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Gillman JC, Turner MJ, Slater MJ. The role of social support and social identification on challenge and threat cognitive appraisals, perceived stress, and life satisfaction in workplace employees. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0288563. [PMID: 37437025 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0288563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023] Open
Abstract
There is an emergent literature highlighting the positive role of social support and social identification in buffering against the deleterious effects of psychological stressors. Yet, we have limited understanding of how exactly these social factors fit within contemporary stress and coping theory. To advance and gain a greater understanding of these social factors, we explore the associations of social support and social identification on individuals' challenge and threat cognitive appraisals and how this then relates to perceived stress, life satisfaction, turnover intentions, and job performance. A total of 412 workplace employees from private and public sector occupations completed state measures around a recent most stressful experience at work. Results revealed atemporal associations between cognitive resource appraisals with both social support and social identification. Specifically, greater identification with colleagues and lower threat were related to less perceived stress, while having greater social identification (with colleagues and organisation), social support, and lower threat, were related to greater life satisfaction. Greater perceived stress, and lower social identification and life satisfaction, were also related to greater turnover intentions. While greater identification with the organisation and life satisfaction, along with lower perceived stress were related to greater job performance. Taken together, this research provides evidence that social support and social identification play a positive role when trying to promote more adaptive responses to stressful situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie C Gillman
- School of Health and Society, University of Salford, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Martin J Turner
- Department of Psychology, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew J Slater
- School of Health, Science and Wellbeing, Staffordshire University, Stoke-on-Trent, United Kingdom
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Slater MJ. Advancing our understanding of leadership in sport and exercise: A social identity perspective. PSYCHOLOGY OF SPORT AND EXERCISE 2023; 66:102371. [PMID: 37665866 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2022.102371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Slater
- Department of Sport and Exercise, School of Health, Science and Wellbeing, Staffordshire University, ST4 2DF, United Kingdom.
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Ryan L, Daly E, Blackett AD. Sport-related concussion disclosure in women's rugby-A social identity approach. Front Sports Act Living 2023; 5:1058305. [PMID: 37090816 PMCID: PMC10114594 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2023.1058305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Sport-related concussion (SRC) is a risk of collision sports such as women's rugby. To support appropriate SRC diagnosis and management, an understanding of the factors that encourage SRC disclosure is necessary. To date, research has focused on ascertaining individual player knowledge and attitudes towards SRC disclosure. Methods We chose to investigate the potential influence of group identification effects by examining the role of social identity on SRC disclosure in elite women's rugby. Seventeen elite players from the United Kingdom and Ireland were interviewed and their transcripts thematically analysed. Results The data highlighted that the players shared a very strong social identity as women in rugby and were acutely aware that their experiences were different to their male counterparts. The shared social identity had both positive and negative implications for SRC disclosure. The players interviewed did not feel comfortable disclosing their symptoms to their coach and often felt that medical staff either did not listen to them or were unavailable to them. Mediators such as communication, trust in medical teams, perceived pressure, positive injury management experience, and player role models were identified. Discussion This research could be utilised to inform sport psychology interventions to enhance SRC disclosure in elite women's rugby.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Ryan
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Nutrition, Atlantic Technological University, Galway, Ireland
- Correspondence: Lisa Ryan
| | - Ed Daly
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Nutrition, Atlantic Technological University, Galway, Ireland
| | - Alexander D. Blackett
- Department of Sport and Exercise, School of Health Science & Wellbeing, Staffordshire University, Stoke-on-Trent, United Kingdom
