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Hébert-Losier K, Boswell-Smith C, Hanzlíková I. Effect of Footwear Versus Barefoot on Double-Leg Jump-Landing and Jump Height Measures: A Randomized Cross-Over Study. Int J Sports Phys Ther 2023; 18:845-855. [PMID: 37547838 PMCID: PMC10399122 DOI: 10.26603/001c.81107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Assessing individuals in their own athletic footwear in clinics is common, but can affect movement, performance, and clinical measures. Purpose The aim was to compare overall Landing Error Scoring System (LESS) scores, injury risk categorization, specific LESS errors, and jump heights between habitual athletic footwear and barefoot conditions. Study design Randomized cross-over laboratory study. Methods Eighty healthy individuals (55% male) completed the LESS following standard procedures (i.e., land from a 30-cm box to a distance of 50% of body height and then jump upwards maximally). Participants performed the LESS three times in two randomized conditions: footwear and barefoot. LESS data were extracted from 2D videos to compare group-level mean LESS scores, group-level and individual-level injury risk categorization (5-error threshold), specific landing errors, and jump heights between conditions. Results LESS scores were significantly greater (0.3 errors, p=0.022) and jump heights were significantly lower (0.6 cm, p=0.029) in footwear than barefoot, but differences were trivial (d = 0.18 and -0.07, respectively) and not clinically meaningful. Although the number of high injury-risk participants was not statistically different at a group level (p=1.000); 27 individuals (33.8%) exhibited a clinically meaningful difference between conditions of one error or more in LESS score, categorization was inconsistent for 16.3% of individuals, and four of the 17 landing errors significantly differed between conditions. Conclusion At a group level, habitual athletic footwear does not meaningfully influence LESS scores, risk categorization, or jump height. At an individual level, footwear can meaningfully affect LESS scores, risk categorization, and alter landing strategies. Use of consistent protocol and footwear is advised for assessing movement patterns and injury risk from the LESS given the unknown predictive value of this test barefoot. Level of Evidence Level 3.©The Author(s).
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Effects of Gluteus Medius and Biceps Femoris Stimulation on Reduction of Knee Abduction Moment During a Landing Task. J Appl Biomech 2023; 39:110-117. [PMID: 36870343 DOI: 10.1123/jab.2021-0107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
Anterior cruciate ligament injury prevention should focus primarily on reduction of the knee abduction moment (KAM) in landing tasks. Gluteus medius and hamstring forces are considered to decrease KAM during landing. The effects of different muscle stimulations on KAM reduction were compared using 2 electrode sizes (standard 38 cm2 and half size 19 cm2) during a landing task. Twelve young healthy female adults (22.3 [3.6] y, 1.62 [0.02] m, 50.2 [4.7] kg) were recruited. KAM was calculated under 3 conditions of muscle stimulation (gluteus medius, biceps femoris, and both gluteus medius, and biceps femoris) using 2 electrode sizes, respectively versus no stimulation during a landing task. A repeated-measures analysis of variance determined that KAM differed significantly among stimulation conditions and post hoc analysis revealed that KAM was significantly decreased in conditions of stimulating either the gluteus medius (P < .001) or the biceps femoris (P < .001) with the standard electrode size, and condition of stimulating both gluteus medius and biceps femoris with half-size electrode (P = .012) when compared with the control condition. Therefore, stimulation on the gluteus medius, the biceps femoris, or both muscles could be implemented for the examination of anterior cruciate ligament injury potential.
