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Mausehund L, Krosshaug T. Knee Biomechanics During Cutting Maneuvers and Secondary ACL Injury Risk: A Prospective Cohort Study of Knee Biomechanics in 756 Female Elite Handball and Soccer Players. Am J Sports Med 2024; 52:1209-1219. [PMID: 38459717 PMCID: PMC10986153 DOI: 10.1177/03635465241234255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An athlete who returns to sport after an anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury has a substantially high risk of sustaining a new secondary ACL injury. Because ACL injuries most frequently occur during cutting maneuvers, such movements should be at the center of research attention. PURPOSE To investigate whether knee biomechanical parameters during side-step cutting maneuvers differ between female elite athletes with and without a history of ACL injury and to evaluate whether such parameters are associated with future secondary ACL injury. STUDY DESIGN Cohort study; Level of evidence, 2. METHODS A total of 756 female elite handball and soccer players, of whom 76 had a history of ACL injury, performed a sport-specific cutting task while 3-dimensional kinematics and kinetics were measured. ACL injuries were registered prospectively over an 8-year follow-up period. Seven knee-specific biomechanical variables were the basis for all analyses. Two-way analyses of variance were applied to assess group differences, whereas logistic regression models served to evaluate associations between the knee-specific variables and future secondary ACL injury. RESULTS When players with a previous ACL injury performed the cutting maneuver with their ipsilateral leg, they exhibited lower knee abduction angles (mean difference [MD], 1.4°-1.5°; 95% CI, 0.2°-2.9°), lower peak knee flexion moments (MD, 0.33 N·m/kg-1; 95% CI, 0.18-0.48 N·m/kg-1), lower peak knee abduction moments (MD, 0.27 N·m/kg-1; 95% CI, 0.12-0.41 N·m/kg-1), and lower peak knee internal rotation moments (MD, 0.06 N·m/kg-1; 95% CI, 0.01-0.12 N·m/kg-1) compared with injury-free players. When players performed the cut with their contralateral leg, no differences were evident (P < .05). None of the 7 knee-specific biomechanical variables was associated with future secondary ACL injury in players with an ACL injury history (P < .05). CONCLUSION Approximately 4 years after ACL injury, female elite team-ball athletes still unloaded their ipsilateral knee during cutting maneuvers, yet contralateral knee loading was similar to that of injury-free players. Knee biomechanical characteristics were not associated with future secondary ACL injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lasse Mausehund
- Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tron Krosshaug
- Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
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Bagehorn T, Bill K, Mai P, Krosshaug T, Kersting UG. A biomechanical report of an acute lateral ankle sprain during a handball-specific cutting movement. Sports Biomech 2024:1-17. [PMID: 38451183 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2024.2319134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Biomechanical measurements of accidental ankle sprain injuries are rare but make important contributions to a more detailed understanding of the injury mechanism. In this case study, we present the kinematics and kinetics of a lateral ankle sprain of a female athlete performing handball-specific fake-and-cut manoeuvres. Three-dimensional kinematics and kinetics were recorded and six previously performed trials were used as reference. Plantarflexion, inversion, and internal rotation angles were substantially larger than the reference trials and peaked between 190 and 200 ms after initial ground contact. We observed a highly increased inversion and internal rotation moment. However, compared to the non-injury trials the data also revealed a reduction in the second dorsiflexion moment peak. Ground reaction forces were lower throughout the injury trial. Other parameters at initial ground contact including ankle and hip position, step length, and the traction coefficient indicate that a preparatory maladjustment occurred. This study adds valuable contributions to the understanding of lateral ankle sprains by building upon previously published reports and considering the shoe-surface interaction as an important factor for injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo Bagehorn
- ExerciseTech, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Kevin Bill
- Institute of Biomechanics and Orthopaedics, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Patrick Mai
- Institute of Biomechanics and Orthopaedics, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Institute for Advanced Biomechanics and Motion Studies, Offenburg University, Offenburg, Germany
- Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sports Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tron Krosshaug
- Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sports Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Uwe G Kersting
- ExerciseTech, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
- Institute of Biomechanics and Orthopaedics, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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Hoenig T, Rahlf L, Wilke J, Krauß I, Dalos D, Willwacher S, Mai P, Hollander K, Fohrmann D, Krosshaug T, Gronwald T. Appraising the Methodological Quality of Sports Injury Video Analysis Studies: The QA-SIVAS Scale. Sports Med 2024; 54:203-211. [PMID: 37632664 PMCID: PMC10799118 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-023-01907-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Video analysis (VA) is commonly used in the assessment of sports injuries and has received considerable research interest. Until now, no tool has been available for the assessment of study quality. Therefore, the objective of this study was to develop and evaluate a valid instrument that reliably assesses the methodological quality of VA studies. METHODS The Quality Appraisal for Sports Injury Video Analysis Studies (QA-SIVAS) scale was developed using a modified Delphi approach including expert consensus and pilot testing. Reliability was examined through intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC3,1) and free-marginal kappa statistics by three independent raters. Construct validity was investigated by comparing QA-SIVAS with expert ratings by using Kendall's tau analysis. Rating time was studied by applying the scale to 21 studies and computing the mean time for rating per study article. RESULTS The QA-SIVAS scale consists of an 18-item checklist addressing the study design, data source, conduct, report, and discussion of VA studies in sports injury research. Inter- and intra-rater reliability were excellent with ICCs > 0.97. Expert ratings revealed a high construct validity (0.71; p < 0.001). Mean rating time was 10 ± 2 min per article. CONCLUSION QA-SIVAS is a reliable and valid instrument that can be easily applied to sports injury research. Future studies in the field of VA should adhere to standardized methodological criteria and strict quality guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Hoenig
- Department of Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Lina Rahlf
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Institute of Sports Science, Europa-Universität Flensburg, Flensburg, Germany
| | - Jan Wilke
- Department of Movement Sciences, University of Klagenfurt, Klagenfurt am Wörthersee, Austria
| | - Inga Krauß
- Department of Sports Medicine, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Dimitris Dalos
- Department of Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- UKE Athleticum, Center for Sports Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, MSH Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Steffen Willwacher
- Institute for Advanced Biomechanics and Motion Studies, Offenburg University of Applied Sciences, Offenburg, Germany
| | - Patrick Mai
- Institute for Advanced Biomechanics and Motion Studies, Offenburg University of Applied Sciences, Offenburg, Germany
- Institute of Biomechanics and Orthopaedics, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Karsten Hollander
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, MSH Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Dominik Fohrmann
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, MSH Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tron Krosshaug
- Department of Sports Medicine, Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Thomas Gronwald
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, MSH Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany.
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Mausehund L, Krosshaug T. Understanding Bench Press Biomechanics-Training Expertise and Sex Affect Lifting Technique and Net Joint Moments. J Strength Cond Res 2023; 37:9-17. [PMID: 35157403 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Mausehund, L and Krosshaug, T. Understanding bench press biomechanics-Training expertise and sex affect lifting technique and net joint moments. J Strength Cond Res 37(1): 9-17, 2023-The purpose of this study was to compare normalized net joint moments (NJMs), moment arms, and muscle activity in the bench press exercise between powerlifters and recreationally strength-trained lifters and between women and men. Thirty-four healthy adults, including 12 powerlifters (6 women and 6 men) and 22 recreational lifters (9 women and 13 men), performed a 6-8 repetition maximum set of the bench press, while elbow and shoulder NJMs and moment arms and electromyographic (EMG) activity of 6 upper extremity muscles were recorded. The results showed that training expertise and sex affected bench press technique substantially. Powerlifters applied a different bar path which impacted joint kinematics to a greater extent and joint kinetics to a lesser extent. Specifically, powerlifters had lower normalized peak elbow NJMs and shorter joint ROMs than recreational lifters ( p ≤ 0.05), yet no differences in normalized shoulder NJMs and muscle activity were observed. Women showed lower normalized mean shoulder NJMs, higher normalized peak elbow NJMs, and higher mean elbow to shoulder NJM ratios than men ( p ≤ 0.05). The muscle activity of the long head of the triceps brachii and the elbow to shoulder EMG ratio were higher, yet muscle activity of the sternocostal and abdominal head of the pectoralis major was lower for female than for male subjects ( p ≤ 0.05). In conclusion, powerlifters and men are more shoulder dominant when performing the bench press than recreational lifters and women, respectively. These findings will have implications for resistance training program design, expected training adaptations and bench press performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lasse Mausehund
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway; and
| | - Tron Krosshaug
- Department of Sports Medicine, Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Norwegian School of Sports Sciences, Oslo, Norway
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Mai P, Bill K, Glöckler K, Claramunt-Molet M, Bartsch J, Eggerud M, Tidemann Pedersen A, Sæland F, Bergh Moss R, Mausehund L, Willwacher S, Kersting UG, Eriksrud O, Krosshaug T. Unanticipated fake-and-cut maneuvers do not increase knee abduction moments in sport-specific tasks: Implication for ACL injury prevention and risk screening. Front Sports Act Living 2022; 4:983888. [DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2022.983888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-contact anterior cruciate ligament injuries typically occur during cutting maneuvers and are associated with high peak knee abduction moments (KAM) within early stance. To screen athletes for injury risk or quantify the efficacy of prevention programs, it may be necessary to design tasks that mimic game situations. Thus, this study compared KAMs and ranking consistency of female handball players in three sport-specific fake-and-cut tasks of increasing complexity. The biomechanics of female handball players (n = 51, mean ± SD: 66.9 ± 7.8 kg, 1.74 ± 0.06 m, 19.2 ± 3.4 years) were recorded with a 3D motion capture system and force plates during three standardized fake-and-cut tasks. Task 1 was designed as a simple pre-planned cut, task 2 included catching a ball before a pre-planned cut in front of a static defender, and task 3 was designed as an unanticipated cut with three dynamic defenders involved. Inverse dynamics were used to calculate peak KAM within the first 100 ms of stance. KAM was decomposed into the frontal plane knee joint moment arm and resultant ground reaction force. RANOVAs (α ≤ 0.05) were used to reveal differences in the KAM magnitudes, moment arm, and resultant ground reaction force for the three tasks. Spearman's rank correlations were calculated to test the ranking consistency of the athletes' KAMs. There was a significant task main effect on KAM (p = 0.02; ηp2 = 0.13). The KAM in the two complex tasks was significantly higher (task 2: 1.73 Nm/kg; task 3: 1.64 Nm/kg) than the KAM in the simplest task (task 1: 1.52 Nm/kg). The ranking of the peak KAM was consistent regardless of the task complexity. Comparing tasks 1 and 2, an increase in KAM resulted from an increased frontal plane moment arm. Comparing tasks 1 and 3, higher KAM in task 3 resulted from an interplay between both moment arm and the resultant ground reaction force. In contrast to previous studies, unanticipated cutting maneuvers did not produce the highest KAMs. These findings indicate that the players have developed an automated sport-specific cutting technique that is utilized in both pre-planned and unanticipated fake-and-cut tasks.
