomy (Zhuhai) & School of Physics (Guangzhou) & Sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, 519000 Zhuhai & 510275 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - X G Wang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University, 530004 Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - X Y Wang
- School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Key Laboratory of Modern Astronomy and Astrophysics (Nanjing University), Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Y Wang
- School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Y D Wang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Y J Wang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Z H Wang
- College of Physics, Sichuan University, 610065 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Z X Wang
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University, 650091 Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Tsung-Dao Lee Institute & School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200240 Shanghai, China
| | - Zheng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, China
| | - D M Wei
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy & Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - J J Wei
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy & Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Y J Wei
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - T Wen
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University, 650091 Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - C Y Wu
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - H R Wu
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - S Wu
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - X F Wu
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy & Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Y S Wu
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - S Q Xi
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - J Xia
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy & Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - J J Xia
- School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - G M Xiang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory for Research in Galaxies and Cosmology, Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200030 Shanghai, China
| | - D X Xiao
- Hebei Normal University, 050024 Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - G Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - G G Xin
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Y L Xin
- School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Y Xing
- Key Laboratory for Research in Galaxies and Cosmology, Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200030 Shanghai, China
| | - Z Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - D L Xu
- Tsung-Dao Lee Institute & School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200240 Shanghai, China
| | - R F Xu
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - R X Xu
- School of Physics, Peking University, 100871 Beijing, China
| | - L Xue
- Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - D H Yan
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University, 650091 Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - J Z Yan
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy & Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - T Yan
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - C W Yang
- College of Physics, Sichuan University, 610065 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - F Yang
- Hebei Normal University, 050024 Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - F F Yang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, China
| | - H W Yang
- School of Physics and Astronomy (Zhuhai) & School of Physics (Guangzhou) & Sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, 519000 Zhuhai & 510275 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - J Y Yang
- School of Physics and Astronomy (Zhuhai) & School of Physics (Guangzhou) & Sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, 519000 Zhuhai & 510275 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - L L Yang
- School of Physics and Astronomy (Zhuhai) & School of Physics (Guangzhou) & Sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, 519000 Zhuhai & 510275 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - M J Yang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - R Z Yang
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - S B Yang
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University, 650091 Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Y H Yao
- College of Physics, Sichuan University, 610065 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Z G Yao
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Y M Ye
- Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
| | - L Q Yin
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - N Yin
- Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - X H You
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Z Y You
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Y H Yu
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Q Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy & Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - H Yue
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - H D Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy & Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - T X Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, China
| | - W Zeng
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University, 650091 Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Z K Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - M Zha
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - B Zhang
- Nevada Center for Astrophysics, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA
| | - B B Zhang
- School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - F Zhang
- School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - H M Zhang
- School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Key Laboratory of Modern Astronomy and Astrophysics (Nanjing University), Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - H Y Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - J L Zhang
- National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China
| | - L X Zhang
- Center for Astrophysics, Guangzhou University, 510006 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - L Zhang
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University, 650091 Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - P F Zhang
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University, 650091 Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - P P Zhang
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy & Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - R Zhang
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy & Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - S B Zhang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China
| | - S R Zhang
- Hebei Normal University, 050024 Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - S S Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - X Zhang
- School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Key Laboratory of Modern Astronomy and Astrophysics (Nanjing University), Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - X P Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Y F Zhang
- School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Y Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy & Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - B Zhao
- School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - J Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - L Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - L Z Zhao
- Hebei Normal University, 050024 Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - S P Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy & Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - F Zheng
- National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190 Beijing, China
| | - J H Zheng
- School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Key Laboratory of Modern Astronomy and Astrophysics (Nanjing University), Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - B Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - H Zhou
- Tsung-Dao Lee Institute & School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200240 Shanghai, China
| | - J N Zhou
- Key Laboratory for Research in Galaxies and Cosmology, Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200030 Shanghai, China
| | - P Zhou
- School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - R Zhou
- College of Physics, Sichuan University, 610065 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - X X Zhou
- School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - C G Zhu
- Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - F R Zhu
- School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - H Zhu
- National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China
| | - K J Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, China
| | - X Zuo
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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Li J, Li SH, Wu J, Weisel RD, Yao A, Stanford WL, Liu SM, Li RK. Erratum: Young Bone Marrow Sca-1 Cells Rejuvenate the Aged Heart by Promoting Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition: Erratum. Theranostics 2023; 13:867-869. [PMID: 36632227 PMCID: PMC9830425 DOI: 10.7150/thno.81626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.7150/thno.22788.].
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Li
- Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China,Toronto General Research Institute, Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada,Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto; Toronto, Canada
| | - Shu-Hong Li
- Toronto General Research Institute, Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Jun Wu
- Toronto General Research Institute, Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Richard D. Weisel
- Toronto General Research Institute, Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada,Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto; Toronto, Canada
| | - Alina Yao
- Toronto General Research Institute, Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - William L. Stanford
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa
| | - Shi-Ming Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China,✉ Corresponding author: Shi-Ming Liu, MD, Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510260, China. Tel: 86-020-34153522; Fax: 86-20-3415-3709; and Ren-Ke Li, MD, PhD, Toronto Medical Discovery Tower, Room 3-702, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1L7. Tel: 1-416-581-7492; Fax: 1-416-581-7493;
| | - Ren-Ke Li
- Toronto General Research Institute, Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada,Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto; Toronto, Canada,✉ Corresponding author: Shi-Ming Liu, MD, Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510260, China. Tel: 86-020-34153522; Fax: 86-20-3415-3709; and Ren-Ke Li, MD, PhD, Toronto Medical Discovery Tower, Room 3-702, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1L7. Tel: 1-416-581-7492; Fax: 1-416-581-7493;
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9
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Cao Z, Aharonian F, An Q, Bai LX, Bai YX, Bao YW, Bastieri D, Bi XJ, Bi YJ, Cai JT, Cao Z, Chang J, Chang JF, Chen ES, Chen L, Chen L, Chen L, Chen MJ, Chen ML, Chen QH, Chen SH, Chen SZ, Chen TL, Chen Y, Cheng HL, Cheng N, Cheng YD, Cui SW, Cui XH, Cui YD, D'Ettorre Piazzoli B, Dai BZ, Dai HL, Dai ZG, Della Volpe D, Duan KK, Fan JH, Fan YZ, Fan ZX, Fang J, Fang K, Feng CF, Feng L, Feng SH, Feng XT, Feng YL, Gao B, Gao CD, Gao LQ, Gao Q, Gao W, Gao WK, Ge MM, Geng LS, Gong GH, Gou QB, Gu MH, Guo FL, Guo JG, Guo XL, Guo YQ, Guo YY, Han YA, He HH, He HN, He SL, He XB, He Y, Heller M, Hor YK, Hou C, Hou X, Hu HB, Hu Q, Hu S, Hu SC, Hu XJ, Huang DH, Huang WH, Huang XT, Huang XY, Huang Y, Huang ZC, Ji XL, Jia HY, Jia K, Jiang K, Jiang ZJ, Jin M, Kang MM, Ke T, Kuleshov D, Levochkin K, Li BB, Li C, Li C, Li F, Li HB, Li HC, Li HY, Li J, Li J, Li J, Li K, Li WL, Li XR, Li X, Li X, Li YZ, Li Z, Li Z, Liang EW, Liang YF, Lin SJ, Liu B, Liu C, Liu D, Liu H, Liu HD, Liu J, Liu JL, Liu JS, Liu JY, Liu MY, Liu RY, Liu SM, Liu W, Liu Y, Liu YN, Long WJ, Lu R, Luo Q, Lv HK, Ma BQ, Ma LL, Ma XH, Mao JR, Masood A, Min Z, Mitthumsiri W, Nan YC, Ou ZW, Pang BY, Pattarakijwanich P, Pei ZY, Qi MY, Qi YQ, Qiao BQ, Qin JJ, Ruffolo D, Sáiz A, Shao CY, Shao L, Shchegolev O, Sheng XD, Shi JY, Song HC, Stenkin YV, Stepanov V, Su Y, Sun QN, Sun XN, Sun ZB, Tam PHT, Tang ZB, Tian WW, Wang BD, Wang C, Wang H, Wang HG, Wang JC, Wang JS, Wang LP, Wang LY, Wang R, Wang RN, Wang W, Wang XG, Wang XY, Wang Y, Wang YD, Wang YJ, Wang YP, Wang ZH, Wang ZX, Wang Z, Wang Z, Wei DM, Wei JJ, Wei YJ, Wen T, Wu CY, Wu HR, Wu S, Wu XF, Wu YS, Xi SQ, Xia J, Xia JJ, Xiang GM, Xiao DX, Xiao G, Xin GG, Xin YL, Xing Y, Xiong Z, Xu DL, Xu RX, Xue L, Yan DH, Yan JZ, Yang CW, Yang FF, Yang HW, Yang JY, Yang LL, Yang MJ, Yang RZ, Yang SB, Yao YH, Yao ZG, Ye YM, Yin LQ, Yin N, You XH, You ZY, Yu YH, Yuan Q, Yue H, Zeng HD, Zeng TX, Zeng W, Zeng ZK, Zha M, Zhai XX, Zhang BB, Zhang F, Zhang HM, Zhang HY, Zhang JL, Zhang LX, Zhang L, Zhang L, Zhang PF, Zhang PP, Zhang R, Zhang SB, Zhang SR, Zhang SS, Zhang X, Zhang XP, Zhang YF, Zhang YL, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Zhao B, Zhao J, Zhao L, Zhao LZ, Zhao SP, Zheng F, Zheng Y, Zhou B, Zhou H, Zhou JN, Zhou P, Zhou R, Zhou XX, Zhu CG, Zhu FR, Zhu H, Zhu KJ, Zuo X, Ando S, Chianese M, Fiorillo DFG, Miele G, Ng KCY. Constraints on Heavy Decaying Dark Matter from 570 Days of LHAASO Observations. Phys Rev Lett 2022; 129:261103. [PMID: 36608208 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.129.261103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The kilometer square array (KM2A) of the large high altitude air shower observatory (LHAASO) aims at surveying the northern γ-ray sky at energies above 10 TeV with unprecedented sensitivity. γ-ray observations have long been one of the most powerful tools for dark matter searches, as, e.g., high-energy γ rays could be produced by the decays of heavy dark matter particles. In this Letter, we present the first dark matter analysis with LHAASO-KM2A, using the first 340 days of data from 1/2-KM2A and 230 days of data from 3/4-KM2A. Several regions of interest are used to search for a signal and account for the residual cosmic-ray background after γ/hadron separation. We find no excess of dark matter signals, and thus place some of the strongest γ-ray constraints on the lifetime of heavy dark matter particles with mass between 10^{5} and 10^{9} GeV. Our results with LHAASO are robust, and have important implications for dark matter interpretations of the diffuse astrophysical high-energy neutrino emission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Cao
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - F Aharonian
- Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, 31 Fitzwilliam Place, 2 Dublin, Ireland
- Max-Planck-Institut for Nuclear Physics, P.O. Box 103980, 69029 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Q An
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - L X Bai
- College of Physics, Sichuan University, 610065 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Y X Bai
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Y W Bao
- School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - D Bastieri
- Center for Astrophysics, Guangzhou University, 510006 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - X J Bi
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Y J Bi
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - J T Cai
- Center for Astrophysics, Guangzhou University, 510006 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhe Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - J Chang
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - J F Chang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, China
| | - E S Chen
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Liang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Liang Chen
- Key Laboratory for Research in Galaxies and Cosmology, Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200030 Shanghai, China
| | - Long Chen
- School of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - M J Chen
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - M L Chen
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, China
| | - Q H Chen
- School of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - S H Chen
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - S Z Chen
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - T L Chen
- Key Laboratory of Cosmic Rays (Tibet University), Ministry of Education, 850000 Lhasa, Tibet, China
| | - Y Chen
- School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - H L Cheng
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Cosmic Rays (Tibet University), Ministry of Education, 850000 Lhasa, Tibet, China
- National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China
| | - N Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Y D Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - S W Cui
- Hebei Normal University, 050024 Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - X H Cui
- National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China
| | - Y D Cui
- School of Physics and Astronomy (Zhuhai) and School of Physics (Guangzhou) and Sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, 519000 Zhuhai & 510275 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - B D'Ettorre Piazzoli
- Dipartimento di Fisica dell'Università di Napoli "Federico II," Complesso Universitario di Monte Sant'Angelo, via Cinthia, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - B Z Dai
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University, 650091 Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - H L Dai
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, China
| | - Z G Dai
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - D Della Volpe
- Département de Physique Nucléaire et Corpusculaire, Faculté de Sciences, Université de Genève, 24 Quai Ernest Ansermet, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - K K Duan
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - J H Fan
- Center for Astrophysics, Guangzhou University, 510006 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Y Z Fan
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Z X Fan
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - J Fang
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University, 650091 Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - K Fang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - C F Feng
- Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - L Feng
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - S H Feng
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - X T Feng
- Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Y L Feng
- Key Laboratory of Cosmic Rays (Tibet University), Ministry of Education, 850000 Lhasa, Tibet, China
| | - B Gao
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - C D Gao
- Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - L Q Gao
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Q Gao
- Key Laboratory of Cosmic Rays (Tibet University), Ministry of Education, 850000 Lhasa, Tibet, China
| | - W Gao
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - W K Gao
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - M M Ge
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University, 650091 Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - L S Geng
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - G H Gong
- Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
| | - Q B Gou
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - M H Gu
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, China
| | - F L Guo
- Key Laboratory for Research in Galaxies and Cosmology, Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200030 Shanghai, China
| | - J G Guo
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - X L Guo
- School of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Y Q Guo
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Y Y Guo
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Y A Han
- School of Physics and Microelectronics, Zhengzhou University, 450001 Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - H H He
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - H N He
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - S L He
- Center for Astrophysics, Guangzhou University, 510006 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - X B He
- School of Physics and Astronomy (Zhuhai) and School of Physics (Guangzhou) and Sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, 519000 Zhuhai & 510275 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Y He
- School of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - M Heller
- Département de Physique Nucléaire et Corpusculaire, Faculté de Sciences, Université de Genève, 24 Quai Ernest Ansermet, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Y K Hor
- School of Physics and Astronomy (Zhuhai) and School of Physics (Guangzhou) and Sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, 519000 Zhuhai & 510275 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - C Hou
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - X Hou
- Yunnan Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 650216 Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - H B Hu
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Q Hu
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - S Hu
- College of Physics, Sichuan University, 610065 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - S C Hu
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - X J Hu
- Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
| | - D H Huang
- School of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - W H Huang
- Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - X T Huang
- Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - X Y Huang
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Y Huang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Z C Huang
- School of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - X L Ji
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, China
| | - H Y Jia
- School of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - K Jia
- Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - K Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Z J Jiang
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University, 650091 Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - M Jin
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - M M Kang
- College of Physics, Sichuan University, 610065 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - T Ke
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - D Kuleshov
- Institute for Nuclear Research of Russian Academy of Sciences, 117312 Moscow, Russia
| | - K Levochkin
- Institute for Nuclear Research of Russian Academy of Sciences, 117312 Moscow, Russia
| | - B B Li
- Hebei Normal University, 050024 Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Cheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Cong Li
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - F Li
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, China
| | - H B Li
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - H C Li
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - H Y Li
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - J Li
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jian Li
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Jie Li
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, China
| | - K Li
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - W L Li
- Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - X R Li
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Xin Li
- School of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Y Z Li
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhe Li
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhuo Li
- School of Physics, Peking University, 100871 Beijing, China
| | - E W Liang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University, 530004 Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Y F Liang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University, 530004 Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - S J Lin
- School of Physics and Astronomy (Zhuhai) and School of Physics (Guangzhou) and Sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, 519000 Zhuhai & 510275 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - B Liu
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - C Liu
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - D Liu
- Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - H Liu
- School of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - H D Liu
- School of Physics and Microelectronics, Zhengzhou University, 450001 Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - J Liu
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - J L Liu
- Tsung-Dao Lee Institute & School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200240 Shanghai, China
| | - J S Liu
- School of Physics and Astronomy (Zhuhai) and School of Physics (Guangzhou) and Sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, 519000 Zhuhai & 510275 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - J Y Liu
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - M Y Liu
- Key Laboratory of Cosmic Rays (Tibet University), Ministry of Education, 850000 Lhasa, Tibet, China
| | - R Y Liu
- School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - S M Liu
- School of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - W Liu
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Y Liu
- Center for Astrophysics, Guangzhou University, 510006 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Y N Liu
- Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
| | - W J Long
- School of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - R Lu
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University, 650091 Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Q Luo
- Hebei Normal University, 050024 Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - H K Lv
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - B Q Ma
- School of Physics, Peking University, 100871 Beijing, China
| | - L L Ma
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - X H Ma
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - J R Mao
- Yunnan Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 650216 Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - A Masood
- School of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Z Min
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - W Mitthumsiri
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Y C Nan
- Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Z W Ou
- School of Physics and Astronomy (Zhuhai) and School of Physics (Guangzhou) and Sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, 519000 Zhuhai & 510275 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - B Y Pang
- School of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - P Pattarakijwanich
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Z Y Pei
- Center for Astrophysics, Guangzhou University, 510006 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - M Y Qi
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Y Q Qi
- Hebei Normal University, 050024 Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - B Q Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - J J Qin
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - D Ruffolo
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - A Sáiz
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - C Y Shao
- School of Physics and Astronomy (Zhuhai) and School of Physics (Guangzhou) and Sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, 519000 Zhuhai & 510275 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - L Shao
- Hebei Normal University, 050024 Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - O Shchegolev
- Institute for Nuclear Research of Russian Academy of Sciences, 117312 Moscow, Russia
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 141700 Moscow, Russia
| | - X D Sheng
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - J Y Shi
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - H C Song
- School of Physics, Peking University, 100871 Beijing, China
| | - Yu V Stenkin
- Institute for Nuclear Research of Russian Academy of Sciences, 117312 Moscow, Russia
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 141700 Moscow, Russia
| | - V Stepanov
- Institute for Nuclear Research of Russian Academy of Sciences, 117312 Moscow, Russia
| | - Y Su
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Q N Sun
- School of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - X N Sun
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University, 530004 Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Z B Sun
- National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190 Beijing, China
| | - P H T Tam
- School of Physics and Astronomy (Zhuhai) and School of Physics (Guangzhou) and Sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, 519000 Zhuhai & 510275 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Z B Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - W W Tian
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China
| | - B D Wang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - C Wang
- National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190 Beijing, China
| | - H Wang
- School of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - H G Wang
- Center for Astrophysics, Guangzhou University, 510006 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - J C Wang
- Yunnan Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 650216 Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - J S Wang
- Tsung-Dao Lee Institute & School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200240 Shanghai, China
| | - L P Wang
- Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - L Y Wang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - R Wang
- Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - R N Wang
- School of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - W Wang
- School of Physics and Astronomy (Zhuhai) and School of Physics (Guangzhou) and Sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, 519000 Zhuhai & 510275 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - X G Wang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University, 530004 Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - X Y Wang
- School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Y Wang
- School of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Y D Wang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Y J Wang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Y P Wang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Z H Wang
- College of Physics, Sichuan University, 610065 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Z X Wang
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University, 650091 Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Tsung-Dao Lee Institute & School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200240 Shanghai, China
| | - Zheng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, China
| | - D M Wei
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - J J Wei
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Y J Wei
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - T Wen
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University, 650091 Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - C Y Wu
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - H R Wu
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - S Wu
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - X F Wu
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Y S Wu
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - S Q Xi
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - J Xia
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - J J Xia
- School of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - G M Xiang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory for Research in Galaxies and Cosmology, Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200030 Shanghai, China
| | - D X Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Cosmic Rays (Tibet University), Ministry of Education, 850000 Lhasa, Tibet, China
| | - G Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - G G Xin
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Y L Xin
- School of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Y Xing
- Key Laboratory for Research in Galaxies and Cosmology, Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200030 Shanghai, China
| | - Z Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - D L Xu
- Tsung-Dao Lee Institute & School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200240 Shanghai, China
| | - R X Xu
- School of Physics, Peking University, 100871 Beijing, China
| | - L Xue
- Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - D H Yan
- Yunnan Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 650216 Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - J Z Yan
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - C W Yang
- College of Physics, Sichuan University, 610065 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - F F Yang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, China
| | - H W Yang
- School of Physics and Astronomy (Zhuhai) and School of Physics (Guangzhou) and Sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, 519000 Zhuhai & 510275 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - J Y Yang
- School of Physics and Astronomy (Zhuhai) and School of Physics (Guangzhou) and Sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, 519000 Zhuhai & 510275 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - L L Yang
- School of Physics and Astronomy (Zhuhai) and School of Physics (Guangzhou) and Sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, 519000 Zhuhai & 510275 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - M J Yang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - R Z Yang
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - S B Yang
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University, 650091 Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Y H Yao
- College of Physics, Sichuan University, 610065 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Z G Yao
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Y M Ye
- Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
| | - L Q Yin
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - N Yin
- Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - X H You
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Z Y You
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Y H Yu
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Q Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - H Yue
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - H D Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - T X Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, China
| | - W Zeng
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University, 650091 Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Z K Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - M Zha
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - X X Zhai
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - B B Zhang
- School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - F Zhang
- School of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - H M Zhang
- School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - H Y Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - J L Zhang
- National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China
| | - L X Zhang
- Center for Astrophysics, Guangzhou University, 510006 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Li Zhang
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University, 650091 Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- Hebei Normal University, 050024 Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - P F Zhang
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University, 650091 Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - P P Zhang
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - R Zhang
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - S B Zhang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China
| | - S R Zhang
- Hebei Normal University, 050024 Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - S S Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - X Zhang
- School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - X P Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Y F Zhang
- School of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Y L Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - B Zhao