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Chan CK, Azah HN, Yeow CH, Goh SK, Ting HN, Salmah K. Effects of Squatting Speed and Depth on Lower Extremity Kinematics, Kinetics and Energetics. J MECH MED BIOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1142/s0219519422500324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Squatting has received considerable attention in sports and is commonly utilized in daily activities. Knowledge of the squatting biomechanics in terms of its speed and depth may enhance exercise selection when targeting for sport-specific performance improvement and injury avoidance. Nonetheless, these perspectives have not been consistently reported. Hence, this preliminary study intends to quantify the kinematics, kinetics, and energetics in squat with different depths and speeds among healthy young adults with different physical activity levels; i.e., between active and sedentary groups. Twenty participants were administered to squat at varying depths (deep, normal, and half) and speeds (fast, normal, and slow). Motion-capture system and force plates were employed to acquire motion trajectories and ground reaction force. Joint moment was obtained via inverse dynamics, while power was derived as a product of moment and angular velocity. Higher speeds and deeper squats greatly influence higher joint moments and powers at the hip ([Formula: see text]) and knee ([Formula: see text]) than ankle, signifying these joints as the prime movers with knee as the predominant contributor. These preliminary findings show that the knee-strategy and hip-strategy were employed in compensating speed and depth manipulations during squatting. In certain contexts, appreciating these findings may provide clinically relevant implications, from the performance and injury avoidance viewpoint, which will ameliorate the physical activity level of practitioners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chow-Khuen Chan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hamzaid Nur Azah
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Chen-Hua Yeow
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sim-Kuan Goh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Hua-Nong Ting
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Karman Salmah
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Tait DB, Newman P, Ball NB, Spratford W. What did the ankle say to the knee? Estimating knee dynamics during landing - A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Sci Med Sport 2021; 25:183-191. [PMID: 34509342 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2021.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Landing-based measures of the knee are often used to assess risk of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury and inform prevention strategies. There is less understanding of the ankle's influence on knee measures during landing. OBJECTIVE 1. Examine interactions of dynamic ankle measures alongside various subject and task characteristics on knee dynamics in vertical landing and 2. Determine whether ankle measures alone can estimate dynamic knee measures associated with ACL injury risk. DESIGN Systematic review and meta-analysis. METHODS Electronic databases Medline, EMBASE, CINAHL, Web of Science and Cochrane were screened for studies that included measurement of initial contact angles and internal joint moments of both the ankle and knee during landing in uninjured individuals. RESULTS 28 studies were included for analysis. Using 1144 landing trials from 859 individuals, RRelief F algorithm ranked dynamic ankle measures more important than landing task and subject characteristics in estimating knee dynamics. An adaptive boosting model using four dynamic ankle measures accurately estimated knee extension (R2 = 0.738, RMSE = 3.65) and knee abduction (R2 = 0.999, RMSE = 0.06) at initial contact and peak knee extension moment (R2 = 0.988, RMSE = 0.13) and peak knee adduction moment (R2 = 1, RMSE = 0.00). CONCLUSIONS Dynamic ankle measures can accurately estimate initial contact angles and peak moments of the knee in vertical landing, regardless of landing task or individual subject characteristics. This study provides a theoretical basis for the importance of the ankle in ACL injury prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel B Tait
- Discipline of Sport and Exercise Science, Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australia; UC Research Institute for Sport and Exercise (UCRISE), University of Canberra, Canberra, Australia.
| | - Phillip Newman
- UC Research Institute for Sport and Exercise (UCRISE), University of Canberra, Canberra, Australia
| | - Nick B Ball
- Discipline of Sport and Exercise Science, Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australia; UC Research Institute for Sport and Exercise (UCRISE), University of Canberra, Canberra, Australia
| | - Wayne Spratford
- Discipline of Sport and Exercise Science, Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australia; UC Research Institute for Sport and Exercise (UCRISE), University of Canberra, Canberra, Australia
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Footwear Affects Conventional and Sumo Deadlift Performance. Sports (Basel) 2021; 9:sports9020027. [PMID: 33670253 PMCID: PMC7918349 DOI: 10.3390/sports9020027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Barefoot weightlifting has become a popular training modality in recent years due to anecdotal suggestions of improved performance. However, research to support these anecdotal claims is limited. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to assess the differences between the conventional deadlift (CD) and the sumo deadlift (SD) in barefoot and shod conditions. On day one, one-repetition maximums (1 RM) were assessed for thirty subjects in both the CD and SD styles. At least 72 h later, subjects returned to perform five repetitions in four different conditions (barefoot and shod for both CD and SD) at 70% 1 RM. A 2 × 2 (footwear × lifting style) MANOVA was used to assess differences between peak vertical ground reaction force (VGRF), total mechanical work (WORK), barbell vertical displacement (DISP), peak vertical velocity (PV) and lift time (TIME) during the concentric phase. The CD displayed significant increases in VGRF, DISP, WORK, and TIME over the SD. The shod condition displayed increased WORK, DISP, and TIME compared to the barefoot condition. This study suggests that lifting barefoot does not improve performance as no differences in VGRF or PV were evident. The presence of a shoe does appear to increase the DISP and WORK required to complete the lift, suggesting an increased work load is present while wearing shoes.