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Evans AL, Slater MJ, Turner MJ. Using Personal-Disclosure Mutual-Sharing (PDMS) with first-year undergraduate students transitioning to higher education. BRITISH JOURNAL OF EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY 2022; 92:1315-1334. [PMID: 35403709 PMCID: PMC9790585 DOI: 10.1111/bjep.12502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Using Personal-Disclosure Mutual-Sharing (PDMS) with students transitioning to Higher Education (HE) has yet to be researched in education. AIMS In two studies, we aimed to explore the immediate effects of a Coping Oriented Personal-Disclosure Mutual-Sharing (COPDMS) intervention on first-year undergraduate students' relational and organizational identification, perceived social support availability, and self-efficacy for learning and performance. In our second study, we also aimed to examine student-perceptions of participating in a COPDMS intervention. SAMPLE AND METHODS At the beginning of induction week in both studies, first-year undergraduate students on the same degree programme at a HE provider in England received an education session where COPDMS was introduced. Students participated in a COPDMS session a few days later. During COPDMS sessions, students mutually-shared and disclosed personal information and/or stories relating to transitional experiences. RESULTS Across both studies, students' relational identification with staff and perceived emotional, esteemed, and informational support availability from others on the degree programme significantly increased from pre- to post-COPDMS phases. Findings relating to relational identification with other Year 1 students and perceived availability of tangible support were mixed. No significant changes occurred for organizational identification with the university and self-efficacy for learning and performance. In Study 2, five higher-order themes relating to students' perceptions of COPDMS were found: (1) emotionality; (2) personal development; (3) storytelling; (4) enhanced group processes; and (5) task appropriateness and value. CONCLUSIONS Study findings provide evidence that COPDMS is a useful psychological intervention to deliver to students transitioning to HE. Practical considerations, limitations, and future research suggestions are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew L. Evans
- School of Health and SocietyThe University of SalfordSalfordUK
| | - Matthew J. Slater
- Centre for Sport, Health, and Exercise ResearchStaffordshire UniversityStoke‐on‐TrentUK
| | - Martin J. Turner
- Department of PsychologyManchester Metropolitan UniversityManchesterUK
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Frenzel SB, Kaluza AJ, Junker NM, van Dick R. Sweet as Sugar-How Shared Social Identities Help Patients in Coping with Diabetes Mellitus. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:10508. [PMID: 36078223 PMCID: PMC9518400 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191710508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Social identification is health-beneficial as social groups provide social support (i.e., the social cure effect). We study this social cure effect in diabetes patients by focusing on two relevant sources of social support, namely medical practitioners (MP) and fellow patients. As both groups have diabetes-specific knowledge, we predict that sharing an identity with them provides access to specific support, which, in turn, optimizes individuals' diabetes management and reduces diabetes-related stress. We further predict that identifying with their MP or fellow patients will be more strongly related to perceived social support among individuals with lower diabetes-specific resilience because they pay more attention to supportive cues. We tested this moderated mediation model in a two-wave study with n = 200 diabetes patients. Identification with the MP related to more support, which, in turn, was related to better diabetes management and less diabetes-specific stress. Identification with fellow patients related to more support; however, social support was unrelated to diabetes management and stress. Resilience only moderated the relationship between MP identification and support, as people with lower resilience levels reported more support from their MP. This study shows the importance of social identification with the MP and other diabetes patients, especially for people with lower resilience levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svenja B. Frenzel
- Department of Social Psychology, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60323 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Antonia J. Kaluza
- Department of Social Psychology, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60323 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Nina M. Junker
- Department of Social Psychology, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60323 Frankfurt, Germany
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, 0373 Oslo, Norway
| | - Rolf van Dick
- Department of Social Psychology, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60323 Frankfurt, Germany
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Frenzel SB, Haslam SA, Junker NM, Bolatov A, Erkens VA, Häusser JA, Kark R, Meyer I, Mojzisch A, Monzani L, Reicher SD, Samekin A, Schuh SC, Steffens NK, Sultanova L, Van Dijk D, van Zyl LE, van Dick R. How national leaders keep 'us' safe: A longitudinal, four-nation study exploring the role of identity leadership as a predictor of adherence to COVID-19 non-pharmaceutical interventions. BMJ Open 2022; 12:e054980. [PMID: 35537783 PMCID: PMC9091491 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-054980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate whether citizens' adherence to health-protective non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) during the COVID-19 pandemic is predicted by identity leadership, wherein leaders are perceived to create a sense of shared national identity. DESIGN Observational two-wave study. Hypotheses testing was conducted with structural equation modelling. SETTING Data collection during the COVID-19 pandemic in China, Germany, Israel and the USA in