- School of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - J Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - L Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - L Z Zhao
- Hebei Normal University, 050024 Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - S P Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - F Zheng
- National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190 Beijing, China
| | - Y Zheng
- School of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - B Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - H Zhou
- Tsung-Dao Lee Institute & School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200240 Shanghai, China
| | - J N Zhou
- Key Laboratory for Research in Galaxies and Cosmology, Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200030 Shanghai, China
| | - P Zhou
- School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - R Zhou
- College of Physics, Sichuan University, 610065 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - X X Zhou
- School of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - C G Zhu
- Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - F R Zhu
- School of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - H Zhu
- National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China
| | - K J Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, China
| | - X Zuo
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - S Ando
- GRAPPA Institute, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe (KavliIPMU,WPI), University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8583, Japan
| | - M Chianese
- Dipartimento di Fisica "Ettore Pancini," Università degli studi di Napoli "Federico II", Complesso Univ. Monte S. Angelo, I-80126 Napoli, Italy
- INFN - Sezione di Napoli, Complesso Univ. Monte S. Angelo, I-80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - D F G Fiorillo
- Dipartimento di Fisica "Ettore Pancini," Università degli studi di Napoli "Federico II", Complesso Univ. Monte S. Angelo, I-80126 Napoli, Italy
- INFN - Sezione di Napoli, Complesso Univ. Monte S. Angelo, I-80126 Napoli, Italy
- Niels Bohr International Academy, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - G Miele
- Dipartimento di Fisica "Ettore Pancini," Università degli studi di Napoli "Federico II", Complesso Univ. Monte S. Angelo, I-80126 Napoli, Italy
- INFN - Sezione di Napoli, Complesso Univ. Monte S. Angelo, I-80126 Napoli, Italy
- Scuola Superiore Meridionale, Università degli studi di Napoli "Federico II", Largo San Marcellino 10, 80138 Napoli, Italy
| | - K C Y Ng
- Department of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
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10
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Liu SM, Niu YM, Tong WM. [Pathology and pathogenesis of HIV encephalopathy]. Zhonghua Bing Li Xue Za Zhi 2022; 51:1186-1188. [PMID: 36323557 DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn112151-20220328-00328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S M Liu
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Molecular Pathology Research Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China Department of Pathology, College of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Y M Niu
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Molecular Pathology Research Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
| | - W M Tong
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Molecular Pathology Research Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
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11
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Liu B, Fang L, Xiong Y, Du Q, Xiang Y, Chen X, Tian CW, Liu SM. A Machine Learning Model Based on Genetic and Traditional Cardiovascular Risk Factors to Predict Premature Coronary Artery Disease. FRONT BIOSCI-LANDMRK 2022; 27:211. [DOI: 10.31083/j.fbl2707211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Guo WH, Zhong HX, Zhang M, Du J, Liu SM, He Y, Zhu YH, Wang X, Shi JJ. 2D Graphene-Like Pb-Free Perovskite Semiconductor CsSb(Br 1-xI x) 4 with Quasi-linear Electronic Dispersion and Direct Bandgap Close to Germanium. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2022; 14:17319-17329. [PMID: 35385245 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c00801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Thanks to its ultrahigh carrier mobility (∼104-105 cm2 V-1 s-1), graphene shows tremendous application potential in nanoelectronics, but it cannot be applied in effective field-effect transistors (FETs) because of its intrinsic gapless band structure. Thus, introducing a bandgap for graphene is a prerequisite to realize an FET for logic applications. Herein, through first-principles GW calculations, we have predicted a series of novel Dion-Jacobson (DJ) phase halide perovskite semiconductors CsSb(Br1-xIx)4 (x = 0, 0.5, 1) with the quasi-linear (graphene-like) band edge dispersion; as the best one of which, CsSbBr2I2 exhibits a direct bandgap (0.52 eV) as well as a quasi-linear electronic dispersion, yielding an ultrasmall carrier effective mass (0.03 m0) and a high estimated carrier mobility (5 × 103 cm2 V-1 s-1). This gives a significant reference to the exploration of semiconductors with excellent transport properties. Moreover, our calculations also implicate that the DJ perovskites CsSb(Br1-xIx)4 (x = 0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1) show soft and anisotropic mechanical characteristics as well as excellent electronic, transport, and optical properties, which demonstrate their multifunctional application in infrared optoelectronic, high-speed electronics, and photovoltaics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Hui Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Artificial Microstructures and Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Peking University Yangtze Delta Institute of Optoelectronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Hong-Xia Zhong
- School of Mathematics and Physics, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Min Zhang
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory for Physics and Chemistry of Functional Materials, College of Physics and Electronic Information, Inner Mongolia Normal University, Hohhot 010022, China
| | - Juan Du
- State Key Laboratory for Artificial Microstructures and Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Peking University Yangtze Delta Institute of Optoelectronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Shi-Ming Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Artificial Microstructures and Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Peking University Yangtze Delta Institute of Optoelectronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yong He
- State Key Laboratory for Artificial Microstructures and Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Peking University Yangtze Delta Institute of Optoelectronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yao-Hui Zhu
- Physics Department, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Xinqiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Artificial Microstructures and Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Peking University Yangtze Delta Institute of Optoelectronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jun-Jie Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Artificial Microstructures and Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Peking University Yangtze Delta Institute of Optoelectronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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Shang D, Liu SM. [Clinical manifestation of odontogenic fibroma associated with tuberous sclerosis complex: a case report]. Zhonghua Kou Qiang Yi Xue Za Zhi 2022; 57:186-188. [PMID: 35152656 DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn112144-20210524-00262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- D Shang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Center of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - S M Liu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Center of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China
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14
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Cao Z, Aharonian F, An Q, Bai LX, Bai YX, Bao YW, Bastieri D, Bi XJ, Bi YJ, Cai H, Cai JT, Cao Z, Chang J, Chang JF, Chen BM, Chen ES, Chen J, Chen L, Chen L, Chen L, Chen MJ, Chen ML, Chen QH, Chen SH, Chen SZ, Chen TL, Chen XL, Chen Y, Cheng N, Cheng YD, Cui SW, Cui XH, Cui YD, Piazzoli BD, Dai BZ, Dai HL, Dai ZG, Della Volpe D, Dong XJ, Duan KK, Fan JH, Fan YZ, Fan ZX, Fang J, Fang K, Feng CF, Feng L, Feng SH, Feng YL, Gao B, Gao CD, Gao LQ, Gao Q, Gao W, Ge MM, Geng LS, Gong GH, Gou QB, Gu MH, Guo FL, Guo JG, Guo XL, Guo YQ, Guo YY, Han YA, He HH, He HN, He JC, He SL, He XB, He Y, Heller M, Hor YK, Hou C, Hou X, Hu HB, Hu S, Hu SC, Hu XJ, Huang DH, Huang QL, Huang WH, Huang XT, Huang XY, Huang ZC, Ji F, Ji XL, Jia HY, Jiang K, Jiang ZJ, Jin C, Ke T, Kuleshov D, Levochkin K, Li BB, Li C, Li C, Li F, Li HB, Li HC, Li HY, Li J, Li J, Li K, Li WL, Li XR, Li X, Li X, Li Y, Li YZ, Li Z, Li Z, Liang EW, Liang YF, Lin SJ, Liu B, Liu C, Liu D, Liu H, Liu HD, Liu J, Liu JL, Liu JS, Liu JY, Liu MY, Liu RY, Liu SM, Liu W, Liu Y, Liu YN, Liu ZX, Long WJ, Lu R, Lv HK, Ma BQ, Ma LL, Ma XH, Mao JR, Masood A, Min Z, Mitthumsiri W, Montaruli T, Nan YC, Pang BY, Pattarakijwanich P, Pei ZY, Qi MY, Qi YQ, Qiao BQ, Qin JJ, Ruffolo D, Rulev V, Sáiz A, Shao L, Shchegolev O, Sheng XD, Shi JR, Song HC, Stenkin YV, Stepanov V, Su Y, Sun QN, Sun XN, Sun ZB, Tam PHT, Tang ZB, Tian WW, Wang BD, Wang C, Wang H, Wang HG, Wang JC, Wang JS, Wang LP, Wang LY, Wang RN, Wang W, Wang W, Wang XG, Wang XJ, Wang XY, Wang Y, Wang YD, Wang YJ, Wang YP, Wang ZH, Wang ZX, Wang Z, Wang Z, Wei DM, Wei JJ, Wei YJ, Wen T, Wu CY, Wu HR, Wu S, Wu WX, Wu XF, Xi SQ, Xia J, Xia JJ, Xiang GM, Xiao DX, Xiao G, Xiao HB, Xin GG, Xin YL, Xing Y, Xu DL, Xu RX, Xue L, Yan DH, Yan JZ, Yang CW, Yang FF, Yang JY, Yang LL, Yang MJ, Yang RZ, Yang SB, Yao YH, Yao ZG, Ye YM, Yin LQ, Yin N, You XH, You ZY, Yu YH, Yuan Q, Zeng HD, Zeng TX, Zeng W, Zeng ZK, Zha M, Zhai XX, Zhang BB, Zhang HM, Zhang HY, Zhang JL, Zhang JW, Zhang LX, Zhang L, Zhang L, Zhang PF, Zhang PP, Zhang R, Zhang SR, Zhang SS, Zhang X, Zhang XP, Zhang YF, Zhang YL, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Zhao B, Zhao J, Zhao L, Zhao LZ, Zhao SP, Zheng F, Zheng Y, Zhou B, Zhou H, Zhou JN, Zhou P, Zhou R, Zhou XX, Zhu CG, Zhu FR, Zhu H, Zhu KJ, Zuo X. Exploring Lorentz Invariance Violation from Ultrahigh-Energy γ Rays Observed by LHAASO. Phys Rev Lett 2022; 128:051102. [PMID: 35179919 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.128.051102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Recently, the LHAASO Collaboration published the detection of 12 ultrahigh-energy γ-ray sources above 100 TeV, with the highest energy photon reaching 1.4 PeV. The first detection of PeV γ rays from astrophysical sources may provide a very sensitive probe of the effect of the Lorentz invariance violation (LIV), which results in decay of high-energy γ rays in the superluminal scenario and hence a sharp cutoff of the energy spectrum. Two highest energy sources are studied in this work. No signature of the existence of the LIV is found in their energy spectra, and the lower limits on the LIV energy scale are derived. Our results show that the first-order LIV energy scale should be higher than about 10^{5} times the Planck scale M_{Pl} and that the second-order LIV scale is >10^{-3}M_{Pl}. Both limits improve by at least one order of magnitude the previous results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Cao
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - F Aharonian
- Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, 31 Fitzwilliam Place, 2 Dublin, Ireland
- Max-Planck-Institut for Nuclear Physics, P.O. Box 103980, 69029 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Q An
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - L X Bai
- College of Physics, Sichuan University, 610065 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Y X Bai
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - Y W Bao
- School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - D Bastieri
- Center for Astrophysics, Guangzhou University, 510006 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - X J Bi
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - Y J Bi
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - H Cai
- School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, 430072 Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - J T Cai
- Center for Astrophysics, Guangzhou University, 510006 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhe Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - J Chang
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - J F Chang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, 100049 Beijing, China
| | - B M Chen
- Hebei Normal University, 050024 Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - E S Chen
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - J Chen
- College of Physics, Sichuan University, 610065 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Liang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - Liang Chen
- Key Laboratory for Research in Galaxies and Cosmology, Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200030 Shanghai, China
| | - Long Chen
- School of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - M J Chen
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - M L Chen
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, 100049 Beijing, China
| | - Q H Chen
- School of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - S H Chen
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - S Z Chen
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - T L Chen
- Key Laboratory of Cosmic Rays (Tibet University), Ministry of Education, 850000 Lhasa, Tibet, China
| | - X L Chen
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - Y Chen
- School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - N Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - Y D Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - S W Cui
- Hebei Normal University, 050024 Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - X H Cui
- National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China
| | - Y D Cui
- School of Physics and Astronomy and School of Physics (Guangzhou), Sun Yat-sen University, 519000 Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
| | - B D'Ettorre Piazzoli
- Dipartimento di Fisica dell'Università di Napoli "Federico II," Complesso Universitario di Monte Sant'Angelo, via Cinthia, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - B Z Dai
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University, 650091 Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - H L Dai
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, 100049 Beijing, China
| | - Z G Dai
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - D Della Volpe
- Département de Physique Nucléaire et Corpusculaire, Faculté de Sciences, Université de Genève, 24 Quai Ernest Ansermet, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - X J Dong
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - K K Duan
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - J H Fan
- Center for Astrophysics, Guangzhou University, 510006 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Y Z Fan
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Z X Fan
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - J Fang
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University, 650091 Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - K Fang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - C F Feng
- Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - L Feng
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - S H Feng
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - Y L Feng
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - B Gao
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - C D Gao
- Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - L Q Gao
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - Q Gao
- Key Laboratory of Cosmic Rays (Tibet University), Ministry of Education, 850000 Lhasa, Tibet, China
| | - W Gao
- Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - M M Ge
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University, 650091 Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - L S Geng
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - G H Gong
- Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
| | - Q B Gou
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - M H Gu
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, 100049 Beijing, China
| | - F L Guo
- Key Laboratory for Research in Galaxies and Cosmology, Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200030 Shanghai, China
| | - J G Guo
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - X L Guo
- School of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Y Q Guo
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - Y Y Guo
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Y A Han
- School of Physics and Microelectronics, Zhengzhou University, 450001 Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - H H He
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - H N He
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - J C He
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - S L He
- Center for Astrophysics, Guangzhou University, 510006 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - X B He
- School of Physics and Astronomy and School of Physics (Guangzhou), Sun Yat-sen University, 519000 Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
| | - Y He
- School of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - M Heller
- Département de Physique Nucléaire et Corpusculaire, Faculté de Sciences, Université de Genève, 24 Quai Ernest Ansermet, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Y K Hor
- School of Physics and Astronomy and School of Physics (Guangzhou), Sun Yat-sen University, 519000 Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
| | - C Hou
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - X Hou
- Yunnan Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 650216 Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - H B Hu
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - S Hu
- College of Physics, Sichuan University, 610065 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - S C Hu
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - X J Hu
- Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
| | - D H Huang
- School of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Q L Huang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - W H Huang
- Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - X T Huang
- Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - X Y Huang
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Z C Huang
- School of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - F Ji
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - X L Ji
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, 100049 Beijing, China
| | - H Y Jia
- School of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - K Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Z J Jiang
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University, 650091 Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - C Jin
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - T Ke
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - D Kuleshov
- Institute for Nuclear Research of Russian Academy of Sciences, 117312 Moscow, Russia
| | - K Levochkin
- Institute for Nuclear Research of Russian Academy of Sciences, 117312 Moscow, Russia
| | - B B Li
- Hebei Normal University, 050024 Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Cheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Cong Li
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - F Li
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, 100049 Beijing, China
| | - H B Li
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - H C Li
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - H Y Li
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jian Li
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Jie Li
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, 100049 Beijing, China
| | - K Li
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - W L Li
- Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - X R Li
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - Xin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Xin Li
- School of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Y Li
- College of Physics, Sichuan University, 610065 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Y Z Li
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - Zhe Li
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - Zhuo Li
- School of Physics, Peking University, 100871 Beijing, China
| | - E W Liang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University, 530004 Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Y F Liang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University, 530004 Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - S J Lin
- School of Physics and Astronomy and School of Physics (Guangzhou), Sun Yat-sen University, 519000 Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
| | - B Liu
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - C Liu
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - D Liu
- Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - H Liu
- School of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - H D Liu
- School of Physics and Microelectronics, Zhengzhou University, 450001 Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - J Liu
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - J L Liu
- Tsung-Dao Lee Institute and School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200240 Shanghai, China
| | - J S Liu
- School of Physics and Astronomy and School of Physics (Guangzhou), Sun Yat-sen University, 519000 Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
| | - J Y Liu
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - M Y Liu
- Key Laboratory of Cosmic Rays (Tibet University), Ministry of Education, 850000 Lhasa, Tibet, China
| | - R Y Liu
- School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - S M Liu
- School of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - W Liu
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - Y Liu
- Center for Astrophysics, Guangzhou University, 510006 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Y N Liu
- Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
| | - Z X Liu
- College of Physics, Sichuan University, 610065 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - W J Long
- School of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - R Lu
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University, 650091 Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - H K Lv
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - B Q Ma
- School of Physics, Peking University, 100871 Beijing, China
| | - L L Ma
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - X H Ma
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - J R Mao
- Yunnan Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 650216 Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - A Masood
- School of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Z Min
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - W Mitthumsiri
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, 10400 Bangkok, Thailand
| | - T Montaruli
- Département de Physique Nucléaire et Corpusculaire, Faculté de Sciences, Université de Genève, 24 Quai Ernest Ansermet, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Y C Nan
- Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - B Y Pang
- School of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - P Pattarakijwanich
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, 10400 Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Z Y Pei
- Center for Astrophysics, Guangzhou University, 510006 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - M Y Qi
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - Y Q Qi
- Hebei Normal University, 050024 Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - B Q Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - J J Qin
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - D Ruffolo
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, 10400 Bangkok, Thailand
| | - V Rulev
- Institute for Nuclear Research of Russian Academy of Sciences, 117312 Moscow, Russia
| | - A Sáiz
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, 10400 Bangkok, Thailand
| | - L Shao
- Hebei Normal University, 050024 Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - O Shchegolev
- Institute for Nuclear Research of Russian Academy of Sciences, 117312 Moscow, Russia
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 141700 Moscow, Russia
| | - X D Sheng
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - J R Shi
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - H C Song
- School of Physics, Peking University, 100871 Beijing, China
| | - Yu V Stenkin
- Institute for Nuclear Research of Russian Academy of Sciences, 117312 Moscow, Russia
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 141700 Moscow, Russia
| | - V Stepanov
- Institute for Nuclear Research of Russian Academy of Sciences, 117312 Moscow, Russia
| | - Y Su
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Q N Sun
- School of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - X N Sun
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University, 530004 Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Z B Sun
- National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190 Beijing, China
| | - P H T Tam
- School of Physics and Astronomy and School of Physics (Guangzhou), Sun Yat-sen University, 519000 Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
| | - Z B Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - W W Tian
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China
| | - B D Wang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - C Wang
- National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190 Beijing, China
| | - H Wang
- School of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - H G Wang
- Center for Astrophysics, Guangzhou University, 510006 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - J C Wang
- Yunnan Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 650216 Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - J S Wang
- Tsung-Dao Lee Institute and School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200240 Shanghai, China
| | - L P Wang
- Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - L Y Wang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - R N Wang
- School of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - W Wang
- School of Physics and Astronomy and School of Physics (Guangzhou), Sun Yat-sen University, 519000 Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
| | - W Wang
- School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, 430072 Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - X G Wang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University, 530004 Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - X J Wang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - X Y Wang
- School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Y Wang
- School of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Y D Wang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - Y J Wang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - Y P Wang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - Z H Wang
- College of Physics, Sichuan University, 610065 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Z X Wang
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University, 650091 Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Tsung-Dao Lee Institute and School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200240 Shanghai, China
| | - Zheng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, 100049 Beijing, China
| | - D M Wei
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - J J Wei
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Y J Wei
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - T Wen
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University, 650091 Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - C Y Wu
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - H R Wu
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - S Wu
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - W X Wu
- School of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - X F Wu
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - S Q Xi
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - J Xia
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - J J Xia
- School of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - G M Xiang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory for Research in Galaxies and Cosmology, Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200030 Shanghai, China
| | - D X Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Cosmic Rays (Tibet University), Ministry of Education, 850000 Lhasa, Tibet, China
| | - G Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - H B Xiao
- Center for Astrophysics, Guangzhou University, 510006 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - G G Xin
- School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, 430072 Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Y L Xin
- School of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Y Xing
- Key Laboratory for Research in Galaxies and Cosmology, Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200030 Shanghai, China
| | - D L Xu
- Tsung-Dao Lee Institute and School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200240 Shanghai, China
| | - R X Xu
- School of Physics, Peking University, 100871 Beijing, China
| | - L Xue
- Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - D H Yan
- Yunnan Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 650216 Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - J Z Yan
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - C W Yang
- College of Physics, Sichuan University, 610065 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - F F Yang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, 100049 Beijing, China
| | - J Y Yang
- School of Physics and Astronomy and School of Physics (Guangzhou), Sun Yat-sen University, 519000 Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
| | - L L Yang
- School of Physics and Astronomy and School of Physics (Guangzhou), Sun Yat-sen University, 519000 Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
| | - M J Yang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - R Z Yang
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - S B Yang
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University, 650091 Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Y H Yao
- College of Physics, Sichuan University, 610065 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Z G Yao
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - Y M Ye
- Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
| | - L Q Yin
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - N Yin
- Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - X H You
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - Z Y You
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - Y H Yu
- Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Q Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - H D Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - T X Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, 100049 Beijing, China
| | - W Zeng
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University, 650091 Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Z K Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - M Zha
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - X X Zhai
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - B B Zhang
- School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - H M Zhang
- School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - H Y Zhang
- Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - J L Zhang
- National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China
| | - J W Zhang
- College of Physics, Sichuan University, 610065 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - L X Zhang
- Center for Astrophysics, Guangzhou University, 510006 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Li Zhang
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University, 650091 Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- Hebei Normal University, 050024 Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - P F Zhang
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University, 650091 Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - P P Zhang
- Hebei Normal University, 050024 Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - R Zhang
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - S R Zhang
- Hebei Normal University, 050024 Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - S S Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - X Zhang
- School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - X P Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - Y F Zhang
- School of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Y L Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - B Zhao
- School of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - J Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - L Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - L Z Zhao
- Hebei Normal University, 050024 Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - S P Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - F Zheng
- National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190 Beijing, China
| | - Y Zheng
- School of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - B Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - H Zhou
- Tsung-Dao Lee Institute and School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200240 Shanghai, China
| | - J N Zhou
- Key Laboratory for Research in Galaxies and Cosmology, Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200030 Shanghai, China
| | - P Zhou
- School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - R Zhou
- College of Physics, Sichuan University, 610065 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - X X Zhou
- School of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - C G Zhu
- Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - F R Zhu
- School of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - H Zhu
- National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China
| | - K J Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, 100049 Beijing, China
| | - X Zuo
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
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15
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He Y, Zhu YH, Zhang M, Du J, Guo WH, Liu SM, Tian C, Zhong HX, Wang X, Shi JJ. High hydrogen production in the InSe/MoSi 2N 4 van der Waals heterostructure for overall water splitting. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:2110-2117. [PMID: 35019921 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp04705a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Very recently, the septuple-atomic-layer MoSi2N4 has been successfully synthesized by a chemical vapor deposition method. However, pristine MoSi2N4 exhibits some shortcomings, including poor visible-light harvesting capability and a low separation rate of photo-excited electron-hole pairs, when it is applied in water splitting to produce hydrogen. Fortunately, we find that MoSi2N4 can be considered as a good co-catalyst to be stacked with InSe forming an efficient heterostructure photocatalyst. Here, the electronic and photocatalytic properties of the two-dimensional (2D) InSe/MoSi2N4 heterostructure have been systematically investigated by density functional theory for the first time. The results demonstrate that 2D InSe/MoSi2N4 has a type-II band alignment with a favourable direct bandgap of 1.61 eV and exhibits suitable band edge positions for overall water splitting. Particularly, 2D InSe/MoSi2N4 has high electron mobility (104 cm2 V-1 s-1) and shows a noticeable optical absorption coefficient (105 cm-1) in the visible-light region of the solar spectrum. These brilliant properties declare that 2D InSe/MoSi2N4 is a potential photocatalyst for overall water splitting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong He
- State Key Laboratory for Artificial Microstructures and Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Peking University Yangtze Delta Institute of Optoelectronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Yao-Hui Zhu
- Physics Department, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China.
