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Chia L, Myer GD, Hewett TE, McKay MJ, Sullivan J, Ford KR, Pappas E. Do Cutting Kinematics Change as Boys Mature? A Longitudinal Cohort Study of High-School Athletes. Clin J Sport Med 2023; 33:e8-e13. [PMID: 36367778 PMCID: PMC9991932 DOI: 10.1097/jsm.0000000000001095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Examine longitudinal changes in trunk, hip, and knee kinematics in maturing boys during an unanticipated cutting task. DESIGN Prospective cohort study. SETTING Biomechanical laboratory. PARTICIPANTS Forty-two high-school male basketball, volleyball, and soccer athletes. ASSESSMENT OF RISK FACTORS Trunk, hip, and knee range-of-motion (RoM), peak angles, and angles at initial contact during an unanticipated 45 degrees sidestep cutting task were estimated using laboratory-based three-dimensional optoelectronic motion capture. Maturation was classified using a modified Pubertal Maturational Observational Scale (PMOS) into prepubertal, midpubertal, or postpubertal stages. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Trunk total RoM in frontal, sagittal, and transverse planes; peak trunk flexion, right lateral flexion and right rotation angles; hip total RoM in frontal, sagittal, and transverse planes; hip flexion angle at initial contact; peak hip flexion and adduction angles; knee total RoM in frontal, sagittal, and transverse planes; knee flexion angle at initial contact; peak knee flexion and abduction angles. RESULTS As boys matured, there was a decrease in hip sagittal-plane RoM (49.02 degrees to 43.45 degrees, Benjamini-Hochberg adjusted P = 0.027), hip flexion at initial contact (29.33 degrees to 23.08 degrees, P = 0.018), and peak hip flexion (38.66 degrees to 32.71 degrees, P = 0.046), and an increase in trunk contralateral rotation (17.47 degrees to 25.05 degrees, P = 0.027). CONCLUSIONS Maturing male athletes adopted a more erect cutting strategy that is associated with greater knee joint loading. Knee kinematic changes that increase knee joint loading were not observed in this cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lionel Chia
- Sydney School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, AUS
- Cleveland Guardians Baseball Company, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Gregory D. Myer
- Emory Sport Performance and Research Center, Flowery Branch, GA, USA
- Emory Sports Medicine Center, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Orthopaedics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- The Micheli Center for Sports Injury Prevention, Waltham, MA
| | - Timothy E. Hewett
- Hewett Global Consulting, Minneapolis & Rochester, MN, USA
- The Rocky Mountain Consortium for Sports Research, Edwards, CO, USA
| | - Marnee J. McKay
- Sydney School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, AUS
| | - Justin Sullivan
- Sydney School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, AUS
| | - Kevin R. Ford
- Department of Physical Therapy, Congdon School of Health Sciences, High Point University, High Point, NC, USA
| | - Evangelos Pappas
- Sydney School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, AUS
- The University of Wollongong, School of Medicine and Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, NSW, AUS
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Silva A, Antunes R, Monteiro D, Jacinto M, Matos R, Rodrigues F. What Drives Portuguese Women to Be Physically Active? Associations between Motives and Well-Being Indicators. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:3352. [PMID: 36834046 PMCID: PMC9966093 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20043352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Motives and self-esteem play crucial roles in shaping personal behavior and emotions and have been shown to impact well-being. However, the association between these constructs has been overlooked in women who seem to be more externally driven to engage in exercise. The present study was carried out with the objective of analyzing the associations between motives for physical exercise, positive and negative activations, and self-esteem of Portuguese women exercising at gyms and fitness centers. The sample consists of 206 women aged between 16 and 68 years old (M = 35.77; SD = 11.47). Participants answered a short sociodemographic questionnaire, the Goal Content for Exercise Questionnaire, the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule, and the Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale. The results showed that the health motive had the highest predictive value (β = 0.24; p < 0.01) on self-esteem and demonstrated a positive and significant correlation with positive activation and self-esteem (p < 0.01). On the other hand, the social recognition motive had the lowest predictive value on self-esteem (β = -0.04; p > 0.05) and demonstrated a non-significant correlation with positive activation and self-esteem (p > 0.05). Looking at the coefficients in the hierarchical regression model, it can be seen that the health motive and positive activation were positively and significantly correlated with self-esteem. This study points to the need to raise awareness about the motives of exercise related to the physical and mental health of Portuguese women. Portuguese women that exercise for health motives display greater perceived self-esteem which is an indication of a greater sense of well-being. While the results are limited to Portuguese women, exercise physiologists assessing exercise motives could provide information on how to prescribe exercise as a means to increase self-esteem, considering the positive activation resulting from this behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Silva
- ESECS—Polytechnic of Leiria, 2411-901 Leiria, Portugal
| | - Raul Antunes
- ESECS—Polytechnic of Leiria, 2411-901 Leiria, Portugal
- Life Quality Research Centre (CIEQV), 2040-413 Leiria, Portugal
- Center for Innovative Care and Health Technology (ciTechCare), Polytechnic of Leiria, 2411-901 Leiria, Portugal
| | - Diogo Monteiro
- ESECS—Polytechnic of Leiria, 2411-901 Leiria, Portugal
- Life Quality Research Centre (CIEQV), 2040-413 Leiria, Portugal
- Research Center in Sport Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Miguel Jacinto
- ESECS—Polytechnic of Leiria, 2411-901 Leiria, Portugal
- Life Quality Research Centre (CIEQV), 2040-413 Leiria, Portugal
- Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, University of Coimbra, 3040-248 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Rui Matos
- ESECS—Polytechnic of Leiria, 2411-901 Leiria, Portugal
- Life Quality Research Centre (CIEQV), 2040-413 Leiria, Portugal
| | - Filipe Rodrigues
- ESECS—Polytechnic of Leiria, 2411-901 Leiria, Portugal
- Life Quality Research Centre (CIEQV), 2040-413 Leiria, Portugal
