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Xu HG, Hyun A, Kang E, Marsh N, Corley A. Exploring clinicians' insertion experience with a new peripheral intravenous catheter in the emergency department. Australas Emerg Care 2024; 27:192-197. [PMID: 38490874 DOI: 10.1016/j.auec.2024.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hospitals frequently introduce new medical devices. However, the process of clinicians adapting to these new vascular access devices has not been well explored. The study aims to explore clinicians' experience with the insertion of a new guidewire peripheral intravenous catheter (PIVC) introduced in the emergency department (ED) setting. METHODS The study was conducted at two EDs in Queensland, Australia, utilising a qualitative explorative approach. Interviews were conducted with guidewire PIVC inserters, including ED doctors and nurses, and field notes were recorded by research nurses during insertions. Data analysis was performed using inductive content analysis, from which themes emerged. RESULTS The study compiled interviews from 10 participants and field notes from 191 observation episodes. Five key themes emerged, including diverse experience, barriers related to the learning process, factors influencing insertion success, and recommendations to enhance clinicians' acceptance. These themes suggest that the key to successful adoption by clinicians lies in designing user-friendly devices that align with familiar insertion techniques, facilitating a smooth transfer of learning. CONCLUSION Clinician adaptation to new devices is vital for optimal patient care. Emergency nurses and doctors prefer simplicity, safety, and familiarity when it comes to new devices. Providing comprehensive device training with diverse training resources, hands-on sessions, and continuous expert support, is likely to enhance clinician acceptance and the successful adoption of new devices in ED settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Grace Xu
- School of Nursing, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia; Nursing and Midwifery Research Centre, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Australia; Alliance for Vascular Access Teaching and Research, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Department of Emergency Medicine, Queen Elizabeth II Jubilee Hospital, Brisbane, Australia; School of Nursing and Midwifery, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia.
| | - Areum Hyun
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Evelyn Kang
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Nicole Marsh
- Nursing and Midwifery Research Centre, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Australia; Alliance for Vascular Access Teaching and Research, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; School of Nursing, Midwifery and Social Work, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Amanda Corley
- Nursing and Midwifery Research Centre, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Australia; Alliance for Vascular Access Teaching and Research, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; School of Nursing and Midwifery, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia; School of Nursing, Midwifery and Social Work, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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Souza LCD, Campos JF, Machado DM, Ribeiro GDSR, Barboza Lemos RDCP, Machado SDC, Silva MMD, Coutinho VRD, Silva RCD. Peripheral Intravenous Catheter Insertion: Professionals' Performance and Implications for Patient Safety: A Cross-Sectional Study. JOURNAL OF INFUSION NURSING 2024; 47:42-48. [PMID: 38211614 DOI: 10.1097/nan.0000000000000531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
This study evaluated peripheral intravenous catheter insertion by licensed practical nurses in a simulated scenario. This cross-sectional and descriptive study was performed in a general hospital's simulation center located in Brazil, from January to October 2020. The authors developed a tool from the leading guidelines to measure peripheral intravenous catheter insertion performance in 60 licensed practical nurses. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, with proportions for categorical variables and analytical statistics to denote significance, using SPSS version 22.0. Ethical aspects were respected. Despite the sample comprising professionals who declared an average experience with peripheral intravenous catheter insertion of 6.4 years, at least 50% failed in some tool element. This low score on peripheral intravenous catheter insertion performance is because automation is possible without efforts to improve it. Adding years of practice does not generate better performance. The licensed practical nurses' performance was lower than expected, considering their reported experience, which poses a risk to patient safety. The training of these professionals needs to be discussed in countries where the practice is legal. Skills training should include simulation to approximate clinical practice; nurses must exercise their role in supervising the team.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucimar Casimiro de Souza
- Hospital Samaritano Botafogo, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (Souza); Anna Nery School of Nursing, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (Campos, Machado, Silva, Silva, Lemos); Clinical Simulation Center, Pró Cardíaco Hospital, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (Machado); Intensive Care Nursing, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (Ribeiro); Nursing School of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal (Coutinho)