April/May 2020 and four weeks later. PARTICIPANTS Adults in China (n=548, 66.6% women), Germany (n=182, 78% women), Israel (n=198, 51.0% women) and the USA (n=108, 58.3% women). MEASURES Identity leadership (assessed by the four-item Identity Leadership Inventory Short-Form) at Time 1, perceived shared national identification (PSNI; assessed with four items) and adherence to health-protective NPIs (assessed with 10 items that describe different health-protective interventions; for example, wearing face masks) at Time 2. RESULTS Identity leadership was positively associated with PSNI (95% CI 0.11 to 0.30, p<0.001) in all countries. This, in turn, was related to more adherence to health-protective NPIs in all countries (95% CI 0.03 to 0.36, 0.001≤p≤0.017) except Israel (95% CI -0.03 to 0.27, p=0.119). In Germany, the more people saw Chancellor Merkel as engaging in identity leadership, the more they adhered to health-protective NPIs (95% CI 0.04 to 0.18, p=0.002). In the USA, in contrast, the more people perceived President Trump as engaging in identity leadership, the less they adhered to health-protective NPIs (95% CI -0.17 to -0.04, p=0.002). CONCLUSIONS National leaders can make a difference by promoting a sense of shared identity among their citizens because people are more inclined to follow health-protective NPIs to the extent that they feel part of a united 'us'. However, the content of identity leadership (perceptions of what it means to be a nation's citizen) is essential, because this can also encourage people to disregard such recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svenja B Frenzel
- Department of Social Psychology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - S Alexander Haslam
- School of Psychology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Nina M Junker
- Department of Social Psychology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Aidos Bolatov
- Department of Biochemistry, Astana Medical University, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
| | - Valerie A Erkens
- Department of Social Psychology, Justus Liebig University Gießen, Gießen, Germany
| | - Jan A Häusser
- Department of Social Psychology, Justus Liebig University Gießen, Gießen, Germany
| | - Ronit Kark
- Department of Psychology, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
- Business School, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Ines Meyer
- School of Management Studies, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Western Cape, South Africa
| | - Andreas Mojzisch
- Psychology Department, University of Hildesheim, Hildesheim, Germany
| | - Lucas Monzani
- Ivey Business School, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stephen D Reicher
- School of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
| | - Adil Samekin
- School of Liberal Arts, M Narikbayev KAZGUU University, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
| | - Sebastian C Schuh
- Organisational Behaviour and Human Resource Management, China Europe International Business School, Shanghai, China
| | - Niklas K Steffens
- School of Psychology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Liliya Sultanova
- Faculty of Psychology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Branch in Tashkent, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
| | - Dina Van Dijk
- Department of Health Systems Management, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Llewellyn E van Zyl
- Department of Social Psychology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Department of Industrial Engineering & Innovation Sciences, University of Eindhoven, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
- Optentia Research Unit, North-West University, Vanderbijlpark, South Africa
- Department of Human Resource Management, University of Twente, Enschede, the Netherlands
| | - Rolf van Dick
- Department of Social Psychology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Afshan G, Serrano-Archimi C, Akram Z. My LMX standing with my leader as compared to my coworkers: conditional indirect effect of LMX social comparison. LEADERSHIP & ORGANIZATION DEVELOPMENT JOURNAL 2022. [DOI: 10.1108/lodj-08-2020-0371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
PurposeThe paper examines the effect of relative leader-member exchange (LMX) on follower's in-role performance, citizenship behaviour and cynicism via relational identification. Moreover, LMXSC (LMXSC) moderates the direct and mediating relationship.Design/methodology/approachBased on multi-level (individual and group level) model, dyadic data were collected from 298 employees working under 47 group managers in the banking sector in Pakistan.FindingsThe multi-level moderated mediation model tested in Mplus and HLM software showed the full support for direct, mediating and moderating hypothesized relationships; however, the moderated mediation hypothesis was partially supported. It reveals that relative LMX standing of followers predicted in-role performance, organizational citizenship behaviour at an individual level (OCB-individual) and cynicism. Relational identification with the leader mediated the relationship. Moreover, at high LMXSC, the relationship between relative LMX and relational identification and consequently the outcomes were stronger.Originality/valueLMX has widely been studied at dyadic level, despite the suggested high and low LMX quality relationships that exist in a workgroup. This study not only investigates the role of relative LMX on employee performance through relational identification but also reports that subjective evaluation of LMXSC plays a major role in promoting employee performance.