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Bill K, Mai P, Willwacher S, Krosshaug T, Kersting UG. Athletes with high knee abduction moments show increased vertical center of mass excursions and knee valgus angles across sport-specific fake-and-cut tasks of different complexities. Front Sports Act Living 2022; 4:983889. [PMID: 36225972 PMCID: PMC9548628 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2022.983889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Young female handball players represent a high-risk population for anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries. While the external knee abduction moment (KAM) is known to be a risk factor, it is unclear how cutting technique affects KAMs in sport-specific cutting maneuvers. Further, the effect of added game specificity (e.g., catching a ball or faking defenders) on KAMs and cutting technique remains unknown. Therefore, this study aimed: (i) to test if athletes grouped into different clusters of peak KAMs produced during three sport-specific fake-and-cut tasks of different complexities differ in cutting technique, and (ii) to test whether technique variables change with task complexity. Fifty-one female handball players (67.0 ± 7.7 kg, 1.70 ± 0.06 m, 19.2 ± 3.4 years) were recruited. Athletes performed at least five successful handball-specific sidestep cuts of three different complexities ranging from simple pre-planned fake-and-cut maneuvers to catching a ball and performing an unanticipated fake-and-cut maneuver with dynamic defenders. A k-means cluster algorithm with squared Euclidean distance metric was applied to the KAMs of all three tasks. The optimal cluster number of koptimal = 2 was calculated using the average silhouette width. Statistical differences in technique variables between the two clusters and the tasks were analyzed using repeated-measures ANOVAs (task complexity) with nested groupings (clusters). KAMs differed by 64.5%, on average, between clusters. When pooling all tasks, athletes with high KAMs showed 3.4° more knee valgus, 16.9% higher downward and 8.4% higher resultant velocity at initial ground contact, and 20.5% higher vertical ground reaction forces at peak KAM. Unlike most other variables, knee valgus angle was not affected by task complexity, likely due to it being part of inherent movement strategies and partly determined by anatomy. Since the high KAM cluster showed higher vertical center of mass excursions and knee valgus angles in all tasks, it is likely that this is part of an automated motor program developed over the players' careers. Based on these results, reducing knee valgus and downward velocity bears the potential to mitigate knee joint loading and therefore ACL injury risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Bill
- Institute of Biomechanics and Orthopaedics, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- *Correspondence: Kevin Bill
| | - Patrick Mai
- Institute of Biomechanics and Orthopaedics, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, Offenburg University, Offenburg, Germany
| | - Steffen Willwacher
- Institute of Biomechanics and Orthopaedics, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, Offenburg University, Offenburg, Germany
| | - Tron Krosshaug
- Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sports Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Uwe G. Kersting
- Institute of Biomechanics and Orthopaedics, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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Jauhiainen S, Kauppi JP, Krosshaug T, Bahr R, Bartsch J, Äyrämö S. Predicting ACL Injury Using Machine Learning on Data From an Extensive Screening Test Battery of 880 Female Elite Athletes. Am J Sports Med 2022; 50:2917-2924. [PMID: 35984748 PMCID: PMC9442771 DOI: 10.1177/03635465221112095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Injury risk prediction is an emerging field in which more research is needed to recognize the best practices for accurate injury risk assessment. Important issues related to predictive machine learning need to be considered, for example, to avoid overinterpreting the observed prediction performance. PURPOSE To carefully investigate the predictive potential of multiple predictive machine learning methods on a large set of risk factor data for anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury; the proposed approach takes into account the effect of chance and random variations in prediction performance. STUDY DESIGN Case-control study; Level of evidence, 3. METHODS The authors used 3-dimensional motion analysis and physical data collected from 791 female elite handball and soccer players. Four common classifiers were used to predict ACL injuries (n = 60). Area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC-ROC) averaged across 100 cross-validation runs (mean AUC-ROC) was used as a performance metric. Results were confirmed with repeated permutation tests (paired Wilcoxon signed-rank-test; P < .05). Additionally, the effect of the most common class imbalance handling techniques was evaluated. RESULTS For the best classifier (linear support vector machine), the mean AUC-ROC was 0.63. Regardless of the classifier, the results were significantly better than chance, confirming the predictive ability of the data and methods used. AUC-ROC values varied substantially across repetitions and methods (0.51-0.69). Class imbalance handling did not improve the results. CONCLUSION The authors' approach and data showed statistically significant predictive ability, indicating that there exists information in this prospective data set that may be valuable for understanding injury causation. However, the predictive ability remained low from the perspective of clinical assessment, suggesting that included variables cannot be used for ACL prediction in practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Jauhiainen
- Faculty of Information Technology,
University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland,Susanne Jauhiainen, MSc,
Faculty of Information Technology, University of Jyväskylä, PO Box 35, FI-40014,
Jyväskylä, Finland (
)
| | - Jukka-Pekka Kauppi
- Faculty of Information Technology,
University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Tron Krosshaug
- Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center,
Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo,
Norway
| | - Roald Bahr
- Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center,
Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo,
Norway
| | - Julia Bartsch
- Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center,
Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo,
Norway
| | - Sami Äyrämö
- Faculty of Information Technology,
University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
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Lysdal FG, Wang Y, Delahunt E, Gehring D, Kosik KB, Krosshaug T, Li Y, Mok KM, Pasanen K, Remus A, Terada M, Fong DTP. What have we learnt from quantitative case reports of acute lateral ankle sprains injuries and episodes of 'giving-way' of the ankle joint, and what shall we further investigate? Sports Biomech 2022; 21:359-379. [PMID: 35189066 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2022.2035801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Lateral ankle sprains are a commonly incurred injury in sports. They have a high recurrence rate and can lead to the development of persistent injury associated symptoms. We performed a quantitative synthesis of published case reports documenting the kinematics of acute lateral ankle sprains and episodes of 'giving-way' of the ankle joint to provide a comprehensive description of the mechanisms. A systematic literature search was conducted to screen records within MEDLINE® and EMBASE®. Additional strategies included manual search of specific journals, as well as contacting researchers in relevant communities to retrieve unpublished data. Twenty-four cases were included in the quantitative synthesis, 11 from individual case reports and 13 from four separate case series. Two authors independently reviewed all the articles and extracted ankle joint kinematic data. Excessive ankle inversion was the most pronounced kinematic pattern observed across all included cases, with a mean peak inversion angle of 67.5° (range 2.0 to 142) and a mean peak inversion velocity of 974°/s (range 468 to 1752). This was followed by internal rotation and plantar flexion, respectively. A homogeneous linear function revealed a mean inversion velocity across all cases of 337°/s (range 117 to 1400; R2 = 0.78; p < 0.0001).
