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Holic L. Common skin cancers and their association with other non-cutaneous primary malignancies: a review of the literature. Med Oncol 2024; 41:157. [PMID: 38758457 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-024-02385-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
It has long been recognized that a history of skin cancer puts one at risk for additional primary skin cancers. However, more variable data exists for the risk of developing a non-cutaneous primary cancer following a diagnosis of skin cancer. The data are most variable for Basal Cell Carcinoma (BCC), the most common and least aggressive type of skin cancer. While early studies imply that BCC does not impart a larger risk of other primary non-cutaneous cancers, more recent studies with larger populations suggest otherwise. The cancers most significantly associated with BCC are lip, oropharyngeal, and salivary gland cancer. There is also burgeoning evidence to suggest a link between BCC and prostate, breast, and colorectal cancer, but more data are needed to draw a concrete conclusion. Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC), the second most common type of skin cancer, has a slightly more defined risk to other non-cutaneous primary malignancies. There is a notable link between SCC and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL), possibly due to immunosuppression. There is also an increased risk of other cancers derived from squamous epithelium following SCC, including oropharyngeal, lip, and salivary gland cancer. Some studies also suggest an increased risk of respiratory tract cancer following SCC, possibly due to shared risk factors. Melanoma, a more severe type of skin cancer, shows a well-defined risk of additional primary non-cutaneous malignancies. The most significant of these risks include NHL, thyroid cancer, prostate cancer, and breast cancer along with a host of other cancers. Each of these three main skin cancer types has a profile of genetic mutations that have also been linked to non-cutaneous malignancies. In this review, we discuss a selection of these genes to highlight the complex interplay between different tumorigenesis processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay Holic
- Chicago Medical School at Rosalind Franklin University, North Chicago, IL, USA.
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Wu G, Dong Z, Dong Y, Chen Y, Zhu H, Ding D, Cui Y, Wang Y, Xu Y, Chen H. LncRNA CTBP1-AS inhibits TP63-mediated activation of S100A14 during prostate cancer progression. Cancer Sci 2024; 115:1492-1504. [PMID: 38476086 PMCID: PMC11093200 DOI: 10.1111/cas.16138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have emerged as important molecules and potential new targets for human cancers. This study investigates the function of lncRNA CTBP1 antisense RNA (CTBP1-AS) in prostate cancer (PCa) and explores the entailed molecular mechanism. Aberrantly expressed genes potentially correlated with PCa progression were probed using integrated bioinformatics analyses. A cohort of 68 patients with PCa was included, and their tumor and para-cancerous tissues were collected. CTBP1-AS was highly expressed in PCa tissues and cells and associated with poor patient prognosis. By contrast, tumor protein p63 (TP63) and S100 calcium binding protein A14 (S100A14) were poorly expressed in the PCa tissues and cells. CTBP1-AS did not affect TP63 expression; however it blocked the TP63-mediated transcriptional activation of S100A14, thereby reducing its expression. CTBP1-AS silencing suppressed proliferation, apoptosis resistance, migration, invasion, and tumorigenicity of PCa cell lines, while its overexpression led to inverse results. The malignant phenotype of cells was further weakened by TP63 overexpression but restored following artificial S100A14 silencing. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that CTBP1-AS plays an oncogenic role in PCa by blocking TP63-mediated transcriptional activation of S100A14. This may provide insight into the management of PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangzheng Wu
- Department of UrologyHarbin Medical University Cancer HospitalHarbinHeilongjiangChina
| | - Zhenkun Dong
- Department of UrologyHarbin Medical University Cancer HospitalHarbinHeilongjiangChina
| | - Yuhang Dong
- Department of UrologyHarbin Medical University Cancer HospitalHarbinHeilongjiangChina
| | - Yinmei Chen
- Department of UrologyHarbin Medical University Cancer HospitalHarbinHeilongjiangChina
| | - Huan Zhu
- Department of UrologyHarbin Medical University Cancer HospitalHarbinHeilongjiangChina
| | - Dexin Ding
- Department of UrologyHarbin Medical University Cancer HospitalHarbinHeilongjiangChina
| | - Yan Cui
- Department of UrologyHarbin Medical University Cancer HospitalHarbinHeilongjiangChina
| | - Yiwen Wang
- Department of UrologyHarbin Medical University Cancer HospitalHarbinHeilongjiangChina
| | - Yangyang Xu
- Department of UrologyHarbin Medical University Cancer HospitalHarbinHeilongjiangChina
| | - Hui Chen
- Department of UrologyHarbin Medical University Cancer HospitalHarbinHeilongjiangChina
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Zhu Z, Li X, Liu D, Li Z. A novel signature of aging-related genes associated with lymphatic metastasis for survival prediction in patients with bladder cancer. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1140891. [PMID: 37441420 PMCID: PMC10335803 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1140891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The predominant and most prevalent form of metastatic bladder cancer (BCa) is lymphatic metastasis, which is associated with a highly dismal prognosis for patients. Aging-related genes (ARGs) are believed to contribute significantly to tumor development. However, the effect of ARGs on lymphatic metastasis of BCa is unclear. This research sought to establish a prognosis model based on ARGs associated with lymphatic metastasis in BCa. Methods We downloaded BCa data from the TCGA and GEO databases and ARGs from the Aging Atlas database. The least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) approach was applied to obtain the characteristic ARGs of risk signature in the TCGA cohort. Verification was done using the GSE13507 dataset. The R package 'ConsensusClusterPlus' was employed to identify the molecular subtypes based on the characteristic ARGs. Protein-Protein interaction network, MCODE analysis, enrichment analysis (KEGG, GO, GSEA), and immune infiltration analysis were performed