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Fransen K, Haslam SA, Steffens NK, Mallett CJ, Peters K, Boen F. Making 'us' better: High-quality athlete leadership relates to health and burnout in professional Australian football teams. Eur J Sport Sci 2020; 20:953-963. [PMID: 31607229 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2019.1680736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Overtraining, exhaustion, and burnout are widely recognized problems amongst elite athletes. The present research addresses this issue by exploring the extent to which high-quality athlete leadership is associated with elite athletes' health and burnout. Participants (120 male athletes from three top-division Australian football teams) were asked to rate the quality of each of their teammates in four different leadership roles (i.e. as task and motivational leaders on the field and as social and external leaders off the field), and also to indicate their identification with their team as well as their self-reported health and burnout. Findings indicated that (a) being seen to be a good athlete leader by other members of the team and (b) having a good athlete leader on the team were both positively associated with better team member health and lower burnout. This relationship was mediated by athletes' identification with their team, suggesting that leaders enhance athletes' health and reduce athlete burnout by creating and maintaining a sense of shared identity in their team. This, in turn, suggests that coaches can foster an optimal team environment by developing the leadership potential of their athlete leaders - in particular, their skills that foster a sense of shared team identification. This is in the interests not only of team performance but also of team members' health and burnout.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Niklas K Steffens
- School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Clifford J Mallett
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Kim Peters
- School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Filip Boen
- Department of Movement Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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White CA, Slater MJ, Turner MJ, Barker JB. More positive group memberships are associated with greater resilience in Royal Air Force (RAF) personnel. BRITISH JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2020; 60:400-428. [PMID: 32436308 DOI: 10.1111/bjso.12385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In the current project, we examined how perceived group memberships (number, and characteristics, of), social and relational identification, and social identity leadership are associated with resilience in Royal Air Force (RAF) personnel. Based on social identity theorizing, we hypothesized positive associations between the number of groups, perceptions of their characteristics (e.g., positivity), and how they relate to each other (i.e., compatibility) and resilience (H1). We also hypothesized positive associations between both social identity leadership (H2) and resilience, and social and relational identification (H3) and resilience. Two hundred and forty-three personnel from 18 RAF bases completed an identity mapping exercise and measures of leadership, social and relational identification, and resilience. Our findings highlighted the importance of the association between positive group memberships and resilience, and social identification and resilience. Counter to our hypothesis, belonging to more groups was negatively associated with resilience, and there were non-significant relationships between three principles of social identity leadership and resilience, with embedding identity being significantly negatively associated with resilience. In support of social identity theorizing, the number of positive groups was positively associated with resilience, as was social identification. These findings indicate that, for RAF personnel, it is belonging to positive groups, both within and outside work, along with social identification, that is positively associated with resilience.
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Carenzo L, Braithwaite EC, Carfagna F, Franc J, Ingrassia PL, Turner MJ, Slater MJ, Jones MV. Cognitive appraisals and team performance under stress: A simulation study. MEDICAL EDUCATION 2020; 54:254-263. [PMID: 32034800 DOI: 10.1111/medu.14050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The present study explored how challenge and threat responses to stress relate to performance, anxiety, confidence, team identity and team characteristics (time spent in training and postgraduate experience) in a medical simulation-based team competition. METHODS The study was conducted during a national simulation-based training event for residents, the SIMCUP Italia 2018. The SIMCUP is a simulation competition in which teams of four compete in simulated medical emergency scenarios. Cross-sectional data were collected prior to the 3 days of the competition. Subjects included 95 participants on 24 teams. Before the competition on each day, participants completed brief self-report measures that assessed demands and resources (which underpin challenge and threat responses to stress), cognitive and somatic anxiety, self-confidence and team identification. Participants also reported time (hours) spent practising as a team and years of postgraduate experience. A team of referees judged each scenario for performance and assigned a score. A linear mixed model using demands and resources was built to model performance. RESULTS The data showed that both demands and resources have positive effects on performance (31 [11-50.3] [P < .01] and 54 [25-83.3] [P < .01] percentage points increase for unitary increases in demands and resources, respectively); however, this is balanced by a negative interaction between the two (demands * resources interaction coefficient = -10 [-16 to -4.2]). A high level of resources is associated with better performance until demands become very high. Cognitive and somatic anxieties were found to be correlated with demands (Pearson's r = .51 [P < .01] and Pearson's r = .48 [P < .01], respectively). Time spent training was associated with greater perceptions of resources (Pearson's r = .36 [P < .01]). CONCLUSIONS We describe a model of challenge and threat that allows for the estimation of performance according to perceived demands and resources, and the interaction between the two. Higher levels of resources and lower demands were associated with better performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Carenzo