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Morphology-Related Foot Function Analysis: Implications for Jumping and Running. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/app9163236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Barefoot and shod running has received increased attention in recent years, however, the influence of morphology-related foot function has not been explored. This study aimed to investigate morphology-related jumping and running biomechanical functions in habitually barefoot and shod males. A total of 90 barefoot males (Indians) and 130 shod males (Chinese), with significant forefoot and toe morphology differences, participated in a vertical jump and running test to enable the collection of kinematic and kinetic data. The difference of pressure distribution in the hallux and forefoot was shown while jumping and running. The unrestricted forefoot and toes of the barefoot group presented flexible movement and leverage functions to expand the forefoot loading area during performance of the two tasks. Findings related to morphology functions, especially in the forefoot and toe may provide useful information for footwear design.
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Changes in Lower-Limb Biomechanics, Soft Tissue Vibrations, and Muscle Activation During Unanticipated Bipedal Landings. J Hum Kinet 2019; 67:25-35. [PMID: 31523304 PMCID: PMC6714375 DOI: 10.2478/hukin-2019-0003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We aimed to explore the biomechanical differences between the anticipated drop jump and unanticipated drop landing. Twelve male collegiate basketball players completed an anticipated drop jump and unanticipated drop landing with double legs from a height of 30 cm. Kinematics, impact force, soft tissue vibrations, and electromyographic (EMG) amplitudes of the dominant leg were collected simultaneously. The anticipated drop jump showed more flexed lower limbs during landing and increased range of motion compared to the unanticipated drop landing. The anticipated drop jump also had lower impact force, lesser soft tissue vibration, and a greater damp coefficient at the thigh muscles compared with the unanticipated drop landing. Significant increases in the EMG amplitudes of the tibialis anterior, lateral gastrocnemius, rectus femoris, and biceps femoris were observed in the anticipated drop jump during the pre/post-activation and downward phases. The anticipated drop jump presented more optimized landing posture control with more joint flexion, lower impact force, less soft tissue vibrations, and full preparation of muscle activations compared with the unanticipated drop landing.
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Perraton LG, Clark RA, Crossley KM, Pua YH, Whitehead TS, Morris HG, Culvenor AG, Bryant AL. Greater knee flexion excursion/moment in hopping is associated with better knee function following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2019; 27:596-603. [PMID: 30293181 DOI: 10.1007/s00167-018-5197-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Individuals with impaired knee function after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) may be at greater risk of developing knee osteoarthritis related to abnormal knee joint movement and loading. The aim of this study was to assess the association between knee biomechanics and knee laxity during hopping and clinically assessed knee function (i.e., patient-reported knee function and hop tests) following ACLR. METHODS Sixty-six participants (23 women, mean age 28 ± 6 years, mean 18 ± 3 months following ACLR) completed a standardized single-leg hopping task. Three-dimensional movement analysis was used to assess knee flexion excursion and body weight/height normalized knee flexion moments during landing for the involved limb. Anterior-posterior knee laxity was assessed with a KT-1000 knee arthrometer. Participants then completed a patient-reported knee function questionnaire and three separate hop tests (% of uninvolved limb) and were divided into poor and satisfactory knee function groups (satisfactory: ≥85% patient-reported knee function and ≥ 85% hop test symmetry). Associations between knee function and hop biomechanics/knee laxity were assessed using logistic regression and interquartile range scaled odds ratios (ORIQR). RESULTS Greater knee flexion excursion (ORIQR 2.9, 95%CI 1.1-7.8), greater knee flexion moment (ORIQR 4.9, 95%CI 1.6-14.3) and lesser knee laxity (ORIQR 4.7, 95%CI 1.5-14.9) were significantly associated with greater odds of having satisfactory knee function (≥ 85% patient-reported knee function and ≥ 85% hop test symmetry). CONCLUSION Greater knee flexion excursion/moment during hop-landing and lesser knee laxity is associated with better patient-reported knee function and single-leg hop test performance following ACLR. Patients with lower levels of knee function following ACLR demonstrated hop-landing biomechanics previously associated with early patellofemoral osteoarthritis. Therefore, interventions aimed at improving hop landing biomechanics in people with poor knee function are likely required. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE III, Cross-sectional study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke G Perraton
- Department of Physiotherapy, School of Primary and Allied Health Care, Monash University, Building B, McMahons Road, Peninsula campus, Frankston, VIC, 3199, Australia.