- Lucimar Casimiro de Souza, MSN, received a master's degree in nursing from the Anna Nery School of Nursing at the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro and is a senior quality analyst at Hospital Samaritano Botafogo in Rio de Janeiro
- Juliana Faria Campos, PhD, Sabrina da Costa Machado, PhD, Marcelle Miranda da Silva, PhD, and Rafael Celestino da Silva, PhD, have their PhDs in nursing and are associate professors at the Anna Nery School of Nursing, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro
- Debora Mazioli Machado, PhD(c), is a PhD candidate in nursing at the Anna Nery School of Nursing, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, and head of the education department of the Clinical Simulation Center at the Pró Cardíaco Hospital
- Gabriella da Silva Rangel Ribeiro, PhD(c), is a PhD candidate in nursing at the Anna Nery School of Nursing, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, and a specialist in intensive care nursing from the State University of Rio de Janeiro
- Romanda da Costa Pereira Barboza Lemos, PhD(c), is a PhD candidate in nursing at the Anna Nery Nursing School, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro
- Veronica Rita Dias Coutinho, PhD, has a PhD in nursing science and is an assistant professor and coordinator of the office for quality and assessment of the Nursing School of Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Juliana Faria Campos
- Hospital Samaritano Botafogo, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (Souza); Anna Nery School of Nursing, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (Campos, Machado, Silva, Silva, Lemos); Clinical Simulation Center, Pró Cardíaco Hospital, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (Machado); Intensive Care Nursing, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (Ribeiro); Nursing School of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal (Coutinho)
- Lucimar Casimiro de Souza, MSN, received a master's degree in nursing from the Anna Nery School of Nursing at the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro and is a senior quality analyst at Hospital Samaritano Botafogo in Rio de Janeiro
- Juliana Faria Campos, PhD, Sabrina da Costa Machado, PhD, Marcelle Miranda da Silva, PhD, and Rafael Celestino da Silva, PhD, have their PhDs in nursing and are associate professors at the Anna Nery School of Nursing, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro
- Debora Mazioli Machado, PhD(c), is a PhD candidate in nursing at the Anna Nery School of Nursing, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, and head of the education department of the Clinical Simulation Center at the Pró Cardíaco Hospital
- Gabriella da Silva Rangel Ribeiro, PhD(c), is a PhD candidate in nursing at the Anna Nery School of Nursing, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, and a specialist in intensive care nursing from the State University of Rio de Janeiro
- Romanda da Costa Pereira Barboza Lemos, PhD(c), is a PhD candidate in nursing at the Anna Nery Nursing School, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro
- Veronica Rita Dias Coutinho, PhD, has a PhD in nursing science and is an assistant professor and coordinator of the office for quality and assessment of the Nursing School of Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Debora Mazioli Machado
- Hospital Samaritano Botafogo, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (Souza); Anna Nery School of Nursing, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (Campos, Machado, Silva, Silva, Lemos); Clinical Simulation Center, Pró Cardíaco Hospital, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (Machado); Intensive Care Nursing, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (Ribeiro); Nursing School of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal (Coutinho)
- Lucimar Casimiro de Souza, MSN, received a master's degree in nursing from the Anna Nery School of Nursing at the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro and is a senior quality analyst at Hospital Samaritano Botafogo in Rio de Janeiro
- Juliana Faria Campos, PhD, Sabrina da Costa Machado, PhD, Marcelle Miranda da Silva, PhD, and Rafael Celestino da Silva, PhD, have their PhDs in nursing and are associate professors at the Anna Nery School of Nursing, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro
- Debora Mazioli Machado, PhD(c), is a PhD candidate in nursing at the Anna Nery School of Nursing, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, and head of the education department of the Clinical Simulation Center at the Pró Cardíaco Hospital
- Gabriella da Silva Rangel Ribeiro, PhD(c), is a PhD candidate in nursing at the Anna Nery School of Nursing, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, and a specialist in intensive care nursing from the State University of Rio de Janeiro
- Romanda da Costa Pereira Barboza Lemos, PhD(c), is a PhD candidate in nursing at the Anna Nery Nursing School, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro
- Veronica Rita Dias Coutinho, PhD, has a PhD in nursing science and is an assistant professor and coordinator of the office for quality and assessment of the Nursing School of Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Gabriella da Silva Rangel Ribeiro