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Affiliation(s)
- Filip Gertz Lysdal
- Section of Manufacturing Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.,Sport Sciences, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Yuehang Wang
- National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Eamonn Delahunt
- School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,Institute for Sport and Health, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Dominic Gehring
- Department of Sport and Sport Science, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Kyle B Kosik
- Department of Athletic Training & Clinical Nutrition, College of Health Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Tron Krosshaug
- Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Yumeng Li
- Department of Health and Human Performance, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX, USA
| | - Kam-Ming Mok
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Prince of Wales Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Office of Student Affairs, Lingnan University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kati Pasanen
- Sport Injury Prevention Research Centre, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.,Tampere Research Center of Sports Medicine, UKK Institute, Tampere, Finland
| | - Alexandria Remus
- The N.1 Institute for Health (N.1), National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Masafumi Terada
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan
| | - Daniel T P Fong
- National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
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Álvarez-Zafra M, Yanci J, García-Tabar I, Bikandi E, Etxaleku S, Izquierdo M, Krosshaug T, Fernandez-Lasa U, Setuain I. Functional and Anthropometrical Screening Test among High Performance Female Football Players: A Descriptive Study with Injury Incidence Analysis, the Basque Female Football Cohort (BFFC) Study. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2021; 18:10658. [PMID: 34682404 PMCID: PMC8535649 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182010658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2021] [Revised: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The main objectives of the present study were to describe the injury incidence and to analyze the anthropometric and physical characteristics of players from three high-level women's football teams. The present study involved 54 female football players (21.9 ± 4.9 years old) from three different teams competing in the Spanish Reto Iberdrola-Segunda División PRO league. A battery of tests was carried out to determine the anthropometric and physical performance characteristics of the players along with an injury incidence record during a full competitive season. The obtained results showed that there was a high incidence of injury, as 38% of the players suffered some type of injury during the season (range 1-5; 1.75 ± 1.02 injuries per player). Injuries occurred in both matches and during training at a similar percentage (48.6 vs. 51.4%), and the majority of the registered episodes were graded as moderate or severe injury types (60%). Players suffering from an injury accumulated a total of 1587 chronological days off work due to injury during the season, with a recurrence rate of 55%. Considering the high incidence of injury, and the injury burden and the reinjure rate observed in this research, it seems necessary to apply the most efficient prevention and recovery measures possible in these female football teams. These descriptive data could serve athletic trainers and medical staff of female football teams to better understand their own screening procedure-derived data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Álvarez-Zafra
- Faculty of Education and Sport, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 01007 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain;
| | - Javier Yanci
- Society, Sports and Physical Exercise Research Group (GIKAFIT), Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Education and Sport, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 01007 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain; (I.G.-T.); (U.F.-L.)
| | - Ibai García-Tabar
- Society, Sports and Physical Exercise Research Group (GIKAFIT), Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Education and Sport, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 01007 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain; (I.G.-T.); (U.F.-L.)
| | - Eder Bikandi
- Navarrabiomed, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (CHN)-Public University of Navarra (UPNA), Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), 31006 Pamplona, Spain; (E.B.); (M.I.); (I.S.)
| | - Saioa Etxaleku
- Clinical Research Department, TDN, Advanced Rehabilitation Center, 31006 Pamplona, Spain;
| | - Mikel Izquierdo
- Navarrabiomed, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (CHN)-Public University of Navarra (UPNA), Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), 31006 Pamplona, Spain; (E.B.); (M.I.); (I.S.)
| | - Tron Krosshaug
- Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, 0806 Oslo, Norway;
| | - Uxue Fernandez-Lasa
- Society, Sports and Physical Exercise Research Group (GIKAFIT), Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Education and Sport, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 01007 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain; (I.G.-T.); (U.F.-L.)
| | - Igor Setuain
- Navarrabiomed, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (CHN)-Public University of Navarra (UPNA), Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), 31006 Pamplona, Spain; (E.B.); (M.I.); (I.S.)
- Clinical Research Department, TDN, Advanced Rehabilitation Center, 31006 Pamplona, Spain;
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Nilstad A, Petushek E, Mok KM, Bahr R, Krosshaug T. Response to letter to the editor about 'kiss goodbye to the "kissing knees": no association between frontal plane inward knee motion and risk of future non-contact ACL injury in elite female athletes'. Sports Biomech 2021:1-3. [PMID: 34586966 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2021.1983637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Agnethe Nilstad
- Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Erich Petushek
- Health Research Institute, Department of Cognitive and Learning Sciences, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, USA
| | - Kam-Ming Mok
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Prince of Wales Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Office of Student Affairs, Lingnan University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Roald Bahr
- Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tron Krosshaug
- Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway,
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11
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Leppänen M, Parkkari J, Vasankari T, Äyrämö S, Kulmala JP, Krosshaug T, Kannus P, Pasanen K. Change of Direction Biomechanics in a 180-Degree Pivot Turn and the Risk for Noncontact Knee Injuries in Youth Basketball and Floorball Players. Am J Sports Med 2021; 49:2651-2658. [PMID: 34283648 PMCID: PMC8355634 DOI: 10.1177/03635465211026944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies investigating biomechanical risk factors for knee injuries in sport-specific tasks are needed. PURPOSE To investigate the association between change of direction (COD) biomechanics in a 180-degree pivot turn and knee injury risk among youth team sport players. STUDY DESIGN Cohort study; Level of evidence, 2. METHODS A total of 258 female and male basketball and floorball players (age range, 12-21 years) participated in the baseline COD test and follow-up. Complete data were obtained from 489 player-legs. Injuries, practice, and game exposure were registered for 12 months. The COD test consisted of a quick ball pass before and after a high-speed 180-degree pivot turn on the force plates. The following variables were analyzed: peak vertical ground-reaction force (N/kg); peak trunk lateral flexion angle (degree); peak knee flexion angle (degree); peak knee valgus angle (degree); peak knee flexion moment (N·m/kg); peak knee abduction moment (N·m/kg); and peak knee internal and external rotation moments (N·m/kg). Legs were analyzed separately and the mean of 3 trials was used in the analysis. Main outcome measure was a new acute noncontact knee injury. RESULTS A total of 18 new noncontact knee injuries were registered (0.3 injuries/1000 hours of exposure). Female players sustained 14 knee injuries and male players 4. A higher rate of knee injuries was observed in female players compared with male players (incidence rate ratio, 6.2; 95% CI, 2.1-21.7). Of all knee injuries, 8 were anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries, all in female players. Female players displayed significantly larger peak knee valgus angles compared with male players (mean for female and male players, respectively: 13.9°± 9.4° and 2.0°± 8.5°). No significant associations between biomechanical variables and knee injury risk were found. CONCLUSION Female players were at increased risk of knee and ACL injury compared with male players. Female players performed the 180-degree pivot turn with significantly larger knee valgus compared with male players. However, none of the investigated variables was associated with knee injury risk in youth basketball and floorball players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari Leppänen
- Tampere Research Center of Sports
Medicine, UKK Institute, Tampere, Finland,Tampere University Hospital, Tampere,
Finland,Mari Leppänen, PhD, Tampere
Research Center of Sport Medicine, UKK Institute, Kaupinpuistonkatu 1, Tampere,
33501, Finland () (Twitter:
@mari_leppanen)
| | - Jari Parkkari
- Tampere Research Center of Sports
Medicine, UKK Institute, Tampere, Finland,Tampere University Hospital, Tampere,
Finland
| | - Tommi Vasankari
- Tampere Research Center of Sports
Medicine, UKK Institute, Tampere, Finland,Faculty of Medicine and Health
Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Sami Äyrämö
- Faculty of Information Technology,
University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Juha-Pekka Kulmala
- Motion Analysis Laboratory, Children’s
Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki,
Finland
| | - Tron Krosshaug
- Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center,
Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sport Science, Oslo, Norway
| | - Pekka Kannus
- Tampere Research Center of Sports
Medicine, UKK Institute, Tampere, Finland,Tampere University Hospital, Tampere,
Finland
| | - Kati Pasanen
- Tampere Research Center of Sports
Medicine, UKK Institute, Tampere, Finland,Faculty of Kinesiology, Sport Injury
Prevention Research Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada,Alberta Children’s Hospital Research
Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada,McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint
Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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12
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Richter C, Petushek E, Grindem H, Franklyn-Miller A, Bahr R, Krosshaug T. Cross-validation of a machine learning algorithm that determines anterior cruciate ligament rehabilitation status and evaluation of its ability to predict future injury. Sports Biomech 2021; 22:91-101. [PMID: 34323653 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2021.1947358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Classification algorithms determine the similarity of an observation to defined classes, e.g., injured or healthy athletes, and can highlight treatment targets or assess progress of a treatment. The primary aim was to cross-validate a previously developed classification algorithm using a different sample, while a secondary aim was to examine its ability to predict future ACL injuries. The examined outcome measure was 'healthy-limb' class membership probability, which was compared between a cohort of athletes without previous or future (No Injury) previous (PACL) and future ACL injury (FACL). The No Injury group had significantly higher probabilities than the PACL (p < 0.001; medium effect) and FACL group (p ≤ 0.045; small effect). The ability to predict group membership was poor for the PACL (area under curve [AUC]; 0.61<AUC<0.62) and FACL group (0.57<AUC<0.59). The ACL injury incidence proportion was highest in athletes with probabilities below 0.20 (9.4%; +2.7% to baseline), while athletes with probabilities above 0.80 had an incidence proportion of 4.1% (-2.6%). While findings that a low probability might represent an increase in injury risk on a group level, it is not sensitive enough for injury screening to predict a future injury on the individual level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Richter