| | - Ross A Clark
- School of Health and Sport Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Australia
| | - Kay M Crossley
- School of Allied Health, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Australia
| | - Yong-Hao Pua
- Department of Physiotherapy, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | | | - Adam G Culvenor
- School of Allied Health, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Australia.,Paracelsus Medical University, Institute of Anatomy Salzburg and Nuremburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Adam L Bryant
- Melbourne School of Physiotherapy, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
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Full Step Cycle Kinematic and Kinetic Comparison of Barefoot Walking and a Traditional Shoe Walking in Healthy Youth: Insights for Barefoot Technology. Appl Bionics Biomech 2017; 2017:2638908. [PMID: 29238158 PMCID: PMC5697121 DOI: 10.1155/2017/2638908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Revised: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Barefoot technology shoes are becoming increasingly popular, yet modifications are still needed. The present study aims to gain valuable insights by comparing barefoot walking to neutral shoe walking in a healthy youth population. Methods 28 healthy university students (22 females and 6 males) were recruited to walk on a 10-meter walkway both barefoot and in neutral running shoes at their comfortable walking speed. Full step cycle kinematic and kinetic data were collected using an 8-camera motion capture system. Results In the early stance phase, the knee extension moment (MK1), the first peak absorbed joint power at the knee joint (PK1), and the flexion angle of knee/dorsiflexion angle of the ankle were significantly reduced when walking in neutral running shoes. However, in the late stance, barefoot walking resulted in decreased hip joint flexion moment (MH2), second peak extension knee moment (MK3), hip flexors absorbed power (PH2), hip flexors generated power (PH3), second peak absorbed power by knee flexors (PK2), and second peak anterior-posterior component of joint force at the hip (APFH2), knee (APFK2), and ankle (APFA2). Conclusions These results indicate that it should be cautious to discard conventional elements from future running shoe designs and rush to embrace the barefoot technology fashion.
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Malisoux L, Gette P, Urhausen A, Bomfim J, Theisen D. Influence of sports flooring and shoes on impact forces and performance during jump tasks. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0186297. [PMID: 29020108 PMCID: PMC5636165 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0186297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We aim to determine the influence of sports floorings and sports shoes on impact mechanics and performance during standardised jump tasks. Twenty-one male volunteers performed ankle jumps (four consecutive maximal bounds with very dynamic ankle movements) and multi-jumps (two consecutive maximal counter-movement jumps) on force plates using minimalist and cushioned shoes under 5 sports flooring (SF) conditions. The shock absorption properties of the SF, defined as the proportion of peak impact force absorbed by the tested flooring when compared with a concrete hard surface, were: SF0 = 0% (no flooring), SF1 = 19%, SF2 = 26%, SF3 = 37% and SF4 = 45%. Shoe and flooring effects were compared using 2x5 repeated-measures ANOVA with post-hoc Bonferroni-corrected comparisons. A significant interaction between SF and shoe conditions was found for VILR only (p = 0.003). In minimalist shoes, SF influenced Vertical Instantaneous Loading Rate (VILR) during ankle jumps (p = 0.006) and multi-jumps (p<0.001), in accordance with shock absorption properties. However, in cushioned shoes, SF influenced VILR during ankle jumps only (p<0.001). Contact Time was the only additional variable affected by SF, but only during multi-jumps in minimalist shoes (p = 0.037). Cushioned shoes induced lower VILR (p<0.001) and lower Contact Time (p≤0.002) during ankle jumps and multi-jumps compared to minimalist shoes. During ankle jumps, cushioned shoes induced greater Peak Vertical Ground Reaction Force (PVGRF, p = 0.002), greater Vertical Average Loading Rate (p<0.001), and lower eccentric (p = 0.008) and concentric (p = 0.004) work. During multi-jumps, PVGRF was lower (p<0.001) and jump height was higher (p<0.001) in cushioned compared to minimalist shoes. In conclusion, cushioning influenced impact forces during standardised jump tasks, whether it was provided by the shoes or the sports flooring. VILR is the variable that was the most affected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Malisoux
- Sports Medicine Research Laboratory, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Luxembourg, Grand-Duchy of Luxembourg
- * E-mail:
| | - Paul Gette
- Sports Medicine Research Laboratory, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Luxembourg, Grand-Duchy of Luxembourg
| | - Axel Urhausen
- Sports Medicine Research Laboratory, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Luxembourg, Grand-Duchy of Luxembourg
- Sports Clinic, Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg, Luxembourg, Grand-Duchy of Luxembourg
| | - Joao Bomfim
- Mondo Luxembourg SA, Foetz, Grand-Duchy of Luxembourg
| | - Daniel Theisen
- Sports Medicine Research Laboratory, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Luxembourg, Grand-Duchy of Luxembourg