to investigate underlying mechanisms. EdU, migration and invasion assays, wound healing assays, immunofluorescence staining, and quantitative polymerase chain reaction were conducted to evaluate the impact of ELN on the proliferative, migratory, and invasive capacities of BCa cells. Results We identified 20 differently expressed ARGs. A four ARGs risk signature (EFEMP1, UCHL1, TP63, ELN) was constructed in the TCGA cohort. The high-risk group (category) recorded a reduced overall survival (OS) rate relative to the low-risk category (hazard ratio, 2.15; P <0.001). The risk score could predict lymphatic metastasis in TCGA cohort (AUC=0.67). The GSE13507 dataset was employed to verify the validity of this risk score. Based on the four ARGs, two distinct aging profiles (Cluster 1 and Cluster 2) were discovered utilizing the ConsensusClusterPlus, and Cluster 2 possessed a favorable OS in contrast with Cluster 1 (hazard ratio, 0.69; P =0.02). Classical tumor signaling pathways, ECM-associated signaling pathways, and immune-related signaling pathways participate in BCa progression. ELN recombinant protein affected the expression of collagen and increased migration and invasiveness in BCa cells. Conclusion We constructed a four-ARG risk signature and identified two aging molecular subtypes. This signature could serve as an effective survival predictor for patients with BCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiguo Zhu
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
- Medical Research Center, Postdoctoral Mobile Station of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jining, China
- The Seventh Affiliated Hospital (Shenzhen), Sun Yet-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiaoli Li
- The Seventh Affiliated Hospital (Shenzhen), Sun Yet-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Deqian Liu
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Zhonghai Li
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
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De Carlo C, Valeri M, Corbitt DN, Cieri M, Colombo P. Non-muscle invasive bladder cancer biomarkers beyond morphology. Front Oncol 2022; 12:947446. [PMID: 35992775 PMCID: PMC9382689 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.947446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) still represents a challenge in decision-making and clinical management since prognostic and predictive biomarkers of response to treatment are still under investigation. In addition to the risk factors defined by EORTC guidelines, histological features have also been considered key variables able to impact on recurrence and progression in bladder cancer. Conversely, the role of genomic rearrangements or expression of specific proteins at tissue level need further assessment in NMIBC. As with muscle-invasive cancer, NMIBC is a heterogeneous disease, characterized by genomic instability, varying rates of mutation and a wide range of protein tissue expression. In this Review, we summarized the recent evidence on prognostic and predictive tissue biomarkers in NMIBC, beyond morphological parameters, outlining how they could affect tumor biology and consequently its behavior during clinical care. Our aim was to facilitate clinical evaluation of promising biomarkers that may be employed to better stratify patients. We described the most common molecular events and immunohistochemical protein expressions linked to recurrence and progression. Moreover, we discussed the link between available treatments and molecular drivers that could be predictive of clinical response. In conclusion, we foster further investigations with particular focus on immunohistochemical evaluation of tissue biomarkers, a promising and cost-effective tool for daily practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla De Carlo
- Department of Pathology, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Milan, Italy
| | - Marina Valeri
- Department of Pathology, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Miriam Cieri
- Department of Pathology, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Piergiuseppe Colombo
- Department of Pathology, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Milan, Italy
- *Correspondence: Piergiuseppe Colombo,
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A Novel Pyroptosis-Associated Gene Signature to Predict Prognosis in Patients with Colorectal Cancer. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2022:6965308. [PMID: 35620407 PMCID: PMC9129977 DOI: 10.1155/2022/6965308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background Pyroptosis is a form of cell death characterized by cell swelling and plasma membrane bubbling in association with inflammatory and immune responses. To date, the association between pyroptosis and colorectal cancer remains unclear. We aimed to establish a novel pyroptosis-associated model for the prognosis of colorectal cancer. Methods Pyroptosis-related genes were extracted using Gene Set Enrichment Analysis. A least absolute shrinkage and selection operator regression model was constructed to identify a pyroptosis-related gene signature using the Cancer Genome Atlas and Gene Expression Omnibus databases. Then, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes and Gene Ontology and GSEA were performed to better understand the potential mechanisms and the functional pathways associated with pyroptosis involved in colorectal cancer. The relationship between the pyroptosis-related signature and immune infiltration was investigated using Cell-Type Identification by Estimating Relative Subsets of RNA Transcripts and MCPcounter. Results A 12 pyroptosis-related gene signature was identified. Then, patients were classified into high- and low-risk groups. Kaplan–Meier and receiver operating characteristic analyses confirmed that the high-risk groups showed worse overall survival, progression-free survival, or relapse-free survival probability. Functional enrichment analysis showed that pyroptosis was associated with extracellular matrix-related pathways. Furthermore, the pyroptosis risk score was associated with immune infiltration. The low-risk group exhibited a higher percentage of plasma cells, CD4 T cells, activated dendritic cells, and activated mast cells. M2 macrophages and M0 macrophages were positively related to the risk score. Conclusion Our research yielded a novel pyroptosis-related prognostic signature for colorectal cancer that was related to immune cell infiltration, and it provided an immunological perspective for developing personalized therapies.