| | - Min Zhang
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory for Physics and Chemistry of Functional Materials, College of Physics and Electronic Information, Inner Mongolia Normal University, Hohhot 010022, China.
| | - Juan Du
- State Key Laboratory for Artificial Microstructures and Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Peking University Yangtze Delta Institute of Optoelectronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Wen-Hui Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Artificial Microstructures and Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Peking University Yangtze Delta Institute of Optoelectronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Shi-Ming Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Artificial Microstructures and Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Peking University Yangtze Delta Institute of Optoelectronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Chong Tian
- State Key Laboratory for Artificial Microstructures and Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Peking University Yangtze Delta Institute of Optoelectronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Hong-Xia Zhong
- School of Mathematics and Physics, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Xinqiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Artificial Microstructures and Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Peking University Yangtze Delta Institute of Optoelectronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Jun-Jie Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Artificial Microstructures and Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Peking University Yangtze Delta Institute of Optoelectronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
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16
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Zhong HX, Liu SM, Cen YL, Zhang M, Zhu YH, Du J, He Y, Guo WH, Wang XQ, Shi JJ. Layered Dion-Jacobson-Type Chalcogenide Perovskite CsLaM 2X 7 (M = Ta/Nb; X = S/Se) with a Narrow Band Gap of ∼1 eV as a Promising Rear Cell for All-Perovskite Tandem Solar Cells. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2021; 13:48971-48980. [PMID: 34612640 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c10318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Perovskite-perovskite tandem solar cells have bright prospects to improve the power conversion efficiency (PCE) beyond the Shockley-Queisser (SQ) limit of single-junction solar cells. The star lead-based halide perovskites are well-recognized as suitable candidates for the front cell, thanks to their suitable band gap (∼1.8 eV), strong optical absorption, and high certified PCE. However, the toxicity of lead for the front cell and the lack of a narrow band gap (∼1.1 eV) for the rear cell seriously restrict the development of the two-junction tandem cell. To break through this bottleneck, a novel Dion-Jacobson (DJ)-type (n = 2) chalcogenide perovskite CsLaM2X7 (M = Ta, Nb; X = S, Se) has been found based on the powerful first-principles and advanced many-body perturbation GW calculations. Their excellent electronic, transport, and optical properties can be summarized as follows. (1) They are stable and environmentally friendly lead-free materials. (2) The direct band gap of CsLaTa2Se7 (0.96-1.10 eV) is much smaller than those of lead-based halide perovskites and very suitable for the rear cell in the two-junction tandem cell. (3) The carrier mobility in CsLaTa2Se7 reaches 1.6 × 103 cm2 V-1 s-1 at room temperature. (4) The absorption coefficients (3-5 × 105 cm-1) are 1 order higher than that of Si (104 cm-1). (5) The estimated PCEs of the Cs2Sb2Br8-CsLaTa2Se7 tandem cell (33.3%) and the concentrator solar cell (35.8% in 100 suns) are higher than those of the best recorded GaAs-Si tandem cell (32.8%) and the perovskite-perovskite tandem solar cell (24.8%). These energetic results strongly demonstrate that the novel lead-free chalcogenide perovskites CsLaM2X7 are good candidates for the rear cell of tandem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Xia Zhong
- School of Mathematics and Physics, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
- School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Shi-Ming Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Artificial Microstructures and Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yu-Lang Cen
- State Key Laboratory for Artificial Microstructures and Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Min Zhang
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory for Physics and Chemistry of Functional Materials, College of Physics and Electronic Information, Inner Mongolia Normal University, Hohhot 010022, China
| | - Yao-Hui Zhu
- Physics Department, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Juan Du
- State Key Laboratory for Artificial Microstructures and Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yong He
- State Key Laboratory for Artificial Microstructures and Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Wen-Hui Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Artificial Microstructures and Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xin-Qiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Artificial Microstructures and Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jun-Jie Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Artificial Microstructures and Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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17
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Cao Z, Aharonian F, An Q, Bai LX, Bai YX, Bao YW, Bastieri D, Bi XJ, Bi YJ, Cai H, Cai JT, Cao Z, Chang J, Chang JF, Chen BM, Chen ES, Chen J, Chen L, Chen L, Chen L, Chen MJ, Chen ML, Chen QH, Chen SH, Chen SZ, Chen TL, Chen XL, Chen Y, Cheng N, Cheng YD, Cui SW, Cui XH, Cui YD, D'Ettorre Piazzoli B, Dai BZ, Dai HL, Dai ZG, Della Volpe D, Dong XJ, Duan KK, Fan JH, Fan YZ, Fan ZX, Fang J, Fang K, Feng CF, Feng L, Feng SH, Feng YL, Gao B, Gao CD, Gao LQ, Gao Q, Gao W, Ge MM, Geng LS, Gong GH, Gou QB, Gu MH, Guo FL, Guo JG, Guo XL, Guo YQ, Guo YY, Han YA, He HH, He HN, He JC, He SL, He XB, He Y, Heller M, Hor YK, Hou C, Hou X, Hu HB, Hu S, Hu SC, Hu XJ, Huang DH, Huang QL, Huang WH, Huang XT, Huang XY, Huang ZC, Ji F, Ji XL, Jia HY, Jiang K, Jiang ZJ, Jin C, Ke T, Kuleshov D, Levochkin K, Li BB, Li C, Li C, Li F, Li HB, Li HC, Li HY, Li J, Li J, Li K, Li WL, Li XR, Li X, Li X, Li Y, Li YZ, Li Z, Li Z, Liang EW, Liang YF, Lin SJ, Liu B, Liu C, Liu D, Liu H, Liu HD, Liu J, Liu JL, Liu JS, Liu JY, Liu MY, Liu RY, Liu SM, Liu W, Liu Y, Liu YN, Liu ZX, Long WJ, Lu R, Lv HK, Ma BQ, Ma LL, Ma XH, Mao JR, Masood A, Min Z, Mitthumsiri W, Montaruli T, Nan YC, Pang BY, Pattarakijwanich P, Pei ZY, Qi MY, Qi YQ, Qiao BQ, Qin JJ, Ruffolo D, Rulev V, Saiz A, Shao L, Shchegolev O, Sheng XD, Shi JY, Song HC, Stenkin YV, Stepanov V, Su Y, Sun QN, Sun XN, Sun ZB, Tam PHT, Tang ZB, Tian WW, Wang BD, Wang C, Wang H, Wang HG, Wang JC, Wang JS, Wang LP, Wang LY, Wang RN, Wang W, Wang W, Wang XG, Wang XJ, Wang XY, Wang Y, Wang YD, Wang YJ, Wang YP, Wang ZH, Wang ZX, Wang Z, Wang Z, Wei DM, Wei JJ, Wei YJ, Wen T, Wu CY, Wu HR, Wu S, Wu WX, Wu XF, Xi SQ, Xia J, Xia JJ, Xiang GM, Xiao DX, Xiao G, Xiao HB, Xin GG, Xin YL, Xing Y, Xu DL, Xu RX, Xue L, Yan DH, Yan JZ, Yang CW, Yang FF, Yang JY, Yang LL, Yang MJ, Yang RZ, Yang SB, Yao YH, Yao ZG, Ye YM, Yin LQ, Yin N, You XH, You ZY, Yu YH, Yuan Q, Zeng HD, Zeng TX, Zeng W, Zeng ZK, Zha M, Zhai XX, Zhang BB, Zhang HM, Zhang HY, Zhang JL, Zhang JW, Zhang LX, Zhang L, Zhang L, Zhang PF, Zhang PP, Zhang R, Zhang SR, Zhang SS, Zhang X, Zhang XP, Zhang YF, Zhang YL, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Zhao B, Zhao J, Zhao L, Zhao LZ, Zhao SP, Zheng F, Zheng Y, Zhou B, Zhou H, Zhou JN, Zhou P, Zhou R, Zhou XX, Zhu CG, Zhu FR, Zhu H, Zhu KJ, Zuo X. Peta-electron volt gamma-ray emission from the Crab Nebula. Science 2021; 373:425-430. [PMID: 34261813 DOI: 10.1126/science.abg5137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The Crab Nebula is a bright source of gamma rays powered by the Crab Pulsar's rotational energy through the formation and termination of a relativistic electron-positron wind. We report the detection of gamma rays from this source with energies from 5 × 10-4 to 1.1 peta-electron volts with a spectrum showing gradual steepening over three energy decades. The ultrahigh-energy photons imply the presence of a peta-electron volt electron accelerator (a pevatron) in the nebula, with an acceleration rate exceeding 15% of the theoretical limit. We constrain the pevatron's size between 0.025 and 0.1 parsecs and the magnetic field to ≈110 microgauss. The production rate of peta-electron volt electrons, 2.5 × 1036 ergs per second, constitutes 0.5% of the pulsar spin-down luminosity, although we cannot exclude a contribution of peta-electron volt protons to the production of the highest-energy gamma rays.
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18
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Aharonian F, An Q, Bai LX, Bai YX, Bao YW, Bastieri D, Bi XJ, Bi YJ, Cai H, Cai JT, Cao Z, Cao Z, Chang J, Chang JF, Chang XC, Chen BM, Chen J, Chen L, Chen L, Chen L, Chen MJ, Chen ML, Chen QH, Chen SH, Chen SZ, Chen TL, Chen XL, Chen Y, Cheng N, Cheng YD, Cui SW, Cui XH, Cui YD, Dai BZ, Dai HL, Dai ZG, Della Volpe D, D'Ettorre Piazzoli B, Dong XJ, Fan JH, Fan YZ, Fan ZX, Fang J, Fang K, Feng CF, Feng L, Feng SH, Feng YL, Gao B, Gao CD, Gao Q, Gao W, Ge MM, Geng LS, Gong GH, Gou QB, Gu MH, Guo JG, Guo XL, Guo YQ, Guo YY, Han YA, He HH, He HN, He JC, He SL, He XB, He Y, Heller M, Hor YK, Hou C, Hou X, Hu HB, Hu S, Hu SC, Hu XJ, Huang DH, Huang QL, Huang WH, Huang XT, Huang ZC, Ji F, Ji XL, Jia HY, Jiang K, Jiang ZJ, Jin C, Kuleshov D, Levochkin K, Li BB, Li C, Li C, Li F, Li HB, Li HC, Li HY, Li J, Li K, Li WL, Li X, Li X, Li XR, Li Y, Li YZ, Li Z, Li Z, Liang EW, Liang YF, Lin SJ, Liu B, Liu C, Liu D, Liu H, Liu HD, Liu J, Liu JL, Liu JS, Liu JY, Liu MY, Liu RY, Liu SM, Liu W, Liu YN, Liu ZX, Long WJ, Lu R, Lv HK, Ma BQ, Ma LL, Ma XH, Mao JR, Masood A, Mitthumsiri W, Montaruli T, Nan YC, Pang BY, Pattarakijwanich P, Pei ZY, Qi MY, Ruffolo D, Rulev V, Sáiz A, Shao L, Shchegolev O, Sheng XD, Shi JR, Song HC, Stenkin YV, Stepanov V, Sun QN, Sun XN, Sun ZB, Tam PHT, Tang ZB, Tian WW, Wang BD, Wang C, Wang H, Wang HG, Wang JC, Wang JS, Wang LP, Wang LY, Wang RN, Wang W, Wang W, Wang XG, Wang XJ, Wang XY, Wang YD, Wang YJ, Wang YP, Wang Z, Wang Z, Wang ZH, Wang ZX, Wei DM, Wei JJ, Wei YJ, Wen T, Wu CY, Wu HR, Wu S, Wu WX, Wu XF, Xi SQ, Xia J, Xia JJ, Xiang GM, Xiao G, Xiao HB, Xin GG, Xin YL, Xing Y, Xu DL, Xu RX, Xue L, Yan DH, Yang CW, Yang FF, Yang JY, Yang LL, Yang MJ, Yang RZ, Yang SB, Yao YH, Yao ZG, Ye YM, Yin LQ, Yin N, You XH, You ZY, Yu YH, Yuan Q, Zeng HD, Zeng TX, Zeng W, Zeng ZK, Zha M, Zhai XX, Zhang BB, Zhang HM, Zhang HY, Zhang JL, Zhang JW, Zhang L, Zhang L, Zhang LX, Zhang PF, Zhang PP, Zhang R, Zhang SR, Zhang SS, Zhang X, Zhang XP, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Zhang YF, Zhang YL, Zhao B, Zhao J, Zhao L, Zhao LZ, Zhao SP, Zheng F, Zheng Y, Zhou B, Zhou H, Zhou JN, Zhou P, Zhou R, Zhou XX, Zhu CG, Zhu FR, Zhu H, Zhu KJ, Zuo X, Huang XY. Extended Very-High-Energy Gamma-Ray Emission Surrounding PSR J0622+3749 Observed by LHAASO-KM2A. Phys Rev Lett 2021; 126:241103. [PMID: 34213924 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.126.241103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We report the discovery of an extended very-high-energy (VHE) gamma-ray source around the location of the middle-aged (207.8 kyr) pulsar PSR J0622+3749 with the Large High-Altitude Air Shower Observatory (LHAASO). The source is detected with a significance of 8.2σ for E>25 TeV assuming a Gaussian template. The best-fit location is (right ascension, declination) =(95.47°±0.11°,37.92°±0.09°), and the extension is 0.40°±0.07°. The energy spectrum can be described by a power-law spectrum with an index of -2.92±0.17_{stat}±0.02_{sys}. No clear extended multiwavelength counterpart of the LHAASO source has been found from the radio to sub-TeV bands. The LHAASO observations are consistent with the scenario that VHE electrons escaped from the pulsar, diffused in the interstellar medium, and scattered the interstellar radiation field. If interpreted as the pulsar halo scenario, the diffusion coefficient, inferred for electrons with median energies of ∼160 TeV, is consistent with those obtained from the extended halos around Geminga and Monogem and much smaller than that derived from cosmic ray secondaries. The LHAASO discovery of this source thus likely enriches the class of so-called pulsar halos and confirms that high-energy particles generally diffuse very slowly in the disturbed medium around pulsars.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Aharonian
- Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, 31 Fitzwilliam Place, 2 Dublin, Ireland
- Max-Planck-Institut for Nuclear Physics, P.O. Box 103980, 69029 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Q An
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - L X Bai
- College of Physics, Sichuan University, 610065 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Y X Bai
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - Y W Bao
- School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - D Bastieri
- Center for Astrophysics, Guangzhou University, 510006 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - X J Bi
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - Y J Bi
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - H Cai
- School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, 430072 Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - J T Cai
- Center for Astrophysics, Guangzhou University, 510006 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Z Cao
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - Z Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - J Chang
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - J F Chang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, 100049 Beijing, China
| | - X C Chang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - B M Chen
- Hebei Normal University, 050024 Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - J Chen
- College of Physics, Sichuan University, 610065 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - L Chen
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - L Chen
- Key Laboratory for Research in Galaxies and Cosmology, Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200030 Shanghai, China
| | - L Chen
- School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - M J Chen
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - M L Chen
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, 100049 Beijing, China
| | - Q H Chen
- School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - S H Chen
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - S Z Chen
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - T L Chen
- Key Laboratory of Cosmic Rays (Tibet University), Ministry of Education, 850000 Lhasa, Tibet, China
| | - X L Chen
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - Y Chen
- School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - N Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - Y D Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - S W Cui
- Hebei Normal University, 050024 Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - X H Cui
- National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China
| | - Y D Cui
- School of Physics and Astronomy & School of Physics (Guangzhou), Sun Yat-sen University, 519082 Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
| | - B Z Dai
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University, 650091 Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - H L Dai
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, 100049 Beijing, China
| | - Z G Dai
- School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - D Della Volpe
- Département de Physique Nucléaire et Corpusculaire, Faculté de Sciences, Université de Genève, 24 Quai Ernest Ansermet, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - B D'Ettorre Piazzoli
- Dipartimento di Fisica dell'Università di Napoli "Federico II," Complesso Universitario di Monte Sant'Angelo, via Cinthia, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - X J Dong
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - J H Fan
- Center for Astrophysics, Guangzhou University, 510006 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Y Z Fan
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Z X Fan
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - J Fang
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University, 650091 Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - K Fang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - C F Feng
- Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - L Feng
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - S H Feng
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - Y L Feng
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - B Gao
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - C D Gao
- Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Q Gao
- Key Laboratory of Cosmic Rays (Tibet University), Ministry of Education, 850000 Lhasa, Tibet, China
| | - W Gao
- Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - M M Ge
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University, 650091 Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - L S Geng
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - G H Gong
- Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
| | - Q B Gou
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - M H Gu
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, 100049 Beijing, China
| | - J G Guo
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - X L Guo
- School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Y Q Guo
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - Y Y Guo
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Y A Han
- School of Physics and Microelectronics, Zhengzhou University, 450001 Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - H H He
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - H N He
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - J C He
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - S L He
- Center for Astrophysics, Guangzhou University, 510006 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - X B He
- School of Physics and Astronomy & School of Physics (Guangzhou), Sun Yat-sen University, 519082 Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
| | - Y He
- School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - M Heller
- Département de Physique Nucléaire et Corpusculaire, Faculté de Sciences, Université de Genève, 24 Quai Ernest Ansermet, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Y K Hor
- School of Physics and Astronomy & School of Physics (Guangzhou), Sun Yat-sen University, 519082 Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
| | - C Hou
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - X Hou
- Yunnan Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 650216 Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - H B Hu
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - S Hu
- College of Physics, Sichuan University, 610065 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - S C Hu
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - X J Hu
- Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
| | - D H Huang
- School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Q L Huang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - W H Huang
- Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - X T Huang
- Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Z C Huang
- School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - F Ji
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - X L Ji
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, 100049 Beijing, China
| | - H Y Jia
- School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - K Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Z J Jiang
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University, 650091 Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - C Jin
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - D Kuleshov
- Institute for Nuclear Research of Russian Academy of Sciences, 117312 Moscow, Russia
| | - K Levochkin
- Institute for Nuclear Research of Russian Academy of Sciences, 117312 Moscow, Russia
| | - B B Li
- Hebei Normal University, 050024 Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - C Li
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - C Li
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - F Li
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, 100049 Beijing, China
| | - H B Li
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - H C Li
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - H Y Li
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - J Li
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, 100049 Beijing, China
| | - K Li
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - W L Li
- Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - X Li
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - X Li
- School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - X R Li
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - Y Li
- College of Physics, Sichuan University, 610065 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Y Z Li
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - Z Li
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - Z Li
- School of Physics, Peking University, 100871 Beijing, China
| | - E W Liang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University, 530004 Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Y F Liang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University, 530004 Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - S J Lin
- School of Physics and Astronomy & School of Physics (Guangzhou), Sun Yat-sen University, 519082 Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
| | - B Liu
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - C Liu
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - D Liu
- Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - H Liu
- School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - H D Liu
- School of Physics and Microelectronics, Zhengzhou University, 450001 Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - J Liu
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - J L Liu
- Tsung-Dao Lee Institute & School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200240 Shanghai, China
| | - J S Liu
- School of Physics and Astronomy & School of Physics (Guangzhou), Sun Yat-sen University, 519082 Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
| | - J Y Liu
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - M Y Liu
- Key Laboratory of Cosmic Rays (Tibet University), Ministry of Education, 850000 Lhasa, Tibet, China
| | - R Y Liu
- School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - S M Liu
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - W Liu
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - Y N Liu
- Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
| | - Z X Liu
- College of Physics, Sichuan University, 610065 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - W J Long
- School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - R Lu
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University, 650091 Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - H K Lv
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - B Q Ma
- School of Physics, Peking University, 100871 Beijing, China
| | - L L Ma
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - X H Ma
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - J R Mao
- Yunnan Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 650216 Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - A Masood
- School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - W Mitthumsiri
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, 10400 Bangkok, Thailand
| | - T Montaruli
- Département de Physique Nucléaire et Corpusculaire, Faculté de Sciences, Université de Genève, 24 Quai Ernest Ansermet, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Y C Nan
- Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - B Y Pang
- School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - P Pattarakijwanich
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, 10400 Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Z Y Pei
- Center for Astrophysics, Guangzhou University, 510006 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - M Y Qi
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - D Ruffolo
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, 10400 Bangkok, Thailand
| | - V Rulev
- Institute for Nuclear Research of Russian Academy of Sciences, 117312 Moscow, Russia
| | - A Sáiz
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, 10400 Bangkok, Thailand
| | - L Shao
- Hebei Normal University, 050024 Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - O Shchegolev
- Institute for Nuclear Research of Russian Academy of Sciences, 117312 Moscow, Russia
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 141700 Moscow, Russia
| | - X D Sheng
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - J R Shi
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - H C Song
- School of Physics, Peking University, 100871 Beijing, China
| | - Yu V Stenkin
- Institute for Nuclear Research of Russian Academy of Sciences, 117312 Moscow, Russia
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 141700 Moscow, Russia
| | - V Stepanov
- Institute for Nuclear Research of Russian Academy of Sciences, 117312 Moscow, Russia
| | - Q N Sun
- School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - X N Sun
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University, 530004 Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Z B Sun
- National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190 Beijing, China
| | - P H T Tam
- School of Physics and Astronomy & School of Physics (Guangzhou), Sun Yat-sen University, 519082 Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
| | - Z B Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - W W Tian
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China
| | - B D Wang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - C Wang
- National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190 Beijing, China
| | - H Wang
- School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - H G Wang
- Center for Astrophysics, Guangzhou University, 510006 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - J C Wang
- Yunnan Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 650216 Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - J S Wang
- Tsung-Dao Lee Institute & School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200240 Shanghai, China
| | - L P Wang
- Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - L Y Wang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - R N Wang
- School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - W Wang
- School of Physics and Astronomy & School of Physics (Guangzhou), Sun Yat-sen University, 519082 Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
| | - W Wang
- School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, 430072 Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - X G Wang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University, 530004 Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - X J Wang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - X Y Wang