- Sports Medicine Department, Sports Surgery Clinic, Santry Demesne, Ireland.,Department of Life Sciences, Roehampton University, UK
| | - Erich Petushek
- Department of Cognitive and Learning Sciences, Michigan Technological University, USA
| | - Hege Grindem
- Oslo Sport Trauma Research Center, Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway.,Stockholm Sports Trauma Research Center, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andrew Franklyn-Miller
- Sports Medicine Department, Sports Surgery Clinic, Santry Demesne, Ireland.,Centre for Health, Exercise and Sports Medicine, University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - Roald Bahr
- Oslo Sport Trauma Research Center, Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway.,Aspetar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar
| | - Tron Krosshaug
- Oslo Sport Trauma Research Center, Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
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13
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Nilstad A, Petushek E, Mok KM, Bahr R, Krosshaug T. Kiss goodbye to the 'kissing knees': no association between frontal plane inward knee motion and risk of future non-contact ACL injury in elite female athletes. Sports Biomech 2021; 22:65-79. [PMID: 33906580 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2021.1903541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate if frontal plane knee and hip control in single-leg squats or vertical drop jumps with an overhead target were associated with future non-contact anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury in elite female athletes. Of the 429 handball and 451 football athletes (age 21.5 ± 4.0 years, height 169.6 ± 6.4 cm, body weight 67.1 ± 8.0 kg), 722 non-injured and 56 non-contact ACL injured participants were eligible for analysis. We calculated lateral pelvic tilt, frontal plane knee projection angle, medial knee position, and side-to-side asymmetry in these from 2D videos recorded at baseline, and recorded any new ACL injuries prospectively. None of the aforementioned variables in either screening task were different or could discriminate between injured and non-injured athletes (all p values >.05 and Cohen's d values < .27). Two-dimensional video assessment of frontal plane knee and hip control during both a single-leg squat and vertical drop jump was unable to identify individuals at increased risk of non-contact ACL injury, thus should not be used for screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnethe Nilstad
- Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Erich Petushek
- Health Research Institute, Department of Cognitive and Learning Sciences, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, USA
| | - Kam-Ming Mok
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Prince of Wales Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Office of Student Affairs, Lingnan University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Roald Bahr
- Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tron Krosshaug
- Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
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14
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Mausehund L, Werkhausen A, Bartsch J, Krosshaug T. Understanding Bench Press Biomechanics-The Necessity of Measuring Lateral Barbell Forces. J Strength Cond Res 2021; 36:2685-2695. [PMID: 33555823 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Mausehund, L, Werkhausen, A, Bartsch, J, and Krosshaug, T. Understanding bench press biomechanics-The necessity of measuring lateral barbell forces. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2020-The purpose of this study was to advance the expertise of the bench press exercise by complementing electromyographic (EMG) with net joint moment (NJM) and strength normalized NJM (nNJM) measurements, thus establishing the magnitude of the elbow and shoulder muscular loads and efforts. Normalized NJMs were determined as the ratio of the bench press NJMs to the maximum NJMs produced during maximum voluntary isokinetic contractions. Furthermore, we wanted to assess how changes in grip width and elbow positioning affected elbow and shoulder NJMs and nNJMs, and muscle activity of the primary movers. Thirty-five strength-trained adults performed a 6-8 repetition maximum set of each bench press variation, while elbow and shoulder NJMs and EMG activity of 7 upper extremity muscles were recorded. The results show that all bench press variations achieved high elbow and shoulder muscular efforts. A decrease in grip width induced larger elbow NJMs, and larger EMG activity of the lateral head of the triceps brachii, anterior deltoid, and clavicular head of the pectoralis major (p ≤ 0.05). An increase in grip width elicited larger shoulder NJMs and nNJMs, and larger EMG activity of the abdominal head of the pectoralis major (p ≤ 0.05). In conclusion, all bench press variations may stimulate strength gains and hypertrophy of the elbow extensors and shoulder flexors and horizontal adductors. However, greater adaptations of the elbow extensors and shoulder flexors may be expected when selecting narrower grip widths, whereas wider grip widths may induce greater adaptations of the shoulder horizontal adductors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lasse Mausehund
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway; and Department of Sports Medicine, Oslo Sports Trauma Research Centre, Norwegian School of Sports Sciences, Oslo, Norway
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15
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Leppänen M, Rossi MT, Parkkari J, Heinonen A, Äyrämö S, Krosshaug T, Vasankari T, Kannus P, Pasanen K. Altered hip control during a standing knee‐lift test is associated with increased risk of knee injuries. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2020; 30:922-931. [DOI: 10.1111/sms.13626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mari Leppänen
- Tampere Research Center of Sport Medicine UKK Institute Tampere Finland
| | - Marko T. Rossi
- Tampere Research Center of Sport Medicine UKK Institute Tampere Finland
| | - Jari Parkkari
- Tampere Research Center of Sport Medicine UKK Institute Tampere Finland
| | - Ari Heinonen
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences University of Jyväskylä Jyväskylä Finland
| | - Sami Äyrämö
- Faculty of Information Technology University of Jyväskylä Jyväskylä Finland
| | - Tron Krosshaug
- Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center Norwegian School of Sport Science Oslo Norway
| | - Tommi Vasankari
- Tampere Research Center of Sport Medicine UKK Institute Tampere Finland
| | - Pekka Kannus
- Tampere Research Center of Sport Medicine UKK Institute Tampere Finland
- Tampere University Hospital Tampere Finland
| | - Kati Pasanen
- Tampere Research Center of Sport Medicine UKK Institute Tampere Finland
- Faculty of Kinesiology Sport Injury Prevention Research Centre University of Calgary Calgary Alberta Canada
- Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute University of Calgary Calgary Alberta Canada
- McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health University of Calgary Calgary Alberta Canada
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16
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Mausehund L, Skard AE, Krosshaug T. Muscle Activation in Unilateral Barbell Exercises: Implications for Strength Training and Rehabilitation. J Strength Cond Res 2019; 33 Suppl 1:S85-S94. [PMID: 29870422 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Mausehund, L, Skard, AE, and Krosshaug, T. Muscle activation in unilateral barbell exercises: Implications for strength training and rehabilitation. J Strength Cond Res 33(7S): S85-S94, 2019-The purpose of the present investigation was to assess lower-body muscle activity and hamstrings-to-quadriceps (HQ) activation ratios during performance of the split squat (SS), single-leg squat (SLS), and rear foot elevated split squat (RFESS), while using the same relative load and performing the exercises to muscular failure. Eleven healthy, moderately strength-trained subjects performed a 6-8 repetition maximum set of each exercise while electromyographic (EMG) activity of the vastus lateralis, biceps femoris, gluteus maximus, and gluteus medius was recorded. The results show that there were no significant differences in EMG peak activity of the gluteus maximus and vastus lateralis between any of the exercises. Gluteus medius activation was significantly (p ≤ 0.05) higher during the SLS (81.9% maximum voluntary isometric contraction [MVIC]), compared with the RFESS (54.9% MVIC) and SS (46.2% MVIC). The RFESS elicited higher (p ≤ 0.05) biceps femoris activity (76.1% MVIC) than the SS (62.3% MVIC), as well as higher (p ≤ 0.05) HQ activation ratios (0.83) than the SS (0.69) and SLS (0.63). During the SLS and the SS, HQ activation ratios increased significantly in the course of the repetition maximum set. In conclusion, although absolute loading differs between exercises, similar training stimuli of the gluteus maximus and quadriceps femoris can be expected for all exercises. The SLS is likely to induce the greatest improvements in gluteus medius strength, whereas the RFESS should be preferred if high hamstring coactivation is desired. To improve validity in EMG studies, strength training exercises should be performed close to failure while using the same relative loading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lasse Mausehund
- Department of Physiotherapy, Oslo and Akershus University College of Applied Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Audun E Skard
- Department of Physiotherapy, Oslo and Akershus University College of Applied Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tron Krosshaug
- Department of Sports Medicine, Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Norwegian School of Sports Sciences, Oslo, Norway
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17
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Mørtvedt AI, Krosshaug T, Bahr R, Petushek E. I spy with my little eye … a knee about to go 'pop'? Can coaches and sports medicine professionals predict who is at greater risk of ACL rupture? Br J Sports Med 2019; 54:154-158. [PMID: 31611189 PMCID: PMC7029251 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2019-100602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Background The vertical drop jump (VDJ) test is widely used for clinical assessment of ACL injury risk, but it is not clear whether such assessments are valid. Aim To examine if sports medicine professionals and coaches are able to identify players at risk of sustaining an ACL injury by visually assessing player performance during a VDJ test. Methods 102 video clips of elite female handball and football players performing a baseline VDJ test were randomly extracted from a 738-person prospective cohort study that tracked ACL injuries. Of the sample, 20 of 102 went on to suffer an ACL injury. These 102 videos were uploaded to an online survey. Sports medicine professionals and coaches were invited to assess athlete performance and rate each clip with a number between 1 and 10 (1 representing low risk of sustaining an ACL injury and 10 representing high risk). Receiver operating characteristic analyses were used to assess classification accuracy and between-group differences were analysed using one-way analysis of variance. Results 237 assessors completed the survey. Area under the curve values ranged from 0.36 to 0.60, with a mean score of 0.47, which is similar to random guessing. There were no significant differences in classification accuracy between groups (physicians, coaches, certified athletic trainers, researchers or physical therapists). Conclusion Assessors have poor predictive ability (no better than chance), indicating that visual assessment of a VDJ test is a poor test for assessing ACL injury risk in elite female handball and football players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Inger Mørtvedt