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Wang Z, So WZ, Loh KY, Lim YK, Mahendran R, Wu QH, Chiong E. Predictive biomarkers of response to bacillus Calmette‐Guérin immunotherapy and bacillus Calmette‐Guérin failure for non‐muscle invasive bladder cancer. Int J Urol 2022; 29:807-815. [PMID: 35598896 PMCID: PMC9543886 DOI: 10.1111/iju.14921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Within the heterogeneous population of patients with bacillus Calmette‐Guérin failure, there are clear differences in prognosis and therapy with regard to the timeline when bacillus Calmette‐Guérin failure occurred. There are a variety of classifications which include bacillus Calmette‐Guérin refractory disease, relapsing, unresponsive, and intolerant. Further profiling of these patients may help to shed light on other forms of therapy that are less radical. We hereby summarize the different biomarkers that predicts for response to bacillus Calmette‐Guérin immunotherapy and bacillus Calmette‐Guérin failure for non‐muscle invasive bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziting Wang
- Department of Urology National University Hospital Singapore
| | - Wei Zheng So
- Department of Urology National University Hospital Singapore
| | - Kep Yong Loh
- Department of Internal Medicine Singapore General Hospital Singapore
| | - Yew Koon Lim
- Department of Urology National University Hospital Singapore
| | - Ratha Mahendran
- Department of Urology National University Hospital Singapore
| | - Qing Hui Wu
- Department of Urology National University Hospital Singapore
| | - Edmund Chiong
- Department of Urology National University Hospital Singapore
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Nishimori T, Hanazono K, Matsuda K, Kawamura Y, Kadosawa T, Endo Y, Uchide T. Prognostic role of ΔNp63 expression in canine transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder. Open Vet J 2022; 11:700-706. [PMID: 35070867 PMCID: PMC8770170 DOI: 10.5455/ovj.2021.v11.i4.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Decreased p63 protein expression in canine transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) of the urinary bladder is associated with vascular invasion of the tumor, metastasis, and shortened survival. ΔNp63, an isoform of p63, is downregulated in high-grade invasive urothelial carcinoma in humans. However, the clinical significance of ΔNp63 expression in canine urinary bladder tumors is unknown. Therefore, it is essential to investigate ΔNp63 expression patterns in TCC, the most common urinary bladder tumor in dogs. Aim This study aimed to evaluate the expression and role of ΔNp63 in canine TCC of the urinary bladder. Methods ΔNp63 expression was compared between the normal canine urinary bladder, polypoid cystitis, and TCC. The correlation of ΔNp63 expression with histopathological and clinical findings were further evaluated, and its usefulness as a prognostic factor was examined. Results We observed that ΔNp63 was highly expressed in dogs' normal urinary bladder and polypoid cystitis, and its expression levels were low in TCC. Furthermore, low levels of ΔNp63 expression were associated with vascular invasion, metastasis, and shortened survival in dogs with TCC. Conclusion These results indicate that ΔNp63 expression could serve as a valuable biomarker for invasion, metastasis, and prognosis of canine TCC of the urinary bladder.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kiwamu Hanazono
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Japan
| | - Kazuya Matsuda
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Japan
| | - Yoshio Kawamura
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Kadosawa
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Japan
| | - Yoshifumi Endo
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Uchide
- Laboratory of Veterinary Molecular Pathology and Therapeutics, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Japan
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Abstract
The identification of mutations in FGFR3 in bladder tumors in 1999 led to major interest in this receptor and during the subsequent 20 years much has been learnt about the mutational profiles found in bladder cancer, the phenotypes associated with these and the potential of this mutated protein as a target for therapy. Based on mutational and expression data, it is estimated that >80% of non-muscle-invasive bladder cancers (NMIBC) and ∼40% of muscle-invasive bladder cancers (MIBC) have upregulated FGFR3 signalling, and these frequencies are likely to be even higher if alternative splicing of the receptor, expression of ligands and changes in regulatory mechanisms are taken into account. Major efforts by the pharmaceutical industry have led to development of a range of agents targeting FGFR3 and other FGF receptors. Several of these have entered clinical trials, and some have presented very encouraging early results in advanced bladder cancer. Recent reviews have summarised the drugs and related clinical trials in this area. This review will summarise what is known about the effects of FGFR3 and its mutant forms in normal urothelium and bladder tumors, will suggest when and how this protein contributes to urothelial cancer pathogenesis and will highlight areas that may benefit from further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret A. Knowles
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St James’s, St James’s University Hospital, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
