Serum resistin is associated with impaired endothelial function and a higher rate of adverse cardiac events in patients with peripheral artery disease

Role of Resistin in Various Diseases with Special Emphasis on Periodontal and Periapical Inflammation - A Review

Resistin is a small adipocyte-specific secretory hormone molecule. It has been associated with a number of cellular and metabolic processes. It has also been essentially implicated to have a vital role in the interplay between insulin resistance, obesity, and type II diabetes. Numerous clinical studies have demonstrated an association between many pathological illnesses with elevated serum resistin levels. It has also been shown to affect and modulate various molecular processes such as atherosclerosis, cancer cell metabolism, and inflammation. Periodontitis is a widespread inflammatory disease affecting human beings. Periapical periodontitis is an inflammatory disease that manifests as a sequela of untreated dental caries. Therefore, in this article, we summarize the divergent physiological roles played by resistin and its association with the mechanism of various pathologies. Moreover, current scientific studies discussing its association and role in common dental pathologies, periodontitis, and apical periodontitis are reviewed.

The effects of flaxseed supplementation on concentration of circulating adipokines in patients with ulcerative colitis

Aim

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of supplementation with ground flaxseed (GF) on the concentrations of adiponectin, resistin, and visfatin in patients with ulcerative colitis (UC).

Background

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is one of the most common gastrointestinal diseases affecting people of all ages. Adipokines secreted from adipose tissue have been shown to play an essential role in the pathogenesis of UC.

Methods

This trial is an open-labeled randomized controlled trial conducted on 70 patients with UC. The patients were randomly divided into two groups: flaxseed and control. The patients in the intervention received 30 g/day flaxseed powder for 12 weeks. Patients' anthropometric, nutritional, and biochemical factors were evaluated at the beginning and end of the intervention period.

Results

Totally, 64 patients (36 men and 28 women) with a mean age of 31.12±9.67 were included in the final analysis. There was no significant difference between the two groups regarding baseline weight and height (P>0.05). After the 12-week intervention, flaxseed supplementation led to a significant reduction in the resistin (-4.85±1.89 vs. -1.10±2.25, P<0.001) and visfatin concentration (-1.33±1.14 vs. -0.53±1.63, P=0.018). Further, we found a significant increase in the adiponectin levels after the GF supplementation (3.49±1.29 vs. -0.35±0.96, P<0.001).

Conclusion

Flaxseed supplementation could exert beneficial effects on adipokine levels in patients with UC.

Antiresistin Neutralizing Antibody Alleviates Doxorubicin-Induced Cardiac Injury in Mice

Background

Resistin is closely related to cardiovascular diseases, and this study is aimed at examining the role of resistin in doxorubicin- (DOX-) induced cardiac injury.

Methods

First, 48 mice were divided into 2 groups and treated with saline or DOX, and the expression of resistin at different time points was examined (N = 24). A total of 40 mice were pretreated with the antiresistin neutralizing antibody (nAb) or isotype IgG for 1 hour and further administered DOX or saline for 5 days. The mice were divided into 4 groups: saline-IgG, saline-nAb, DOX-IgG, and DOX-nAb (N = 10). Cardiac injury, cardiomyocyte apoptosis, inflammatory factors, and the biomarkers of M1 and M2 macrophages in each group were analyzed.

Result

DOX administration increased the expression of resistin. DOX treatment exacerbated the loss of body and heart weight and cardiac vacuolation in mice. The antiresistin nAb reversed these conditions, downregulated the expression of myocardial injury markers, and decreased apoptosis. In addition, the antiresistin nAb decreased p65 pathway activation, decreased M1 macrophage differentiation and the expression of related inflammatory factors, and increased M2 macrophage differentiation and the expression of related inflammatory factors.

Conclusion

The antiresistin nAb protected against DOX-induced cardiac injury by reducing cardiac inflammation and may be a promising target to relieve DOX-related cardiac injury.

Meteorin-Like Protein Levels Decrease in Patients With Acute Ischaemic Stroke

INTRODUCTION

 Ongoing research aims to investigate blood-based biomarkers and use them in acute ischaemic stroke (AIS) diagnosis and management of patients with AIS.

PURPOSE

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the meteorin-like protein (Metrnl) levels secreted by adipose tissue in patients with AIS.

METHODS

The study groups included healthy controls (n=30) and patients diagnosed with AIS via magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the emergency department (n=35) during the one-year period. The basic laboratory values and Metrnl, total antioxidant capacity (TAC), total oxidant status (TOS), and oxidative stress index (OSI) levels of the patients were compared. The Metrnl levels were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays.

