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Musa M, Enaholo E, Aluyi-Osa G, Atuanya GN, Spadea L, Salati C, Zeppieri M. Herpes simplex keratitis: A brief clinical overview. World J Virol 2024; 13:89934. [PMID: 38616855 PMCID: PMC11008405 DOI: 10.5501/wjv.v13.i1.89934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/11/2024] Open
Abstract
The aim of our minireview is to provide a brief overview of the diagnosis, clinical aspects, treatment options, management, and current literature available regarding herpes simplex keratitis (HSK). This type of corneal viral infection is caused by the herpes simplex virus (HSV), which can affect several tissues, including the cornea. One significant aspect of HSK is its potential to cause recurrent episodes of inflammation and damage to the cornea. After the initial infection, the HSV can establish a latent infection in the trigeminal ganglion, a nerve cluster near the eye. The virus may remain dormant for extended periods. Periodic reactivation of the virus can occur, leading to recurrent episodes of HSK. Factors triggering reactivation include stress, illness, immunosuppression, or trauma. Recurrent episodes can manifest in different clinical patterns, ranging from mild epithelial involvement to more severe stromal or endothelial disease. The severity and frequency of recurrences vary among individuals. Severe cases of HSK, especially those involving the stroma and leading to scarring, can result in vision impairment or even blindness in extreme cases. The cornea's clarity is crucial for good vision, and scarring can compromise this, potentially leading to visual impairment. The management of HSK involves not only treating acute episodes but also implementing long-term strategies to prevent recurrences and attempt repairs of corneal nerve endings via neurotization. Antiviral medications, such as oral Acyclovir or topical Ganciclovir, may be prescribed for prophylaxis. The immune response to the virus can contribute to corneal damage. Inflammation, caused by the body's attempt to control the infection, may inadvertently harm the corneal tissues. Clinicians should be informed about triggers and advised on measures to minimize the risk of reactivation. In summary, the recurrent nature of HSK underscores the importance of both acute and long-term management strategies to preserve corneal health and maintain optimal visual function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mutali Musa
- Department of Optometry, University of Benin, Benin 300283, Nigeria
- Department of Ophthalmology, Africa Eye Laser Centre, Km 7, Benin 300105, Nigeria
| | - Ehimare Enaholo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Africa Eye Laser Centre, Km 7, Benin 300105, Nigeria
- Department of Ophthalmology, Centre for Sight Africa, Nkpor 434101, Nigeria
| | - Gladness Aluyi-Osa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Africa Eye Laser Centre, Km 7, Benin 300105, Nigeria
| | | | - Leopoldo Spadea
- Eye Clinic, Policlinico Umberto I, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome 00142, Italy
| | - Carlo Salati
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital of Udine, Udine 33100, Italy
| | - Marco Zeppieri
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital of Udine, Udine 33100, Italy
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Guan H, Nuth M, Isaacs SN, Xiao Y, Scott RW, Parker MH, Strobel ED, Kulp JL, Bailey TR, Reitz AB, Ricciardi RP. A small molecule that targets the processivity factor of molluscum contagiosum virus has therapeutic potential. Antiviral Res 2023; 211:105520. [PMID: 36603771 PMCID: PMC10209390 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2022.105520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Molluscum contagiosum (MC) is an infectious disease that occurs only in humans with a tropism that is narrowly restricted to the outermost epidermal layer of the skin. Molluscum contagiosum virus (MCV) is the causative agent of MC which produces skin lesions that can persist for months to several years. MCV is efficiently transmitted by direct physical contact or by indirect contact with fomites. MC is most prevalent in children and immune compromised patients. The failure to develop a drug that targets MCV replication has been hampered for decades by the inability to propagate MCV in cell culture. To address this dilemma, we recently engineered a surrogate poxvirus expressing the MCV processivity factor (mD4) as the drug target. The mD4 protein is essential for viral replication by keeping the viral polymerase tethered to the DNA template. In this study we have designed and synthesized a lead compound (7269) that is able to prevent mD4 dependent processive DNA synthesis in vitro (IC50 = 6.8 μM) and effectively inhibit propagation of the mD4-VV surrogate virus in BSC-1 cells (EC50 = 13.2 μM) with negligible cytotoxicity. In human liver microsomes, 7269 was shown to be stable for almost 2 h. When tested for penetration into human cadaver skin in a formulated gel, the level of 7269 in the epidermal layer was nearly 100 times the concentration (EC50) needed to inhibit propagation of the mD4-VV surrogate virus in BSC-1 cells. The gel formulated 7269 was scored as a non-irritant on skin and shown to have a shelf-life that was completely stable after several months. In summary, 7269 is a potential Lead for becoming the first MCV anti-viral compound to treat MC and thereby, addresses this unmet medical need that has persisted for many decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hancheng Guan
- Department of Basic and Translational Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Manunya Nuth
- Department of Basic and Translational Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Stuart N Isaacs
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Yuhong Xiao
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | | | | | - John L Kulp
- Conifer Point Pharmaceuticals, Doylestown, PA, USA
| | | | | | - Robert P Ricciardi
- Department of Basic and Translational Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, USA; Abramson Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, USA.