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Mokhtarzadeh H, Yeow CH, Goh JCH, Oetomo D, Ewing K, Lee PVS. Antagonist muscle co-contraction during a double-leg landing maneuver at two heights. Comput Methods Biomech Biomed Engin 2017; 20:1382-1393. [DOI: 10.1080/10255842.2017.1366992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Mokhtarzadeh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Center for Advanced Orthopaedic Studies, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Chen Hua Yeow
- Division of Bioengineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - James Cho Hong Goh
- Division of Bioengineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Denny Oetomo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Katie Ewing
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Peter Vee Sin Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Ervilha UF, Mochizuki L, Figueira A, Hamill J. Are muscle activation patterns altered during shod and barefoot running with a forefoot footfall pattern? J Sports Sci 2016; 35:1697-1703. [PMID: 27626955 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2016.1231410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the activation of lower limb muscles during barefoot and shod running with forefoot or rearfoot footfall patterns. Nine habitually shod runners were asked to run straight for 20 m at self-selected speed. Ground reaction forces and thigh and shank muscle surface electromyographic (EMG) were recorded. EMG outcomes (EMG intensity [iEMG], latency between muscle activation and ground reaction force, latency between muscle pairs and co-activation index between muscle pairs) were compared across condition (shod and barefoot), running cycle epochs (pre-strike, strike, propulsion) and footfall (rearfoot and forefoot) by ANOVA. Condition affected iEMG at pre-strike epoch. Forefoot and rearfoot strike patterns induced different EMG activation time patterns affecting co-activation index for pairs of thigh and shank muscles. All these timing changes suggest that wearing shoes or not is less important for muscle activation than the way runners strike the foot on the ground. In conclusion, the guidance for changing external forces applied on lower limbs should be pointed to the question of rearfoot or forefoot footfall patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luis Mochizuki
- a School of Arts Sciences and Humanities , University of Sao Paulo , Sao Paulo , Brazil
| | - Aylton Figueira
- b Department of Physical Education , Sao Judas Tadeu University , Sao Paulo , Brazil
| | - Joseph Hamill
- c Department of Kinesiology , University of Massachusetts , Amherst , USA
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A comparative biomechanical analysis of habitually unshod and shod runners based on a foot morphological difference. Hum Mov Sci 2015; 42:38-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2015.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Revised: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Shu Y, Mei Q, Fernandez J, Li Z, Feng N, Gu Y. Foot Morphological Difference between Habitually Shod and Unshod Runners. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0131385. [PMID: 26148059 PMCID: PMC4493034 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0131385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Foot morphology and function has received increasing attention from both biomechanics researchers and footwear manufacturers. In this study, 168 habitually unshod runners (90 males whose age, weight & height were 23±2.4 years, 66±7.1 kg & 1.68±0.13 m and 78 females whose age, weight & height were 22±1.8 years, 55±4.7 kg & 1.6±0.11 m) (Indians) and 196 shod runners (130 males whose age, weight & height were 24±2.6 years, 66±8.2 kg & 1.72±0.18 m and 66 females whose age, weight & height were 23±1.5 years, 54±5.6 kg & 1.62±0.15 m) (Chinese) participated in a foot scanning test using the easy-foot-scan (a three-dimensional foot scanning system) to obtain 3D foot surface data and 2D footprint imaging. Foot length, foot width, hallux angle and minimal distance from hallux to second toe were calculated to analyze foot morphological differences. This study found that significant differences exist between groups (shod Chinese and unshod Indians) for foot length (female p = 0.001), width (female p = 0.001), hallux angle (male and female p = 0.001) and the minimal distance (male and female p = 0.001) from hallux to second toe. This study suggests that significant differences in morphology between different ethnicities could be considered for future investigation of locomotion biomechanics characteristics between ethnicities and inform last shape and design so as to reduce injury risks and poor performance from mal-fit shoes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Shu
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Qichang Mei
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Justin Fernandez
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Zhiyong Li
- School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Neng Feng
- Rehabilitation Center, Ningbo Ninth Hospital, Ningbo, China
| | - Yaodong Gu
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
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Abstract