- Department of Sports Medicine, Norwergian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tron Krosshaug
- Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Oslo, Norway
| | - Roald Bahr
- Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Oslo, Norway
| | - Erich Petushek
- College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA.,Department of Cognitive and Learning Sciences, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan, USA
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18
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Risberg MA, Steffen K, Nilstad A, Myklebust G, Kristianslund E, Moltubakk MM, Krosshaug T. Normative Quadriceps and Hamstring Muscle Strength Values for Female, Healthy, Elite Handball and Football Players. J Strength Cond Res 2018; 32:2314-2323. [PMID: 29794892 PMCID: PMC6092090 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Risberg, MA, Steffen, K, Nilstad, A, Myklebust, G, Kristianslund, E, Moltubakk, MM, and Krosshaug, T. Normative quadriceps and hamstring muscle strength values for female, healthy, elite handball and football players. J Strength Cond Res 32(8): 2314–2323, 2018—This study presents normative values for isokinetic knee extension and flexion muscle strength tests in 350 elite, female, handball (n = 150) and football (n = 200) players. Isokinetic concentric muscle strength tests at 60°·sec−1 were recorded bilaterally using a dynamometer. Peak torque (in Newton meter [N·m]), body mass normalized peak torque (N·m·kg−1), and hamstring to quadriceps ratio (H:Q ratio) for dominant and nondominant legs were recorded. The female elite players were 20.9 ± 4.0 years, started playing at the elite level at the age of 18.2 ± 2.7 years, with a mean of 9.7 ± 2.2 hours of weekly in-season training. Handball players demonstrated greater quadriceps muscle strength compared with football players (11.0%) (p < 0.001), also when normalized to body mass (4.1%) (p = 0.012), but not for weight-adjusted hamstring muscle strength. The H:Q ratio was higher on the dominant compared with the nondominant leg for handball players only (p = 0.012).The H:Q ratio was significantly lower for handball players (0.58) compared with football players (0.60) (p < 0.02). These normative values for isokinetic knee extension and flexion torques of healthy, elite, female handball and football players can be used to set rehabilitation goals for muscle strength after injury and enable comparison with uninjured legs. Significantly greater quadriceps muscle strength was found for handball players compared with football players, also when normalized to body mass.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Marie M Moltubakk
- Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
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19
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Petushek E, Clarke SB, Dorgo S, Ebben W, Myer GD, Krosshaug T. Development and Validation of Efficient Assessment Tool to Quantify Strength Training Technical Expertise. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2018. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000536506.03065.2d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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20
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Affiliation(s)
- Torstein E. Dæhlin
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tron Krosshaug
- Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Loren Z. F. Chiu
- Neuromusculoskeletal Mechanics Research Program, Faculty of Kinesiology, Sport, and Recreation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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21
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Koga H, Nakamae A, Shima Y, Bahr R, Krosshaug T. Hip and Ankle Kinematics in Noncontact Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury Situations: Video Analysis Using Model-Based Image Matching. Am J Sports Med 2018; 46:333-340. [PMID: 29024605 DOI: 10.1177/0363546517732750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Detailed kinematic descriptions of real anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury situations are limited to the knee only. PURPOSE To describe hip and ankle kinematics as well as foot position relative to the center of mass (COM) in ACL injury situations through use of a model-based image-matching (MBIM) technique. The distance between the projection of the COM on the ground and the base of support (BOS) (COM_BOS) normalized to the femur length was also evaluated. STUDY DESIGN Descriptive laboratory study. METHODS Ten ACL injury video sequences from women's handball and basketball were analyzed. Hip and ankle joint kinematic values were obtained by use of MBIM. RESULTS The mean hip flexion angle was 51° (95% CI, 41° to 63°) at initial contact and remained constant over the next 40 milliseconds. The hip was internally rotated 29° (95% CI, 18° to 39°) at initial contact and remained unchanged for the next 40 milliseconds. All of the injured patients landed with a heel strike with a mean dorsiflexion angle of 2° (95% CI, -9° to 14°), before reaching a flatfooted position 20 milliseconds later. The foot position was anterior and lateral to the COM in all cases. However, none of the results showed larger COM_BOS than 1.2, which has been suggested as a criterion for ACL injury risk. CONCLUSIONS Hip kinematic values were consistent among the 10 ACL injury situations analyzed; the hip joint remained unchanged in a flexed and internally rotated position in the phase leading up to injury, suggesting that limited energy absorption took place at the hip. In all cases, the foot contacted the ground with the heel strike. However, relatively small COM_BOS distances were found, indicating that the anterior and lateral foot placement in ACL injury situations was not different from what can be expected in noninjury game situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideyuki Koga
- Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Joint Surgery and Sports Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsuo Nakamae
- Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Integrated Health Sciences, Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yosuke Shima
- Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, KKR Hokuriku Hospital, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Roald Bahr
- Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tron Krosshaug
- Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
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22
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Räisänen AM, Pasanen K, Krosshaug T, Vasankari T, Kannus P, Heinonen A, Kujala UM, Avela J, Perttunen J, Parkkari J. Association between frontal plane knee control and lower extremity injuries: a prospective study on young team sport athletes. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med 2018; 4:e000311. [PMID: 29387448 PMCID: PMC5783037 DOI: 10.1136/bmjsem-2017-000311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Revised: 12/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/aim Poor frontal plane knee control can manifest as increased dynamic knee valgus during athletic tasks. The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between frontal plane knee control and the risk of acute lower extremity injuries. In addition, we wanted to study if the single-leg squat (SLS) test can be used as a screening tool to identify athletes with an increased injury risk. Methods A total of 306 basketball and floorball players participated in the baseline SLS test and a 12-month injury registration follow-up. Acute lower extremity time-loss injuries were registered. Frontal plane knee projection angles (FPKPA) during the SLS were calculated using a two-dimensional video analysis. Results Athletes displaying a high FPKPA were 2.7 times more likely to sustain a lower extremity injury (adjusted OR 2.67, 95% CI 1.23 to 5.83) and 2.4 times more likely to sustain an ankle injury (OR 2.37, 95% CI 1.13 to 4.98). There was no statistically significant association between FPKPA and knee injury (OR 1.49, 95% CI 0.56 to 3.98). The receiver operating characteristic curve analyses indicated poor combined sensitivity and specificity when FPKPA was used as a screening test for lower extremity injuries (area under the curve of 0.59) and ankle injuries (area under the curve of 0.58). Conclusions Athletes displaying a large FPKPA in the SLS test had an elevated risk of acute lower extremity and ankle injuries. However, the SLS test is not sensitive and specific enough to be used as a screening tool for future injury risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anu M Räisänen
- Tampere Research Center of Sports Medicine, UKK Institute for Health Promotion Research, Tampere, Finland
| | - Kati Pasanen
- Sport Injury Prevention Research Centre, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,UKK Institute for Health Promotion Research, Tampere, Finland
| | - Tron Krosshaug
- Norwegian School of Sports Sciences, Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tommi Vasankari
- UKK Institute for Health Promotion Research, Tampere, Finland
| | - Pekka Kannus
- UKK Institute for Health Promotion Research, Tampere, Finland
| | - Ari Heinonen
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Urho M Kujala
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Janne Avela
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | | | - Jari Parkkari
- Tampere Research Center of Sports Medicine, UKK Institute for Health Promotion Research, Tampere, Finland
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Leppänen M, Pasanen K, Krosshaug T, Kannus P, Vasankari T, Kujala UM, Bahr R, Perttunen J, Parkkari J. Sagittal Plane Hip, Knee, and Ankle Biomechanics and the Risk of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury: A Prospective Study. Orthop J Sports Med 2017; 5:2325967117745487. [PMID: 29318174 PMCID: PMC5753918 DOI: 10.1177/2325967117745487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Stiff landings with less knee flexion and high vertical ground-reaction forces have been shown to be associated with an increased risk of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury. The literature on the association between other sagittal plane measures and the risk of ACL injuries with a prospective study design is lacking. Purpose: To investigate the relationship between selected sagittal plane hip, knee, and ankle biomechanics and the risk of ACL injury in young female team-sport athletes. Study Design: Case-control study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: A total of 171 female basketball and floorball athletes (age range, 12-21 years) participated in a vertical drop jump test using 3-dimensional motion analysis. All new ACL injuries, as well as match and training exposure data, were recorded for 1 to 3 years. Biomechanical variables, including hip and ankle flexion at initial contact (IC), hip and ankle ranges of motion (ROMs), and peak external knee and hip flexion moments, were selected for analysis. Cox regression models were used to calculate hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% CIs. The combined sensitivity and specificity of significant test variables were assessed using a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. Results: A total of 15 noncontact ACL injuries were recorded during follow-up (0.2 injuries/1000 player-hours). Of the variables investigated, landing with less hip flexion ROM (HR for each 10° increase in hip ROM, 0.61 [95% CI, 0.38-0.99]; P < .05) and a greater knee flexion moment (HR for each 10-N·m increase in knee moment, 1.21 [95% CI, 1.04-1.40]; P = .01) was significantly associated with an increased risk of ACL injury. Hip flexion at IC, ankle flexion at IC, ankle flexion ROM, and peak external hip flexion moment were not significantly associated with the risk of ACL injury. ROC curve analysis for significant variables showed an area under the curve of 0.6, indicating a poor combined sensitivity and specificity of the test. Conclusion: Landing with less hip flexion ROM and a greater peak external knee flexion moment was associated with an increased risk of ACL injury in young female team-sport players. Studies with larger populations are needed to confirm these findings and to determine the role of ankle flexion ROM as a risk factor for ACL injury. Increasing knee and hip flexion ROMs to produce soft landings might reduce knee loading and risk of ACL injury in young female athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari Leppänen