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Afferi L, Moschini M, Cumberbatch MG, Catto JW, Scarpa RM, Porpiglia F, Mattei A, Sanchez-Salas R, Esperto F. Biomarkers predicting oncological outcomes of high-risk non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer. MINERVA UROL NEFROL 2020; 72:265-278. [PMID: 32298067 DOI: 10.23736/s0393-2249.20.03786-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) and the Spanish Urological Club for Oncological Treatment (CUETO) scoring systems show limited accuracy for the prediction of disease recurrence and progression of non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC). This aspect is even more relevant in the category of HR NMIBC. Biomarkers might potentially help to further categorize the outcomes of these patients. Therefore, we sought to review the evidence available on tissue-based, urinary, and serum biomarkers for the prediction of recurrence, progression, and survival in HR NMIBC. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION A systematic literature review without time restrictions was performed using PubMed/EMBASE, Web of Science, SCOPUS, and the Cochrane Libraries. The search was filtered for articles in the English, Italian, German, French, and Spanish languages, involving patients with more than 18 years of age. Relevant papers on tissue-based, serum and urinary biomarkers related to the prediction of oncological outcomes for high-risk bladder cancer patients were included in the analyses. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS Overall, 71 studies were eligible for inclusion in this review. The majority of the investigations performed so far focused on immunohistochemical analyses on tumoral tissue. Overall, p53 was the most studied biomarker, but results regarding its prognostic and predictive role were contradictory. Ki67 seems to be a promising biomarker in the prediction of recurrence. Recently, PD-L1 has been associated with the prediction of recurrence free survival and of treatment-refractory disease. Markers developed un urine samples are focused on commercially available kits, which currently do not unequivocally show strongly superior levels of accuracy to cytology. However, they have demonstrated to be potentially helpful in the prediction of recurrence. Blood-based biomarkers represent an emerging reality with promising future applications. CONCLUSIONS Despite a long history of attempts to discover accurate biomarkers predicting oncological outcomes for HR NMIBC, contradictory or uncertain findings render the adoption of this ancillary techniques in clinical practice still unlikely. Future attempts should be directed to the development of prospective trials and the definition of standardized cut-off levels to render findings worthy of comparison.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Afferi
- Department of Urology, Luzerner Kantonsspital, Lucerne, Switzerland
| | - Marco Moschini
- Department of Urology, Luzerner Kantonsspital, Lucerne, Switzerland - .,Department of Urology, Urological Research Institute, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | | | - James W Catto
- Unit of Academic Urology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Roberto M Scarpa
- Department of Urology, Campus Bio-Medico University, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Porpiglia
- Division of Urology, San Luigi Gonzaga Hospital, University of Turin, Orbassano, Turin, Italy
| | - Agostino Mattei
- Department of Urology, Luzerner Kantonsspital, Lucerne, Switzerland
| | - Rafael Sanchez-Salas
- Department of Urology, Institut Mutualiste Montsouris and Universitè Paris Descartes, Paris, France
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Bankhead A, McMaster T, Wang Y, Boonstra PS, Palmbos PL. TP63 isoform expression is linked with distinct clinical outcomes in cancer. EBioMedicine 2020; 51:102561. [PMID: 31927310 PMCID: PMC6953644 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Half of muscle-invasive bladder cancer patients will relapse with metastatic disease and molecular tests to predict relapse are needed. TP63 has been proposed as a prognostic biomarker in bladder cancer, but reports associating it with clinical outcomes are conflicting. Since TP63 is expressed as multiple isoforms, we hypothesized that these conflicting associations with clinical outcome may be explained by distinct opposing effects of differential TP63 isoform expression. Methods Using RNA-Seq data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), TP63 isoform-level expression was quantified and associated with clinical covariates (e.g. survival, stage) across 8,519 patients from 29 diseases. A comprehensive catalog of TP63 isoforms was assembled using gene annotation databases and de novo discovery in bladder cancer patients. Quantifications and un-annotated TP63 isoforms were validated using quantitative RT-PCR and a separate bladder cancer cohort. Findings DNp63 isoform expression was associated with improved bladder cancer patient survival in patients with a luminal subtype (HR = 0.89, CI 0.80–0.99, Cox p = 0.034). Conversely, TAp63 isoform expression was associated with reduced bladder cancer patient survival in patients with a basal subtype (HR = 2.35, CI 1.64–3.37, Cox p < 0.0001). These associations were observed in multiple TCGA disease cohorts and correlated with epidermal differentiation (DNp63) and immune-related (TAp63) gene signatures. Interpretation These results comprehensively define TP63 isoform expression in human cancer and suggest that TP63 isoforms are involved in distinct transcriptional programs with opposing effects on clinical outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armand Bankhead