RESULTS

In the present study, the Metrnl (p=0.001) and TAC (p=0.009) levels decreased significantly, whereas the TOS (p<0.001) and OSI (p<0.001) levels increased significantly in the patients with AIS compared to the healthy controls. Furthermore, a cut-off value of ≤1.63% meteorin-like protein rendered the sensitivity and specificity rates of 91.43% and 71.43%, respectively, in the patients with AIS. In addition, there was a significant negative correlation between the decreased meteorin-like protein levels and the infarct diameter in patients with AIS.

CONCLUSION

In patients with AIS, the meteorin-like protein levels decreased inversely with the infarct diameter, and at the same time, there was an increase in TOS and OSI levels and a decrease in TAC levels.

Resistin and Cardiovascular Disease: A Review of the Current Literature Regarding Clinical and Pathological Relationships

Serum resistin, mainly secreted by the bone marrow, monocytes, and macrophages, contributes to many processes, including endothelial dysfunction, Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell (VSMC) proliferation, and atherothrombosis demonstrating effects on the development of hypertension and Coronary Artery Disease (CAD). Previously published clinical studies have shown that plasma resistin levels are significantly associated with cardiovascular disease risk factors and adverse clinical outcomes associated with the condition. Resistin is associated with vascular smooth muscle cell dysfunction in vitro, most plausibly due to its relationship with oxidative stress in advanced atherosclerosis whereas in vivo studies have shown resistin to be associated with intimal hyperplasia. We aimed to summarize the role of resistin on cardiovascular disease (CVD), as we could not find any review focused on the role of resistin on CVD.

Omentin Is Independently Associated with Stroke Severity and Ipsilateral Carotid Artery Stenosis in Patients with Acute Cerebral Ischemia

Mounting evidence indicates an association between adipokines and inflammation-related atherosclerosis. Here, we sought to investigate the association of vaspin and omentin with clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients with acute cerebral ischemia (ACI). Consecutive ACI patients were evaluated within 24 h from symptom-onset. Stroke aetiology was classified using TOAST criteria. Adipokines were assayed using quantikine enzyme immunoassay commercially available kits. Stroke severity was assessed by NIHSS-score, and ipsilateral carotid stenosis (≥50% by NASCET criteria) by ultrasound and CT/MR angiography. Major cerebrovascular events were assessed at three months. We included 135 ACI patients (05 (78%) and 30 (22%) with acute ischemic stroke and transient ischemic attack, respectively; mean age ± SD: 59 ± 10 years; 68% men; median NIHSS-score: 3 (IQR:1–7)). Omentin was strongly correlated to admission stroke severity (Spearman rho coefficient: +0.303; p < 0.001). Patients with ipsilateral carotid stenosis had higher omentin levels compared to patients without stenosis (13.3 ± 8.9 ng/mL vs. 9.5 ± 5.5 ng/mL, p = 0.014). Increasing omentin levels were independently associated with higher stroke severity (linear regression coefficient = 0.290; 95%CI: 0.063–0.516; p = 0.002) and ipsilateral carotid stenosis (linear regression coefficient = 3.411; 95%CI: 0.194–6.628; p = 0.038). No association of vaspin with clinical characteristics and outcomes was found. Circulating omentin may represent a biomarker for the presence of atherosclerotic plaque, associated with higher stroke severity in ACI patients.

Positive Correlation of Serum Resistin Level with Peripheral Artery Disease in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease Stage 3 to 5

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is associated with higher risk of cardiovascular disease-related ischemic events, which includes peripheral arterial disease (PAD). PAD is a strong predictor of future cardiovascular events, which can cause significant morbidity and mortality. Resistin has been found to be involved in pathological processes leading to CVD. Therefore, we aim to investigate whether resistin level is correlated with PAD in patients with non-dialysis CKD stage 3 to 5. There were 240 CKD patients enrolled in this study. Ankle-brachial index (ABI) values were measured using the automated oscillometric method. An ABI value < 0.9 defined the low ABI group. Serum levels of human resistin were determined using a commercially available enzyme immunoassay. Thirty CKD patients (12.5%) were included in the low ABI group. Patients in the low ABI group were older and had higher resistin levels as well as higher diabetes mellitus, hypertension and habit of smoking, and lower estimated glomerular filtration rate than patients in the normal ABI group. After the adjustment for factors that were significantly associated with PAD by multivariate logistic regression analysis, age and serum resistin level were independent predictors of PAD. A high serum resistin level is an independent predictor of PAD in non-dialysis CKD stage 3 to 5.