- Hospital Samaritano Botafogo, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (Souza); Anna Nery School of Nursing, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (Campos, Machado, Silva, Silva, Lemos); Clinical Simulation Center, Pró Cardíaco Hospital, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (Machado); Intensive Care Nursing, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (Ribeiro); Nursing School of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal (Coutinho)
- Lucimar Casimiro de Souza, MSN, received a master's degree in nursing from the Anna Nery School of Nursing at the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro and is a senior quality analyst at Hospital Samaritano Botafogo in Rio de Janeiro
- Juliana Faria Campos, PhD, Sabrina da Costa Machado, PhD, Marcelle Miranda da Silva, PhD, and Rafael Celestino da Silva, PhD, have their PhDs in nursing and are associate professors at the Anna Nery School of Nursing, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro
- Debora Mazioli Machado, PhD(c), is a PhD candidate in nursing at the Anna Nery School of Nursing, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, and head of the education department of the Clinical Simulation Center at the Pró Cardíaco Hospital
- Gabriella da Silva Rangel Ribeiro, PhD(c), is a PhD candidate in nursing at the Anna Nery School of Nursing, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, and a specialist in intensive care nursing from the State University of Rio de Janeiro
- Romanda da Costa Pereira Barboza Lemos, PhD(c), is a PhD candidate in nursing at the Anna Nery Nursing School, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro
- Veronica Rita Dias Coutinho, PhD, has a PhD in nursing science and is an assistant professor and coordinator of the office for quality and assessment of the Nursing School of Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Romanda da Costa Pereira Barboza Lemos
- Hospital Samaritano Botafogo, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (Souza); Anna Nery School of Nursing, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (Campos, Machado, Silva, Silva, Lemos); Clinical Simulation Center, Pró Cardíaco Hospital, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (Machado); Intensive Care Nursing, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (Ribeiro); Nursing School of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal (Coutinho)
- Lucimar Casimiro de Souza, MSN, received a master's degree in nursing from the Anna Nery School of Nursing at the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro and is a senior quality analyst at Hospital Samaritano Botafogo in Rio de Janeiro
- Juliana Faria Campos, PhD, Sabrina da Costa Machado, PhD, Marcelle Miranda da Silva, PhD, and Rafael Celestino da Silva, PhD, have their PhDs in nursing and are associate professors at the Anna Nery School of Nursing, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro
- Debora Mazioli Machado, PhD(c), is a PhD candidate in nursing at the Anna Nery School of Nursing, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, and head of the education department of the Clinical Simulation Center at the Pró Cardíaco Hospital
- Gabriella da Silva Rangel Ribeiro, PhD(c), is a PhD candidate in nursing at the Anna Nery School of Nursing, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, and a specialist in intensive care nursing from the State University of Rio de Janeiro
- Romanda da Costa Pereira Barboza Lemos, PhD(c), is a PhD candidate in nursing at the Anna Nery Nursing School, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro
- Veronica Rita Dias Coutinho, PhD, has a PhD in nursing science and is an assistant professor and coordinator of the office for quality and assessment of the Nursing School of Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Sabrina da Costa Machado
- Hospital Samaritano Botafogo, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (Souza); Anna Nery School of Nursing, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (Campos, Machado, Silva, Silva, Lemos); Clinical Simulation Center, Pró Cardíaco Hospital, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (Machado); Intensive Care Nursing, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (Ribeiro); Nursing School of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal (Coutinho)
- Lucimar Casimiro de Souza, MSN, received a master's degree in nursing from the Anna Nery School of Nursing at the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro and is a senior quality analyst at Hospital Samaritano Botafogo in Rio de Janeiro
- Juliana Faria Campos, PhD, Sabrina da Costa Machado, PhD, Marcelle Miranda da Silva, PhD, and Rafael Celestino da Silva, PhD, have their PhDs in nursing and are associate professors at the Anna Nery School of Nursing, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro
- Debora Mazioli Machado, PhD(c), is a PhD candidate in nursing at the Anna Nery School of Nursing, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, and head of the education department of the Clinical Simulation Center at the Pró Cardíaco Hospital
- Gabriella da Silva Rangel Ribeiro, PhD(c), is a PhD candidate in nursing at the Anna Nery School of Nursing, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, and a specialist in intensive care nursing from the State University of Rio de Janeiro
- Romanda da Costa Pereira Barboza Lemos, PhD(c), is a PhD candidate in nursing at the Anna Nery Nursing School, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro
- Veronica Rita Dias Coutinho, PhD, has a PhD in nursing science and is an assistant professor and coordinator of the office for quality and assessment of the Nursing School of Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Marcelle Miranda da Silva