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Thomas McMaster
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hematology/Oncology Division, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Yin Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hematology/Oncology Division, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Philip S Boonstra
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Phillip L Palmbos
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hematology/Oncology Division, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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12
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ΔNp63 transcript loss in bladder cancer constitutes an independent molecular predictor of TaT1 patients post-treatment relapse and progression. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2019; 145:3075-3087. [PMID: 31595333 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-019-03028-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Bladder cancer represents a major cause of malignancy-related morbidity and the most expensive per-patient-to-treat cancer, due to the lifelong surveillance of the patients. Accurate disease prognosis is essential in establishing personalized treatment decisions; yet optimum tools for precise risk stratification remain a competing task. In the present study, we have performed the complete evaluation of TP63 clinical significance in improving disease prognosis. METHODS The levels of ΔNp63 and TAp63 transcripts of TP63 were quantified in 342 bladder tissue specimens of our screening cohort (n = 182). Hedegaard et al. (Cancer Cell 30:27-42. doi:10.1016/j.ccell.2016.05.004, 2016) (n = 476) and TCGA provisional (n = 413) were used as validation cohorts for NMIBC and MIBC, respectively. Survival analysis was performed using recurrence and progression for NMIBC or mortality for MIBC as endpoint events. Bootstrap analysis was performed for internal validation, while decision curve analysis was used for the evaluation of the clinical net benefit on disease prognosis. RESULTS ΔNp63 was significantly expressed in bladder tissues, and was found to be over-expressed in bladder tumors. Interestingly, reduced ΔNp63 levels were correlated with muscle-invasive disease, high-grade tumors and high-EORTC-risk NMIBC patients. Moreover, ΔNp63 loss was independently associated with higher risk for NMIBC relapse (HR = 2.730; p = 0.007) and progression (HR = 7.757; p = 0.016). Hedegaard et al. and TCGA validation cohorts confirmed our findings. Finally, multivariate models combining ΔΝp63 loss with established prognostic markers led to a superior clinical benefit for NMIBC prognosis and risk stratification. CONCLUSIONS ΔΝp63 loss is associated with adverse outcome of NMIBC resulting in superior prediction of NMIBC early relapse and progression.
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Jiang Y, Zhu C, He D, Gao Q, Tian X, Ma X, Wu J, Das BC, Severinov K, Hitzeroth II, Debata PR, Liu R, Zou L, Shi L, Xu H, Wang K, Bao Y, Ka-Kit LR, You Z, Cui Z, Hu Z. Cytological Immunostaining of HMGA2, LRP1B, and TP63 as Potential Biomarkers for Triaging Human Papillomavirus-Positive Women. Transl Oncol 2019; 12:959-967. [PMID: 31102921 PMCID: PMC6525307 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2019.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2019] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Since human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA testing has been promoted as primary screening strategy, the triage method has also evolved from morphological testing to a molecular biomarker detection to improve screening efficiency. In this study, we investigated the performance of three HPV integration hot-spots, HMGA2, LRP1B, and TP63, as potential triage markers in HPV screening tests. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted from November 2016 to December 2017 in the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University. Immunocytochemistry was carried out using residual cervical cell samples from 121 HPV-positive cases (23 normal, 24 cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) 1, and 74 CIN2+). Results: Of the 121 cases, 77 showed completely paired for the three biomarkers. In these 77 cases, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis of HMGA2 showed the best potential for detecting CIN2+ among HPV+ cases (sensitivity 70%; specificity 91.89%; AUC 0.839). TP63 was second most effective biomarker (AUC 0.838; sensitivity 80%; specificity 81.08%). In contrast, LRP1B had the smallest AUC (0.801) among the three biomarkers but had the highest sensitivity (90%) and specificity (56.76%). To test the triage value of combining the three biomarkers, logistic regression was conducted followed by ROC comparison analysis. Promisingly, the combination of the three biomarkers gave the largest AUC of 0.951 with 92.5% sensitivity and 89.1% specificity (P < .0001 compared to liquid-based cytology test by Z-test). Conclusions: A combination of HMGA2, LRP1B, and TP63 as potential biomarkers may be useful for screening during triage of HPV-positive patients, particularly for detecting CIN2 + .