- School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Y D Wang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - Y J Wang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - Y P Wang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - Z Wang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, 100049 Beijing, China
| | - Z Wang
- Tsung-Dao Lee Institute & School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200240 Shanghai, China
| | - Z H Wang
- College of Physics, Sichuan University, 610065 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Z X Wang
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University, 650091 Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - D M Wei
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - J J Wei
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Y J Wei
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - T Wen
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University, 650091 Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - C Y Wu
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - H R Wu
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - S Wu
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - W X Wu
- School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - X F Wu
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - S Q Xi
- School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - J Xia
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - J J Xia
- School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - G M Xiang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory for Research in Galaxies and Cosmology, Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200030 Shanghai, China
| | - G Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - H B Xiao
- Center for Astrophysics, Guangzhou University, 510006 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - G G Xin
- School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, 430072 Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Y L Xin
- School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Y Xing
- Key Laboratory for Research in Galaxies and Cosmology, Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200030 Shanghai, China
| | - D L Xu
- Tsung-Dao Lee Institute & School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200240 Shanghai, China
| | - R X Xu
- School of Physics, Peking University, 100871 Beijing, China
| | - L Xue
- Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - D H Yan
- Yunnan Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 650216 Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - C W Yang
- College of Physics, Sichuan University, 610065 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - F F Yang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, 100049 Beijing, China
| | - J Y Yang
- School of Physics and Astronomy & School of Physics (Guangzhou), Sun Yat-sen University, 519082 Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
| | - L L Yang
- School of Physics and Astronomy & School of Physics (Guangzhou), Sun Yat-sen University, 519082 Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
| | - M J Yang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - R Z Yang
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - S B Yang
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University, 650091 Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Y H Yao
- College of Physics, Sichuan University, 610065 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Z G Yao
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - Y M Ye
- Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
| | - L Q Yin
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - N Yin
- Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - X H You
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - Z Y You
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - Y H Yu
- Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Q Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - H D Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - T X Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, 100049 Beijing, China
| | - W Zeng
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University, 650091 Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Z K Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - M Zha
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - X X Zhai
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - B B Zhang
- School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - H M Zhang
- School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - H Y Zhang
- Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - J L Zhang
- National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China
| | - J W Zhang
- College of Physics, Sichuan University, 610065 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - L Zhang
- Hebei Normal University, 050024 Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - L Zhang
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University, 650091 Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - L X Zhang
- Center for Astrophysics, Guangzhou University, 510006 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - P F Zhang
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University, 650091 Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - P P Zhang
- Hebei Normal University, 050024 Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - R Zhang
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - S R Zhang
- Hebei Normal University, 050024 Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - S S Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - X Zhang
- School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - X P Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - Y Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - Y Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Y F Zhang
- School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Y L Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - B Zhao
- School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - J Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - L Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - L Z Zhao
- Hebei Normal University, 050024 Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - S P Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - F Zheng
- National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190 Beijing, China
| | - Y Zheng
- School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - B Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - H Zhou
- Tsung-Dao Lee Institute & School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200240 Shanghai, China
| | - J N Zhou
- Key Laboratory for Research in Galaxies and Cosmology, Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200030 Shanghai, China
| | - P Zhou
- School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - R Zhou
- College of Physics, Sichuan University, 610065 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - X X Zhou
- School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - C G Zhu
- Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - F R Zhu
- School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - H Zhu
- National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China
| | - K J Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, 100049 Beijing, China
| | - X Zuo
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - X Y Huang
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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19
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Cao Z, Aharonian FA, An Q, Axikegu, Bai LX, Bai YX, Bao YW, Bastieri D, Bi XJ, Bi YJ, Cai H, Cai JT, Cao Z, Chang J, Chang JF, Chang XC, Chen BM, Chen J, Chen L, Chen L, Chen L, Chen MJ, Chen ML, Chen QH, Chen SH, Chen SZ, Chen TL, Chen XL, Chen Y, Cheng N, Cheng YD, Cui SW, Cui XH, Cui YD, Dai BZ, Dai HL, Dai ZG, Danzengluobu, Della Volpe D, D Ettorre Piazzoli B, Dong XJ, Fan JH, Fan YZ, Fan ZX, Fang J, Fang K, Feng CF, Feng L, Feng SH, Feng YL, Gao B, Gao CD, Gao Q, Gao W, Ge MM, Geng LS, Gong GH, Gou QB, Gu MH, Guo JG, Guo XL, Guo YQ, Guo YY, Han YA, He HH, He HN, He JC, He SL, He XB, He Y, Heller M, Hor YK, Hou C, Hou X, Hu HB, Hu S, Hu SC, Hu XJ, Huang DH, Huang QL, Huang WH, Huang XT, Huang ZC, Ji F, Ji XL, Jia HY, Jiang K, Jiang ZJ, Jin C, Kuleshov D, Levochkin K, Li BB, Li C, Li C, Li F, Li HB, Li HC, Li HY, Li J, Li K, Li WL, Li X, Li X, Li XR, Li Y, Li YZ, Li Z, Li Z, Liang EW, Liang YF, Lin SJ, Liu B, Liu C, Liu D, Liu H, Liu HD, Liu J, Liu JL, Liu JS, Liu JY, Liu MY, Liu RY, Liu SM, Liu W, Liu YN, Liu ZX, Long WJ, Lu R, Lv HK, Ma BQ, Ma LL, Ma XH, Mao JR, Masood A, Mitthumsiri W, Montaruli T, Nan YC, Pang BY, Pattarakijwanich P, Pei ZY, Qi MY, Ruffolo D, Rulev V, Sáiz A, Shao L, Shchegolev O, Sheng XD, Shi JR, Song HC, Stenkin YV, Stepanov V, Sun QN, Sun XN, Sun ZB, Tam PHT, Tang ZB, Tian WW, Wang BD, Wang C, Wang H, Wang HG, Wang JC, Wang JS, Wang LP, Wang LY, Wang RN, Wang W, Wang W, Wang XG, Wang XJ, Wang XY, Wang YD, Wang YJ, Wang YP, Wang Z, Wang Z, Wang ZH, Wang ZX, Wei DM, Wei JJ, Wei YJ, Wen T, Wu CY, Wu HR, Wu S, Wu WX, Wu XF, Xi SQ, Xia J, Xia JJ, Xiang GM, Xiao G, Xiao HB, Xin GG, Xin YL, Xing Y, Xu DL, Xu RX, Xue L, Yan DH, Yang CW, Yang FF, Yang JY, Yang LL, Yang MJ, Yang RZ, Yang SB, Yao YH, Yao ZG, Ye YM, Yin LQ, Yin N, You XH, You ZY, Yu YH, Yuan Q, Zeng HD, Zeng TX, Zeng W, Zeng ZK, Zha M, Zhai XX, Zhang BB, Zhang HM, Zhang HY, Zhang JL, Zhang JW, Zhang L, Zhang L, Zhang LX, Zhang PF, Zhang PP, Zhang R, Zhang SR, Zhang SS, Zhang X, Zhang XP, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Zhang YF, Zhang YL, Zhao B, Zhao J, Zhao L, Zhao LZ, Zhao SP, Zheng F, Zheng Y, Zhou B, Zhou H, Zhou JN, Zhou P, Zhou R, Zhou XX, Zhu CG, Zhu FR, Zhu H, Zhu KJ, Zuo X. Ultrahigh-energy photons up to 1.4 petaelectronvolts from 12 γ-ray Galactic sources. Nature 2021; 594:33-36. [PMID: 34002091 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-03498-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The extension of the cosmic-ray spectrum beyond 1 petaelectronvolt (PeV; 1015 electronvolts) indicates the existence of the so-called PeVatrons-cosmic-ray factories that accelerate particles to PeV energies. We need to locate and identify such objects to find the origin of Galactic cosmic rays1. The principal signature of both electron and proton PeVatrons is ultrahigh-energy (exceeding 100 TeV) γ radiation. Evidence of the presence of a proton PeVatron has been found in the Galactic Centre, according to the detection of a hard-spectrum radiation extending to 0.04 PeV (ref. 2). Although γ-rays with energies slightly higher than 0.1 PeV have been reported from a few objects in the Galactic plane3-6, unbiased identification and in-depth exploration of PeVatrons requires detection of γ-rays with energies well above 0.1 PeV. Here we report the detection of more than 530 photons at energies above 100 teraelectronvolts and up to 1.4 PeV from 12 ultrahigh-energy γ-ray sources with a statistical significance greater than seven standard deviations. Despite having several potential counterparts in their proximity, including pulsar wind nebulae, supernova remnants and star-forming regions, the PeVatrons responsible for the ultrahigh-energy γ-rays have not yet been firmly localized and identified (except for the Crab Nebula), leaving open the origin of these extreme accelerators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Cao
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China. .,TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - F A Aharonian
- Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, Dublin, Ireland. .,Max-Planck-Institut for Nuclear Physics, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Q An
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, Beijing, China.,University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Axikegu
- School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
| | - L X Bai
- College of Physics, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Y X Bai
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Y W Bao
- School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - D Bastieri
- Center for Astrophysics, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China
| | - X J Bi
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Y J Bi
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - H Cai
- School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - J T Cai
- Center for Astrophysics, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhe Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, Beijing, China.,University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - J Chang
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - J F Chang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, Beijing, China
| | - X C Chang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - B M Chen
- Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - J Chen
- College of Physics, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - L Chen
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Liang Chen
- Key Laboratory for Research in Galaxies and Cosmology, Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Long Chen
- School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
| | - M J Chen
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - M L Chen
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, Beijing, China
| | - Q H Chen
- School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
| | - S H Chen
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - S Z Chen
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China. .,TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
| | - T L Chen
- Key Laboratory of Cosmic Rays (Tibet University), Ministry of Education, Lhasa, Tibet, China
| | - X L Chen
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Y Chen
- School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - N Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Y D Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - S W Cui
- Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - X H Cui
- National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Y D Cui
- School of Physics and Astronomy & School of Physics (Guangzhou), Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
| | - B Z Dai
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - H L Dai
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Z G Dai
- School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Danzengluobu
- Key Laboratory of Cosmic Rays (Tibet University), Ministry of Education, Lhasa, Tibet, China
| | - D Della Volpe
- Département de Physique Nucléaire et Corpusculaire, Faculté de Sciences, Université de Genève, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - B D Ettorre Piazzoli
- Dipartimento di Fisica dell'Università di Napoli "Federico II", Complesso Universitario di Monte Sant'Angelo, Naples, Italy
| | - X J Dong
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - J H Fan
- Center for Astrophysics, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Y Z Fan
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Z X Fan
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - J Fang
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - K Fang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - C F Feng
- Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - L Feng
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - S H Feng
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Y L Feng
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - B Gao
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - C D Gao
- Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Q Gao
- Key Laboratory of Cosmic Rays (Tibet University), Ministry of Education, Lhasa, Tibet, China
| | - W Gao
- Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - M M Ge
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - L S Geng
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - G H Gong
- Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Q B Gou
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - M H Gu
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, Beijing, China
| | - J G Guo
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - X L Guo
- School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
| | - Y Q Guo
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Y Y Guo
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Y A Han
- School of Physics and Microelectronics, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - H H He
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - H N He
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - J C He
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - S L He
- Center for Astrophysics, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China
| | - X B He
- School of Physics and Astronomy & School of Physics (Guangzhou), Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Y He
- School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
| | - M Heller
- Département de Physique Nucléaire et Corpusculaire, Faculté de Sciences, Université de Genève, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Y K Hor
- School of Physics and Astronomy & School of Physics (Guangzhou), Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
| | - C Hou
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - X Hou
- Yunnan Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - H B Hu
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - S Hu
- College of Physics, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - S C Hu
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - X J Hu
- Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - D H Huang
- School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
| | - Q L Huang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - W H Huang
- Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - X T Huang
- Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Z C Huang
- School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
| | - F Ji
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - X L Ji
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, Beijing, China
| | - H Y Jia
- School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
| | - K Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, Beijing, China.,University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Z J Jiang
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - C Jin
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - D Kuleshov
- Institute for Nuclear Research of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - K Levochkin
- Institute for Nuclear Research of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - B B Li
- Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Cong Li
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Cheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, Beijing, China.,University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - F Li
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, Beijing, China
| | - H B Li
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - H C Li
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - H Y Li
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - J Li
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, Beijing, China
| | - K Li
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - W L Li
- Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - X Li
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, Beijing, China.,University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Xin Li
- School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
| | - X R Li
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Y Li
- College of Physics, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Y Z Li
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhe Li
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhuo Li
- School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - E W Liang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Y F Liang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - S J Lin
- School of Physics and Astronomy & School of Physics (Guangzhou), Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
| | - B Liu
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - C Liu
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - D Liu
- Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - H Liu
- School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
| | - H D Liu
- School of Physics and Microelectronics, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - J Liu
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - J L Liu
- Tsung-Dao Lee Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - J S Liu
- School of Physics and Astronomy & School of Physics (Guangzhou), Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
| | - J Y Liu
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - M Y Liu
- Key Laboratory of Cosmic Rays (Tibet University), Ministry of Education, Lhasa, Tibet, China
| | - R Y Liu
- School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.
| | - S M Liu
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - W Liu
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Y N Liu
- Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Z X Liu
- College of Physics, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - W J Long
- School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
| | - R Lu
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - H K Lv
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - B Q Ma
- School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - L L Ma
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - X H Ma
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - J R Mao
- Yunnan Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - A Masood
- School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
| | - W Mitthumsiri
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - T Montaruli
- Département de Physique Nucléaire et Corpusculaire, Faculté de Sciences, Université de Genève, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Y C Nan
- Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - B Y Pang
- School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
| | - P Pattarakijwanich
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Z Y Pei
- Center for Astrophysics, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China
| | - M Y Qi
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - D Ruffolo
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - V Rulev
- Institute for Nuclear Research of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - A Sáiz
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - L Shao
- Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - O Shchegolev
- Institute for Nuclear Research of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.,Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Moscow, Russia
| | - X D Sheng
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - J R Shi
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - H C Song
- School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yu V Stenkin
- Institute for Nuclear Research of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.,Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Moscow, Russia
| | - V Stepanov
- Institute for Nuclear Research of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Q N Sun
- School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
| | - X N Sun
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Z B Sun
- National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - P H T Tam
- School of Physics and Astronomy & School of Physics (Guangzhou), Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Z B Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, Beijing, China.,University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - W W Tian
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - B D Wang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - C Wang
- National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - H Wang
- School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
| | - H G Wang
- Center for Astrophysics, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China
| | - J C Wang
- Yunnan Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - J S Wang
- Tsung-Dao Lee Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - L P Wang
- Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - L Y Wang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - R N Wang
- School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
| | - W Wang
- School of Physics and Astronomy & School of Physics (Guangzhou), Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
| | - W Wang
- School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - X G Wang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - X J Wang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - X Y Wang
- School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Y D Wang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Y J Wang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Y P Wang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zheng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, Beijing, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Tsung-Dao Lee Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Z H Wang
- College of Physics, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Z X Wang
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - D M Wei
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - J J Wei
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Y J Wei
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - T Wen
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - C Y Wu
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - H R Wu
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - S Wu
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - W X Wu
- School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
| | - X F Wu
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - S Q Xi
- School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
| | - J Xia
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - J J Xia
- School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
| | - G M Xiang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory for Research in Galaxies and Cosmology, Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - G Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - H B Xiao
- Center for Astrophysics, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China
| | - G G Xin
- School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Y L Xin
- School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
| | - Y Xing
- Key Laboratory for Research in Galaxies and Cosmology, Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - D L Xu
- Tsung-Dao Lee Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - R X Xu
- School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - L Xue
- Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - D H Yan
- Yunnan Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - C W Yang
- College of Physics, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - F F Yang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, Beijing, China
| | - J Y Yang
- School of Physics and Astronomy & School of Physics (Guangzhou), Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
| | - L L Yang
- School of Physics and Astronomy & School of Physics (Guangzhou), Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
| | - M J Yang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - R Z Yang
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.