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Kong L, Wu P, Zhang X, Meng L, Kong L, Zhang Q, Shen J. Effects of mental fatigue on biomechanical characteristics of lower extremities in patients with functional ankle instability during unanticipated side-step cutting. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1123201. [PMID: 37035660 PMCID: PMC10078947 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1123201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Functional ankle instability (FAI) is the primary classification of ankle injuries. Competitive activities have complicated movements that can result in ankle re-injury among patients with FAI. Unanticipated movement state (MS) and mental fatigue (MF) could also happen in these activities, which may further increase their joint injury risk. Objective: This study aimed to clarify the biomechanical characteristics difference of the lower extremity (LE) between the injured side and the uninjured side among patients with FAI when they perform unanticipated side-step cutting after MF. Methods: Fifteen males with unilateral FAI participated in this study (age: 20.7 ± 1.3 years, height: 173.6 ± 4.4 cm, weight: 70.1 ± 5.0 kg). They used the injured side and the uninjured side of LE to complete anticipated and unanticipated side-step cutting before and after MF. The kinematic and kinetics data were evaluated using three-way ANOVA with repeated measures. Results: During patients with FAI performed anticipated side-step cutting, the ankle stiffness of both sides showed no significant change after MF; During they performed unanticipated side-step cutting, their injured side presented significantly lower ankle stiffness after MF, while the uninjured side did not have such change. In addition, after MF, the injured side exhibited increased ankle inversion, knee valgus and LR, but the uninjured side did without these changes. Conclusion: Influenced by MF, when patients with FAI use their injured side of LE to perform side-step cutting, this side LE has a higher risk of musculoskeletal injuries such as lateral ankle sprains and anterior cruciate ligament injury. The ankle stiffness of the injured side will be further reduced when patients with FAI perform unanticipated side-step cutting, which increases ankle instability and the risk of re-injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyu Kong
- Physical Education and Sports School, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Peng Wu
- Physical Education and Sports School, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xinwen Zhang
- School of Public Health, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Lingyue Meng
- Physical Education and Sports School, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Lintao Kong
- Experimental Primary School, High Tech Zone Science and Technology City, Suzhou, China
| | - Qiuxia Zhang
- Physical Education and Sports School, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Qiuxia Zhang, ; Jianzhong Shen,
| | - Jianzhong Shen
- Rehabilitation Center, Shanghai Yongci Rehabilitation Hospital, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Qiuxia Zhang, ; Jianzhong Shen,
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The effect of fatigue on electromechanical response times in basketball players with and without persistent low back pain. Sci Rep 2022; 12:17849. [PMID: 36284126 PMCID: PMC9596473 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-21940-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Typically, athletes alter movement mechanics in the presence of back pain, but the effect of these changes on lower extremity injury risk is not well understood. This study aimed to compare the effect of fatigue on electromechanical response times during a choice reaction task in basketball players with and without persistent low back pain. Twenty-four male basketball players participated. Total reaction time (TRT), premotor time (PMT), and electromechanical delay (EMD data were recorded before and after fatigue. The chronic low back pain (CLBP) group had significantly longer EMD in Med gastrocnemius (p = 0.001) and Tibialis anterior (p = 0.001), and shorter EMD in Vastus Lateralis (p = 0.001), Vastus Medialis Oblique (p = 0.003), and Semitendinosus (p = 0.025) muscles after fatigue. PMT in the CLBP group had longer than the Non-CLBP in Vastus Lateralis (p = 0.010), Vastus Medialis Oblique (p = 0.017), Semitendinosus (p = 0.002). Also, TRT was longer in knee flexion (p = 0.001) and ankle plantarflexion (p = 0.001) muscle groups. The different effects of fatigue on electromechanical response times of the knee and ankle in people with CLBP may represent the effect of an axial injury on lower extremity injury risk factors in situations of higher cognitive load, similar to competitive play.
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Sigurðsson HB, Karlsson J, Snyder‐Mackler L, Briem K. Kinematics observed during ACL injury are associated with large early peak knee abduction moments during a change of direction task in healthy adolescents. J Orthop Res 2021; 39:2281-2290. [PMID: 33280158 PMCID: PMC8179932 DOI: 10.1002/jor.24942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Cluster analysis of knee abduction moment waveforms may be useful to examine biomechanical data. The aim of this study was to analyze if the knee abduction moment waveform of early peaks, consistent with anterior cruciate ligament injury mechanisms, was associated with foot-trunk distance, knee kinematics, and heel strike landing posture, all of which have been observed during anterior cruciate ligament injuries. One hundred and seventy-seven adolescent athletes performed cutting maneuvers, marker-based motion capture collected kinetic and marker data and an 8-segment musculoskeletal model was constructed. Knee abduction moment waveforms were clustered as either a large early peak, or not a large early peak using a two-step process with Euclidean distances and the Ward-d2 cluster method. Mediolateral distance between foot and trunk was associated with the large early peak waveform with an odds ratio (95% confidence interval) of 3.4 (2.7-4.4). Knee flexion angle at initial contact and knee flexion excursion had odds ratios of 1.9 (1.6-2.4) and 1.6 (1.3-2.0). Knee abduction excursions had an odds ratio of 1.8 (1.1-2.4) and 1.8 (1.4-2.4), respectively. Heel strike landings and anteroposterior distance between foot and trunk were not associated with the large early peak waveform with odds ratios of 1.2 (0.9-1.7) and 1.1 (0.8-1.3), respectively. The knee abduction moment waveform is associated with several kinematic variables observed during ACL injury. The results support intervention programs that can modify these kinematics and thus reduce early stance phase knee abduction moments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haraldur B. Sigurðsson
- Research Centre for Movement SciencesUniversity of IcelandReykjavíkIceland,Department of Physical TherapyUniversity of IcelandReykjavíkIceland
| | - Jón Karlsson
- Department of Orthopaedics, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Sahlgrenska Academy, Institute of Clinical SciencesGothenborg UniversityGothenburgSweden
| | | | - Kristín Briem
- Research Centre for Movement SciencesUniversity of IcelandReykjavíkIceland,Department of Physical TherapyUniversity of IcelandReykjavíkIceland
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Fox AS, Bonacci J, Saunders N. The relationship between performance of a single-leg squat and leap landing task: moving towards a netball-specific anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury risk screening method. Sports Biomech 2018; 19:493-509. [DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2018.1498535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aaron S. Fox
- Centre for Sports Research, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jason Bonacci
- Centre for Sports Research, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Natalie Saunders
- Centre for Sports Research, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Melbourne, Australia