- Tampere Research Center of Sports Medicine, UKK Institute, Tampere, Finland
| | - Kati Pasanen
- Tampere Research Center of Sports Medicine, UKK Institute, Tampere, Finland
| | - Tron Krosshaug
- Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Pekka Kannus
- UKK Institute, Tampere, Finland.,Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Tampere University Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | | | - Urho M Kujala
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Roald Bahr
- Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Jari Parkkari
- Tampere Research Center of Sports Medicine, UKK Institute, Tampere, Finland
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Sasaki S, Koga H, Krosshaug T, Kaneko S, Fukubayashi T. Kinematic analysis of pressing situations in female collegiate football games: New insight into anterior cruciate ligament injury causation. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2017; 28:1263-1271. [DOI: 10.1111/sms.13018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Sasaki
- Faculty of Health Sciences; Tokyo Ariake University of Medical and Health Sciences; Koto-ku Tokyo Japan
| | - H. Koga
- Department of Joint Surgery and Sports Medicine; Tokyo Medical and Dental University; Bunkyo-ku Tokyo Japan
| | - T. Krosshaug
- Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center; Norwegian School of Sport Sciences; Oslo Norway
| | - S. Kaneko
- Graduate School of Sport Sciences; Waseda University; Tokorozaswa-city Saitama Japan
| | - T. Fukubayashi
- Faculty of Sport Sciences; Waseda University; Tokorozaswa-city Saitama Japan
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Prior to the 2013/2014 season, the International Ski Federation (FIS) increased the helmet testing speed from 5.4 to 6.8 m/s for alpine downhill, super-G and giant slalom. Whether this increased testing speed reflects head impact velocities in real head injury situations on snow is unclear. We therefore investigated the injury mechanisms and gross head impact biomechanics in seven real head injury situations among World Cup (WC) alpine skiers. METHODS We analysed nine head impacts from seven head injury videos from the FIS Injury Surveillance System, throughout nine WC seasons (2006-2015) in detail. We used commercial video-based motion analysis software to estimate head impact kinematics in two dimensions, including directly preimpact and postimpact, from broadcast video. The sagittal plane angular movement of the head was also measured using angle measurement software. RESULTS In seven of nine head impacts, the estimated normal to slope preimpact velocity was higher than the current FIS helmet rule of 6.8 m/s (mean 8.1 (±SD 0.6) m/s, range 1.9±0.8 to 12.1±0.4 m/s). The nine head impacts had a mean normal to slope velocity change of 9.3±1.0 m/s, range 5.2±1.1 to 13.5±1.3 m/s. There was a large change in sagittal plane angular velocity (mean 43.3±2.9 rad/s (range 21.2±1.5 to 64.2±3.0 rad/s)) during impact. CONCLUSION The estimated normal to slope preimpact velocity was higher than the current FIS helmet rule of 6.8 m/s in seven of nine head impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Elspeth Steenstrup
- Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kam-Ming Mok
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Andrew S McIntosh
- Australian Centre for Research into Injury in Sport and its Prevention (ACRISP), Federation University Australia, Ballarat, Victoria, Australia
| | - Roald Bahr
- Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tron Krosshaug
- Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
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Steenstrup SE, Mok KM, McIntosh AS, Bahr R, Krosshaug T. Head impact velocities in FIS World Cup snowboarders and freestyle skiers: Do real-life impacts exceed helmet testing standards? Br J Sports Med 2017; 52:32-40. [DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2016-097086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
IntroductionPrior to the 2013–2014 season, the International Ski Federation (FIS) increased the helmet testing speed from a minimum requirement of 5.4 to 6.8 m/s for alpine downhill, super-G and giant slalom and for freestyle ski cross, but not for the other freestyle disciplines or snowboarding. Whether this increased testing speed reflects impact velocities in real head injury situations on snow is unclear. We therefore investigated the injury mechanisms and gross head impact biomechanics in four real head injury situations among World Cup (WC) snowboard and freestyle athletes and compared these with helmet homologation laboratory test requirements. The helmets in the four cases complied with at least European Standards (EN) 1077 (Class B) or American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) F2040.MethodsWe analysed four head injury videos from the FIS Injury Surveillance System throughout eight WC seasons (2006–2014) in detail. We used motion analysis software to digitize the helmet’s trajectory and estimated the head’s kinematics in two dimensions, including directly preimpact and postimpact.ResultsAll four impacts were to the occiput. In the four cases, the normal-to-slope preimpact velocity ranged from 7.0(±SD 0.2) m/s to 10.5±0.5 m/s and the normal-to-slope velocity change ranged from 8.4±0.6 m/s to 11.7±0.7 m/s. The sagittal plane helmet angular velocity estimates indicated a large change in angular velocity (25.0±2.9 rad/s to 49.1±0.3 rad/s).ConclusionThe estimated normal-to-slope preimpact velocity was higher than the current strictest helmet testing rule of 6.8 m/s in all four cases.
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Abstract
Weightlifting technique can be objectively assessed from two-dimensional video recordings. Despite its importance, participants' bar trajectories in research involving the snatch or clean exercises are often not reported, potentially due to the time required to digitize video. The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the use of a light-emitting diode (LED)-based marker, digital video, and open-source software to automatically track the bar end during weightlifting exercises. A former national-level weightlifter was recorded with a digital video camera performing the snatch, clean and jerk, and squat exercises. An LED-based marker was placed on the right end of the bar. This marker was automatically tracked using 2 open-source software programs to obtain vertical and horizontal position coordinates. The LED-based marker was successfully auto-tracked for all videos over a variety of camera settings. Furthermore, the vertical and horizontal bar displacements and vertical bar velocity were consistent between the 2 software programs. This study demonstrates that an LED-based marker can be automatically tracked using open-source software. This combination of an LED-based marker, consumer camera, and open-source software is an accessible, low-cost method to objectively evaluate weightlifting technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torstein E Dæhlin
- 1Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway; 2Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway; and 3Neuromusculoskeletal Mechanics Research Program, Faculty of Physical Education and Recreation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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Affiliation(s)
- Kam-Ming Mok
- Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Prince of Wales Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Roald Bahr
- Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tron Krosshaug
- Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
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Leppänen M, Pasanen K, Kujala UM, Vasankari T, Kannus P, Äyrämö S, Krosshaug T, Bahr R, Avela J, Perttunen J, Parkkari J. Stiff Landings Are Associated With Increased ACL Injury Risk in Young Female Basketball and Floorball Players: Response. Am J Sports Med 2017; 45:NP5-NP6. [PMID: 28272935 DOI: 10.1177/0363546517692762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Tierney GJ, Joodaki H, Krosshaug T, Forman JL, Crandall JR, Simms CK. Assessment of model-based image-matching for future reconstruction of unhelmeted sport head impact kinematics. Sports Biomech 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2016.1271905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gregory J. Tierney
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Hamed Joodaki
- Centre for Applied Biomechanics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Tron Krosshaug
- Oslo Sports Trauma Research Centre, The Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jason L. Forman
- Centre for Applied Biomechanics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Jeff R. Crandall
- Centre for Applied Biomechanics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Ciaran K. Simms
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
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Sasaki S, Koga H, Krosshaug T, Fukubayashi T. KINEMATIC ANALYSIS OF PRESSING MOVEMENTS IN WOMEN'S SOCCER COMPETITIONS. Br J Sports Med 2017. [DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2016-097372.250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Mok KM, Bahr R, Krosshaug T. Cover Image Volume 27, Issue 2. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/sms.12845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Steffen K, Nilstad A, Krosshaug T, Pasanen K, Bahr R. NO ASSOCIATION BETWEEN STATIC AND DYNAMIC POSTURAL CONTROL AND ACL INJURY RISK AMONG FEMALE ELITE HANDBALL AND FOOTBALL PLAYERS. Br J Sports Med 2017. [DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2016-097372.274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Räisänen A, Pasanen K, Krosshaug T, Kannus P, Vasankari T, Parkkari J. ASSOCIATION BETWEEN FRONTAL PLANE KNEE CONTROL AND ACUTE LOWER EXTREMITY INJURIES. Br J Sports Med 2017. [DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2016-097372.235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Leppänen M, Pasanen K, Krosshaug T, Kannus P, Vasankari T, Parkkari J. LANDING WITH LESS HIP FLEXION IS ASSOCIATED WITH INCREASED RISK OF ACL INJURIES IN YOUNG FEMALE TEAM SPORTS PLAYERS. Br J Sports Med 2017. [DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2016-097372.169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Steffen K, Nilstad A, Krosshaug T, Pasanen K, Killingmo A, Bahr R. No association between static and dynamic postural control and ACL injury risk among female elite handball and football players: a prospective study of 838 players. Br J Sports Med 2017; 51:253-259. [DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2016-097068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Leppänen M, Pasanen K, Kujala UM, Vasankari T, Kannus P, Äyrämö S, Krosshaug T, Bahr R, Avela J, Perttunen J, Parkkari J. Stiff Landings Are Associated With Increased ACL Injury Risk in Young Female Basketball and Floorball Players. Am J Sports Med 2017; 45:386-393. [PMID: 27637264 DOI: 10.1177/0363546516665810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Few prospective studies have investigated the biomechanical risk factors of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury. PURPOSE To investigate the relationship between biomechanical characteristics of vertical drop jump (VDJ) performance and the risk of ACL injury in young female basketball and floorball players. STUDY DESIGN Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3. METHODS At baseline, a total of 171 female basketball and floorball players (age range, 12-21 years) participated in a VDJ test using 3-dimensional motion analysis. The following biomechanical variables were analyzed: (1) knee valgus angle at initial contact (IC), (2) peak knee abduction moment, (3) knee flexion angle at IC, (4) peak knee flexion angle, (5) peak vertical ground-reaction force (vGRF), and (6) medial knee displacement. All new ACL injuries, as well as match and training exposure, were then recorded for 1 to 3 years. Cox regression models were used to calculate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% CIs. RESULTS Fifteen new ACL injuries occurred during the study period (0.2 injuries/1000 player-hours). Of the 6 factors considered, lower peak knee flexion angle (HR for each 10° increase in knee flexion angle, 0.55; 95% CI, 0.34-0.88) and higher peak vGRF (HR for each 100-N increase in vGRF, 1.26; 95% CI, 1.09-1.45) were the only factors associated with increased risk of ACL injury. A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis showed an area under the curve of 0.6 for peak knee flexion and 0.7 for vGRF, indicating a failed-to-fair combined sensitivity and specificity of the test. CONCLUSIONS Stiff landings, with less knee flexion and greater vGRF, in a VDJ test were associated with increased risk of ACL injury among young female basketball and floorball players. However, although 2 factors (decreased peak knee flexion and increased vGRF) had significant associations with ACL injury risk, the ROC curve analyses revealed that these variables cannot be used for screening of athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari Leppänen