Resistin is Associated with Inflammation and Renal Function, but not with Insulin Resistance in Type 2 Diabetes

The aim of the study was to investigate the association of adipokines (resistin, leptin and adiponectin) with obesity, insulin resistance (IR) and inflammation in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). A total of 284 patients with T2DM were included. Concentrations of resistin, leptin, adiponectin, and inflammatory markers [high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), and interleukin 6 (IL-6)] were measured and homeostatic model assessment for IR (HOMA-IR) index was calculated. Resistin correlated negatively with estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and positively with hsCRP, TNF-α, IL-6, and white blood cell count (WBC). Leptin correlated positively with HOMA-IR, whereas adiponectin correlated negatively. Leptin also correlated positively with body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, IL-6, WBC and negatively with eGFR. Adiponectin correlated negatively with waist circumference, WBC, and eGFR. Multivariate logistic regression indicated lower eGFR and higher WBC and IL-6 as independent predictive factors of resistin concentration above the upper quartile (CAQ3), whereas female sex and higher BMI and HOMA-IR of leptin CAQ3, and lower HOMA-IR and older age of adiponectin CAQ3. In conclusion, in contrast to leptin and adiponectin, in T2DM patients, resistin is not associated with BMI and IR, but with inflammation and worse kidney function.

Obesity-induced cognitive impairment in older adults: a microvascular perspective

Over two-thirds of individuals aged 65 and older are obese or overweight in the United States. Epidemiological data show an association between the degree of adiposity and cognitive dysfunction in the elderly. In this review, the pathophysiological roles of microvascular mechanisms, including impaired endothelial function and neurovascular coupling responses, microvascular rarefaction, and blood-brain barrier disruption in the genesis of cognitive impairment in geriatric obesity are considered. The potential contribution of adipose-derived factors and fundamental cellular and molecular mechanisms of senescence to exacerbated obesity-induced cerebromicrovascular impairment and cognitive decline in aging are discussed.

Clinical relevance of serum omentin-1 levels as a biomarker of prognosis in patients with acute cerebral infarction

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

Previous studies have shown that adipocytokines are associated with atherosclerosis, diagnosis, and functional prognosis after ischemic stroke. However, few studies have investigated the relationship between omentin-1 and atherosclerotic acute cerebral infarction (ACI).

METHODS

In this study, we investigated the association between serum omentin-1 levels at admission and severity, infarction volume, and functional prognosis of patients 90 days after atherosclerotic ACI.

RESULTS

A total of 109 patients with atherosclerotic ACI were enrolled. Serum omentin-1 levels at admission were lower in patients with ACI than those in healthy controls (47.18 ± 13.64 vs. 56.27 ± 34.44 ng/ml, p = .014). Serum omentin-1 levels at admission were negatively correlated with severity of ACI (r = -.271, p = .004) and infarction volume (r = -.264, p = .006), respectively. Moreover, serum omentin-1 levels were lower in the poor functional prognosis group than those in the good functional prognosis group in patients with large artery and small artery atherosclerotic ACI. In a logistic regression analysis, higher serum omentin-1 level (>43.10 ng/ml) at admission was negatively associated with a poor functional prognosis 90 days after atherosclerotic ACI.

CONCLUSIONS

Serum omentin-1 levels at admission were significantly lower among patients with ACI. A higher plasma omentin-1 level (>43.10 ng/ml) was negatively associated with poor functional prognosis 90 days after atherosclerotic ACI. Further studies are needed to investigate the pathophysiological mechanism of omentin-1 in affecting attacks and prognosis of ACI as well as to confirm the value of plasma omentin-1 level as a potential biomarker.

Predictive power of novel and established obesity indices for outcome in PAD during a five-year follow-up

BACKGROUND AND AIMS

Previous data show contradicting results regarding relevance of obesity on outcome in peripheral arterial disease (PAD). Thus, this study aims to evaluate the predictive power of obesity as measured by established and novel obesity indices (waist circumference WC, waist-hip ratio WHR, body-mass index BMI, body adiposity index BAI, visceral adiposity index VAI, weight-adjusted waist index WWI) in a PAD cohort.

METHODS AND RESULTS

In 367 patients with diagnosed PAD anthropometric parameters were assessed at study inclusion in an observational study. Mortality data was retrieved from the central death registry after five years. Outcome analyses were performed by multivariable Cox-regression models. 57 PAD patients (15.5%) died during the follow-up, of those 36 were categorized as cardiovascular origin. Patients from the all-cause mortality group were older, more often diabetics with a worse glucose control and had worse renal function. Obesity indices were not significantly different between the event and control group. None of the evaluated risk factors predicted cardiovascular or all-cause death after multivariable adjustment for age, gender, LDL-C, serum creatinine, systolic blood pressure, CRP, smoking habits, diabetes status and previous history of peripheral revascularisation (all-cause WC 1.007 (0.983-1.031), WHR 1.772 (0.106-29.595), BMI 1.006 (0.939-1.078), BAI 1.002 (0.945-1.063), VAI 1.019 (0.895-1.161), WWI 1.085 (0.831-1.416); cv-death WC 1.007 (0.978-1.036), WHR 0.382 (0.006-25.338), BMI 1.004 (0.918-1.098), BAI 1.034 (0.959-1.116), VAI 1.036 (0.885-1.213), WWI 1.061 (0.782-1.441)).