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Change-of-Direction Biomechanics: Is What’s Best for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury Prevention Also Best for Performance? Sports Med 2018; 48:1799-1807. [DOI: 10.1007/s40279-018-0931-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Kiapour AM, Demetropoulos CK, Kiapour A, Quatman CE, Wordeman SC, Goel VK, Hewett TE. Strain Response of the Anterior Cruciate Ligament to Uniplanar and Multiplanar Loads During Simulated Landings: Implications for Injury Mechanism. Am J Sports Med 2016; 44:2087-96. [PMID: 27159285 DOI: 10.1177/0363546516640499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite basic characterization of the loading factors that strain the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), the interrelationship(s) and additive nature of these loads that occur during noncontact ACL injuries remain incompletely characterized. HYPOTHESIS In the presence of an impulsive axial compression, simulating vertical ground-reaction force during landing (1) both knee abduction and internal tibial rotation moments would result in increased peak ACL strain, and (2) a combined multiplanar loading condition, including both knee abduction and internal tibial rotation moments, would increase the peak ACL strain to levels greater than those under uniplanar loading modes alone. STUDY DESIGN Controlled laboratory study. METHODS A cadaveric model of landing was used to simulate dynamic landings during a jump in 17 cadaveric lower extremities (age, 45 ± 7 years; 9 female and 8 male). Peak ACL strain was measured in situ and characterized under impulsive axial compression and simulated muscle forces (baseline) followed by addition of anterior tibial shear, knee abduction, and internal tibial rotation loads in both uni- and multiplanar modes, simulating a broad range of landing conditions. The associations between knee rotational kinematics and peak ACL strain levels were further investigated to determine the potential noncontact injury mechanism. RESULTS Externally applied loads, under both uni- and multiplanar conditions, resulted in consistent increases in peak ACL strain compared with the baseline during simulated landings (by up to 3.5-fold; P ≤ .032). Combined multiplanar loading resulted in the greatest increases in peak ACL strain (P < .001). Degrees of knee abduction rotation (R(2) = 0.45; β = 0.42) and internal tibial rotation (R(2) = 0.32; β = 0.23) were both significantly correlated with peak ACL strain (P < .001). However, changes in knee abduction rotation had a significantly greater effect size on peak ACL strain levels than did internal tibial rotation (by ~2-fold; P < .001). CONCLUSION In the presence of impulsive axial compression, the combination of anterior tibial shear force, knee abduction, and internal tibial rotation moments significantly increases ACL strain, which could result in ACL failure. These findings support multiplanar knee valgus collapse as one the primary mechanisms of noncontact ACL injuries during landing. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Intervention programs that address multiple planes of loading may decrease the risk of ACL injury and the devastating consequences of posttraumatic knee osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ata M Kiapour
- Orthopaedic Research Laboratories, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA Engineering Center for Orthopaedic Research Excellence (ECORE), Departments of Orthopaedics and Bioengineering, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, USA
| | - Constantine K Demetropoulos
- Biomechanics & Injury Mitigation Systems, Research & Exploratory Development Department, The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, Maryland, USA
| | - Ali Kiapour
- Engineering Center for Orthopaedic Research Excellence (ECORE), Departments of Orthopaedics and Bioengineering, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, USA
| | - Carmen E Quatman
- Sports Health and Performance Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Samuel C Wordeman
- Sports Health and Performance Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Vijay K Goel
- Engineering Center for Orthopaedic Research Excellence (ECORE), Departments of Orthopaedics and Bioengineering, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, USA
| | - Timothy E Hewett
- Mayo Biomechanics Laboratories, Mayo Sports Medicine Center, Departments of Orthopedic Surgery, Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, and Physiology & Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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Fox AS, Bonacci J, McLean SG, Spittle M, Saunders N. A Systematic Evaluation of Field-Based Screening Methods for the Assessment of Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) Injury Risk. Sports Med 2016; 46:715-35. [PMID: 26626070 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-015-0443-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Laboratory-based measures provide an accurate method to identify risk factors for anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury; however, these methods are generally prohibitive to the wider community. Screening methods that can be completed in a field or clinical setting may be more applicable for wider community use. Examination of field-based screening methods for ACL injury risk can aid in identifying the most applicable method(s) for use in these settings. OBJECTIVE The objective of this systematic review was to evaluate and compare field-based screening methods for ACL injury risk to determine their efficacy of use in wider community settings. DATA SOURCES An electronic database search was conducted on the SPORTDiscus™, MEDLINE, AMED and CINAHL databases (January 1990-July 2015) using a combination of relevant keywords. A secondary search of the same databases, using relevant keywords from identified screening methods, was also undertaken. STUDY SELECTION Studies identified as potentially relevant were independently examined by two reviewers for inclusion. Where consensus could not be reached, a third reviewer was consulted. Original research articles that examined screening methods for ACL injury risk that could be undertaken outside of a laboratory setting were included for review. STUDY APPRAISAL AND SYNTHESIS METHODS Two reviewers independently assessed the quality of included studies. Included studies were categorized according to the screening method they examined. A description of each screening method, and data pertaining to the ability to prospectively identify ACL injuries, validity and reliability, recommendations for identifying 'at-risk' athletes, equipment and training required to complete screening, time taken to screen athletes, and applicability of the screening method across sports and athletes were extracted from relevant studies. RESULTS Of 1077 citations from the initial search, a total of 25 articles were identified as potentially relevant, with 12 meeting all inclusion/exclusion criteria. From the secondary search, eight further studies met all criteria, resulting in 20 studies being included for review. Five ACL-screening methods-the Landing Error Scoring System (LESS), Clinic-Based Algorithm, Observational Screening of Dynamic Knee Valgus (OSDKV), 2D-Cam Method, and Tuck Jump Assessment-were identified. There was limited evidence supporting the use of field-based screening methods in predicting ACL injuries across a range of populations. Differences relating to the equipment and time required to complete screening methods were identified. LIMITATIONS Only screening methods for ACL injury risk were included for review. Field-based screening methods developed for lower-limb injury risk in general may also incorporate, and be useful in, screening for ACL injury risk. CONCLUSIONS Limited studies were available relating to the OSDKV and 2D-Cam Method. The LESS showed predictive validity in identifying ACL injuries, however only in a youth athlete population. The LESS also appears practical for community-wide use due to the minimal equipment and set-up/analysis time required. The Clinic-Based Algorithm may have predictive value for ACL injury risk as it identifies athletes who exhibit high frontal plane knee loads during a landing task, but requires extensive additional equipment and time, which may limit its application to wider community settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron S Fox
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, Melbourne, VIC, 3125, Australia
| | - Jason Bonacci
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, Melbourne, VIC, 3125, Australia
| | - Scott G McLean
- School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Michael Spittle
- College of Sport and Exercise Science, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Natalie Saunders
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, Melbourne, VIC, 3125, Australia.