- Tampere Research Center of Sports Medicine, UKK Institute, Tampere, Finland
| | - Kati Pasanen
- Tampere Research Center of Sports Medicine, UKK Institute, Tampere, Finland
| | - Urho M Kujala
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | | | - Pekka Kannus
- Injury and Osteoporosis Research Center, UKK Institute, Tampere, Finland.,Medical School, University of Tampere, and Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Sami Äyrämö
- Department of Mathematical Information Technology, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Tron Krosshaug
- Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Norwegian School of Sports Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Roald Bahr
- Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Norwegian School of Sports Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Janne Avela
- Department of Biology of Physical Activity, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | | | - Jari Parkkari
- Tampere Research Center of Sports Medicine, UKK Institute, Tampere, Finland
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Leppänen M, Pasanen K, Kulmala JP, Kujala UM, Krosshaug T, Kannus P, Perttunen J, Vasankari T, Parkkari J. 973 Knee control and jump-landing technique in young basketball and floorball players. Inj Prev 2016. [DOI: 10.1136/injuryprev-2016-042156.973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Krosshaug T, Steffen K, Kristianslund E, Nilstad A, Mok KM, Myklebust G, Andersen TE, Holme I, Engebretsen L, Bahr R. Screening Tests for ACL Injury: Response. Am J Sports Med 2016; 44:NP26-7. [PMID: 27252550 DOI: 10.1177/0363546516651046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Krosshaug T, Steffen K, Kristianslund E, Nilstad A, Mok KM, Myklebust G, Andersen TE, Holme I, Engebretsen L, Bahr R. The Vertical Drop Jump Is a Poor Screening Test for ACL Injuries: Response. Am J Sports Med 2016; 44:NP24-5. [PMID: 27252548 DOI: 10.1177/0363546516651042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Mok KM, Petushek E, Krosshaug T. Reliability of knee biomechanics during a vertical drop jump in elite female athletes. Gait Posture 2016; 46:173-8. [PMID: 27131197 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2016.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Revised: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of the study was to assess the within-session and between-session reliability of knee kinematics and kinetics in a vertical drop jump task among elite female handball and football athletes. Specifically, we aimed to quantify the within-session waveform consistency and between-session consistency of the subject ranking for a variety of knee kinematics and kinetics. Forty-one elite female handball and football (soccer) athletes were tested in two sessions. The reliability of three-dimensional knee biomechanical measurements was quantified by the intra-class correlation, Spearman's rank correlation, and typical error. All the selected discrete variables achieved excellent within-session reliability (ICC>0.87). The typical error of valgus angles, internal rotation angles, and internal rotation moment was constant throughout the whole stance phase. For between-session reliability, the selected discrete variables achieved good to excellent reliability (ICC>0.69), except peak internal rotation moment (ICC=0.40). All between-session rank correlation coefficients ranged from 0.56 to 0.90. Most of the discrete variables achieved good to excellent reliability in both within-session and between-session analysis. Moreover, moderate to strong between-session consistency of subject rankings was found, implying that the measurements assessed during the vertical drop jump demonstrate sufficient reliability to be used in both single-session and multiple-session studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kam-Ming Mok
- Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway; Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Erich Petushek
- Michigan State University, College of Human Medicine, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Tron Krosshaug
- Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway.
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Krosshaug T, Steffen K, Kristianslund E, Nilstad A, Mok KM, Myklebust G, Andersen TE, Holme I, Engebretsen L, Bahr R. The Vertical Drop Jump Is a Poor Screening Test for ACL Injuries in Female Elite Soccer and Handball Players: A Prospective Cohort Study of 710 Athletes. Am J Sports Med 2016; 44:874-83. [PMID: 26867936 DOI: 10.1177/0363546515625048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The evidence linking knee kinematics and kinetics during a vertical drop jump (VDJ) to anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury risk is restricted to a single small sample. Still, the VDJ test continues to be advocated for clinical screening purposes. PURPOSE To test whether 5 selected kinematic and kinetic variables were associated with future ACL injuries in a large cohort of Norwegian female elite soccer and handball players. Furthermore, we wanted to assess whether the VDJ test can be recommended as a screening test to identify players with increased risk. STUDY DESIGN Cohort study; Level of evidence, 2. METHODS Elite female soccer and handball players participated in preseason screening tests from 2007 through 2014. The tests included marker-based 3-dimensional motion analysis of a drop-jump landing. We followed a predefined statistical protocol in which we included the following candidate risk factors in 5 separate logistic regression analyses, with new ACL injury as the outcome: (1) knee valgus angle at initial contact, (2) peak knee abduction moment, (3) peak knee flexion angle, (4) peak vertical ground-reaction force, and (5) medial knee displacement. RESULTS A total of 782 players were tested (age, 21 ± 4 years; height, 170 ± 7 cm; body mass, 67 ± 8 kg), of which 710 were included in the analyses. We registered 42 new noncontact ACL injuries, including 12 in previously ACL-injured players. Previous ACL injury (relative risk, 3.8; 95% CI, 2.1-7.1) and medial knee displacement (odds ratio, 1.40; 95% CI, 1.12-1.74 per 1-SD change) were associated with increased risk for injury. However, among the 643 players without previous injury, we found no association with medial knee displacement. A receiver operating characteristic curve analysis of medial knee displacement showed an area under the curve of 0.6, indicating a poor-to-failed combined sensitivity and specificity of the test, even when including previously injured players. CONCLUSION Of the 5 risk factors considered, medial knee displacement was the only factor associated with increased risk for ACL. However, receiver operating characteristic curve analysis indicated a poor combined sensitivity and specificity when medial knee displacement was used as a screening test for predicting ACL injury. For players with no previous injury, none of the VDJ variables were associated with increased injury risk. CLINICAL RELEVANCE VDJ tests cannot predict ACL injuries in female elite soccer and handball players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tron Krosshaug
- Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kathrin Steffen
- Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Eirik Kristianslund
- Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Agnethe Nilstad
- Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kam-Ming Mok
- Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Grethe Myklebust
- Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Thor Einar Andersen
- Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ingar Holme
- Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Lars Engebretsen
- Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Roald Bahr
- Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
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Yamazaki J, Gilgien M, Kleiven S, McIntosh AS, Nachbauer W, Müller E, Bere T, Bahr R, Krosshaug T. Analysis of a severe head injury in World Cup alpine skiing. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2016; 47:1113-8. [PMID: 25207934 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000000511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is the leading cause of death in alpine skiing. It has been found that helmet use can reduce the incidence of head injuries between 15% and 60%. However, knowledge on optimal helmet performance criteria in World Cup alpine skiing is currently limited owing to the lack of biomechanical data from real crash situations. PURPOSE This study aimed to estimate impact velocities in a severe TBI case in World Cup alpine skiing. METHODS Video sequences from a TBI case in World Cup alpine skiing were analyzed using a model-based image matching technique. Video sequences from four camera views were obtained in full high-definition (1080p) format. A three-dimensional model of the course was built based on accurate measurements of piste landmarks and matched to the background video footage using the animation software Poser 4. A trunk-neck-head model was used for tracking the skier's trajectory. RESULTS Immediately before head impact, the downward velocity component was estimated to be 8 m·s⁻¹. After impact, the upward velocity was 3 m·s⁻¹, whereas the velocity parallel to the slope surface was reduced from 33 m·s⁻¹ to 22 m·s⁻¹. The frontal plane angular velocity of the head changed from 80 rad·s⁻¹ left tilt immediately before impact to 20 rad·s⁻¹ right tilt immediately after impact. CONCLUSIONS A unique combination of high-definition video footage and accurate measurements of landmarks in the slope made possible a high-quality analysis of head impact velocity in a severe TBI case. The estimates can provide crucial information on how to prevent TBI through helmet performance criteria and design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junya Yamazaki
- 1Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Oslo, NORWAY; 2Section of Orthopedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University Hospital, Tokyo, JAPAN; 3Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, NORWAY; 4Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, SWEDEN; 5Australian Centre for Research into Injury in Sport and its Prevention (ACRISP), Federation University Australia, Ballarat, AUSTRALIA; 6Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, AUSTRIA; 7Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, AUSTRIA; 8Aspetar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, QATAR