| | - S B Yang
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Y H Yao
- College of Physics, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Z G Yao
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Y M Ye
- Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - L Q Yin
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - N Yin
- Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - X H You
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Z Y You
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Y H Yu
- Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Q Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - H D Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - T X Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, Beijing, China
| | - W Zeng
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Z K Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - M Zha
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - X X Zhai
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - B B Zhang
- School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - H M Zhang
- School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - H Y Zhang
- Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - J L Zhang
- National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - J W Zhang
- College of Physics, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - L Zhang
- Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Li Zhang
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - L X Zhang
- Center for Astrophysics, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China
| | - P F Zhang
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - P P Zhang
- Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - R Zhang
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - S R Zhang
- Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - S S Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - X Zhang
- School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - X P Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Y F Zhang
- School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
| | - Y L Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - B Zhao
- School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
| | - J Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - L Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, Beijing, China.,University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - L Z Zhao
- Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - S P Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China.,Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - F Zheng
- National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Y Zheng
- School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
| | - B Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - H Zhou
- Tsung-Dao Lee Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - J N Zhou
- Key Laboratory for Research in Galaxies and Cosmology, Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - P Zhou
- School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - R Zhou
- College of Physics, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - X X Zhou
- School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
| | - C G Zhu
- Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - F R Zhu
- School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
| | - H Zhu
- National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - K J Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, Beijing, China
| | - X Zuo
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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Bian ML, Huang ML, Zhang ZY, Liu SM, Sun J, Fang F, Gu YP, Liu CD, Yao C. [Preoperative treatment of uterine fibroids with low-dose mifepristone: a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study]. Zhonghua Fu Chan Ke Za Zhi 2021; 56:317-327. [PMID: 34034418 DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn112141-20210411-00192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Objective: To evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety of oral mifepristone (10 mg/day) versus placebo in the preoperative treatment of uterine fibroids. Methods: This study was a multi-center, randomized, double-blind, placebo, parallel controlled trial. A total of 132 patients with uterine fibroids were randomly divided into study group and control group, with 66 cases in each group. The patients in the study group orally took 1 tablet/day of mifepristone (dose of 10 mg/tablet), the patients in the control group orally took 1 tablet/day of placebo, and both groups were treated for 3 months. The primary efficacy evaluation indicators were the change rate of maximum fibroid volume; the secondary efficacy evaluation indicators included amenorrhea rate, improvement of subjective symptoms and anemia; the safety evaluation indicators included the analysis of adverse events and changes in laboratory biochemical indicators. Results: At the end of treatment, the maximum leiomyoma volume was reduced by 25.97% (95%CI: -34.79%--15.95%) in the study group and reduced by 1.51% (95%CI: -13.03%-11.54%) in the control group. The change rate of the maximum leiomyoma volume before and after treatment in the study group was significantly greater than that in the control group, and the difference in the change rate of the maximum leiomyoma volume between the two groups was -24.84% (95%CI: -36.56%--10.94%), which was much higher than the 10% superiority threshold goal set by this study within the 95%CI interval. At the end of treatment, the complete amenorrhea rate [84% (52/62)], dysmenorrhea elimination rate [98% (61/62)], and menstrual blood loss disappearance rate [87% (54/62)] in the study group were significantly higher than those in the control group (all P<0.05). At the end of treatment, the mean hemoglobin [(131±13) g/L], red blood cell count [(4.5±0.4)×1012/L] and hematocrit (0.39±0.03) in the study group were significantly increased compared with the baseline, and the differences had statistical significance (all P<0.05); after treatment, the differences in the above three indicators between the two groups had statistical significance (all P<0.01). The serum estradiol level in the study group was significantly lower than that in the control group at the end of treatment, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.01). There were no significant differences in follicle-stimulating hormone and cortisol levels before and after treatment between the two groups (P>0.05). The overall incidences of any adverse event were not significantly different between the two groups (all P>0.05). Abdominal pain was the most common adverse event in the study group [9% (6/65)], but the incidence was not significantly increased compared with the control group [3% (2/64); P>0.05]. Conclusion: Compared with placebo, oral mifepristone 10 mg/day is significantly superior to placebo in reducing the size of uterine fibroids and improving anemia, without significant adverse reactions, and could be used as a drug treatment for patients with of uterine fibroids before surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Bian
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, China
| | - M L Huang
- Department of Gynecology, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Z Y Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, China
| | - S M Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China
| | - J Sun
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, China
| | - F Fang
- Department of Gynecology, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Y P Gu
- Department of Gynecology, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - C D Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, China
| | - C Yao
- Department of Biostatistics, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China
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Zhao LY, Niu JH, Gao XL, Liu CN, Liu SM, Jiang N, Lv XP, Zheng SM. Development and application of isothermal amplification methods for rapid detection of F4 fimbriae producing Escherichia coli. Pol J Vet Sci 2021; 23:143-152. [PMID: 32233297 DOI: 10.24425/pjvs.2020.132758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) is the causative agent of a wide range of diseases, which are the important cause of illness and mortality in piglets. ETEC strains expressing F4 fimbriae are frequently associated with post-weaning diarrhea (PWD) and lead to great economic losses in swine production industry worldwide. The aim of this study was to establish a rapid and effective isothermal amplification method for detection of F4 fimbriae. Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP), Polymerase spiral reaction (PSR) and cross-priming ampli- fication (CPA) were used to develop and optimize the detection method first time. Subsequently, the specificity and sensitivity of these methods were evaluated, and the clinical samples were detected with these methods. All the F4-positive samples could produce ladder-like amplifica- tions products and lead the chromogenic substrate SYBR Green I produce green fluorescence, while in blank control and negative samples lack of this pattern or remained orange. The sensi- tivity of LAMP and CPA were 10 times higher than PSR method. Meanwhile, these three methods were validated with clinical samples, 7 were found positive, while 125 samples were negative, the testing results were consisted with the real-time PCR method. These findings suggested that the isothermal amplification based on the F4 fimbriae is a rapid, effective and sensitive method under resource constrains.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Y Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Laboratory Animals and Comparative Medicine, NO.600 Changjiang Street Xiang-fang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang,150030, P. R. China.,Drug Safety Evaluation Center of Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, No. 24 Heping Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150040, P. R. China
| | - J H Niu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Laboratory Animals and Comparative Medicine, NO.600 Changjiang Street Xiang-fang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang,150030, P. R. China
| | - X L Gao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Laboratory Animals and Comparative Medicine, NO.600 Changjiang Street Xiang-fang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang,150030, P. R. China
| | - C N Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Laboratory Animals and Comparative Medicine, NO.600 Changjiang Street Xiang-fang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang,150030, P. R. China
| | - S M Liu
- Drug Safety Evaluation Center of Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, No. 24 Heping Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150040, P. R. China
| | - N Jiang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Dalian University, No. 10 Xuefu Street, Dalian Economic Technological Development Zone, Dalian, Liaoning, 116622, P. R. China
| | - X P Lv
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Laboratory Animals and Comparative Medicine, NO.600 Changjiang Street Xiang-fang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang,150030, P. R. China
| | - S M Zheng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Laboratory Animals and Comparative Medicine, NO.600 Changjiang Street Xiang-fang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang,150030, P. R. China
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22
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Hou N, Huang Y, Cai SA, Yuan WC, Li LR, Liu XW, Zhao GJ, Qiu XX, Li AQ, Cheng CF, Liu SM, Chen XH, Cai DF, Xie JX, Chen MS, Luo CF. Puerarin ameliorated pressure overload-induced cardiac hypertrophy in ovariectomized rats through activation of the PPARα/PGC-1 pathway. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2021; 42:55-67. [PMID: 32504066 PMCID: PMC7921143 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-020-0401-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Estrogen deficiency induces cardiac dysfunction and increases the risk of cardiovascular disease in postmenopausal women and in those who underwent bilateral oophorectomy. Previous evidence suggests that puerarin, a phytoestrogen, exerts beneficial effects on cardiac function in patients with cardiac hypertrophy. In this study, we investigated whether puerarin could prevent cardiac hypertrophy and remodeling in ovariectomized, aortic-banded rats. Female SD rats subjected to bilateral ovariectomy (OVX) plus abdominal aortic constriction (AAC). The rats were treated with puerarin (50 mg·kg-1 ·d-1, ip) for 8 weeks. Then echocardiography was assessed, and the rats were sacrificed, their heart tissues were extracted and allocated for further experiments. We showed that puerarin administration significantly attenuated cardiac hypertrophy and remodeling in AAC-treated OVX rats, which could be attributed to activation of PPARα/PPARγ coactivator-1 (PGC-1) pathway. Puerarin administration significantly increased the expression of estrogen-related receptor α, nuclear respiratory factor 1, and mitochondrial transcription factor A in hearts. Moreover, puerarin administration regulated the expression of metabolic genes in AAC-treated OVX rats. Hypertrophic changes could be induced in neonatal rat cardiomyocytes (NRCM) in vitro by treatment with angiotensin II (Ang II, 1 μM), which was attenuated by co-treatemnt with puerarin (100 μM). We further showed that puerarin decreased Ang II-induced accumulation of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFAs) and deletion of ATP, attenuated the Ang II-induced dissipation of the mitochondrial membrane potential, and improved the mitochondrial dysfunction in NRCM. Furthermore, addition of PPARα antagonist GW6471 (10 μM) partially abolished the anti-hypertrophic effects and metabolic effects of puerarin in NRCM. In conclusion, puerarin prevents cardiac hypertrophy in AAC-treated OVX rats through activation of PPARα/PGC-1 pathway and regulation of energy metabolism remodeling. This may provide a new approach to prevent the development of heart failure in postmenopausal women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Hou
- Guangzhou Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510260, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target and Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Yin Huang
- Guangzhou Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510260, China
- Xiangtan Central Hospital, Xiangtan, 411100, China
| | - Shao-Ai Cai
- Guangzhou Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510260, China
| | - Wen-Chang Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target and Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Li-Rong Li
- Guangzhou Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510260, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target and Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Xia-Wen Liu
- Guangzhou Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510260, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target and Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Gan-Jian Zhao
- Guangzhou Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510260, China
| | - Xiao-Xia Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target and Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Ai-Qun Li
- Nanfang College of SUN YAT-SEN University, Guangzhou, 510970, China
| | - Chuan-Fang Cheng
- Guangzhou Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510260, China
| | - Shi-Ming Liu
- Guangzhou Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510260, China
| | - Xiao-Hui Chen
- Guangzhou Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510260, China
| | - Dao-Feng Cai
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target and Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | | | - Min-Sheng Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Biomedical Engineering Technology Research Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Sino-Japanese Cooperation Platform for Translational Research in Heart Failure, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510280, China.
| | - Cheng-Feng Luo
- Guangzhou Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510260, China.
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23
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Chen CH, Hu JM, Chen SQ, Liu SM, Ding SL. Homotopic Commissural Projections of Area Prostriata in Rat and Mouse: Comparison With Presubiculum and Parasubiculum. Front Neural Circuits 2020; 14:605332. [PMID: 33324173 PMCID: PMC7724997 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2020.605332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Area prostriata in primates has recently been found to play important roles in rapid detection and processing of peripheral visual, especially fast-moving visual information. The prostriata in rodents was not discovered until recently and its connectivity is largely unknown. As a part of our efforts to reveal brain-wide connections of the prostriata in rat and mouse, this study focuses on its commissural projections in order to understand the mechanisms underlying interhemispheric integration of information, especially from peripheral visual field. Using anterograde, retrograde and Cre-dependent tracing techniques, we find a unique commissural connection pattern of the prostriata: its layers 2-3 in both hemispheres form strong homotopic commissural connections with few heterotopic projections to bilateral medial entorhinal cortex. This projection pattern is in sharp contrast to that of the presubiculum and parasubiculum, two neighbor regions of the prostriata. The latter two structures project very strongly to bilateral medial entorhinal cortex and to their contralateral counterparts. Our results also suggest the prostriata is a distinct anatomical structure from the presubiculum and parasubiculum and probably plays differential roles in interhemispheric integration and the balancing of spatial information between two hemispheres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Hui Chen
- Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institute of Neuroscience, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jin-Meng Hu
- Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institute of Neuroscience, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Sheng-Qiang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institute of Neuroscience, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shi-Ming Liu
- Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institute of Neuroscience, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Song-Lin Ding
- Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institute of Neuroscience, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, United States
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Li C, Liu SM, Zheng L, Huang MW, Shi Y, Lv XM, Zhang JG, Peng X, Zhang J. Comparison of outcomes using radiotherapy or brachytherapy after resection of primary adenoid cystic carcinoma in oral and maxillofacial regions. Brachytherapy 2020; 20:171-177. [PMID: 33069597 DOI: 10.1016/j.brachy.2020.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We wished to investigate the outcome of surgery combined with external-beam radiotherapy (EBRT) or brachytherapy (125I seeds) for the treatment of primary adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) of the oral and maxillofacial region. Data of patients with primary ACC were reviewed retrospectively. Patients were divided into EBRT and brachytherapy groups. Wide tumor excision was done to achieve negative margins. Standard radiotherapy in the EBRT group was 60 Gy. A treatment-planning system was used to create implantation plans with a prescribed dose of 60-120 Gy and 125I seeds were implanted postoperatively. Kaplan-Meier method and log-rank tests were used to analyze local control and survival. The median duration of followup was 66.1 and 46.8 months for the EBRT group and brachytherapy group, respectively. There was no significant difference in local control, control of metastasis to regional lymph nodes, or control of distant metastasis between the two groups. There was no significant difference in overall survival, disease-specific survival, or disease-free survival in the two groups at 3 years and 5 years. The prevalence of complications in the brachytherapy group was lower than that in the EBRT group. Both methods elicited good treatment effects, but the prevalence of adverse events was lower in the brachytherapy group.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Li
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - S M Liu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - L Zheng
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - M W Huang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Y Shi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - X M Lv
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - J G Zhang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - X Peng
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - J Zhang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China.
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Chen J, Wang L, Liu WH, Shi J, Zhong Y, Liu SJ, Liu SM. Aspirin protects human coronary artery endothelial cells by inducing autophagy. Physiol Int 2020; 107:294-305. [PMID: 32750030 DOI: 10.1556/2060.2020.00029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Although the use of aspirin has substantially reduced the risks of cardiovascular events and death, its potential mechanisms have not been fully elucidated. In a previous study, we found that aspirin triggers cellular autophagy. In the present study, we aimed to determine the protective effects of aspirin on human coronary artery endothelial cells (HCAECs) and explore its underlying mechanisms. HCAECs were treated with oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL), angiotensin II (Ang-II), or high glucose (HG) with or without aspirin stimulation. The expression levels of endothelial nitric oxide (NO) synthase (eNOS), p-eNOS, LC3, p62, phosphor-nuclear factor kappa B (p-NF-κB), p-p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p-p38 MAPK), and Beclin-1 were detected via immunoblotting analysis. Concentrations of soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1) and soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (sVCAM-1) were measured via ELISA. NO levels were determined using the Griess reagent. Autophagic flux was tracked by tandem mRFP-GFP-tagged LC3. Results showed that aspirin increased eNOS level and reduced injury to the endothelial cells (ECs) caused by ox-LDL, Ang-II, and HG treatment in a dose-dependent manner. Aspirin also increased the LC3II/LC3I ratio, decreased p62 expression, and enhanced autophagic flux (autophagosome and autolysosome puncta) in the HCAECs. p-NF-κB and p-p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibition, sVCAM-1 and sICAM-1 secretion, and eNOS activity promotion by aspirin treatment were found to be dependent on Beclin-1. These results suggested that aspirin can protect ECs from ox-LDL-, Ang-II-, and HG-induced injury by activating autophagy in a Beclin-1-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Chen
- Guangzhou Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510260, PR China
| | - L Wang
- Guangzhou Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510260, PR China
| | - W H Liu
- Guangzhou Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510260, PR China
| | - J Shi
- Guangzhou Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510260, PR China
| | - Y Zhong
- Guangzhou Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510260, PR China
| | - S J Liu
- Guangzhou Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510260, PR China
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Zhang F, Xu R, Chai R, Xu Q, Liu M, Chen X, Chen X, Kong T, Zhang C, Liu SM, Zhang Z, Liu N. Deubiquitinase Inhibitor b-AP15 Attenuated LPS-Induced Inflammation via Inhibiting ERK1/2, JNK, and NF-Kappa B. Front Mol Biosci 2020; 7:49. [PMID: 32391376 PMCID: PMC7188916 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2020.00049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
b-AP15 is a deubiquitinase (DUB) inhibitor of 19S proteasomes, which in turn targets ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase 5 (UCHL5) and ubiquitin-specific peptidase 14 (USP14). Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) is closely linked to cellular response in macrophages when the organism is in the state of microbial infection, and it acts as a vital part in the mechanism of inflammatory reaction. However, the molecular mechanism by which DUB inhibitors, especially b-AP15, regulates inflammation remains poorly understood. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between b-AP15 and inflammation. The results showed that b-AP15 treatment significantly reduced the amounts of inflammatory indicators, such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin 6 (IL-6) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated THP-1 and macrophages. Meanwhile, similar results were obtained from in vivo experiments. In addition, b-AP15 also significantly improved the survival rate of sepsis mouse via high-density LPS mediation. Furthermore, b-AP15 also inhibited the ERK1/2 and JNK phosphorylation, increased IκBα levels, and inhibited NF-κB p65 by removing them from the cytoplasm into the nucleus. All these findings suggested that b-AP15 has anti-inflammatory action and acts as a potential neoteric target drug for treating microbial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangcheng Zhang
- Guangzhou Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ruqin Xu
- Guangzhou Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Renjie Chai
- Guangzhou Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiong Xu
- Guangzhou Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mingke Liu
- Guangzhou Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xuke Chen
- Guangzhou Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaohua Chen
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tianyu Kong
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chongyu Zhang
- Guangzhou Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shi-Ming Liu
- Guangzhou Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhenhui Zhang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ningning Liu
- Guangzhou Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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27
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Luo CF, Mo P, Li GQ, Liu SM. Aspirin-omitted dual antithrombotic therapy in non-valvular atrial fibrillation patients presenting with acute coronary syndrome or undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention: results of a meta-analysis. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Pharmacother 2020; 7:218-224. [PMID: 32129850 DOI: 10.1093/ehjcvp/pvaa016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To investigate the effects of aspirin-omitted dual antithrombotic therapy (DAT) on myocardial infarction and stent thrombosis in non-valvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF) patients presenting with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) or undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). METHODS AND RESULTS A systematic review and meta-analysis were performed using PubMed to search for randomized clinical trials comparing DAT with triple antithrombotic therapy (TAT) in this setting. Three trials involving 8845 patients were included (4802 and 4043 patients treated with DAT and TAT, respectively). There were no significant differences in all-cause death and stroke between the aspirin-omitted DAT group and TAT group. Otherwise, the incidence of myocardial infarction was significantly higher with aspirin-omitted DAT vs. TAT [odds ratio (OR): 1.29, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.02-1.63; P = 0.04; I2 = 0%]. Similarly, the incidence of stent thrombosis increased in patients treated with aspirin-omitted DAT vs. TAT (OR: 1.61, 95% CI: 1.02-2.53; P = 0.04; I2 = 0%). The occurrence of major bleeding and clinically relevant non-major bleeding events, as defined by the International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis, was significantly lower with aspirin-omitted DAT vs. TAT (OR: 0.61, 95% CI: 0.48-0.78; P = 0.02; I2 = 76%). Similar results were found according to the International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis major bleeding, Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction major or minor bleeding, and Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction major bleeding scales. CONCLUSION Aspirin-omitted DAT reduces the occurrence of bleeding episodes, with a higher rate of myocardial infarction and stent thrombosis in NVAF patients presenting with ACS or undergoing PCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Feng Luo
- Department of Cardiology, Guangzhou Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Changgangdong Road, 250, Guangzhou, China
| | - Pei Mo
- Department of Cardiology, Guangzhou Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Changgangdong Road, 250, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guo-Qiang Li
- Department of Cardiology, Guangzhou Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Changgangdong Road, 250, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shi-Ming Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Guangzhou Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Changgangdong Road, 250, Guangzhou, China
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Xiang C, Liu Y, Liu SM, Huang YF, Kong LA, Peng H, Liu MY, Liu J, Peng DL, Huang WK. αβ-Dehydrocurvularin isolated from the fungus Aspergillus welwitschiae effectively inhibited the behaviour and development of the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne graminicola in rice roots. BMC Microbiol 2020; 20:48. [PMID: 32126973 PMCID: PMC7055078 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-020-01738-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The root-knot nematode Meloidogyne graminicola has become a serious threat to rice production as a result of the cultivation changes from transplanting to direct seeding. The nematicidal activity of Aspergillus welwitschiae have been investigated in vitro, and the disease control efficacy of the active compound has been evaluated under greenhouse and field conditions. Results The active compound αβ-dehydrocurvularin (αβ-DC), isolated by nematicidal assay-directed fractionation, showed significant nematicidal activity against M. graminicola, with a median lethal concentration (LC50) value of 122.2 μg mL− 1. αβ-DC effectively decreased the attraction of rice roots to nematodes and the infection of nematodes and also suppressed the development of nematodes under greenhouse conditions. Moreover, αβ-DC efficiently reduced the root gall index under field conditions. Conclusions To our knowledge, this is the first report to describe the nematicidal activity of αβ-DC against M. graminicola. The results obtained under greenhouse and field conditions provide a basis for developing commercial formulations from αβ-DC to control M. graminicola in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Xiang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China.,Bureau of Water Resource in Xingtang County, Shijiazhuang, 050600, People's Republic of China
| | - Shi-Ming Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Ya-Fei Huang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Ling-An Kong
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Huan Peng
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Mao-Yan Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China.,College of Plant Protection, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Liu
- College of Plant Protection, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, People's Republic of China
| | - De-Liang Peng
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wen-Kun Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China.