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Ouyang X, Wang YH, Wang J, Hong SD, Xin F, Wang L, Yang XW, Wang JR, Wang LM, Wei BO, Wang Q, Cui WD, Fu XL. MRI measurement on intercondylar notch after anterior cruciate ligament rupture and its correlation. Exp Ther Med 2016; 11:1275-1278. [PMID: 27073436 PMCID: PMC4812175 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2016.3078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The knee joint is extremely susceptible to injury, which is usually identified by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). In the present study, MRI was applied to quantitatively detect the association between anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) rupture and anatomic morphologic changes of the intercondylar notch. Forty patients with unilateral ACL rupture who were treated between July, 2013 and October, 2014 were enrolled in the present study. The patients were divided into the observation (affected side) and control (healthy side) groups. MRI measurements were undertaken based on parameters associated with intercondylar notch of double knee joints. The results showed that intercondylar notch width (ICW) in the observation group was significantly smaller than that in the control group, and differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). Differences on the intercondylar notch height and femoral condyle width [epicondylar width (EW)] between the two groups were not statistically significant (P>0.05). Notch width index (NWI) and notch shape index (NSI) in the observation group were significantly less than those in the control group and differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). Differences of Lysholm and Tegner scoring between the two groups were not statistically significant (P>0.05). The differential value of ICW in the observation group was 2.6±1.3 mm and the ACL rupture time of the affected knee was 20.4±1.3 months on average. The correlation was statistically significant (P<0.05). The correlation of Lysholm scoring, Tegner scoring and intercondylar notch stenosis degree on the affected knee was not statistically significant (P>0.05). In conclusion, after ACL rupture, ICW on the affected knee had significant stenosis, NSI and NWI were significantly reduced and the stenosis degree was aggravated with the prolongation of course. By contrast, Lysholm and Tegner scoring of patients with different degrees of stenosis had no correlation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Ouyang
- Department of Orthopedics, Xuzhou Third Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221005, P.R. China
| | - Yu Hao Wang
- Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, P.R. China
| | - Jian Wang
- Hospital Administration Office, Xuzhou Third Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221005, P.R. China
| | - Shi Dong Hong
- Department of Orthopedics, Xuzhou Third Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221005, P.R. China
| | - Feng Xin
- Department of Orthopedics, Xuzhou Third Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221005, P.R. China
| | - Lin Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Xuzhou Third Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221005, P.R. China
| | - Xiao Wei Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, Xuzhou Third Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221005, P.R. China
| | - Jing Rong Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Xuzhou Third Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221005, P.R. China
| | - Li Ming Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Nanjing First Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210006, P.R. China
| | - B O Wei
- Department of Orthopedics, Nanjing First Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210006, P.R. China
| | - Qing Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Wei Ding Cui
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Xing Li Fu
- Jiangsu University Health Science Center, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212001, P.R. China
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11
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McLean SG, Mallett KF, Arruda EM. Deconstructing the Anterior Cruciate Ligament: What We Know and Do Not Know About Function, Material Properties, and Injury Mechanics. J Biomech Eng 2015; 137:020906. [DOI: 10.1115/1.4029278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury is a common and potentially catastrophic knee joint injury, afflicting a large number of males and particularly females annually. Apart from the obvious acute injury events, it also presents with significant long-term morbidities, in which osteoarthritis (OA) is a frequent and debilitative outcome. With these facts in mind, a vast amount of research has been undertaken over the past five decades geared toward characterizing the structural and mechanical behaviors of the native ACL tissue under various external load applications. While these efforts have afforded important insights, both in terms of understanding treating and rehabilitating ACL injuries; injury rates, their well-established sex-based disparity, and long-term sequelae have endured. In reviewing the expanse of literature conducted to date in this area, this paper identifies important knowledge gaps that contribute directly to this long-standing clinical dilemma. In particular, the following limitations remain. First, minimal data exist that accurately describe native ACL mechanics under the extreme loading rates synonymous with actual injury. Second, current ACL mechanical data are typically derived from isolated and oversimplified strain estimates that fail to adequately capture the true 3D mechanical response of this anatomically complex structure. Third, graft tissues commonly chosen to reconstruct the ruptured ACL are mechanically suboptimal, being overdesigned for stiffness compared to the native tissue. The net result is an increased risk of rerupture and a modified and potentially hazardous habitual joint contact profile. These major limitations appear to warrant explicit research attention moving forward in order to successfully maintain/restore optimal knee joint function and long-term life quality in a large number of otherwise healthy individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott G. McLean
- Human Performance Innovation Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 e-mail:
| | - Kaitlyn F. Mallett
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 e-mail:
| | - Ellen M. Arruda
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Program in Macromolecular Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 e-mail:
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Fox AS, Bonacci J, McLean SG, Spittle M, Saunders N. What is normal? Female lower limb kinematic profiles during athletic tasks used to examine anterior cruciate ligament injury risk: a systematic review. Sports Med 2014; 44:815-32. [PMID: 24682949 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-014-0168-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It has been proposed that the performance of athletic tasks where normal motion is exceeded has the potential to damage the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL). Determining the expected or 'normal' kinematic profile of athletic tasks commonly used to assess ACL injury risk can provide an evidence base for the identification of abnormal or anomalous task performances in a laboratory setting. OBJECTIVE The objective was to conduct a systematic review of studies examining lower limb kinematics of females during drop landing, drop vertical jump, and side-step cutting tasks, to determine 'normal' ranges for hip and knee joint kinematic variables. DATA SOURCES An electronic database search was conducted on the SPORTDiscus(TM), MEDLINE, AMED and CINAHL (January 1980-August 2013) databases using a combination of relevant keywords. STUDY SELECTION Studies identified as potentially relevant were independently examined by two reviewers for inclusion. Where consensus could not be reached, a third reviewer was consulted. Original research articles that examined three-dimensional hip and knee kinematics of female subjects during the athletic tasks of interest were included for review. Articles were excluded if subjects had a history of lower back or lower limb joint injury or isolated data from the female cohort could not be extracted. STUDY APPRAISAL AND SYNTHESIS METHODS Two reviewers independently assessed the quality of included studies. Data on subject characteristics, the athletic task performed, and kinematic data were extracted from included studies. Studies were categorised according to the athletic task being examined and each study allocated a weight within categories based on the number of subjects assessed. Extracted data were used to calculate the weighted means and standard deviations for hip and knee kinematics (initial contact and peak values). 