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunhui Jiang
- Department of Pathology, Jingmen No.2 People's Hospital/Institute for Cancer Prevention and Treatment,Jingchu University of Technology, Jingmen, Hubei Province, 448000, China.
| | - Chengyi Zhu
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Dongfeng Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei Province, 442008, China.
| | - Dan He
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhongshan 2(nd) Road, Yuexiu, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510080, China.
| | - Qinglei Gao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430030, China.
| | - Xun Tian
- Central Hospital of Wuhan City, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, PR China.
| | - Xin Ma
- Department of Urology, The General Hospital of the People's Liberation Army, Beijing, China.
| | - Jun Wu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China.
| | - Bhudev C Das
- Amity Institute of Molecular Medicine & Stem Cell Research, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Sector-125, Noida, India.
| | - Konstantin Severinov
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, 100 Novaya str., Skolkovo, Moscow Region, Russia.
| | - Inga Isabel Hitzeroth
- E. Rybicki's Biopharming Research Unit. 11 Clifford Avenue, Vredehoek, 8001, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | | | - Rong Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430030, China.
| | - Liang Zou
- Jingmen No.2 People's Hospital, Jingmen, Hubei Province, China..
| | - Long Shi
- Jingmen No.2 People's Hospital, Jingmen, Hubei Province, China..
| | - Hua Xu
- Jingmen No.2 People's Hospital, Jingmen, Hubei Province, China..
| | - Kaixiu Wang
- Jingmen No.2 People's Hospital, Jingmen, Hubei Province, China..
| | | | - Leung Ross Ka-Kit
- School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, Dongguan Maternal and Child Hospital.
| | - Zeshan You
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhongshan 2nd Road, Yuexiu, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510080, China.
| | - Zifeng Cui
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Precision Medicine Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhongshan 2nd Road, Yuexiu, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510080, China.
| | - Zheng Hu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Precision Medicine Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhongshan 2nd Road, Yuexiu, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510080, China; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430030, China.
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14
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ATDC mediates a TP63-regulated basal cancer invasive program. Oncogene 2019; 38:3340-3354. [PMID: 30643195 PMCID: PMC6499660 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-018-0646-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Basal subtype cancers are deadly malignancies but the molecular events driving tumor lethality are not completely understood. Ataxia-Telangiectasia Group D Complementing gene (ATDC, also known as TRIM29), is highly expressed and drives tumor formation and invasion in human bladder cancers but the factor(s) regulating its expression in bladder cancer are unknown. Molecular subtyping of bladder cancer has identified an aggressive basal subtype which shares molecular features of basal/squamous tumors arising in other organs and is defined by activation of a TP63-driven gene program. Here we demonstrate that ATDC is linked with expression of TP63 and highly expressed in basal bladder cancers. We find that TP63 binds to transcriptional regulatory regions of ATDC and KRT14 directly, increasing their expression, and that ATDC and KRT14 execute a TP63-driven invasive program. In vivo, ATDC is required for TP63-induced bladder tumor invasion and metastasis. These results link TP63 and the basal gene expression program to ATDC and to aggressive tumor behavior. Defining ATDC as a molecular determinant of aggressive, basal cancers may lead to improved biomarkers and therapeutic approaches.
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15
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Zeng S, Yu X, Ma C, Song R, Zhang Z, Zi X, Chen X, Wang Y, Yu Y, Zhao J, Wei R, Sun Y, Xu C. Transcriptome sequencing identifies ANLN as a promising prognostic biomarker in bladder urothelial carcinoma. Sci Rep 2017; 7:3151. [PMID: 28600503 PMCID: PMC5466664 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-02990-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The prognosis of bladder urothelial carcinoma (BLCA) varies greatly even for patients with similar pathological characteristics. We conducted transcriptome sequencing on ten pairs of BLCA samples and adjacent normal tissues to identify differentially expressed genes. Anillin (ANLN) was identified as a transcript that was significantly up-regulated in BLCA samples compared with normal tissues. Prognostic power of candidate gene was studied using qRT-PCR and immunohistochemistry on 40 and 209 patients, respectively. Patients with elevated ANLN expression level was correlated with poorer cancer-specific (median, 22.4 vs. 37.3 months, p = 0.001), progression-free (median, 19.7 vs. 27.9 months, p = 0.001) and recurrence-free survival (median, 17.1 vs. 25.2 months, p = 0.011) compared with low ANLN expression. Public datasets TCGA and NCBI-GEO were analyzed for external validation. Knockdown of ANLN in J82 and 5637 cells using small interfering RNA significantly inhibited cell proliferation, migration, and invasion ability. Moreover, knockdown of ANLN resulted in G2/M phase arrest and decreased expression of cyclin B1 and D1. Microarray analysis suggested that ANLN played a major role in cell migration and was closely associated with several cancer-related signaling pathways. In conclusion, ANLN was identified as a promising prognostic biomarker which could be used to stratify different risks of BLCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuxiong Zeng
- Department of Urology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Xiaowen Yu
- Department of Geriatrics, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Chong Ma
- Department of Urology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Ruixiang Song
- Department of Urology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Zhensheng Zhang
- Department of Urology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoyuan Zi
- Department of Urology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Xin Chen
- Department of Urology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Pathology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Yongwei Yu
- Department of Pathology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Junjie Zhao
- Department of Urology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Rongchao Wei
- Department of Urology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Yinghao Sun
- Department of Urology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, P.R. China.
| | - Chuanliang Xu
- Department of Urology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, P.R. China.