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Yang J, Zhao XY, Liu SM. [Analysis on the duration of intestinal detoxification in restaurant employee infected with Norovirus during the outbreak]. Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi 2020; 40:1560-1562. [PMID: 32062915 DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0254-6450.2019.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Objective: To explore the duration of intestinal detoxification and its related factors infected with Norovirus, and to provide scientific evidences for the prevention and control of acute gastroenteritis caused by Norovirus in the future. Methods: Follow up and sampling program on 115 employees in a restaurant outbreak of Norovirus in Chengdu in 2017 was carried out. Anal swab was collected every 3 d or 7 d for nucleic acid detection, and the experimental results were statistically analyzed. Results: The positive rates of Norovirus in restaurant employee were 14.78%, 7.89%, 3.51% and 0.88% on the 7(th), 11(th), 17(th) and 24(th) day, respectively. During the follow-up period, the positive rates of Norovirus decreased as time increased. The positive rate of all employees was up to 14.78% on the 7(th) day. The positive rates had no significant difference between different sex and between different types of work. The duration of detoxification averaged 14.94 days and the maximum of detoxification time was on 28 days. The detoxification period of treatment case was shorter than that of asymptomatic carriers. Conclusions: There were asymptomatic carriers in restaurant employees during the outbreak of Norovirus that their role as a source of infection in the transmission of Norovirus should not be neglected. In the treatment of the epidemic, we should strengthen the sampling and testing of practitioners, and strictly implement isolation measures for positive detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Yang
- Infection Disease Prevention and Immunization Program Department, Chenghua District Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Chengdu, Chengdu 610051, China
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Chen W, Li H, Zhu RL, Xue KJ, Cao X, Lü YJ, Liu SJ, Xiao YC, Liu SM, Ouyang HF. Operation of RF-driven negative hydrogen ion source in China Spallation Neutron Source. Rev Sci Instrum 2019; 90:113320. [PMID: 31779372 DOI: 10.1063/1.5128553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The China Spallation Neutron Source started delivering neutron beams to users in March 2018. To upgrade the beam power to 500 kW and improve the performance of the ion source, an RF-driven negative hydrogen (H-) ion source is under development. The source has a silicon nitride ceramic plasma chamber surrounded by a 4.5-turn antenna. The plasma is ignited by a pulsed DC spark gap and then driven by a 2 MHz solid-state amplifier with a repetition rate of 25 Hz. The commissioning of the source started in January 2019. When uncesiated, it produced about 20 mA beam at an RF power of 32 kW and pulse width of 450 μs. This paper describes the configuration of the ion source, several peculiar technologies used in it, and the first negative hydrogen (H-) ion beam extraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Chen
- Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), 100049 Beijing, China
| | - H Li
- Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), 100049 Beijing, China
| | - R L Zhu
- Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), 100049 Beijing, China
| | - K J Xue
- Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), 100049 Beijing, China
| | - X Cao
- Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), 100049 Beijing, China
| | - Y J Lü
- Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), 100049 Beijing, China
| | - S J Liu
- Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), 100049 Beijing, China
| | - Y C Xiao
- Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), 100049 Beijing, China
| | - S M Liu
- Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), 100049 Beijing, China
| | - H F Ouyang
- Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), 100049 Beijing, China
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Fan HW, Han Y, Liu W, Li XW, Li LZ, Yao HY, Wang Y, Su ZQ, Ye WX, Huang J, Lu WZ, Li GW, Li HL, Wang SY, Wu H, Lu QF, Zhu GF, Liu SM, Chen G, Zhang WH, Li TS. [A randomized controlled study of peramivir, oseltamivir and placebo in patients with mild influenza]. Zhonghua Nei Ke Za Zhi 2019; 58:560-565. [PMID: 31365976 DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0578-1426.2019.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Objectives: To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of peramivir trihydrate in patients with influenza. Methods: This was a randomized, double-blind, double-dummy, placebo and positive control, multicenter clinical trial, comparing peramivir trihydrate with oseltamivir and placebo. The inclusive criteria were 15-70 years old, onset within 48 h, positive rapid influenza antigen test, and febrile (>38℃) accompanied with at least two associated symptoms. The severe cases complicated with chronic pulmonary and cardiac diseases, malignancies, organ transplantation, hemodialysis, uncontrolled diabetes, immunocompromised status, pregnancy and coexistence of bacterium infections were excluded. All patients were randomized 2∶2∶1 to receive peramivir, oseltamivir and placebo respectively. The primary endpoint was the disease duration, the secondary endpoints included time to normal axillary temperature and normal living activities, viral response, and adverse effects. Results: Following informed consent, 133 patients were included in this study. Four patients were exclude due to missing medical records, not fitting inclusion or exclusion criteria and poor compliance. A total of 129 patients were finally analyzed, including 49 cases, 54 cases and 26 cases in peramivir group, oseltamivir group and placebo group. The median disease duration were 96 (76, 120) hours, 105 (90,124) hours, and 124 (104, 172) hours in three groups respectively (P>0.05) . The time to normal axillary temperature, normal living activities and viral response were not significantly different in three groups (P>0.05) . Conclusion: The value of antiviral therapy in patients with mild influenza needs to be further determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- H W Fan
- Department of Infectious Disease, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Y Han
- Department of Infectious Disease, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
| | - W Liu
- Department of Respiratory, Liuzhou Worker's Hospital, Liuzhou 545005, China
| | - X W Li
- Department of Infectious Disease, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100015, China
| | - L Z Li
- Pude Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Datong 037000, China
| | - H Y Yao
- Pude Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Datong 037000, China
| | - Y Wang
- Pude Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Datong 037000, China
| | - Z Q Su
- Pude Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Datong 037000, China
| | - W X Ye
- Department of Respiratory, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang 550002, China
| | - J Huang
- Department of Respiratory, Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519000, China
| | - W Z Lu
- Department of Respiratory, PLA 303 Hospital, Nanning 530021, China
| | - G W Li
- Department of Emergency, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China
| | - H L Li
- Department of Respiratory, Shanghai Yangpu District Central Hospital, Shanghai 200090, China
| | - S Y Wang
- Department of Infectious Disease, 900 Hospital of the Joint Logistics Team, PLA, Fuzhou 350025, China
| | - H Wu
- Department of Infectious Disease, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Q F Lu
- Department of Respiratory, Puai Hospital, Wuhan 430032, China
| | - G F Zhu
- Department of Infectious Disease, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100029, China
| | - S M Liu
- Department of Respiratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Ji'nan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - G Chen
- Department of Respiratory, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050051, China
| | - W H Zhang
- Department of Infectious Disease, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - T S Li
- Department of Infectious Disease, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
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Wang TY, Pan Q, Liu SM, Yuan CY. Changes of Hepcidin levels and their correlation with interleukin-6 and C-reactive protein in liver cancer patients with chronic inflammatory anemia. J BIOL REG HOMEOS AG 2019; 33:1129-1134. [PMID: 31347348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- T Y Wang
- Department of Oncology, Dezhou People's Hospital, Dezhou City, China
| | - Q Pan
- Department of Ultrasound, Dezhou People's Hospital, Dezhou City, China
| | - S M Liu
- Department of Hemopathology, Dezhou People's Hospital, Dezhou City, China
| | - C Y Yuan
- Department of Hemopathology, Dezhou People's Hospital, Dezhou City, China
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Xiong Y, Wang L, Jiang W, Pang L, Liu W, Li A, Zhong Y, Ou W, Liu B, Liu SM. MEF2A alters the proliferation, inflammation-related gene expression profiles and its silencing induces cellular senescence in human coronary endothelial cells. BMC Mol Biol 2019; 20:8. [PMID: 30885136 PMCID: PMC6423757 DOI: 10.1186/s12867-019-0125-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Myocyte enhancer factor 2A (MEF2A) plays an important role in cell proliferation, differentiation and survival. Functional deletion or mutation in MEF2A predisposes individuals to cardiovascular disease mainly caused by vascular endothelial dysfunction. However, the effect of the inhibition of MEF2A expression on human coronary artery endothelial cells (HCAECs) is unclear. In this study, expression of MEF2A was inhibited by specific small interference RNA (siRNA), and changes in mRNA profiles in response to MEF2A knockdown were analyzed using an Agilent human mRNA array. Results Silencing of MEF2A in HCAECs accelerated cell senescence and suppressed cell proliferation. Microarray analysis identified 962 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the MEF2A knockdown group and the negative control group. Annotation clustering analysis showed that the DEGs were preferentially enriched in gene ontology (GO) terms and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways related to proliferation, development, survival, and inflammation. Furthermore, 61 of the 578 downregulated DEGs have at least one potential MEF2A binding site in the proximal promoter and were mostly enriched in the GO terms “reproduction” and “cardiovascular.” The protein–protein interaction network analyzed for the downregulated DEGs and the DEGs in the GO terms “cardiovascular” and “aging” revealed that PIK3CG, IL1B, IL8, and PRKCB were included in hot nodes, and the regulation of the longevity-associated gene PIK3CG by MEF2A has been verified at the protein level, suggesting that PIK3CG might play a key role in MEF2A knockdown induced HCAEC senescence. Conclusions MEF2A knockdown accelerates HCAEC senescence, and the underlying molecular mechanism may be involved in down-regulation of the genes related with cell proliferation, development, inflammation and survival, in which PIK3CG may play a key role. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12867-019-0125-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujuan Xiong
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 111 Dade Road, Guangzhou, 510120, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Wang
- Guangzhou Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, No. 250 Changgang Dong Road, Guangzhou, 510260, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenyi Jiang
- Guangzhou Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, No. 250 Changgang Dong Road, Guangzhou, 510260, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Lihua Pang
- Guangzhou Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, No. 250 Changgang Dong Road, Guangzhou, 510260, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Weihua Liu
- Guangzhou Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, No. 250 Changgang Dong Road, Guangzhou, 510260, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Aiqun Li
- Guangzhou Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, No. 250 Changgang Dong Road, Guangzhou, 510260, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun Zhong
- Guangzhou Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, No. 250 Changgang Dong Road, Guangzhou, 510260, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenchao Ou
- Guangzhou Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, No. 250 Changgang Dong Road, Guangzhou, 510260, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Benrong Liu
- Guangzhou Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, No. 250 Changgang Dong Road, Guangzhou, 510260, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.
| | - Shi-Ming Liu
- Guangzhou Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, No. 250 Changgang Dong Road, Guangzhou, 510260, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.
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Li C, Liu SM, Zheng L, Huang MW, Shi Y, Lv XM, Zhang JG, Zhang J. [Study of surgery combined with 125I brachytherapy for adenoid cystic carcinoma of oral and maxillofacial region]. Beijing Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban 2019; 51:49-52. [PMID: 30773543 DOI: 10.19723/j.issn.1671-167x.2019.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To retrospectively analyze the results of treatment outcome by surgery combined with 125I brachytherapy and correlative factors of adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC). METHODS In the study, 75 patients with primary ACC of oral and maxillofacial region were treated by surgery combined with 125I seeds brachytherapy. Radical resection or subtotal resection was applied for the tumor. The brachytherapy treatment planning system was used to create implant plans with the prescribed dose of 60 Gy to 120 Gy. The 125I seeds were implanted intraoperatively or postoperatively. The regular follow-up was required. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to assess the tumor control rate and the patients' survival rates. Meanwhile, the Cox regression analysis was used to find out the prognostic factors. RESULTS Local control rates at the end of 3 and 5 years were as follows: T1-T2, 92.2% and 82.0%; T3-T4, 82.6% and 82.6%; and overall, 90.0% and 78.8%. The disease-free survival rates were 74.9% and 54.3%, respectively. The overall survival rates for all the patients were 86.0% and 79.6%, respectively at the end of 3 and 5 years and were 91.3% and 91.3% for T1-T2 patients vs. 73.9% and 59.7% for T3-T4 patients. Distant metastasis-free survival rates at the end of 3 and 5 years were 84.4% and 76.7%, respectively. The distant metastasis-free survival rates at the end of 3 and 5 years were 83.4% and 79.6% with T1-T2 lesion compared with 86.0% and 67.8% with T3-T4 lesion. According to the COX univariate analysis and multivariate analysis, the risk of local recurrence would be raised by the age. Tumor stage and tumor site were the prognostic factors of the overall survival rates. CONCLUSION 125I brachytherapy conducted as an adjuvant therapy postoperatively of ACC of oral and maxillofacial region can acquire satisfactory localregional control, distant metastasis-free survival, disease-free survival and overall survival. Tumors are prone to recur on the older patients. Patients having advanced tumor stage or tumor located in the nasal cavity or sinuses will suffer lower survival rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Li
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - S M Liu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - L Zheng
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - M W Huang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Y Shi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - X M Lv
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - J G Zhang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - J Zhang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China
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Jin N, Liu SM, Peng H, Huang WK, Kong LA, Wu YH, Chen YP, Ge FY, Jian H, Peng DL. Isolation and characterization of Aspergillus niger NBC001 underlying suppression against Heterodera glycines. Sci Rep 2019; 9:591. [PMID: 30679719 PMCID: PMC6345943 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-37827-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterodera glycines is the most pervasive soybean pests worldwide. Biocontrol provides a strategy to sustainably control nematodes. In this study, 22 fungal isolates were obtained and identified from cysts of Heterodera spp. Among them, Aspergillus niger NBC001 showed high nematicidal activity against H. glycines. The 2-fold dilution of NBC001 culture filtrate caused 89% mortality of second-stage juveniles and inhibited more than 98% of egg hatching in vitro. In both pot and field experiments, the numbers of H. glycines cysts in soybean seedlings dressed with the the 5-fold concentrated culture filtrate of NBC001 were significantly reduced by 43% and 28%, respectively. In addition, application of NBC001 remarkably reduced the penetration of nematodes into the roots. Histochemical and fluorometric staining analyses indicate that application of NBC001 stimulated hydrogen peroxide activity in the roots and triggered callose deposition in the leaves and roots. Transcription of the PR1a and EREBP genes in the salicylic acid and ethylene signaling pathways was upregulated in soybean plants treated with NBC001. However, the application of concentrated culture filtrate of NBC001 had no significant impacts on the soil microbial community based on next generation DNA sequencing technology. In summary, NBC001 may be a good biocontrol agent against H. glycines via stimulation of the immunity/defense of the plant host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Jin
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shi-Ming Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Huan Peng
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wen-Kun Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ling-An Kong
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yu-Huan Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yong-Pan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Feng-Yong Ge
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Heng Jian
- Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - De-Liang Peng
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.