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Leppänen M, Pasanen K, Kulmala JP, Kujala UM, Krosshaug T, Kannus P, Perttunen J, Vasankari T, Parkkari J. Knee Control and Jump-Landing Technique in Young Basketball and Floorball Players. Int J Sports Med 2015; 37:334-8. [PMID: 26701826 DOI: 10.1055/s-0035-1565104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Poor knee alignment is associated with increased loading of the joints, ligaments and tendons, and may increase the risk of injury. The study purpose was to compare differences in knee kinematics between basketball and floorball players during a vertical drop jump (VDJ) task. We wanted to investigate whether basketball players, whose sport includes frequent jump-landings, exhibited better knee control compared with floorball players, whose sport involves less jumping. Complete data was obtained from 173 basketball and 141 floorball players. Peak knee valgus and flexion angles during the VDJ were analyzed by 3D motion analysis.Larger knee valgus angles were observed among basketball players (- 3.2°, 95%CI -4.5 to - 2.0) compared with floorball players (- 0.9°, 95%CI -2.3 to 0.6) (P=0.022). Basketball players landed with a decreased peak knee flexion angle (83.1°, 95%CI 81.4 to 84.8) compared with floorball players (86.5°, 95%CI 84.6 to 88.4) (P=0.016). There were no significant differences in height, weight or BMI between basketball and floorball players. Female athletes exhibited significantly greater valgus angles than males. This study revealed that proper knee control during jump-landing does not seem to develop in young athletes simply by playing the sport, despite the fact that jump-landings occur frequently in practice and games.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Leppänen
- Tampere Research Center of Sports Medicine, UKK Institute for Health Promotion Research, Tampere, Finland
| | - K Pasanen
- Tampere Research Center of Sports Medicine, UKK Institute for Health Promotion Research, Tampere, Finland
| | - J-P Kulmala
- University of Jyvaskyla, Department of Biology of Physical Activity, Jyvaskyla, Finland
| | - U M Kujala
- University of Jyvaskyla, Department of Health Sciences, Jyvaskyla, Finland
| | - T Krosshaug
- Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - P Kannus
- Injury and Osteoporosis Research Center, UKK Institute for Health Promotion Research, Tampere, Finland
| | - J Perttunen
- Tampere University of Applied Sciences, Tampere, Finland
| | - T Vasankari
- Tampere University of Applied Sciences, Tampere, Finland
| | - J Parkkari
- Tampere Research Center of Sports Medicine, UKK Institute for Health Promotion Research, Tampere, Finland
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Mok KM, Bahr R, Krosshaug T. The effect of overhead target on the lower limb biomechanics during a vertical drop jump test in elite female athletes. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2015; 27:161-166. [DOI: 10.1111/sms.12640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K-M. Mok
- Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center; Norwegian School of Sport Sciences; Oslo Norway
| | - R. Bahr
- Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center; Norwegian School of Sport Sciences; Oslo Norway
| | - T. Krosshaug
- Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center; Norwegian School of Sport Sciences; Oslo Norway
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Pasanen K, Rossi MT, Parkkari J, Heinonen A, Steffen K, Myklebust G, Krosshaug T, Vasankari T, Kannus P, Avela J, Kulmala JP, Perttunen J, Kujala UM, Bahr R. Predictors of lower extremity injuries in team sports (PROFITS-study): a study protocol. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med 2015; 1:e000076. [PMID: 27900143 PMCID: PMC5117034 DOI: 10.1136/bmjsem-2015-000076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Several intrinsic risk factors for lower extremity injuries have been proposed, including lack of proper knee and body control during landings and cutting manoeuvres, low muscular strength, reduced balance and increased ligament laxity, but there are still many unanswered questions. The overall aim of this research project is to investigate anatomical, biomechanical, neuromuscular, genetic and demographic risk factors for traumatic non-contact lower extremity injuries in young team sport athletes. Furthermore, the research project aims to develop clinically oriented screening tools for predicting future injury risk. METHODS Young female and male players (n=508) from nine basketball teams, nine floorball teams, three ice hockey teams, and one volleyball team accepted the invitation to participate in this four-and-half-year prospective follow-up study. The players entered the study either in 2011, 2012 or 2013, and gave blood samples, performed physical tests and completed the baseline questionnaires. Following the start of screening tests, the players will be followed for sports injuries through December 2015. The primary outcome is a traumatic non-contact lower extremity injury. The secondary outcomes are other sports-related injuries. Injury risk is examined on the basis of anatomical, biomechanical, neuromuscular, genetic and other baseline factors. Univariate and multivariate regression models will be used to investigate association between investigated parameters and injury risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kati Pasanen
- Tampere Research Center of Sports Medicine, UKK Institute , Tampere , Finland
| | - Marko T Rossi
- Department of Health Sciences , University of Jyväskylä , Jyväskylä , Finland
| | - Jari Parkkari
- Tampere Research Center of Sports Medicine, UKK Institute , Tampere , Finland
| | - Ari Heinonen
- Department of Health Sciences , University of Jyväskylä , Jyväskylä , Finland
| | - Kathrin Steffen
- Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Norwegian School of Sports Sciences , Oslo , Norway
| | - Grethe Myklebust
- Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Norwegian School of Sports Sciences , Oslo , Norway
| | - Tron Krosshaug
- Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Norwegian School of Sports Sciences , Oslo , Norway
| | | | - Pekka Kannus
- Injury and Osteoporosis Research Center, UKK Institute , Tampere , Finland
| | - Janne Avela
- Department of Biology of Physical Activity , University of Jyväskylä , Jyväskylä , Finland
| | - Juha-Pekka Kulmala
- Department of Biology of Physical Activity , University of Jyväskylä , Jyväskylä , Finland
| | | | - Urho M Kujala
- Department of Health Sciences , University of Jyväskylä , Jyväskylä , Finland
| | - Roald Bahr
- Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Norwegian School of Sports Sciences , Oslo , Norway
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Sasaki S, Koga H, Krosshaug T, Kaneko S, Fukubayashi T. Biomechanical Analysis of Defensive Cutting Actions During Game Situations: Six Cases in Collegiate Soccer Competitions. J Hum Kinet 2015; 46:9-18. [PMID: 26240644 PMCID: PMC4519200 DOI: 10.1515/hukin-2015-0029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The strengths of interpersonal dyads formed by the attacker and defender in one-on-one situations are crucial for performance in team ball sports such as soccer. The purpose of this study was to analyze the kinematics of one-on-one defensive movements in soccer competitions, and determine the relationships between lower limb kinematics and the center of mass translation during cutting actions. Six defensive scenes in which a player was responding to an offender’s dribble attack were selected for analysis. To reconstruct the three-dimensional kinematics of the players, we used a photogrammetric model-based image-matching technique. The hip and knee kinematics were calculated from the matched skeleton model. In addition, the center of mass height was expressed as a ratio of each participant’s body height. The relationships between the center of mass height and the kinematics were determined by the Pearson’s product-moment correlation coefficient. The normalized center of mass height at initial contact was correlated with the vertical center of mass displacement (r = 0.832, p = 0.040) and hip flexion angle at initial contact (r = −0.823, p = 0.044). This suggests that the lower center of mass at initial contact is an important factor to reduce the downwards vertical center of mass translation during defensive cutting actions, and that this is executed primarily through hip flexion. It is therefore recommended that players land with an adequately flexed hip at initial contact during one-on-one cutting actions to minimize the vertical center of mass excursion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shogo Sasaki
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Tokyo Ariake University of Medical and Health Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Koga
- Department of Joint Surgery and Sports Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tron Krosshaug
- Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Satoshi Kaneko
- Graduate School of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Saitama, Japan
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Waldén M, Krosshaug T, Bjørneboe J, Andersen TE, Faul O, Hägglund M. Three distinct mechanisms predominate in non-contact anterior cruciate ligament injuries in male professional football players: a systematic video analysis of 39 cases. Br J Sports Med 2015; 49:1452-60. [PMID: 25907183 PMCID: PMC4680158 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2014-094573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Background Current knowledge on anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury mechanisms in male football players is limited. Aim To describe ACL injury mechanisms in male professional football players using systematic video analysis. Methods We assessed videos from 39 complete ACL tears recorded via prospective professional football injury surveillance between 2001 and 2011. Five analysts independently reviewed all videos to estimate the time of initial foot contact with the ground and the time of ACL tear. We then analysed all videos according to a structured format describing the injury circumstances and lower limb joint biomechanics. Results Twenty-five injuries were non-contact, eight indirect contact and six direct contact injuries. We identified three main categories of non-contact and indirect contact injury situations: (1) pressing (n=11), (2) re-gaining balance after kicking (n=5) and (3) landing after heading (n=5). The fourth main injury situation was direct contact with the injured leg or knee (n=6). Knee valgus was frequently seen in the main categories of non-contact and indirect contact playing situations (n=11), but a dynamic valgus collapse was infrequent (n=3). This was in contrast to the tackling-induced direct contact situations where a knee valgus collapse occurred in all cases (n=3). Conclusions Eighty-five per cent of the ACL injuries in male professional football players resulted from non-contact or indirect contact mechanisms. The most common playing situation leading to injury was pressing followed by kicking and heading. Knee valgus was frequently seen regardless of the playing situation, but a dynamic valgus collapse was rare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Waldén
- Division of Community Medicine, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- Football Research Group, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Tron Krosshaug
- Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - John Bjørneboe
- Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Thor Einar Andersen
- Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Oliver Faul
- Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Martin Hägglund
- Football Research Group, Linköping, Sweden
- Division of Physiotherapy, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
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Mok KM, Kristianslund EK, Krosshaug T. METHODOLOGICAL CONSIDERATION ON THIGH MARKER CLUSTERS ON KNEE VALGUS ANGLES IN SIDESTEP CUTTING AND VERTICAL DROP JUMPING. Br J Sports Med 2014. [DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2014-093494.216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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50
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Steffen K, Kroken T, Krosshaug T. COMPARISONS OF 3D- AND 2D-MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES AND OBSERVATIONAL REAL-TIME ASSESSMENT OF FRONTAL PLANE KNEE CONTROL IN A VERTICAL DROP JUMP LANDING. Br J Sports Med 2014. [DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2014-093494.274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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