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16
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Nonmuscle-invasive bladder cancer: what's changing and what has changed. Urologia 2017; 84:1-8. [PMID: 28165132 DOI: 10.5301/uro.5000213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Nonmuscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) is a challenging disease to manage primarily due to its varied clinical course. The management of NMIBC has witnessed a widespread change with respect to its diagnosis and treatment. Although transurethral resection (TUR) and adjuvant bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) stills remain the cornerstone, newer protocols has come into vogue to achieve optimal care. On the basis of a literature review, we aimed to establish 'what changes has already occurred and what is expected in the future' in NMIBC. METHODS A Medline search was performed to identify the published literature with respect to diagnosis, treatment and future perspectives on NMIBC. Particular emphasis was directed to determinants such as the quality of TUR and the newer modifications, Re-TUR, current status of newer macroscopic and microscopic imaging, role of urinary biomarkers, clinical, histologic and molecular predictors of high-risk disease, administration of intravesical agents, salvage therapy in BCG recurrence and the current best practice guidelines were analyzed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Optimal TUR, restaging in select group, incorporation of newer endoscopic imaging and judicious administration of intravesical chemo-immunotherapeutic agents can contribute to better patient care. Although there is a plethora of urinary markers, there is insufficient evidence for their use in isolation. The future probably lies in identification of genetic markers to determine disease recurrence, nonresponders to standard treatment and early institution of alternative/targeted therapy.
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17
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Yoshida T, Okuyama H, Nakayama M, Endo H, Tomita Y, Nonomura N, Nishimura K, Inoue M. Dynamic Change in p63 Protein Expression during Implantation of Urothelial Cancer Clusters. Neoplasia 2016; 17:574-85. [PMID: 26297435 PMCID: PMC4547408 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2015.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Revised: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the dissemination of urothelial cancer cells is supposed to be a major cause of the multicentricity of urothelial tumors, the mechanism of implantation has not been well investigated. Here, we found that cancer cell clusters from the urine of patients with urothelial cancer retain the ability to survive, grow, and adhere. By using cell lines and primary cells collected from multiple patients, we demonstrate that △ Np63α protein in cancer cell clusters was rapidly decreased through proteasomal degradation when clusters were attached to the matrix, leading to downregulation of E-cadherin and upregulation of N-cadherin. Decreased △ Np63α protein level in urothelial cancer cell clusters was involved in the clearance of the urothelium. Our data provide the first evidence that clusters of urothelial cancer cells exhibit dynamic changes in △ Np63α expression during attachment to the matrix, and decreased △ Np63α protein plays a critical role in the interaction between cancer cell clusters and the urothelium. Thus, because △ Np63α might be involved in the process of intraluminal dissemination of urothelial cancer cells, blocking the degradation of △ Np63α could be a target of therapy to prevent the dissemination of urothelial cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Yoshida
- Department of Biochemistry, Osaka Medical Center for Cancer and Cardiovascular Diseases; Department of Urology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Hiroaki Okuyama
- Department of Biochemistry, Osaka Medical Center for Cancer and Cardiovascular Diseases
| | - Masashi Nakayama
- Department of Urology, Osaka Medical Center for Cancer and Cardiovascular Diseases
| | - Hiroko Endo
- Department of Biochemistry, Osaka Medical Center for Cancer and Cardiovascular Diseases
| | - Yasuhiko Tomita
- Department of Pathology, Osaka Medical Center for Cancer and Cardiovascular Diseases
| | - Norio Nonomura
- Department of Urology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Kazuo Nishimura
- Department of Urology, Osaka Medical Center for Cancer and Cardiovascular Diseases
| | - Masahiro Inoue
- Department of Biochemistry, Osaka Medical Center for Cancer and Cardiovascular Diseases; Department of Clinical and Experimental Pathophysiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences.