'Normal' motion was classified as the weighted mean plus/minus one standard deviation. RESULTS Of 2,920 citations, a total of 159 articles were identified as potentially relevant, with 29 meeting all inclusion/exclusion criteria. Due to the limited number of studies available examining double-leg drop landings and single-leg drop vertical jumps, insufficient data was available to include these tasks in the review. Therefore, a total of 25 articles were included. From the included studies, 'normal' ranges were calculated for the kinematic variables of interest across the athletic tasks examined. LIMITATIONS Joint forces and other additional elements play a role in ACL injuries, therefore, focusing solely on lower limb kinematics in classifying injury risk may not encapsulate all relevant factors. Insufficient data resulted in no normal ranges being calculated for double-leg drop land and single-leg drop vertical jump tasks. No included study examined hip internal/external rotation during single-leg drop landings, therefore ranges for this kinematic variable could not be determined. Variation in data between studies resulted in wide normal ranges being observed across certain kinematic variables. CONCLUSIONS The ranges calculated in this review provide evidence-based values that can be used to identify abnormal or anomalous athletic task performances on a multi-planar scale. This may be useful in identifying neuromuscular factors or specific muscular recruitment strategies that contribute to ACL injury risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron S Fox
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, 3125, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Costello JT, Bieuzen F, Bleakley CM. Where are all the female participants in Sports and Exercise Medicine research? Eur J Sport Sci 2014; 14:847-51. [DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2014.911354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Hughes G. A Review of Recent Perspectives on Biomechanical Risk Factors Associated with Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury. Res Sports Med 2014; 22:193-212. [DOI: 10.1080/15438627.2014.881821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gerwyn Hughes
- Sport, Health and Exercise Subject Group, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK
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Bere T, Mok KM, Koga H, Krosshaug T, Nordsletten L, Bahr R. Kinematics of anterior cruciate ligament ruptures in World Cup alpine skiing: 2 case reports of the slip-catch mechanism. Am J Sports Med 2013; 41:1067-73. [PMID: 23449837 DOI: 10.1177/0363546513479341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Based on visual video analyses of 20 injury situations, the main mechanism of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury in World Cup alpine skiing, termed the "slip-catch" mechanism, was identified. This situation is characterized by a common pattern in which the inside edge of the outer ski catches the snow surface while turning, forcing the knee into valgus and tibial internal rotation. To describe the exact joint kinematics at the time of injury, a more sophisticated approach is needed. PURPOSE To describe the knee and hip kinematics in 2 slip-catch situations utilizing a model-based image-matching (MBIM) technique. STUDY DESIGN Descriptive laboratory study. METHODS Two typical slip-catch situations in World Cup alpine skiing reported through the International Ski Federation (FIS) Injury Surveillance System were captured on video with several camera views and high video quality. The injury situations were analyzed using the MBIM technique to produce continuous measurements of knee and hip joint kinematics. RESULTS Within 60 milliseconds, the knee flexion angle increased rapidly from 26° to 63° in case 1 and from 39° to 69° in case 2. In the same period, we observed a rapid increase in internal rotation of the tibia with a peak of 12° and 9°, respectively. The knee valgus angle changed less markedly in both cases. We also observed a rapid increase of hip flexion as well as substantial hip internal rotation. CONCLUSION Knee compression and knee internal rotation and abduction torque are important components of the injury mechanism in a slip-catch situation. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Prevention efforts should focus on avoiding a forceful tibial internal rotation in combination with knee valgus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tone Bere
- Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Pb 4014 Ullevaal Stadion, Oslo, N-0806, Norway.
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Tagesson S, Witvrouw E, Kvist J. Differences in knee joint stabilization between children and adults and between the sexes. Am J Sports Med 2013; 41:678-83. [PMID: 23339836 DOI: 10.1177/0363546512473252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Differences in knee joint stabilization between children and adults and between the sexes are not fully understood. PURPOSE To compare the knee laxity and the dynamic tibial translation between (1) children and adults, (2) girls and boys, and (3) women and men. STUDY DESIGN Controlled laboratory study. METHODS Sixty-seven children (aged 8-13 years) and 63 adults (aged 18-30 years) without previous knee injuries participated. Sagittal tibial translation was measured during the instrumented Lachman test at 90 N and 134 N (knee laxity) and during gait (dynamic translation). Tibial translation was recorded with an electrogoniometer. RESULTS Knee laxity was greater in children than in adults (Lachman test at 90 N: 9.1 ± 2.9 vs 7.3 ± 2.7, respectively; P < .001). In contrast, dynamic tibial translation during gait did not differ between children and adults. Girls and boys did not differ in knee laxity or maximum anterior tibial translation during gait, and men and women did not differ in knee laxity. Women had greater dynamic tibial translation during gait than men (7.8 ± 2.7 vs 5.7 ± 3.0, respectively; P = .004). CONCLUSION Children had greater knee laxity than adults, whereas the dynamic tibial translation did not differ. In adults, knee laxity did not differ between the sexes, but dynamic tibial translation was greater in women. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Children and men had less dynamic tibial translation during gait in proportion to their maximum knee laxity. The observed less dynamic tibial translation in children and adult men might be related to their reduced risk of sustaining an anterior cruciate ligament injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofi Tagesson
- Linköping University, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Division of Physiotherapy, Linköping, Sweden.
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Influence of tibial slope asymmetry on femoral rotation in patients with lateral patellar instability. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2013; 21:2155-63. [PMID: 23096490 PMCID: PMC3751338 DOI: 10.1007/s00167-012-2247-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2012] [Accepted: 10/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The geometry of the tibial plateau and its influence on the biomechanics of the tibiofemoral joint has gained increased significance. However, no quantitative data are available regarding the inclination of the medial and lateral tibial slope in patients with patellar instability. It was therefore the purpose of this study to evaluate tibial slope characteristics in patients with patellar dislocations and to assess the biomechanical effect of medial-to-lateral tibial slope asymmetry on lateral patellar instability. METHODS Medial and lateral tibial slope was measured on knee magnetic resonance images in 107 patients and in 83 controls. The medial-to-lateral tibial slope asymmetry was assessed as the intra-individual difference between the medial and lateral tibial plateau inclination considering severity of trochlear dysplasia. The effect of tibial slope asymmetry on femoral rotation was calculated by means of radian measure. RESULTS Severity of trochlear dysplasia was significantly associated with an asymmetric inclination of the tibial plateau. Whereas the medial tibial slope showed identical values between controls and study patients (n.s.), lateral tibial plateau inclination becomes flatter with increasing severity of trochlear dysplasia (p < 0.01). Consequently, the intra-individual tibial slope asymmetry increased steadily (p < 0.01) and increased internal femoral rotation in 20° and 90° of knee flexion angles in patients with severe trochlear dysplasia (p < 0.01). In addition, the extreme values of internal femoral rotation were more pronounced in patients with patellar instability, whereas the extreme values of external femoral rotation were more pronounced in control subjects (p = 0.024). CONCLUSION Data of this study indicate an association between tibial plateau configuration and internal femoral rotation in patients with lateral patellar instability and underlying trochlear dysplasia. Thereby, medial-to-lateral tibial slope asymmetry increased internal femoral rotation during knee flexion and therefore might aggravate the effect of femoral antetorsion in patients with patellar instability. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE III.