- Hospital Samaritano Botafogo, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (Souza); Anna Nery School of Nursing, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (Campos, Machado, Silva, Silva, Lemos); Clinical Simulation Center, Pró Cardíaco Hospital, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (Machado); Intensive Care Nursing, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (Ribeiro); Nursing School of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal (Coutinho)
- Lucimar Casimiro de Souza, MSN, received a master's degree in nursing from the Anna Nery School of Nursing at the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro and is a senior quality analyst at Hospital Samaritano Botafogo in Rio de Janeiro
- Juliana Faria Campos, PhD, Sabrina da Costa Machado, PhD, Marcelle Miranda da Silva, PhD, and Rafael Celestino da Silva, PhD, have their PhDs in nursing and are associate professors at the Anna Nery School of Nursing, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro
- Debora Mazioli Machado, PhD(c), is a PhD candidate in nursing at the Anna Nery School of Nursing, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, and head of the education department of the Clinical Simulation Center at the Pró Cardíaco Hospital
- Gabriella da Silva Rangel Ribeiro, PhD(c), is a PhD candidate in nursing at the Anna Nery School of Nursing, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, and a specialist in intensive care nursing from the State University of Rio de Janeiro
- Romanda da Costa Pereira Barboza Lemos, PhD(c), is a PhD candidate in nursing at the Anna Nery Nursing School, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro
- Veronica Rita Dias Coutinho, PhD, has a PhD in nursing science and is an assistant professor and coordinator of the office for quality and assessment of the Nursing School of Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Veronica Rita Dias Coutinho
- Hospital Samaritano Botafogo, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (Souza); Anna Nery School of Nursing, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (Campos, Machado, Silva, Silva, Lemos); Clinical Simulation Center, Pró Cardíaco Hospital, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (Machado); Intensive Care Nursing, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (Ribeiro); Nursing School of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal (Coutinho)
- Lucimar Casimiro de Souza, MSN, received a master's degree in nursing from the Anna Nery School of Nursing at the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro and is a senior quality analyst at Hospital Samaritano Botafogo in Rio de Janeiro
- Juliana Faria Campos, PhD, Sabrina da Costa Machado, PhD, Marcelle Miranda da Silva, PhD, and Rafael Celestino da Silva, PhD, have their PhDs in nursing and are associate professors at the Anna Nery School of Nursing, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro
- Debora Mazioli Machado, PhD(c), is a PhD candidate in nursing at the Anna Nery School of Nursing, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, and head of the education department of the Clinical Simulation Center at the Pró Cardíaco Hospital
- Gabriella da Silva Rangel Ribeiro, PhD(c), is a PhD candidate in nursing at the Anna Nery School of Nursing, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, and a specialist in intensive care nursing from the State University of Rio de Janeiro
- Romanda da Costa Pereira Barboza Lemos, PhD(c), is a PhD candidate in nursing at the Anna Nery Nursing School, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro
- Veronica Rita Dias Coutinho, PhD, has a PhD in nursing science and is an assistant professor and coordinator of the office for quality and assessment of the Nursing School of Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Rafael Celestino da Silva
- Hospital Samaritano Botafogo, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (Souza); Anna Nery School of Nursing, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (Campos, Machado, Silva, Silva, Lemos); Clinical Simulation Center, Pró Cardíaco Hospital, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (Machado); Intensive Care Nursing, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (Ribeiro); Nursing School of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal (Coutinho)
- Lucimar Casimiro de Souza, MSN, received a master's degree in nursing from the Anna Nery School of Nursing at the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro and is a senior quality analyst at Hospital Samaritano Botafogo in Rio de Janeiro
- Juliana Faria Campos, PhD, Sabrina da Costa Machado, PhD, Marcelle Miranda da Silva, PhD, and Rafael Celestino da Silva, PhD, have their PhDs in nursing and are associate professors at the Anna Nery School of Nursing, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro
- Debora Mazioli Machado, PhD(c), is a PhD candidate in nursing at the Anna Nery School of Nursing, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, and head of the education department of the Clinical Simulation Center at the Pró Cardíaco Hospital
- Gabriella da Silva Rangel Ribeiro, PhD(c), is a PhD candidate in nursing at the Anna Nery School of Nursing, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, and a specialist in intensive care nursing from the State University of Rio de Janeiro
- Romanda da Costa Pereira Barboza Lemos, PhD(c), is a PhD candidate in nursing at the Anna Nery Nursing School, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro