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18
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Zhao W, Wang H, Han X, Ma J, Zhou Y, Chen Z, Zhou H, Xu H, Sun Z, Kong B, Fang H. ΔNp63α attenuates tumor aggressiveness by suppressing miR-205/ZEB1-mediated epithelial-mesenchymal transition in cervical squamous cell carcinoma. Tumour Biol 2016; 37:10621-32. [PMID: 26864590 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-016-4921-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Cervical cancer is one of the most common female cancers worldwide. Although the therapeutic outcomes of patients with early-stage cervical cancer have been significantly improved in the past decades, tumor metastasis and recurrence remain the major causes of cervical cancer-related deaths. In cervical squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), the aberrant activation of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), a crucial process in invasion and metastasis of epithelial cancer, could promote lymph nodal metastasis and recurrence, and predicts poor prognosis. In this study, we show that the expression levels of EMT markers, β-catenin and Vimentin, are associated with the p63 isoform ΔNp63α in SCC by using immunohistochemistry staining and analysis. Compared to the control SiHa cells (SiHa-NC), the expression of E-cadherin and β-catenin are upregulated, while Vimentin and ZEB1 are downregulated in the constructed SiHa cell line with stable ΔNp63α overexpression (SiHa-ΔNp63α). Besides, the migration and invasion abilities are also suppressed in SiHa-ΔNp63α cells with a typical epithelial morphology with cobblestone-like shape, suggesting that ΔNp63α is a vital EMT repressor in SCC cells. In addition, the involvement of miR-205/ZEB1 axis in the inhibition effect of ΔNp63α on EMT program is revealed by a miRNA array and confirmed by the subsequent transfection of the miR-205 mimic and antagomir. Moreover, SCC patients with low ΔNp63α expression and high EMT level show more frequent metastasis and recurrence as well as reduced overall survival. Therefore, EMT program and its vital repressor ΔNp63α could be used as biomarkers for tumor metastasis and recurrence in cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weidong Zhao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Anhui Provincial Hospital affiliated to Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China. .,Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Anhui Provincial Cancer Hospital, Hefei, China. .,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China.
| | - Huiyan Wang
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Anhui Provincial Cancer Hospital, Hefei, China
| | - Xiaohui Han
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Anhui Provincial Hospital affiliated to Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Jie Ma
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Anhui Provincial Cancer Hospital, Hefei, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhou
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Anhui Provincial Cancer Hospital, Hefei, China
| | - Zhengzheng Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Anhui Provincial Hospital affiliated to Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Hu Zhou
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Anhui Provincial Cancer Hospital, Hefei, China
| | - Hanjie Xu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Anhui Provincial Hospital affiliated to Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Zhengwei Sun
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Anhui Provincial Hospital affiliated to Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Beihua Kong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Huiying Fang
- Department of Nursing, Anhui Vocational Institute of Population, Chizhou, China
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19
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Estrogen Enhances the Cell Viability and Motility of Breast Cancer Cells through the ERα-ΔNp63-Integrin β4 Signaling Pathway. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0148301. [PMID: 26845172 PMCID: PMC4742232 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0148301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Estrogen induces ERα-positive breast cancer aggressiveness via the promotion of cell proliferation and survival, the epithelial-mesenchymal transition, and stem-like properties. Integrin β4 signaling has been implicated in estrogen/ERα-induced tumorigenicity and anti-apoptosis; however, this signaling cascade poorly understood. ΔNp63, an N-terminally truncated isoform of the p63 transcription factor, functions as a transcription factor of integrinβ4 and therefore regulates cellular adhesion and survival. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the estrogen-induced interaction between ERα, ΔNp63 and integrin β4 in breast cancer cells. In ERα-positive MCF-7 cells, estrogen activated ERα transcription, which induced ΔNp63 expression. And ΔNp63 subsequently induced integrin β4 expression, which resulted in AKT phosphorylation and enhanced cell viability and motility. Conversely, there was no inductive effect of estrogen on ΔNp63-integrinβ4-AKT signaling or on cell viability and motility in ERα-negative MDA-MB-231 cells. ΔNp63 knockdown abolishes these estrogen-induced effects and reduces cell viability and motility in MCF-7 cells. Nevertheless, ΔNp63 knockdown also inhibited cell migration in MDA-MB-231 cells through reducing integrin β4 expression and AKT phosphorylation. In conclusion, estrogen enhances ERα-positive breast cancer cell viability and motility through activating the ERα-ΔNp63-integrin β4 signaling pathway to induce AKT phosphorylated activation. Those findings should be useful to elucidate the crosstalk between estrogen/ER signaling and ΔNp63 signaling and provide novel insights into the effects of estrogen on breast cancer progression.
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20
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Predictive Markers for the Recurrence of Nonmuscle Invasive Bladder Cancer Treated with Intravesical Therapy. DISEASE MARKERS 2015; 2015:857416. [PMID: 26681820 PMCID: PMC4670878 DOI: 10.1155/2015/857416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
High recurrence rate is one representative characteristic of bladder cancer. Intravesical therapy after transurethral resection is often performed in patients with nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) to prevent recurrence. Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) and several anticancer/antibiotic agents, such as mitomycin C and epirubicin, are commonly used for this therapy. BCG treatment demonstrates strong anticancer effects. However, it is also characterized by a high frequency of adverse events. On the other hand, although intravesical therapies using other anticancer and antibiotic agents are relatively safe, their anticancer effects are lower than those obtained using BCG. Thus, the appropriate selection of agents for intravesical therapy is important to improve treatment outcomes and maintain the quality of life of patients with NMIBC. In this review, we discuss the predictive value of various histological and molecular markers for recurrence after intravesical therapy in patients with NMIBC.
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