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Oh MJ, Babeer A, Liu Y, Ren Z, Wu J, Issadore DA, Stebe KJ, Lee D, Steager E, Koo H. Surface Topography-Adaptive Robotic Superstructures for Biofilm Removal and Pathogen Detection on Human Teeth. ACS NANO 2022; 16:11998-12012. [PMID: 35764312 PMCID: PMC9413416 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c01950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The eradication of biofilms remains an unresolved challenge across disciplines. Furthermore, in biomedicine, the sampling of spatially heterogeneous biofilms is crucial for accurate pathogen detection and precise treatment of infection. However, current approaches are incapable of removing highly adhesive biostructures from topographically complex surfaces. To meet these needs, we demonstrate magnetic field-directed assembly of nanoparticles into surface topography-adaptive robotic superstructures (STARS) for precision-guided biofilm removal and diagnostic sampling. These structures extend or retract at multilength scales (micro-to-centimeter) to operate on opposing surfaces and rapidly adjust their shape, length, and stiffness to adapt and apply high-shear stress. STARS conform to complex surface topographies by entering angled grooves or extending into narrow crevices and "scrub" adherent biofilm with multiaxis motion while producing antibacterial reagents on-site. Furthermore, as the superstructure disrupts the biofilm, it captures bacterial, fungal, viral, and matrix components, allowing sample retrieval for multiplexed diagnostic analysis. We apply STARS using automated motion patterns to target complex three-dimensional geometries of ex vivo human teeth to retrieve biofilm samples with microscale precision, while providing "toothbrushing-like" and "flossing-like" action with antibacterial activity in real-time to achieve mechanochemical removal and multikingdom pathogen detection. This approach could lead to autonomous, multifunctional antibiofilm platforms to advance current oral care modalities and other fields contending with harmful biofilms on hard-to-reach surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Jun Oh
- Biofilm Research
Laboratories, Levy Center for Oral Health, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, School of Engineering and
Applied Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
- Department
of Orthodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Alaa Babeer
- Biofilm Research
Laboratories, Levy Center for Oral Health, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
- Department
of Endodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
- Department
of Oral Biology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Yuan Liu
- Biofilm Research
Laboratories, Levy Center for Oral Health, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
- Department
of Preventive and Restorative Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Zhi Ren
- Biofilm Research
Laboratories, Levy Center for Oral Health, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
- Department
of Orthodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
- Center
for
Innovation and Precision Dentistry, School of Engineering and Applied
Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Jingyu Wu
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, School of Engineering and
Applied Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - David A. Issadore
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, School of Engineering and
Applied Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
- Center
for
Innovation and Precision Dentistry, School of Engineering and Applied
Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Kathleen J. Stebe
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, School of Engineering and
Applied Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
- Center
for
Innovation and Precision Dentistry, School of Engineering and Applied
Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Daeyeon Lee
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, School of Engineering and
Applied Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
- Center
for
Innovation and Precision Dentistry, School of Engineering and Applied
Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Edward Steager
- Biofilm Research
Laboratories, Levy Center for Oral Health, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
- Center
for
Innovation and Precision Dentistry, School of Engineering and Applied
Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
- GRASP
Laboratory,
School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Hyun Koo