- Veronica Rita Dias Coutinho, PhD, has a PhD in nursing science and is an assistant professor and coordinator of the office for quality and assessment of the Nursing School of Coimbra, Portugal
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Evison H, Carrington M, Keijzers G, Marsh NM, Sweeny AL, Byrnes J, Rickard CM, Carr PJ, Ranse J. Peripheral intravenous cannulation decision-making in emergency settings: a qualitative descriptive study. BMJ Open 2022; 12:e054927. [PMID: 35273050 PMCID: PMC8915296 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-054927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Rates of unused ('idle') peripheral intravenous catheters (PIVCs) are high but can vary per setting. Understanding factors that influence the decision-making of doctors, nurses and paramedics in the emergency setting regarding PIVC insertion, and what factors may modify their decision is essential to identify opportunities to reduce unnecessary cannulations and improve patient-centred outcomes. This study aimed to understand factors associated with clinicians' decision-making on whether to insert or use a PIVC in the emergency care setting. DESIGN A qualitative descriptive study using in-depth semistructured interviews and thematic analysis. SETTING Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia, in a large tertiary level emergency department (ED) and local government ambulance service. PARTICIPANTS Participants recruited were ED clinicians (doctors, nurses) and paramedics who regularly insert PIVCs. RESULTS From the 15 clinicians interviewed 4 key themes: knowledge and experience, complicated and multifactorial, convenience, anticipated patient clinical course, and several subthemes emerged relating to clinician decision-making across all disciplines. The first two themes focused on decision-making to gather data and evidence, such as knowledge and experience, and decisions being complicated and multifactorial. The remaining two themes related to the actions clinicians took such as convenience and anticipated patient clinical course. CONCLUSION The decision to insert a PIVC is more complicated than clinicians, administrators and policy-makers may realise. When explored, clinician decisions were multifaceted with many factors influencing the decision to insert a PIVC. In actual practice, clinicians routinely insert PIVCs in most patients as a learnt reflex with little cognitive input. When considering PIVC insertion, more time needs to be devoted to the awareness of: (1) decision-making in the context of the clinician's own experience, (2) cognitive biases and (3) patient-centred factors. Such awareness will support an appropriate risk assessment which will benefit the patient, clinician and healthcare system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Evison
- Gold Coast Region, Queensland Ambulance Service, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Alliance for Vascular Access Teaching and Research, School of Nursing and Midwifery/School of Pharmacy and Medical Science, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia
| | - Mercedes Carrington
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Robina Hospital, Robina, Queensland, Australia
| | - Gerben Keijzers
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Gold Coast Hospital and Health Service, Southport, Queensland, Australia
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Robina, Queensland, Australia
- School of Medicine, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Nicole M Marsh
- Alliance for Vascular Access Teaching and Research, School of Nursing and Midwifery/School of Pharmacy and Medical Science, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia
- Nursing and Midwifery Centre Research Centre, The Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston, Queensland, Australia
- School of Nursing, Midwifery and Social Work, The University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Herston, Queensland, Australia
- Menzies Health Institute, Griffith University Faculty of Health, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Amy Lynn Sweeny
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Gold Coast Hospital and Health Service, Southport, Queensland, Australia
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Robina, Queensland, Australia
| | - Joshua Byrnes
- School of Medicine, Centre for Applied Health Economics, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia
| | - Claire M Rickard
- Alliance for Vascular Access Teaching and Research, School of Nursing and Midwifery/School of Pharmacy and Medical Science, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia
- Nursing and Midwifery Centre Research Centre, The Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston, Queensland, Australia
- School of Nursing, Midwifery and Social Work, The University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Herston, Queensland, Australia
- Herston Infectious Disease Institute, Metro North Hospital and Health Service, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Peter J Carr
- Alliance for Vascular Access Teaching and Research, School of Nursing and Midwifery/School of Pharmacy and Medical Science, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Jamie Ranse
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Gold Coast Hospital and Health Service, Southport, Queensland, Australia
- Menzies Health Institute, Griffith University Faculty of Health, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
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