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Liu SM, Yue Y. [The comparison of preemptive analgesic efficacy between short-acting ketamine and long-acting parecoxib]. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi 2018; 98:3930-3935. [PMID: 30669797 DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0376-2491.2018.48.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Objective: To compare the analgesic efficacy between preoperative single-dose ketamine, a short-acting medicine and parecoxib, a long-acting medicine for reducing analgesic consumption in the first 24 h after-operation. Methods: Eighty-one patients from Beijing Chaoyang Hospital undergoing laparoscopic uterus surgery between April and December 2015 were randomly divided into three groups: control group (group C), ketamine group (group K) and parecoxib sodium group (group P). All patients were anesthetized with general anesthesia and received sufentanil-based patient-controlled intravenous analgesia (PCIA). After induction and 10 min before incision, patients in group K, P and C were injected with intravenous 0.5 mg/kg ketamine, 40 mg parecoxib and 2 ml normal saline, respectively. The primary outcome was sufentanil consumption within 1 h and 24 h after surgery. Other outcomes included the visual analog scale (VAS) pain score at 0, 15, 30, 45min and 1, 2, 4, 8, 24 h after surgery, PCIA effective trigger times, and adverse reactions. Results: The postoperative sufentanil consumptions within 1 h in group K and P were(4.420±1.836)μg and (2.878±1.984)μg, respectively, and consumptions within 24 h were(28.200±3.712)μg and (25.511±4.037)μg, respectively, which were significantly less than that in group C with (6.144±2.346)μg within 1 h and (31.505±7.042)μg within 24 h (F=15.360, 8.406, all P<0.05). Patients in group P needed less sufentanil than group K in 1 h after surgery (P<0.05), however, the difference was not statistically significant in 24 h(P>0.05). The PCIA trigger times were 2(3.75) in group C, 0(1.50) in group K, and 0(1.00) in group P. Group K and P had less PCIA trigger times compared to group C (all P<0.05). Compared to group C, group K and P had lower VAS scores at 0, 15, 30 min after surgery and group P had lower VAS scores at 1, 15, 30, 45 min, 2 h after surgery, respectively (all P<0.05). There were no differences between groups in the incidence of any adverse effects(all P>0.05). Conclusion: A single injection of short-acting ketamine before laparoscopic uterus surgery, has the same efficacy as long-acting parecoxib for opioid-sparing effect in the first 24 h after-operation. However, parecoxib has better analgesic effect in the early postoperative period.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, China
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Zhao GJ, Hou N, Cai SA, Liu XW, Li AQ, Cheng CF, Huang Y, Li LR, Mai YP, Liu SM, Ou CW, Xiong ZY, Chen XH, Chen MS, Luo CF. Contributions of Nrf2 to Puerarin Prevention of Cardiac Hypertrophy and its Metabolic Enzymes Expression in Rats. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2018; 366:458-469. [PMID: 29945930 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.118.248369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous evidence has suggested that puerarin may attenuate cardiac hypertrophy; however, the potential mechanisms have not been determined. Moreover, the use of puerarin is limited by severe adverse events, including intravascular hemolysis. This study used a rat model of abdominal aortic constriction (AAC)-induced cardiac hypertrophy to evaluate the potential mechanisms underlying the attenuating efficacy of puerarin on cardiac hypertrophy, as well as the metabolic mechanisms of puerarin involved. We confirmed that puerarin (50 mg/kg per day) significantly attenuated cardiac hypertrophy, upregulated Nrf2, and decreased Keap1 in the myocardium. Moreover, puerarin significantly promoted Nrf2 nuclear accumulation in parallel with the upregulated downstream proteins, including heme oxygenase 1, glutathione transferase P1, and NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1. Similar results were obtained in neonatal rat cardiomyocytes (NRCMs) treated with angiotensin II (Ang II; 1 μM) and puerarin (100 μM), whereas the silencing of Nrf2 abolished the antihypertrophic effects of puerarin. The mRNA and protein levels of UGT1A1 and UGT1A9, enzymes for puerarin metabolism, were significantly increased in the liver and heart tissues of AAC rats and Ang II-treated NRCMs. Interestingly, the silencing of Nrf2 attenuated the puerarin-induced upregulation of UGT1A1 and UGT1A9. The results of chromatin immunoprecipitation-quantitative polymerase chain reaction indicated that the binding of Nrf2 to the promoter region of Ugt1a1 or Ugt1a9 was significantly enhanced in puerarin-treated cardiomyocytes. These results suggest that Nrf2 is the key regulator of antihypertrophic effects and upregulation of the metabolic enzymes UGT1A1 and UGT1A9 of puerarin. The autoregulatory circuits between puerarin and Nrf2-induced UGT1A1/1A9 are beneficial to attenuate adverse effects and maintain the pharmacologic effects of puerarin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gan-Jian Zhao
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Institute of Cardiovascular Disease (G.-J.Z., A.-Q.L., C.-F.C., Y.H., L.-R.L., S.-M.L., C.-F.L.), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University (N.H., X.-W.L., Y.-P.M.), The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University (S.-A.C., X.-H.C.); Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangdong Provincial Center of Biomedical Engineering for Cardiovascular Disease (C.-W.O., M.-S.C.), and The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University (Z.-Y.X.), Guangzhou, China
| | - Ning Hou
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Institute of Cardiovascular Disease (G.-J.Z., A.-Q.L., C.-F.C., Y.H., L.-R.L., S.-M.L., C.-F.L.), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University (N.H., X.-W.L., Y.-P.M.), The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University (S.-A.C., X.-H.C.); Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangdong Provincial Center of Biomedical Engineering for Cardiovascular Disease (C.-W.O., M.-S.C.), and The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University (Z.-Y.X.), Guangzhou, China
| | - Shao-Ai Cai
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Institute of Cardiovascular Disease (G.-J.Z., A.-Q.L., C.-F.C., Y.H., L.-R.L., S.-M.L., C.-F.L.), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University (N.H., X.-W.L., Y.-P.M.), The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University (S.-A.C., X.-H.C.); Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangdong Provincial Center of Biomedical Engineering for Cardiovascular Disease (C.-W.O., M.-S.C.), and The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University (Z.-Y.X.), Guangzhou, China
| | - Xia-Wen Liu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Institute of Cardiovascular Disease (G.-J.Z., A.-Q.L., C.-F.C., Y.H., L.-R.L., S.-M.L., C.-F.L.), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University (N.H., X.-W.L., Y.-P.M.), The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University (S.-A.C., X.-H.C.); Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangdong Provincial Center of Biomedical Engineering for Cardiovascular Disease (C.-W.O., M.-S.C.), and The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University (Z.-Y.X.), Guangzhou, China
| | - Ai-Qun Li
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Institute of Cardiovascular Disease (G.-J.Z., A.-Q.L., C.-F.C., Y.H., L.-R.L., S.-M.L., C.-F.L.), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University (N.H., X.-W.L., Y.-P.M.), The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University (S.-A.C., X.-H.C.); Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangdong Provincial Center of Biomedical Engineering for Cardiovascular Disease (C.-W.O., M.-S.C.), and The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University (Z.-Y.X.), Guangzhou, China
| | - Chuan-Fang Cheng
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Institute of Cardiovascular Disease (G.-J.Z., A.-Q.L., C.-F.C., Y.H., L.-R.L., S.-M.L., C.-F.L.), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University (N.H., X.-W.L., Y.-P.M.), The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University (S.-A.C., X.-H.C.); Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangdong Provincial Center of Biomedical Engineering for Cardiovascular Disease (C.-W.O., M.-S.C.), and The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University (Z.-Y.X.), Guangzhou, China
| | - Yin Huang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Institute of Cardiovascular Disease (G.-J.Z., A.-Q.L., C.-F.C., Y.H., L.-R.L., S.-M.L., C.-F.L.), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University (N.H., X.-W.L., Y.-P.M.), The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University (S.-A.C., X.-H.C.); Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangdong Provincial Center of Biomedical Engineering for Cardiovascular Disease (C.-W.O., M.-S.C.), and The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University (Z.-Y.X.), Guangzhou, China
| | - Li-Rong Li
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Institute of Cardiovascular Disease (G.-J.Z., A.-Q.L., C.-F.C., Y.H., L.-R.L., S.-M.L., C.-F.L.), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University (N.H., X.-W.L., Y.-P.M.), The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University (S.-A.C., X.-H.C.); Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangdong Provincial Center of Biomedical Engineering for Cardiovascular Disease (C.-W.O., M.-S.C.), and The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University (Z.-Y.X.), Guangzhou, China
| | - Yun-Pei Mai
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Institute of Cardiovascular Disease (G.-J.Z., A.-Q.L., C.-F.C., Y.H., L.-R.L., S.-M.L., C.-F.L.), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University (N.H., X.-W.L., Y.-P.M.), The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University (S.-A.C., X.-H.C.); Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangdong Provincial Center of Biomedical Engineering for Cardiovascular Disease (C.-W.O., M.-S.C.), and The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University (Z.-Y.X.), Guangzhou, China
| | - Shi-Ming Liu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Institute of Cardiovascular Disease (G.-J.Z., A.-Q.L., C.-F.C., Y.H., L.-R.L., S.-M.L., C.-F.L.), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University (N.H., X.-W.L., Y.-P.M.), The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University (S.-A.C., X.-H.C.); Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangdong Provincial Center of Biomedical Engineering for Cardiovascular Disease (C.-W.O., M.-S.C.), and The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University (Z.-Y.X.), Guangzhou, China
| | - Cai-Wen Ou
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Institute of Cardiovascular Disease (G.-J.Z., A.-Q.L., C.-F.C., Y.H., L.-R.L., S.-M.L., C.-F.L.), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University (N.H., X.-W.L., Y.-P.M.), The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University (S.-A.C., X.-H.C.); Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangdong Provincial Center of Biomedical Engineering for Cardiovascular Disease (C.-W.O., M.-S.C.), and The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University (Z.-Y.X.), Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhen-Yu Xiong
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Institute of Cardiovascular Disease (G.-J.Z., A.-Q.L., C.-F.C., Y.H., L.-R.L., S.-M.L., C.-F.L.), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University (N.H., X.-W.L., Y.-P.M.), The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University (S.-A.C., X.-H.C.); Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangdong Provincial Center of Biomedical Engineering for Cardiovascular Disease (C.-W.O., M.-S.C.), and The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University (Z.-Y.X.), Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Hui Chen
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Institute of Cardiovascular Disease (G.-J.Z., A.-Q.L., C.-F.C., Y.H., L.-R.L., S.-M.L., C.-F.L.), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University (N.H., X.-W.L., Y.-P.M.), The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University (S.-A.C., X.-H.C.); Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangdong Provincial Center of Biomedical Engineering for Cardiovascular Disease (C.-W.O., M.-S.C.), and The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University (Z.-Y.X.), Guangzhou, China
| | - Min-Sheng Chen
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Institute of Cardiovascular Disease (G.-J.Z., A.-Q.L., C.-F.C., Y.H., L.-R.L., S.-M.L., C.-F.L.), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University (N.H., X.-W.L., Y.-P.M.), The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University (S.-A.C., X.-H.C.); Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangdong Provincial Center of Biomedical Engineering for Cardiovascular Disease (C.-W.O., M.-S.C.), and The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University (Z.-Y.X.), Guangzhou, China
| | - Cheng-Feng Luo
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Institute of Cardiovascular Disease (G.-J.Z., A.-Q.L., C.-F.C., Y.H., L.-R.L., S.-M.L., C.-F.L.), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University (N.H., X.-W.L., Y.-P.M.), The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University (S.-A.C., X.-H.C.); Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangdong Provincial Center of Biomedical Engineering for Cardiovascular Disease (C.-W.O., M.-S.C.), and The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University (Z.-Y.X.), Guangzhou, China
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He HZ, Xue F, Jia PF, He GJ, Huang ZX, Liu SM, Xue B. Linear low-density polyethylene/poly(ethylene terephthalate) blends compatibilization prepared by an eccentric rotor extruder: A morphology, mechanical, thermal, and rheological study. J Appl Polym Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/app.46489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- He-Zhi He
- The Key Laboratory of Polymer Processing Engineering of the Ministry of Education, National Engineering Research Center of Novel Equipment for Polymer Processing; South China University of Technology; Guangzhou 510640 China
| | - Feng Xue
- The Key Laboratory of Polymer Processing Engineering of the Ministry of Education, National Engineering Research Center of Novel Equipment for Polymer Processing; South China University of Technology; Guangzhou 510640 China
| | - Peng-Fei Jia
- The Key Laboratory of Polymer Processing Engineering of the Ministry of Education, National Engineering Research Center of Novel Equipment for Polymer Processing; South China University of Technology; Guangzhou 510640 China
| | - Guang-Jian He
- The Key Laboratory of Polymer Processing Engineering of the Ministry of Education, National Engineering Research Center of Novel Equipment for Polymer Processing; South China University of Technology; Guangzhou 510640 China
| | - Zhao-Xia Huang
- The Key Laboratory of Polymer Processing Engineering of the Ministry of Education, National Engineering Research Center of Novel Equipment for Polymer Processing; South China University of Technology; Guangzhou 510640 China
| | - Shi-Ming Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Polymer Processing Engineering of the Ministry of Education, National Engineering Research Center of Novel Equipment for Polymer Processing; South China University of Technology; Guangzhou 510640 China
| | - Bin Xue
- The Key Laboratory of Polymer Processing Engineering of the Ministry of Education, National Engineering Research Center of Novel Equipment for Polymer Processing; South China University of Technology; Guangzhou 510640 China
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Zhan LP, Peng DL, Wang XL, Kong LA, Peng H, Liu SM, Liu Y, Huang WK. Priming effect of root-applied silicon on the enhancement of induced resistance to the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne graminicola in rice. BMC Plant Biol 2018; 18:50. [PMID: 29580214 PMCID: PMC5870084 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-018-1266-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Silicon (Si) can confer plant resistance to both abiotic and biotic stress. In the present study, the priming effect of Si on rice (Oryza sativa cv Nipponbare) against the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne graminicola and its histochemical and molecular impact on plant defense mechanisms were evaluated. RESULTS Si amendment significantly reduced nematodes in rice roots and delayed their development, while no obvious negative effect on giant cells was observed. Increased resistance in rice was correlated with higher transcript levels of defense-related genes (OsERF1, OsEIN2 and OsACS1) in the ethylene (ET) pathway. Si amendment significantly reduced nematode numbers in rice plants with enhanced ET signaling but had no effect in plants deficient in ET signaling, indicating that the priming effects of Si were dependent on the ET pathway. A higher deposition of callose and accumulation of phenolic compounds were observed in rice roots after nematode attack in Si-amended plants than in the controls. CONCLUSION These findings indicate that the priming effect may partially depend on the production of phenolic compounds and hydrogen peroxide. Further research is required to model the ethylene signal transduction pathway that occurs in the Si-plant-nematode interaction system and gain a better understanding of Si-induced defense in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Ping Zhan
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 100193 Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - De-Liang Peng
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 100193 Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xu-Li Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 100193 Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ling-An Kong
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 100193 Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huan Peng
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 100193 Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shi-Ming Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 100193 Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ying Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 100193 Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wen-Kun Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 100193 Beijing, People’s Republic of China
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Guo YB, He YX, Cui CY, Ouzhu L, Baima K, Duoji Z, Deji Q, Bian B, Peng Y, Bai CJ, Gongga L, Pan YY, Qu L, Kang M, Ciren Y, Baima Y, Guo W, Yang L, Zhang H, Zhang XM, Zheng WS, Xu SH, Chen H, Zhao SG, Cai Y, Liu SM, Wu TY, Qi XB, Su B. GCH1 plays a role in the high-altitude adaptation of Tibetans. Zool Res 2018; 38:155-162. [PMID: 28585439 PMCID: PMC5460084 DOI: 10.24272/j.issn.2095-8137.2017.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Tibetans are well adapted to high-altitude hypoxia. Previous genome-wide scans have reported many candidate genes for this adaptation, but only a few have been studied. Here we report on a hypoxia gene ( GCH1, GTP-cyclohydrolase I), involved in maintaining nitric oxide synthetase (NOS) function and normal blood pressure, that harbors many potentially adaptive variants in Tibetans. We resequenced an 80.8 kb fragment covering the entire gene region of GCH1 in 50 unrelated Tibetans. Combined with previously published data, we demonstrated many GCH1 variants showing deep divergence between highlander Tibetans and lowlander Han Chinese. Neutrality tests confirmed a signal of positive Darwinian selection on GCH1 in Tibetans. Moreover, association analysis indicated that the Tibetan version of GCH1 was significantly associated with multiple physiological traits in Tibetans, including blood nitric oxide concentration, blood oxygen saturation, and hemoglobin concentration. Taken together, we propose that GCH1 plays a role in the genetic adaptation of Tibetans to high altitude hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Bo Guo
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou Gansu 730070, China; State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Yunnan 650223, China
| | - Yao-Xi He
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Yunnan 650223, China; High Altitude Medical Research Center, School of Medicine, Tibetan University, Lhasa Tibet 850000, China
| | - Chao-Ying Cui
- High Altitude Medical Research Center, School of Medicine, Tibetan University, Lhasa Tibet 850000, China
| | - Luobu Ouzhu
- High Altitude Medical Research Center, School of Medicine, Tibetan University, Lhasa Tibet 850000, China
| | - Kangzhuo Baima
- High Altitude Medical Research Center, School of Medicine, Tibetan University, Lhasa Tibet 850000, China
| | - Zhuoma Duoji
- High Altitude Medical Research Center, School of Medicine, Tibetan University, Lhasa Tibet 850000, China
| | - Quzong Deji
- High Altitude Medical Research Center, School of Medicine, Tibetan University, Lhasa Tibet 850000, China
| | - Ba Bian
- High Altitude Medical Research Center, School of Medicine, Tibetan University, Lhasa Tibet 850000, China
| | - Yi Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Yunnan 650223, China
| | - Cai-Juan Bai
- High Altitude Medical Research Center, School of Medicine, Tibetan University, Lhasa Tibet 850000, China
| | - Lanzi Gongga
- High Altitude Medical Research Center, School of Medicine, Tibetan University, Lhasa Tibet 850000, China
| | - Yong-Yue Pan
- High Altitude Medical Research Center, School of Medicine, Tibetan University, Lhasa Tibet 850000, China
| | | | - Min Kang
- High Altitude Medical Research Center, School of Medicine, Tibetan University, Lhasa Tibet 850000, China
| | - Yangji Ciren
- High Altitude Medical Research Center, School of Medicine, Tibetan University, Lhasa Tibet 850000, China
| | - Yangji Baima
- High Altitude Medical Research Center, School of Medicine, Tibetan University, Lhasa Tibet 850000, China
| | - Wei Guo
- High Altitude Medical Research Center, School of Medicine, Tibetan University, Lhasa Tibet 850000, China
| | - la Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Yunnan 650223, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Yunnan 650223, China
| | - Xiao-Ming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Yunnan 650223, China
| | - Wang-Shan Zheng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou Gansu 730070, China; State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Yunnan 650223, China
| | - Shu-Hua Xu
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, Max Planck Independent Research Group on Population Genomics, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology(PICB), Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; School of Life Science and Technology, Shanghai Tech University, Shanghai 200031, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Hua Chen
- Center for Computational Genomics, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Sheng-Guo Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou Gansu 730070, China
| | - Yuan Cai
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou Gansu 730070, China
| | - Shi-Ming Liu
- National Key Laboratory of High Altitude Medicine, High Altitude Medical Research Institute, Xining Qinghai 810012, China
| | - Tian-Yi Wu
- National Key Laboratory of High Altitude Medicine, High Altitude Medical Research Institute, Xining Qinghai 810012, China
| | - Xue-Bin Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Yunnan 650223, China.
| | - Bing Su
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Yunnan 650223, China.
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Li J, Li SH, Wu J, Weisel RD, Yao A, Stanford WL, Liu SM, Li RK. Young Bone Marrow Sca-1 Cells Rejuvenate the Aged Heart by Promoting Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition. Am J Cancer Res 2018; 8:1766-1781. [PMID: 29556355 PMCID: PMC5858499 DOI: 10.7150/thno.22788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: To improve the regenerative capacity of aged individuals, we reconstituted bone marrow (BM) of aged mice with young Sca-1 cells, which repopulated cardiac progenitors and prevented cardiac dysfunction after a myocardial infarction (MI). However, the mechanisms involved were incompletely elucidated. This study aimed to investigate whether young, highly regenerative BM Sca-1 cells exert their cardio-protective effects on the aged heart through reactivation of the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) process. Methods:In vitro, BM Sca-1 cells were co-cultured with epicardial-derived cells (EPDCs) under hypoxia condition; mRNA and protein levels of EMT genes were measured along with cellular proliferation and migration. In vivo, BM Sca-1+ or Sca-1- cells from young mice (2-3 months) were transplanted into lethally-irradiated old mice (20-22 months) to generate chimeras. In addition, Sca-1 knockout (KO) mice were reconstituted with wild type (WT) BM Sca-1+ cells. The effects of BM Sca-1 cell on EMT reactivation and improvement of cardiac function after MI were evaluated. Results:In vitro, BM Sca-1+ cells increased EPDC proliferation, migration, and EMT relative to Sca-1- cells and these effects were inhibited by a TGF-β blocker. In vivo, more young BM Sca-1+ than Sca-1- cells homed to the epicardium and induced greater host EPDC proliferation, migration, and EMT after MI. Furthermore, reconstitution of Sca-1 KO mice with WT Sca-1+ cells was associated with the reactivation of EMT and improved cardiac function after MI. Conclusions: Young BM Sca-1+ cells improved cardiac regeneration through promoting EPDC proliferation, migration and reactivation of EMT via the TGF-β signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Li
- Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China,Toronto General Research Institute, Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada,Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto; Toronto, Canada
| | - Shu-Hong Li
- Toronto General Research Institute, Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Jun Wu
- Toronto General Research Institute, Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Richard D. Weisel
- Toronto General Research Institute, Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada,Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto; Toronto, Canada
| | - Alina Yao
- Toronto General Research Institute, Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - William L. Stanford
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa
| | - Shi-Ming Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China,✉ Corresponding author: Shi-Ming Liu, MD, Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510260, China. Tel: 86-020-34153522; Fax: 86-20-3415-3709; and Ren-Ke Li, MD, PhD, Toronto Medical Discovery Tower, Room 3-702, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1L7. Tel: 1-416-581-7492; Fax: 1-416-581-7493;
| | - Ren-Ke Li
- Toronto General Research Institute, Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada,Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto; Toronto, Canada,✉ Corresponding author: Shi-Ming Liu, MD, Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510260, China. Tel: 86-020-34153522; Fax: 86-20-3415-3709; and Ren-Ke Li, MD, PhD, Toronto Medical Discovery Tower, Room 3-702, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1L7. Tel: 1-416-581-7492; Fax: 1-416-581-7493;
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Yao FF, Zheng PY, Huang H, Bai LM, Ding YR, Mei L, Liu SM. [Effects of Lactobacillus paracasei N1115 combined with fructooligosaccharides on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease induced by high-fat diet in mice]. Zhonghua Gan Zang Bing Za Zhi 2017; 25:927-933. [PMID: 29325294 DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1007-3418.2017.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Objective: To investigate the effects of Lactobacillus paracasei N1115 combined with fructooligosaccharides (FOS) on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in mice and its possible mechanism. Methods: A total of 50 male C57 mice were randomly and equally divided into five experimental groups. Group 1 received a normal diet (ND). Other four groups received a high-fat diet (HFD) to establish NAFLD models. In addition to HFD, group 3 received Lactobacillus paracasei N1115 (2.2×10(9) CFU/mL), group 4 received FOS (4 g/kg per day), and group 5 received Lactobacillus paracasei N1115 (2.2×10(9) CFU/mL) and FOS (4 g/kg per day). All groups received continuous intervention for 16 weeks. The following indices were measured for all groups after intervention: general condition, the levels of fasting blood glucose, insulin, and lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and the levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and interferon (IFN)-γ in the serum and liver. The mRNA levels of Toll-like receptor (TLR)4, nuclear factor (NF)-κb, insulin receptor (InsR), and insulin receptor substrate (IRS)-1 were measured by real-time RT-PCR. The data were subjected to one-way analysis of variance and comparison between groups was made by Bonferroni method. Results: Compared with group 2, groups 3, 4, and 5 had significantly lower body weight, Lee's index, liver index, and the levels of blood glucose and insulin resistance (P < 0.05). The serum level of LPS in group 2 was significantly higher than that in the other experimental groups (group 1: 8.80 ± 0.85 U/L, group 3: 12.31 ± 1.01 U/L, group 4: 12.27 ± 0.98 U/L, and group 5: 10.17 ± 0.79 U/L vs group 2: 15.45 ± 1.14 U/L, F = 55.117, P < 0.001). The levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and IFN-γ in the serum and liver in group 2 were also significantly higher than those in the other groups (P < 0.05). Group 2 had significantly higher mRNA levels of TLR4 and NF-κb in the liver than the other groups (F = 82.933, P < 0.001; F = 149.033, P < 0.001); however, it had significantly lower mRNA levels of InsR and IRS-1 in the liver than the other groups (F = 33.347, P < 0.001; F = 70.225, P < 0.001). Conclusion: Lactobacillus paracasei N1115 combined with FOS can reduce the level of LPS in the blood circulation, inhibit activation of the LPS/TLR4 signaling pathway, and reduce the release of inflammatory factor and the body's insulin resistance, so it can relieve NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- F F Yao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Institute of Clinical Nutrition and Medical Microecology, the Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
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Li ZJ, Ren H, Liu SM, Cai CJ, Han JT, Li F, Yao JH. Dynamics of methanogenesis, ruminal fermentation, and alfalfa degradation during adaptation to monensin supplementation in goats. J Dairy Sci 2017; 101:1048-1059. [PMID: 29248222 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-13254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to examine the temporal (hourly within a day and daily over the long term) effects of monensin on CH4 emissions, ruminal fermentation, and in situ alfalfa degradation in dairy goats during dietary monensin supplementation by controlling the confounding effects of feed intake and ambient temperature. Six ruminally cannulated dairy goats were used, and they were housed in environmental chambers and fed a restricted amount of ration throughout the experiment. The experiment included a baseline period of 20 d followed by a treatment period of 55 d with 32 mg of monensin/d. During the whole experiment, CH4 production was measured every 5 d, whereas fermentation characteristics and in situ alfalfa degradation were analyzed every 10 d. The CH4-depressing effect of monensin was time dependent on the duration of treatment, highly effective at d 5 but thereafter decreased gradually until d 55 even though CH4-suppressing effect still remained significant. The decreasing effects of monensin on ruminal acetate proportion and acetate to propionate ratio also faded over days of treatment, and the acetate proportion returned up to the pre-supplementation level on d 50. Monensin supplementation elevated ruminal propionate proportion and decreased the effective ruminal degradability of alfalfa NDF, but both measurements tended to recover over time. The postprandial increase rate of hourly CH4 emissions was reduced, whereas that of propionate proportion was enhanced by monensin supplementation. However, the postprandial responses to monensin in CH4 emission rates, ruminal VFA profiles, and in situ degradation kinetics declined with both hours after feeding and days of treatment. Our results suggest that the CH4-suppressing effect of monensin supplementation in goats was attributed to reductions in both ruminal feed degradation and acetate to propionate ratio, but those reductions faded with time, hours after feeding, and days of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z J Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - H Ren
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - S M Liu
- UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - C J Cai
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - J T Han
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - F Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; College of Pastoral Agricultural Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, China
| | - J H Yao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
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Liu B, Fu XQ, Li T, Su T, Guo H, Zhu PL, Tse AKW, Liu SM, Yu ZL. Computational and experimental prediction of molecules involved in the anti-melanoma action of berberine. J Ethnopharmacol 2017; 208:225-235. [PMID: 28729227 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2017.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Revised: 05/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/15/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGIC RELEVANCE Berberine (BBR) is a naturally occurring alkaloid compound that can be found in Chinese medicinal herbs such as Rhizoma Coptidis and Phellodendri Cortex. These BBR containing herbs are commonly used by Chinese medicine doctors to treat cancers including melanoma. In this study, we explored proteins potentially involved in the anti-melanoma effects of BBR using computational and experimental approaches. MATERIALS AND METHODS Target proteins of BBR were predicted using the reverse pharmacophore screening, molecular docking and molecular dynamics. Anti-melanoma activities of BBR in melanoma cells were examined by MTT and EdU proliferation assays. Effects of BBR on activities of target proteins in melanoma cells were examined by Western blotting or fluorescence assay. RESULTS Ten proteins implicated in cancer and with high fit-score in the reverse pharmacophore screening were selected as potential targets of BBR. Molecular docking and molecular dynamics revealed that BBR could stably bind to four of the ten proteins, namely 3-phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase 1 (PDK1), glucocorticoid receptor (GR), p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38) and dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH). Cellular experiments showed that BBR inhibited cell proliferation, increased the phosphorylation of GR and p38, and inhibited the activity of DHODH in A375 human melanoma cells. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that p38, GR and DHODH are potentially involved in the anti-melanoma action of BBR. This study provided a chemical and pharmacological justification for the clinical use of BBR-containing herbs in melanoma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Liu
- Center for Cancer and Inflammation Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China; Consun Chinese Medicines Research Centre for Renal Diseases, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China; HKBU Shenzhen Research Institute and Continuing Education, Shenzhen, China; Guangzhou Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiu-Qiong Fu
- Center for Cancer and Inflammation Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China; Consun Chinese Medicines Research Centre for Renal Diseases, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China; HKBU Shenzhen Research Institute and Continuing Education, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ting Li
- Center for Cancer and Inflammation Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China; Consun Chinese Medicines Research Centre for Renal Diseases, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China; HKBU Shenzhen Research Institute and Continuing Education, Shenzhen, China
| | - Tao Su
- Center for Cancer and Inflammation Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China; Consun Chinese Medicines Research Centre for Renal Diseases, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China; HKBU Shenzhen Research Institute and Continuing Education, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hui Guo
- Center for Cancer and Inflammation Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China; Consun Chinese Medicines Research Centre for Renal Diseases, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China; HKBU Shenzhen Research Institute and Continuing Education, Shenzhen, China
| | - Pei-Li Zhu
- Center for Cancer and Inflammation Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China; Consun Chinese Medicines Research Centre for Renal Diseases, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China; HKBU Shenzhen Research Institute and Continuing Education, Shenzhen, China
| | - Anfernee Kai-Wing Tse
- Center for Cancer and Inflammation Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China; Consun Chinese Medicines Research Centre for Renal Diseases, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China; HKBU Shenzhen Research Institute and Continuing Education, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shi-Ming Liu
- Guangzhou Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Zhi-Ling Yu
- Center for Cancer and Inflammation Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China; Consun Chinese Medicines Research Centre for Renal Diseases, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China; HKBU Shenzhen Research Institute and Continuing Education, Shenzhen, China.