- Biofilm Research
Laboratories, Levy Center for Oral Health, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
- Department
of Orthodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
- Center
for
Innovation and Precision Dentistry, School of Engineering and Applied
Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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Freitas ED, Bataglioli RA, Oshodi J, Beppu MM. Antimicrobial peptides and their potential application in antiviral coating agents. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2022; 217:112693. [PMID: 35853393 PMCID: PMC9262651 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2022.112693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Coronavirus pandemic has evidenced the importance of creating bioactive materials to mitigate viral infections, especially in healthcare settings and public places. Advances in antiviral coatings have led to materials with impressive antiviral performance; however, their application may face health and environmental challenges. Bio-inspired antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are suitable building blocks for antimicrobial coatings due to their versatile design, scalability, and environmentally friendly features. This review presents the advances and opportunities on the AMPs to create virucidal coatings. The review first describes the fundamental characteristics of peptide structure and synthesis, highlighting the recent findings on AMPs and the role of peptide structure (α-helix, β-sheet, random, and cyclic peptides) on the virucidal mechanism. The following section presents the advances in AMPs coating on medical devices with a detailed description of the materials coated and the targeted pathogens. The use of peptides in vaccine formulations is also reported, emphasizing the molecular interaction of peptides with different viruses and the current clinical stage of each formulation. The role of several materials (metallic particles, inorganic materials, and synthetic polymers) in the design of antiviral coatings is also presented, discussing the advantages and the drawbacks of each material. The final section offers future directions and opportunities for using AMPs on antiviral coatings to prevent viral outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuelle D Freitas
- School of Chemical Engineering, Department of Materials and Bioprocess Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-852, Brazil
| | - Rogério A Bataglioli
- School of Chemical Engineering, Department of Materials and Bioprocess Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-852, Brazil
| | - Josephine Oshodi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
| | - Marisa M Beppu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Department of Materials and Bioprocess Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-852, Brazil.
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Abstract
Herpesviruses comprise a family of DNA viruses that cause a variety of human and veterinary diseases. During productive infection, mammalian, avian, and reptilian herpesviruses replicate their genomes using a set of conserved viral proteins that include a two subunit DNA polymerase. This enzyme is both a model system for family B DNA polymerases and a target for inhibition by antiviral drugs. This chapter reviews the structure, function, and mechanisms of the polymerase of herpes simplex viruses 1 and 2 (HSV), with only occasional mention of polymerases of other herpesviruses such as human cytomegalovirus (HCMV). Antiviral polymerase inhibitors have had the most success against HSV and HCMV. Detailed structural information regarding HSV DNA polymerase is available, as is much functional information regarding the activities of the catalytic subunit (Pol), which include a DNA polymerization activity that can utilize both DNA and RNA primers, a 3'-5' exonuclease activity, and other activities in DNA synthesis and repair and in pathogenesis, including some remaining to be biochemically defined. Similarly, much is known regarding the accessory subunit, which both resembles and differs from sliding clamp processivity factors such as PCNA, and the interactions of this subunit with Pol and DNA. Both subunits contribute to replication fidelity (or lack thereof). The availability of both pharmacologic and genetic tools not only enabled the initial identification of Pol and the pol gene, but has also helped dissect their functions. Nevertheless, important questions remain for this long-studied enzyme, which is still an attractive target for new drug discovery.