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Luo G, Stefanyshyn D. Limb force and non-sagittal plane joint moments during maximum-effort curve sprint running in humans. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 215:4314-21. [PMID: 22972890 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.073833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Compared with running straight, when human runners sprint along a curve, the ability of the inside leg to generate force is compromised. This decreased force generation has been suggested to limit the overall performance of the runner. One theory for this force loss is that the large non-sagittal plane joint moments of the inside leg reach their operating limits, thus prohibiting further generation of the performance-related sagittal plane joint moments. We investigated the inside leg force generation and the ankle and knee joint moments when 13 subjects sprinted with and without an additional mass of 12.4 kg along a curve of 2.5 m radius. The increase in the subjects' mass evoked a significant increase in the resultant ground reaction force. The peak non-sagittal plane moments increased significantly for both the ankle and knee joints. This observation suggests that when sprinting normally with maximum effort, the non-sagittal plane joint moments are not operating at their limits. The large increases in ground reaction force were associated with greater extension moments generated at the knee joint. In contrast, the peak ankle plantarflexion moment remained unchanged across conditions. It is possible that for the specific joint configuration experienced, the overall ability to generate plantarflexion moment reaches the limit. Future studies with interventions increasing the ability of the muscle-tendon units to generate plantarflexion moment may provide an experimental opportunity to further examine this speculation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geng Luo
- Human Performance Laboratory, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 1N4.
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Validation of a novel method for quantifying and comparing regional ACL elongations during uniaxial tensile loading. J Biomech 2012; 45:2710-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2012.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2012] [Revised: 08/02/2012] [Accepted: 08/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Sex-dimorphic landing mechanics and their role within the noncontact ACL injury mechanism: evidence, limitations and directions. Sports Med Arthrosc Rehabil Ther Technol 2012; 4:10. [PMID: 22420302 PMCID: PMC3320528 DOI: 10.1186/1758-2555-4-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2011] [Accepted: 03/15/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries continue to present in epidemic-like proportions, carrying significant short- and longer-term debilitative effects. With females suffering these injuries at a higher rate than males, an abundance of research focuses on delineating the sex-specific nature of the underlying injury mechanism. Examinations of sex-dimorphic lower-limb landing mechanics are common since such factors are readily screenable and modifiable. The purpose of this paper was to critically review the published literature that currently exists in this area to gain greater insight into the aetiology of ACL injuries in females and males. Using strict search criteria, 31 articles investigating sex-based differences in explicit knee and/or hip landing biomechanical variables exhibited during vertical landings were selected and subsequently examined. Study outcomes did not support the generally accepted view that significant sex-based differences exist in lower-limb landing mechanics. In fact, a lack of agreement was evident in the literature for the majority of variables examined, with no sex differences evident when consensus was reached. The one exception was that women were typically found to land with greater peak knee abduction angles than males. Considering knee abduction increases ACL loading and prospectively predicts female ACL injury risk, its contribution to sex-specific injury mechanisms and resultant injury rates seems plausible. As for the lack of consensus observed for most variables, it may arise from study-based variations in test populations and landing tasks, in conjunction with the limited ability to accurately measure lower-limb mechanics via standard motion capture methods. Regardless, laboratory-based comparisons of male and female landing mechanics do not appear sufficient to elucidate causes of injury and their potential sex-specificity. Sex-specific in vivo joint mechanical data, if collected accurately, may be more beneficial when used to drive models (e.g., cadaveric and computational) that can additionally quantify the resultant ACL load response. Without these steps, sex-dimorphic landing mechanics data will play a limited role in identifying the aetiology of ACL injuries in women and men.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The relative contributions of an axial tibial torque and frontal plane moment to anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) strain during pivot landings are unknown. HYPOTHESIS The peak normalized relative strain in the anteromedial (AM) bundle of the ACL is affected by the direction of the axial tibial torque but not by the direction of the frontal plane moment applied concurrently during a simulated jump landing. STUDY DESIGN Controlled and descriptive laboratory studies. METHODS Fifteen adult male knees with pretensioned knee muscle-tendon unit forces were loaded under a simulated pivot landing test. Compression, flexion moment, internal or external tibial torque, and knee varus or valgus moment were simultaneously applied to the distal tibia while recording the 3D knee loads and tibiofemoral kinematics. The AM-ACL relative strain was measured using a 3-mm differential variable reluctance transducer. The results were analyzed using nonparametric Wilcoxon signed-rank tests. A 3D dynamic biomechanical knee model was developed using ADAMS and validated to help interpret the experimental results. RESULTS The mean (SD) peak AM-ACL relative strain was 192% greater (P < .001) under the internal tibial torque combined with a knee varus or valgus moment (7.0% [3.9%] and 7.0% [4.1%], respectively) than under external tibial torque with the same moments (2.4% [2.5%] and 2.4% [3.2%], respectively). The knee valgus moment augmented the AM-ACL strain due to the slope of the tibial plateau inducing mechanical coupling (ie, internal tibial rotation and knee valgus moment); this augmentation occurred before medial knee joint space opening. CONCLUSION An internal tibial torque combined with a knee valgus moment is the worst-case ACL loading condition. However, it is the internal tibial torque that primarily causes large ACL strain. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Limiting the maximum coefficient of friction between the shoe and playing surface should limit the peak internal tibial torque that can be applied to the knee during jump landings, thereby reducing peak ACL strain and the risk for noncontact injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youkeun K. Oh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - David B. Lipps
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - James A. Ashton-Miller
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Bone and Joint Injury Prevention and Rehabilitation Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Edward M. Wojtys
- Bone and Joint Injury Prevention and Rehabilitation Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and MedSport, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Address correspondence to Edward M. Wojtys, MD, MedSport, University of Michigan, 24 Frank Lloyd Wright Drive, PO Box 391, Ann Arbor, MI 48106-0391 ()