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Zheng WS, He YX, Cui CY, Ouzhu L, Deji Q, Peng Y, Bai CJ, Duoji Z, Gongga L, Bian B, Baima K, Pan YY, Qu L, Kang M, Ciren Y, Baima Y, Guo W, Yang L, Zhang H, Zhang XM, Guo YB, Xu SH, Chen H, Zhao SG, Cai Y, Liu SM, Wu TY, Qi XB, Su B. EP300 contributes to high-altitude adaptation in Tibetans by regulating nitric oxide production. Zool Res 2017; 38:163-170. [PMID: 28585440 PMCID: PMC5460085 DOI: 10.24272/j.issn.2095-8137.2017.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The genetic adaptation of Tibetans to high altitude hypoxia likely involves a group of genes in the hypoxic pathway, as suggested by earlier studies. To test the adaptive role of the previously reported candidate gene EP300 (histone acetyltransferase p300), we conducted resequencing of a 108.9 kb gene region of EP300 in 80 unrelated Tibetans. The allele-frequency and haplotype-based neutrality tests detected signals of positive Darwinian selection on EP300 in Tibetans, with a group of variants showing allelic divergence between Tibetans and lowland reference populations, including Han Chinese, Europeans, and Africans. Functional prediction suggested the involvement of multiple EP300 variants in gene expression regulation. More importantly, genetic association tests in 226 Tibetans indicated significant correlation of the adaptive EP300 variants with blood nitric oxide (NO) concentration. Collectively, we propose that EP300 harbors adaptive variants in Tibetans, which might contribute to high-altitude adaptation through regulating NO production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang-Shan Zheng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou Gansu 730070, China; State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Yunnan 650223, China
| | - Yao-Xi He
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Yunnan 650223, China; Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Yunnan 650204, China
| | - Chao-Ying Cui
- High Altitude Medical Research Center, School of Medicine, Tibetan University, Lhasa Tibet 850000, China
| | - Luobu Ouzhu
- High Altitude Medical Research Center, School of Medicine, Tibetan University, Lhasa Tibet 850000, China
| | - Quzong Deji
- High Altitude Medical Research Center, School of Medicine, Tibetan University, Lhasa Tibet 850000, China
| | - Yi Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Yunnan 650223, China
| | - Cai-Juan Bai
- High Altitude Medical Research Center, School of Medicine, Tibetan University, Lhasa Tibet 850000, China
| | - Zhuoma Duoji
- High Altitude Medical Research Center, School of Medicine, Tibetan University, Lhasa Tibet 850000, China
| | - Lanzi Gongga
- High Altitude Medical Research Center, School of Medicine, Tibetan University, Lhasa Tibet 850000, China
| | - Ba Bian
- High Altitude Medical Research Center, School of Medicine, Tibetan University, Lhasa Tibet 850000, China
| | - Kangzhuo Baima
- High Altitude Medical Research Center, School of Medicine, Tibetan University, Lhasa Tibet 850000, China
| | - Yong-Yue Pan
- High Altitude Medical Research Center, School of Medicine, Tibetan University, Lhasa Tibet 850000, China
| | - la Qu
- High Altitude Medical Research Center, School of Medicine, Tibetan University, Lhasa Tibet 850000, China
| | - Min Kang
- High Altitude Medical Research Center, School of Medicine, Tibetan University, Lhasa Tibet 850000, China
| | - Yangji Ciren
- High Altitude Medical Research Center, School of Medicine, Tibetan University, Lhasa Tibet 850000, China
| | - Yangji Baima
- High Altitude Medical Research Center, School of Medicine, Tibetan University, Lhasa Tibet 850000, China
| | - Wei Guo
- High Altitude Medical Research Center, School of Medicine, Tibetan University, Lhasa Tibet 850000, China
| | - la Yang
- High Altitude Medical Research Center, School of Medicine, Tibetan University, Lhasa Tibet 850000, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Yunnan 650223, China
| | - Xiao-Ming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Yunnan 650223, China
| | - Yong-Bo Guo
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou Gansu 730070, China; State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Yunnan 650223, China
| | - Shu-Hua Xu
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, Max Planck Independent Research Group on Population Genomics, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; School of Life Science and Technology, Shanghai Tech University, Shanghai 200031, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Hua Chen
- Center for Computational Genomics, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Sheng-Guo Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou Gansu 730070, China
| | - Yuan Cai
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou Gansu 730070, China
| | - Shi-Ming Liu
- National Key Laboratory of High Altitude Medicine, High Altitude Medical Research Institute, Xining Qinghai 810012, China
| | - Tian-Yi Wu
- National Key Laboratory of High Altitude Medicine, High Altitude Medical Research Institute, Xining Qinghai 810012, China
| | - Xue-Bin Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Yunnan 650223, China.
| | - Bing Su
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Yunnan 650223, China.
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Wan Q, Liu ZY, Yang YP, Liu SM. Effect of curcumin on inhibiting atherogenesis by down-regulating lipocalin-2 expression in apolipoprotein E knockout mice. Biomed Mater Eng 2017; 27:577-587. [PMID: 28234242 DOI: 10.3233/bme-161610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Curcumin possesses significant anti-atherosclerosis properties. Lipocalin-2 (LCN2) is already known as one of the most promising biomarkers of atherosclerosis. However, research on the effect of curcumin on regulating LCN2 expression in atherogenesis is very limited. The aim of the study was to investigate whether curcumin could alleviate atherosclerosis in ApoE-/- mice by down-regulating LCN2 expression. METHODS Fifty apolipoprotein E knockout (ApoE-/-) mice were fed with a western diet for 12 weeks and randomly divided into five groups: model group (Mod), positive control group (Lov, with 30 mg/kg/d lovastatin), three curcumin groups (CurL, CurM and CurH, with 40, 60 and 80 mg/kg/d curcumin), while 10 C57BL/6J mice were fed with a standard mouse chow diet as a control group (Con). LCN2 in serum and aorta, biomarkers of serum lipid and inflammation were determined and the plaque area of the atherosclerosis lesions was quantified. RESULTS CurM and CurH group were significantly lower than Mod group in terms of serum LCN2, lipid and inflammatory cytokine levels, plaque area and LCN2 expression in atherosclerotic lesions, similar to lovastatin treatment. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that dietary curcumin ameliorates western diet-induced atherosclerosis in ApoE-/- mice, which is related to LCN2 down-regulation, anti-hyperlipidemia effect as well as the inhibition of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Wan
- Department of Medical Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China.,Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhong-Yong Liu
- Department of Medical Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Yu-Ping Yang
- Department of Medical Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Shi-Ming Liu
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Zhou EC, Tang P, Zhu CY, Liu SM. [Finite element analysis on the effect of lateral wedge insole intervention on the contact characteristics of the subtalar joint]. Zhongguo Gu Shang 2017; 30:38-41. [PMID: 29327547 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1003-0034.2017.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To establish a three-dimensional finite element model of the lower limb bones, and investigate the changes of the contact characteristics of the subtalar joint after using laterally wedge insole intervention. METHODS Using the reverse modeling technology, the lower limb bones of normal adult volunteers was scanned by CT. Mimics 10.0 and Geomagic Studio 6.0 software were used to reconstruct the 3D morphology of bones and external soft tissue of the feet. The laterally wedge insole was designed in ProE 5.0. And then all the models were imported into Hyperwork 10.0 and meshed, and given the material properties. The finite element analysis was carried out in ABAQUS 6.9. RESULTS A three-dimensional finite element model of the lower extremity was established, which was consisted of 95 365 nodes and 246 238 elements. The contact area of the standing state of the lower joint was larger than that of the anterior middle joint surface. The peak stress was concentrated in the anterior lateral part of the posterior articular surface, and the average stress value was(3.85±1.03) MPa. Compared with the model of 0°, the contact area of the subtalar joint was reduced accordingly. There was a significant correlation between anterior middle joint |r|=0.964, P=0.008, and posterior articular |r|=0.978, P=0.002. The equivalent stress of 0° model distributed from(3.07±1.14) MPa to(3.85± 1.03) MPa, which had no statistically difference. Compared with the 0° model, the equivalent stress of the anterior and middle joint surfaces of the 8° model was significantly reduced(P<0.05), but the peak stress of the posterior articular surface was significantly increased(P<0.05). In the 12° model, the peak stress was sharply increased to(10.51±3.53) MPa. Compared with 8° model, there was no statistically difference(P<0.05). Although the peak stress was slightly increased in 16° model, but compared with 12° model, there was no statistically differences(P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS Although a certain valgus can be obtained in subtalar by wearing LWI, the result comes at the cost of the stress concentration on posterior surface. Through this study, we can find that LWI with 8° tilt angle could provide appropriate valgus moment without causing excessive concentration. Therefore, in order to avoid secondary ankle complications, we should not increase the tilt angle blindly.
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Affiliation(s)
- En-Chang Zhou
- The Second Hospital of Liaocheng, Linqing 252601, Shandong, China;
| | - Ping Tang
- The Second Hospital of Liaocheng, Linqing 252601, Shandong, China
| | - Chuan-Ying Zhu
- The Second Hospital of Liaocheng, Linqing 252601, Shandong, China
| | - Shi-Ming Liu
- The Second Hospital of Liaocheng, Linqing 252601, Shandong, China
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Huang WK, Wu QS, Peng H, Kong LA, Liu SM, Yin HQ, Cui RQ, Zhan LP, Cui JK, Peng DL. Mutations in Acetylcholinesterase2 (ace2) increase the insensitivity of acetylcholinesterase to fosthiazate in the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita. Sci Rep 2016; 6:38102. [PMID: 27897265 PMCID: PMC5126670 DOI: 10.1038/srep38102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita causes severe damage to continuously cropping vegetables. The control of this nematode relies heavily on organophosphate nematicides in China. Here, we described resistance to the organophosphate nematicide fosthiazate in a greenhouse-collected resistant population (RP) and a laboratory susceptible population (SP) of M. incognita. Fosthiazate was 2.74-fold less toxic to nematodes from RP than that from SP. Quantitative real-time PCR revealed that the acetylcholinesterase2 (ace2) transcription level in the RP was significantly higher than that in the SP. Eighteen nonsynonymous amino acid differences in ace2 were observed between the cDNA fragments of the RP and SP. The acetylcholinesterase (AChE) protein activity in the RP was significantly reduced compared with that in the SP. After knocking down the ace2 gene, the ace2 transcription level was significantly decreased, but no negative impact on the infection of juveniles was observed. The 50% lethal concentration of the RNAi RP population decreased 40%, but the inhibition rate of fosthiazate against AChE activity was significantly increased in RP population. Thus, the increased fosthiazate insensitivity in the M. incognita resistant population was strongly associated with mutations in ace2. These results provide valuable insights into the resistance mechanism of root-knot nematode to organophosphate nematicides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Kun Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Qin-Song Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Huan Peng
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Ling-An Kong
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Shi-Ming Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Hua-Qun Yin
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China.,Key Laboratory of Biometallurgy of Ministry of Education, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Ru-Qiang Cui
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China
| | - Li-Ping Zhan
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jiang-Kuan Cui
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - De-Liang Peng
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
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Liang B, Jiang L, Liu SM, Xi XM. [The epidemiology of bloodstream infections in Fuxing Hospital in 2012 in Beijing]. Zhonghua Nei Ke Za Zhi 2016; 55:609-12. [PMID: 27480554 DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0578-1426.2016.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the etiology, clinical features and outcome of hospitalized patients with bloodstream infections (BSIs) in a tertiary hospital. METHODS Positive blood cultures were obtained from the microbiological laboratory in Fuxing Hospital, Capital Medical University from January 1, 2012 to December 31, 2012. BSIS events were identified and the epidemiology data were collected. RESULTS A total of 149 patients and 154 BSIs events were confirmed by pathogenic and clinical evidence. The in-patients' BSIs rate was 0.8% in our hospital in 2012. According to the disease entities of the first BSIs onset, 15 patients (10.1%) were from surgical departments, 83 patients (55.7%) from the medical departments, and 51 patients (34.2%) from ICU. Thirty-three patients (22.1%) were diagnosed as septic shock. Sixty-eight patients died during hospital stay. The in-hospital mortality rate was 45.6%. Among the 154 BSIs events, 125 (81.2%) were nosocomial and 29 (18.8%) were community-acquired. A total of 188 strains were isolated from all BSIs, including 106 strains of (56.4%) gram-negative bacilli, 67 (35.6%) strains of gram-positive bacteria, and 15 (8.0%) strains of fungi. One hundred and fifty-nine strains of bacteria (84.6%)were isolated from 125 events of hospital-acquired BSIs. Twenty-six strains of bacteria were from catheter related bloodstream infections (CRBSIs). In gram-negative BSIs, there were more enterobacteriaceae in community-acquired BSIs. More non-fermentative bacteria were found in hospital-acquired BSIs than in community-acquired ones. The distribution of gram-negative bacilli was quite different between surgical departments, non-surgical departments and ICU (P=0.049). CONCLUSIONS Pathogens of BSIs are quite different according to disease entities and where the patients are from. Local epidemiology of BSIs and distribution of related pathogens are helpful to physicians searching the optimal empirical antibiotics and improving the outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - L Jiang
- Intensive Care Unit, Fuxing Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100038, China
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Kong LA, Wu DQ, Huang WK, Peng H, Wang GF, Cui JK, Liu SM, Li ZG, Yang J, Peng DL. Large-scale identification of wheat genes resistant to cereal cyst nematode Heterodera avenae using comparative transcriptomic analysis. BMC Genomics 2015; 16:801. [PMID: 26475271 PMCID: PMC4609135 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-2037-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cereal cyst nematode Heterodera avenae, an important soil-borne pathogen in wheat, causes numerous annual yield losses worldwide, and use of resistant cultivars is the best strategy for control. However, target genes are not readily available for breeding resistant cultivars. Therefore, comparative transcriptomic analyses were performed to identify more applicable resistance genes for cultivar breeding. Methods The developing nematodes within roots were stained with acid fuchsin solution. Transcriptome assemblies and redundancy filteration were obtained by Trinity, TGI Clustering Tool and BLASTN, respectively. Gene Ontology annotation was yielded by Blast2GO program, and metabolic pathways of transcripts were analyzed by Path_finder. The ROS levels were determined by luminol-chemiluminescence assay. The transcriptional gene expression profiles were obtained by quantitative RT-PCR. Results The RNA-sequencing was performed using an incompatible wheat cultivar VP1620 and a compatible control cultivar WEN19 infected with H. avenae at 24 h, 3 d and 8 d. Infection assays showed that VP1620 failed to block penetration of H. avenae but disturbed the transition of developmental stages, leading to a significant reduction in cyst formation. Two types of expression profiles were established to predict candidate resistance genes after developing a novel strategy to generate clean RNA-seq data by removing the transcripts of H. avenae within the raw data before assembly. Using the uncoordinated expression profiles with transcript abundance as a standard, 424 candidate resistance genes were identified, including 302 overlapping genes and 122 VP1620-specific genes. Genes with similar expression patterns were further classified according to the scales of changed transcript abundances, and 182 genes were rescued as supplementary candidate resistance genes. Functional characterizations revealed that diverse defense-related pathways were responsible for wheat resistance against H. avenae. Moreover, phospholipase was involved in many defense-related pathways and localized in the connection position. Furthermore, strong bursts of reactive oxygen species (ROS) within VP1620 roots infected with H. avenae were induced at 24 h and 3 d, and eight ROS-producing genes were significantly upregulated, including three class III peroxidase and five lipoxygenase genes. Conclusions Large-scale identification of wheat resistance genes were processed by comparative transcriptomic analysis. Functional characterization showed that phospholipases associated with ROS production played vital roles in early defense responses to H. avenae via involvement in diverse defense-related pathways as a hub switch. This study is the first to investigate the early defense responses of wheat against H. avenae, not only provides applicable candidate resistance genes for breeding novel wheat cultivars, but also enables a better understanding of the defense mechanisms of wheat against H. avenae. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-015-2037-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-An Kong
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Du-Qing Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Wen-Kun Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Huan Peng
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Gao-Feng Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Jiang-Kuan Cui
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Shi-Ming Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Zhi-Gang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and MOA Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Jun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and MOA Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - De-Liang Peng
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China.
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