Dancers are clearly athletes in the degree to which sophisticated physical capacities are required to perform at a high level. The standard complement of athletic attributes - muscular strength and endurance, anaerobic and aerobic energy utilization, speed, agility, coordination, motor control, and psychological readiness - all are essential to dance performance. In dance, as in any athletic activity, injuries are prevalent. This paper presents the research background of dance injuries, characteristics that distinguish dance and dancers from traditional sports and athletes, and research-based perspectives into how dance injuries can be reduced or prevented, including the factors of physical training, nutrition and rest, flooring, dancing en pointe, and specialized health care access for dancers. The review concludes by offering five essential components for those involved with caring for dancers that, when properly applied, will assist them in decreasing the likelihood of dance-related injury and ensuring that dancers receive optimum attention from the health care profession: (1) screening; (2) physical training; (3) nutrition and rest; (4) specialized dance health care; and (5) becoming acquainted with the nature of dance and dancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey A Russell
- Division of Athletic Training, School of Applied Health Sciences and Wellness, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
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Yeow CH. Hamstrings and quadriceps muscle contributions to energy generation and dissipation at the knee joint during stance, swing and flight phases of level running. Knee 2013; 20:100-5. [PMID: 23022030 DOI: 10.1016/j.knee.2012.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2012] [Revised: 08/15/2012] [Accepted: 09/03/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human movements involve the generation and dissipation of mechanical energy at the lower extremity joints. However, it is unclear how the individual knee muscles contribute to the energetics during running. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to determine how each hamstring and quadricep muscle generates and dissipates energy during stance, swing and flight phases of running. METHODS A three-dimensional lower extremity musculoskeletal model was used to estimate the energetics of the individual hamstrings (semimembranosus, semitendinosus, biceps femoris long and short-heads) and quadriceps (rectus femoris, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius and vastus lateralis) muscles for a male subject during level running on a treadmill at a speed of 3.96 m/s. RESULTS Our findings demonstrated that the knee flexors generated energy during stance phase and dissipated energy during swing phase, while the knee extensors dissipated energy during the flexion mode of both stance and swing phases, and generated energy during the extension mode. During flight phase, the knee flexors generated energy during the flight phase transiting from toe-off to swing, while the knee extensors generated energy during the flight phase transiting from swing to heel-strike. CONCLUSION Individual knee flexors and extensors in the hamstrings and quadriceps play important roles in knee joint energetics, which are necessary for proper execution and stabilization of the stance, swing and flight phases of running.
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Affiliation(s)
- C H Yeow
- Division of Bioengineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
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Myer GD, Khoury J, Succop P, Hewett TE. Clinic-based algorithm to identify female athletes at risk for anterior cruciate ligament injury: letter to the editor. Am J Sports Med 2013; 41:NP1-3. [PMID: 23277468 PMCID: PMC9985453 DOI: 10.1177/0363546512470425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Shultz SJ, Schmitz RJ, Tritsch AJ, Montgomery MM. Methodological considerations of task and shoe wear on joint energetics during landing. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2011; 22:124-30. [PMID: 22138273 DOI: 10.1016/j.jelekin.2011.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2011] [Revised: 10/29/2011] [Accepted: 11/02/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022] Open
Abstract
To better understand methodological factors that alter landings strategies, we compared sagittal plane joint energetics during the initial landing phase of drop jumps (DJ) vs. drop landings (DL), and when shod vs. barefoot. Surface electromyography, kinematic and kinetic data were obtained on 10 males and 10 females during five consecutive drop landings and five consecutive drop jumps (0.45m) when shod and when barefoot. Energy absorption was greater in the DJ vs. DL (P=.002), due to increased energy absorption at the hip during the DJ. Joint stiffness/impedance was more affected by shoe condition, where overall stiffness/impedance was greater in shod compared to barefoot conditions (P=.036). Further, hip impedance was greater in shod vs. barefoot for the DL only (via increased peak hip extensor moment in DL), while ankle stiffness was greater in the barefoot vs. shod condition for the DJ only (via decreased joint excursion and increased peak joint moment in DJ vs. DL) (P=.011). DJ and DL place different neuromechanical demands upon the lower extremities, and shoe wear may alter impact forces that modulate stiffness/impedance strategies. The impact of these methodological differences should be considered when comparing landing biomechanics across studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra J Shultz
- Applied Neuromechanics Research Laboratory, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, NC 27412, United States.
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Cho JH, Kim KH, Moon GS, Lee SC. The Differences in Patellofemoral Compression Force with Different Height. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.5103/kjsb.2011.21.3.335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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