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Lipps DB, Oh YK, Ashton-Miller JA, Wojtys EM. Morphologic characteristics help explain the gender difference in peak anterior cruciate ligament strain during a simulated pivot landing. Am J Sports Med 2012; 40:32-40. [PMID: 21917612 PMCID: PMC4800982 DOI: 10.1177/0363546511422325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gender differences exist in anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) cross-sectional area and lateral tibial slope. Biomechanical principles suggest that the direction of these gender differences should induce larger peak ACL strains in females under dynamic loading. HYPOTHESIS Peak ACL relative strain during a simulated pivot landing is significantly greater in female ACLs than male ACLs. STUDY DESIGN Controlled laboratory study. METHODS Twenty cadaveric knees from height- and weight-matched male and female cadavers were subjected to impulsive 3-dimensional test loads of 2 times body weight in compression, flexion, and internal tibial torque starting at 15° of flexion. Load cells measured the 3-dimensional forces and moments applied to the knee, and forces in the pretensioned quadriceps, hamstring, and gastrocnemius muscle equivalents. A novel, gender-specific, nonlinear spring simulated short-range and longer range quadriceps muscle tensile stiffness. Peak relative strain in the anteromedial bundle of the ACL (AM-ACL) was measured using a differential variable reluctance transducer, while ACL cross-sectional area and lateral tibial slope were measured using magnetic resonance imaging. A repeated-measures Mann-Whitney signed-rank test was used to test the hypothesis. RESULTS Female knees exhibited 95% greater peak AM-ACL relative strain than male knees (6.37% [2.53%] vs 3.26% [1.89%]; P = .004). Anterior cruciate ligament cross-sectional area and lateral tibial slope were significant predictors of peak AM-ACL relative strain (R(2) = .59; P = .001). CONCLUSION Peak AM-ACL relative strain was significantly greater in female than male knees from donors of the same height and weight. This gender difference is attributed to a smaller female ACL cross-sectional area and a greater lateral tibial slope. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Since female ACLs are systematically exposed to greater strain than their male counterparts, training and injury prevention programs should take this fact into consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- David B. Lipps
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan,Address correspondence to David B. Lipps, MS, University of Michigan, 2350 Hayward St, GG Brown Building Room 3212, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 ()
| | - Youkeun K. Oh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - James A. Ashton-Miller
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan,Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan,Bone and Joint Injury Prevention and Rehabilitation Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Edward M. Wojtys
- Bone and Joint Injury Prevention and Rehabilitation Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and MedSport, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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McLean SG, Oh YK, Palmer ML, Lucey SM, Lucarelli DG, Ashton-Miller JA, Wojtys EM. The relationship between anterior tibial acceleration, tibial slope, and ACL strain during a simulated jump landing task. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2011; 93:1310-7. [PMID: 21792497 PMCID: PMC6882530 DOI: 10.2106/jbjs.j.00259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Knee joint morphology contributions to anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) loading are rarely considered in the injury prevention model. This may be problematic as the knee mechanical response may be influenced by these underlying morphological factors. The goal of the present study was to explore the relationship between posterior tibial slope (which has been recently postulated to influence knee and ACL loading), impact-induced anterior tibial acceleration, and resultant ACL strain during a simulated single-leg landing. METHODS Eleven lower limb cadaveric specimens from female donors who had had a mean age (and standard deviation) of 65 ± 10.5 years at the time of death were mounted in a testing apparatus to simulate single-limb landings in the presence of pre-impact knee muscle forces. After preconditioning, specimens underwent five impact trials (mean impact force, 1297.9 ± 210.6 N) while synchronous three-dimensional joint kinetics, kinematics, and relative anteromedial bundle strain data were recorded. Mean peak tibial acceleration and anteromedial bundle strain were quantified over the first 200 ms after impact. These values, along with radiographically defined posterior tibial slope measurements, were submitted to individual and stepwise linear regression analyses. RESULTS The mean peak anteromedial bundle strain (3.35% ± 1.71%) was significantly correlated (r = 0.79; p = 0.004; ß = 0.791) with anterior tibial acceleration (8.31 ± 2.77 m/s-2), with the times to respective peaks (66 ± 7 ms and 66 ± 4 ms) also being significantly correlated (r = 0.82; p = 0.001; ß = 0.818). Posterior tibial slope (mean, 7.6° ± 2.1°) was significantly correlated with both peak anterior tibial acceleration (r = 0.75; p = 0.004; ß = 0.786) and peak anteromedial bundle strain (r = 0.76; p = 0.007; ß = 0.759). CONCLUSIONS Impact-induced ACL strain is directly proportional to anterior tibial acceleration, with this relationship being moderately dependent on the posterior slope of the tibial plateau.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott G. McLean
- School of Kinesiology, The University of Michigan, 401 Washtenaw Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109. E-mail address for S.G. McLean:
| | - Youkeun K. Oh
- 3208 GGB (George G. Brown Laboratory), 2350 Hayward, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Mark L. Palmer
- School of Kinesiology, The University of Michigan, 401 Washtenaw Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109. E-mail address for S.G. McLean:
| | - Sarah M. Lucey
- School of Kinesiology, The University of Michigan, 401 Washtenaw Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109. E-mail address for S.G. McLean:
| | - Dustin G. Lucarelli
- School of Kinesiology, The University of Michigan, 401 Washtenaw Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109. E-mail address for S.G. McLean:
| | | | - Edward M. Wojtys
- Domino's Farms-Ann Arbor, 24 Frank Lloyd Wright Drive, Reception: Lobby A, Ann Arbor, MI 48105
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Bere T, Flørenes TW, Krosshaug T, Koga H, Nordsletten L, Irving C, Muller E, Reid RC, Senner V, Bahr R. Mechanisms of anterior cruciate ligament injury in World Cup alpine skiing: a systematic video analysis of 20 cases. Am J Sports Med 2011; 39:1421-9. [PMID: 21515807 DOI: 10.1177/0363546511405147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is limited insight into the mechanisms of anterior cruciate ligament injuries in alpine skiing, particularly among professional ski racers. PURPOSE This study was undertaken to qualitatively describe the mechanisms of anterior cruciate ligament injury in World Cup alpine skiing. STUDY DESIGN Case series; Level of evidence, 4. METHODS Twenty cases of anterior cruciate ligament injuries reported through the International Ski Federation Injury Surveillance System for 3 consecutive World Cup seasons (2006-2009) were obtained on video. Seven international experts in the field of skiing biomechanics and sports medicine related to alpine skiing performed visual analyses of each case to describe the injury mechanisms in detail (skiing situation, skier behavior, biomechanical characteristics). RESULTS Three main categories of injury mechanisms were identified: slip-catch, landing back-weighted, and dynamic snowplow. The slip-catch mechanism accounted for half of the cases (n = 10), and all these injuries occurred during turning, without or before falling. The skier lost pressure on the outer ski, and while extending the outer knee to regain grip, the inside edge of the outer ski caught abruptly in the snow, forcing the knee into internal rotation and valgus. The same loading pattern was observed for the dynamic snowplow (n = 3). The landing back-weighted category included cases (n = 4) where the skier was out of balance backward in flight after a jump and landed on the ski tails with nearly extended knees. The suggested loading mechanism was a combination of tibiofemoral compression, boot-induced anterior drawer, and quadriceps anterior drawer. CONCLUSION Based on this video analysis of 20 injury situations, the main mechanism of anterior cruciate ligament injury in World Cup alpine skiing appeared to be a slip-catch situation where the outer ski catches the inside edge, forcing the outer knee into internal rotation and valgus. A similar loading pattern was observed for the dynamic snowplow. Injury prevention efforts should focus on the slip-catch mechanism and the dynamic snowplow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tone Bere
- Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway.
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Abstract
By failing to consider the integrative impact of key morphological and neuromechanical factors within the anterior cruciate ligament injury mechanism, we consider the current injury prevention model to be flawed. Critical links between these factors continue to be identified, suggesting that a successful prevention model should entrench neuromuscular control strategies that can successfully cater to individual morphological vulnerabilities.