CONCLUSION

Obesity as risk marker estimated by indices both for general and visceral adiposity, does not predict mortality in a secondary prevention cohort of PAD patients.

Effects of different obesity-related adipokines on the occurrence of obstructive sleep apnea

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), characterized by recurrent episodes of apnea during sleep and daytime sleepiness, seriously affects human health and may lead to systemic organ dysfunction. The pathogenesis of OSA is complex and still uncertain, but multiple surveys have shown that obesity is an important factor, and the incidence of OSA in people with obesity is as high as 30%. Adipokines are a group of proteins secreted from adipocytes, which are dysregulated in obesity and may contribute to OSA. Here, we review the most important and representative research results regarding the correlation between obesity-related adipokines including leptin, adiponectin, omentin-1, chemerin, and resistin and OSA in the past 5 years, provide an overview of these key adipokines, and analyze possible intrinsic mechanisms and influencing factors. The existing research shows that OSA is associated with an increase in the serum levels of leptin, chemerin, and resistin and a decrease in the levels of adiponectin and omentin-1; the findings presented here can be used to monitor the development of OSA and obesity, prevent future comorbidities, and identify risk factors for cardiovascular and other diseases, while different adipokines can be linked to OSA through different pathways such as insulin resistance, intermittent hypoxia, and inflammation, among others. We hope our review leads to a deeper and more comprehensive understanding of OSA based on the relevant literature, which will also provide directions for future clinical research.

Alliin, an Allium sativum Nutraceutical, ReducesMetaflammation Markers in DIO Mice

Obesity generates a chronic low-grade inflammatory state which promotes oxidative stress and triggers comorbidities. Alliin is the main organosulfur compound in garlic and has been shown to induce a decrease in the expression of proinflammatory cytokines; its systemic effect on metabolic parameters and adipose tissue is not yet known, however. After nine weeks of HFD and with obesity established in C57BL/6 mice, we observed that a daily treatment with alliin for 3.5 weeks (15 mg/kg) did not affect body weight, but significantly improved insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance, both evaluated through a blood glucose monitoring system. Once alliin treatment was completed, serum, adipose tissue, and organs of interest related to metabolism were removed for further analysis. We observed that alliin significantly decreased the size of adipocytes from epididymal adipose tissue, evaluated via microscopy. A decrease in gene expression and serum protein levels of the adipocytokines leptin and resistin, as well as decreased serum IL-6 concentration, were detected by qRT-PCR and ELISA, respectively. It did not, however, affect mRNA expression of antioxidant enzymes in the liver. Taken altogether, these results indicate that treatment with alliin reduces metaflammation markers in DIO mice and improves some metabolic parameters without affecting others.

Ctrp4, a new adipokine, promotes the differentiation of osteoblasts

Recent evidence suggests that adipokines are involved in the regulation of bone metabolism. Ctrp4 is a newly discovered member of the adipokine CTRP family. Studies have shown that Ctrp4 is involved in the regulation of tumor cell inflammatory signaling pathways and acts on the hypothalamus to regulate food intake, but its role in osteoblasts is not yet clear. In this study, we found that the expression of Ctrp4 in bone tissue was significantly decreased in the tail-suspended mouse, while that in ovariectomized-simulated osteoporosis mice decreased similarly, indicating that Ctrp4 was involved in osteogenesis regulation. We further isolated Alp-positive osteoblasts from the femur of tail-suspended rats and confirmed that the expression of Ctrp4, Bglap and Alp was down-regulated in the process of bone loss caused by tail suspension. In the process of inducing osteoblastic differentiation in vitro, Ctrp4 interfering significantly inhibited the expression of Alp and Bglap. In addition, inhibition of Ctrp4 resulted in decreased alkaline phosphatase expression and less alizarin red staining, indicating that Ctrp4 promoted osteogenic differentiation and osteoblasts mineralization. In conclusion, our results suggest that Ctrp4 is involved in bone metabolism regulation and promotes osteoblast differentiation, which may become a potential target for future intervention in bone metabolic diseases.