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Wang S, Jaggi U, Yu J, Ghiasi H. Blocking HSV-1 glycoprotein K binding to signal peptide peptidase reduces virus infectivity in vitro and in vivo. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009848. [PMID: 34352042 PMCID: PMC8370620 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
HSV glycoprotein K (gK) is an essential herpes protein that contributes to enhancement of eye disease. We previously reported that gK binds to signal peptide peptidase (SPP) and that depletion of SPP reduces HSV-1 infectivity in vivo. To determine the therapeutic potential of blocking gK binding to SPP on virus infectivity and pathogenicity, we mapped the gK binding site for SPP to a 15mer peptide within the amino-terminus of gK. This 15mer peptide reduced infectivity of three different virus strains in vitro as determined by plaque assay, FACS, and RT-PCR. Similarly, the 15mer peptide reduced ocular virus replication in both BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice and also reduced levels of latency and exhaustion markers in infected mice when compared with control treated mice. Addition of the gK-15mer peptide also increased the survival of infected mice when compared with control mice. These results suggest that blocking gK binding to SPP using gK peptide may have therapeutic potential in treating HSV-1-associated infection. Signal peptide peptidase (SPP) and HSV-1 glycoprotein K (gK) are essential genes in the host and virus, respectively. SPP and gK genes are both highly conserved. Previously we reported that gK binding to SPP is important for virus infectivity in vitro and in vivo. In this study we have identified the gK binding site to SPP and have shown that a gK peptide that blocks gK binding to SPP can block HSV-1 infectivity in vitro and in vivo using different strains of virus and mice. Thus, the ability of this peptide to block gK binding to SPP may be a useful tool to control HSV-1-induced eye disease in patients with herpes stromal keratitis (HSK).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaohui Wang
- Center for Neurobiology & Vaccine Development, Ophthalmology Research, Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Ujjaldeep Jaggi
- Center for Neurobiology & Vaccine Development, Ophthalmology Research, Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Jack Yu
- Center for Neurobiology & Vaccine Development, Ophthalmology Research, Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Homayon Ghiasi
- Center for Neurobiology & Vaccine Development, Ophthalmology Research, Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Koujah L, Allaham M, Patil CD, Ames JM, Suryawanshi RK, Yadavalli T, Agelidis A, Mun C, Surenkhuu B, Jain S, Shukla D. Entry receptor bias in evolutionarily distant HSV-1 clinical strains drives divergent ocular and nervous system pathologies. Ocul Surf 2021; 21:238-249. [PMID: 33766740 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2021.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1) infection leads to varying pathologies including the development of ocular lesions, stromal keratitis and encephalitis. While the role for host immunity in disease progression is well understood, the contribution of genetic variances in generating preferential viral entry receptor usage and resulting immunopathogenesis in humans are not known. METHODS Ocular cultures were obtained from patients presenting distinct pathologies of herpes simplex keratitis (HSK). Next-generation sequencing and subsequent analysis characterized genetic variances among the strains and estimated evolutionary divergence. Murine model of ocular infection was used to assess phenotypic contributions of strain variances on damage to the ocular surface and propagation of innate immunity. Flow cytometry of eye tissue identified differential recruitment of immune cell populations, cytokine array probed for programming of local immune response in the draining lymph node and histology was used to assess inflammation of the trigeminal ganglion (TG). Ex-vivo corneal cultures and in-vitro studies elucidated the role of genetic variances in altering host-pathogen interactions, leading to divergent host responses. RESULTS Phylogenetic analysis of the clinical isolates suggests evolutionary divergence among currently circulating HSV-1 strains. Mutations causing alterations in functional host interactions were identified, particularly in viral entry glycoproteins which generated a receptor bias to herpesvirus entry mediator, an immune modulator involved in immunopathogenic diseases like HSK, leading to exacerbated ocular surface pathologies and heightened viral burden in the TG and brainstem. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggests receptor bias resulting from genetic variances in clinical strains may dictate disease severity and treatment outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulia Koujah
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Mowafak Allaham
- Department of Mathematics, Statistics and Computer Science, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Chandrashekhar D Patil
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Joshua M Ames
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Rahul K Suryawanshi
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Tejabhiram Yadavalli
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Alex Agelidis
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Christine Mun
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Bayasgalan Surenkhuu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Sandeep Jain
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Deepak Shukla
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.
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