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McLean SG, Lucey SM, Rohrer S, Brandon C. Knee joint anatomy predicts high-risk in vivo dynamic landing knee biomechanics. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) 2010; 25:781-8. [PMID: 20605063 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2010.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2009] [Revised: 05/25/2010] [Accepted: 06/02/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND With knee morphology being a non-modifiable anterior cruciate ligament injury risk factor, its consideration within injury prevention models is limited. Knee anatomy, however, directly influences joint mechanics and the potential for injurious loads. With this in mind, we explored associations between key knee anatomical and three-dimensional biomechanical parameters exhibited during landings. We hypothesized that lateral and medial posterior tibial slopes and their ratio, and tibial plateau width, intercondylar distance and their ratio, were proportional to peak stance anterior knee joint reaction force, knee abduction and internal rotation angles. METHODS Twenty recreationally active females (21.2 (1.7) years) had stance phase three-dimensional dominant limb knee biomechanics recorded during ten single leg land-and-cut tasks. Six anatomical indices were quantified for the same limb via a series of two dimensional (sagittal, transverse and coronal) magnetic resonance images. Linear stepwise regression analyses examined which of these anatomical factors were independently associated with each of the three mean subject-based peak knee biomechanical measures. FINDINGS Lateral tibial slope was significantly (P<0.0001) correlated with peak anterior knee joint reaction force, explaining 60.9% of the variance. Both tibial plateau width:intercondylar distance (P<0.0001) and medial tibial slope:lateral tibial slope (P<0.001) ratios were significantly correlated with peak knee abduction angle, explaining 75.4% of the variance. The medial tibial slope:lateral tibial slope ratio was also significantly (P<0.001) correlated with peak knee internal rotation angle, explaining 49.2% of the variance. INTERPRETATION Knee anatomy is directly associated with high-risk knee biomechanics exhibited during dynamic landings. Continued understanding of multifactorial contributions to the anterior cruciate ligament injury mechanism should dictate future injury screening and prevention efforts in order to successfully cater to individual joint vulnerabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott G McLean
- Division of Kinesiology, The University of Michigan, 401 Washtenaw Ave, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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McLean SG, Borotikar B, Lucey SM. Lower limb muscle pre-motor time measures during a choice reaction task associate with knee abduction loads during dynamic single leg landings. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) 2010; 25:563-9. [PMID: 20359799 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2010.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2009] [Revised: 01/19/2010] [Accepted: 02/23/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Female neuromuscular control during dynamic landings is considered central to their increased ACL injury risk relative to males. There is limited insight, however, into the neuromuscular parameters governing this risk, which may hinder prevention success. This study targeted a new screenable and potentially trainable neuromuscular risk factor. Specifically, we examined whether lower limb muscle pre-motor times, being the time between stimulus presentation and initiation of the muscle EMG burst, elicited during a simple choice reaction task correlated with knee abduction loads during separate single leg landings. METHODS Twenty female NCAA athletes had muscle (n=8) pre-motor time and knee biomechanics data recorded bilaterally during a choice reaction task. Knee biomechanics were also quantified during anticipated and unanticipated single (dominant and non-dominant) leg landings. Mean peak knee abduction loads during landings were submitted to a two-way ANOVA to test for limb and decision effects. Individual regression coefficients were initially computed between-limb-based muscle pre-motor times and peak abduction moments elicited during both the choice reaction and landing tasks. Limb-based linear stepwise regression coefficients were also computed between muscle PMT's demonstrating significant (P<0.05) individual associations and peak knee abduction moments during landings. FINDINGS Peak knee abduction moments were significantly (P=0.0001) larger during unanticipated (51.25 (7.41) Nm) compared to anticipated (38.93 (9.32) Nm) landings. Peak abduction moments were significantly (P<0.05) correlated with bilateral medial gastrocnemius (r=0.62 dominant; r=0.63 non-dominant) and medial hamstring (r=0.77 dominant; r=0.79 non-dominant) pre-motor times elicited within the choice reaction task. Peak abduction moments during anticipated landings were significantly (P<0.05) correlated with both dominant (r=0.60) and non-dominant (r=0.59) medial hamstring pre-motor times. For unanticipated landings, non-dominant and dominant peak knee abduction moments were significantly correlated with medial hamstring pre-motor time (r=0.78) and combined medial gastroc and medial hamstring pre-motor times (r=0.94) respectively. INTERPRETATION Medial muscle pre-motor times during a specific choice reaction task are associated with peak knee abduction loads during separate single leg landings. These muscles appear critical in stabilizing the knee against the extreme dynamic load states associated with such tasks. Targeted screening and training of supraspinal processes governing these muscle pre-motor times may ultimately enable external knee loads associated with landings to be more effectively countered by the overarching neuromuscular strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott G McLean
- School of Kinesiology, The University of Michigan, 401 Washtenaw Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Traction is influenced by the sole architecture and playing surface, with increases in traction potentially leading to injury. The mechanism as to how or why increased traction could lead to injury remains unknown. PURPOSE This study was undertaken to determine how shoes of different sole designs and traction influence knee and ankle joint moments. STUDY DESIGN Controlled laboratory study. METHODS Traction testing was performed on 2 shoes of varying sole designs (tread vs smooth) using a robotic testing machine. All testing was conducted on a 60-cm x 90-cm piece of sample track surface. Kinematic and kinetic data were then collected on 13 recreational athletes performing running V-cuts in the 2 different shoe conditions. Five trials per condition were collected with reflective markers placed on the right shank and shoe of each participant. Kinematic and kinetic data were collected using an 8-high-speed camera system and force plate. RESULTS The coefficient of translational traction and the peak moment of rotation were both significantly higher in the tread shoe compared with the smooth shoe (1.00 vs 0.87 and 23.87 N.m vs 16.12 N.m, respectively). The high-traction shoe had significantly higher peak ankle external rotation moments (89.58 N.m vs 80.17 N.m), peak knee external rotation moments (36.23 N.m vs 32.02 N.m), peak knee adduction moments (224.0 N.m vs 186.8 N.m), and knee adduction angular impulse (2.10 Nms vs 1.83 Nms) compared with the low-traction shoe. CONCLUSION Increased shoe traction significantly increased ankle and knee joint moments during a V-cut. Despite the significant difference in traction, no difference in performance was observed. These changes could have an effect on ankle and knee joint injury. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Shoes with decreased traction could be used in sports to reduce the joint moments in the knee and ankle and potentially reduce injury without a loss in performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W Wannop
- University of Calgary, Human Performance Lab, Faculty of Kinesiology, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
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Stefanyshyn DJ, Lee JS, Park SK. The influence of soccer cleat design on resultant joint moments. FOOTWEAR SCIENCE 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/19424280903535454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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