- SIMNOVA-Interdepartment Centre for Innovative Teaching and Simulation in Medicine and the Health Professions (Centro Interdipartimentale di Didattica Innovativa e di Simulazione in Medicina e Professioni Sanitarie), University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara, Italy
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Humanitas Clinical Research Center - IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Fabio Carfagna
- SIMNOVA-Interdepartment Centre for Innovative Teaching and Simulation in Medicine and the Health Professions (Centro Interdipartimentale di Didattica Innovativa e di Simulazione in Medicina e Professioni Sanitarie), University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara, Italy
| | - Jeffrey Franc
- SIMNOVA-Interdepartment Centre for Innovative Teaching and Simulation in Medicine and the Health Professions (Centro Interdipartimentale di Didattica Innovativa e di Simulazione in Medicina e Professioni Sanitarie), University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara, Italy
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Pier Luigi Ingrassia
- SIMNOVA-Interdepartment Centre for Innovative Teaching and Simulation in Medicine and the Health Professions (Centro Interdipartimentale di Didattica Innovativa e di Simulazione in Medicina e Professioni Sanitarie), University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara, Italy
| | - Martin J Turner
- Department of Psychology, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - Matthew J Slater
- School of Life Sciences and Education, Staffordshire University, Stoke-on-Trent, UK
| | - Marc V Jones
- Department of Psychology, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
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Meijen C, Turner M, Jones MV, Sheffield D, McCarthy P. A Theory of Challenge and Threat States in Athletes: A Revised Conceptualization. Front Psychol 2020; 11:126. [PMID: 32116930 PMCID: PMC7016194 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The Theory of Challenge and Threat States in Athletes (TCTSA) provides a psychophysiological framework for how athletes anticipate motivated performance situations. The purpose of this review is to discuss how research has addressed the 15 predictions made by the TCTSA, to evaluate the mechanisms underpinning the TCTSA in light of the research that has emerged in the last 10 years, and to inform a revised TCTSA (TCTSA-R). There was support for many of the 15 predictions in the TCTSA, with two main areas for reflection identified: to understand the physiology of challenge and to re-evaluate the concept of resource appraisals. This re-evaluation informs the TCTSA-R, which elucidates the physiological changes, predispositions, and cognitive appraisals that mark challenge and threat states. First, the relative strength of the sympathetic nervous system response is outlined as a determinant of challenge and threat patterns of reactivity and we suggest that oxytocin and neuropeptide Y are also key indicators of an adaptive approach to motivated performance situations and can facilitate a challenge state. Second, although predispositions were acknowledged within the TCTSA, how these may influence challenge and threat states was not specified. In the TCTSA-R, it is proposed that one's propensity to appraise stressors is a challenge that most strongly dictates acute cognitive appraisals. Third, in the TCTSA-R, a more parsimonious integration of Lazarusian ideas of cognitive appraisal and challenge and threat is proposed. Given that an athlete can make both challenge and threat primary appraisals and can have both high or low resources compared to perceived demands, a 2 × 2 bifurcation theory of challenge and threat is proposed. This reflects polychotomy of four states: high challenge, low challenge, low threat, and high threat. For example, in low threat, an athlete can evince a threat state but still perform well so long as they perceive high resources. Consequently, we propose suggestions for research concerning measurement tools and a reconsideration of resources to include social support. Finally, applied recommendations are made based on adjusting demands and enhancing resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Meijen
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, Faculty of Sport, Health and Applied Science, St Mary’s University, Twickenham, London, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Turner
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Health, Psychology and Social Care, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Marc V. Jones
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Health, Psychology and Social Care, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - David Sheffield
- School of Human Sciences, College of Life and Natural Sciences, University of Derby, Derby, United Kingdom
| | - Paul McCarthy
- Department of Psychology, School of Health and Life Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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Sieweke J, Santoni S. Natural experiments in leadership research: An introduction, review, and guidelines. THE LEADERSHIP QUARTERLY 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.leaqua.2019.101338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Abstract
The time is ripe for a renewed and interdisciplinary approach to organizational research that incorporates neuroscientific techniques. Like all methods, they have methodological, analytical, and interpretational limitations; however, the potential gains from using these techniques are far more considerable. We have therefore assembled a succinct yet authoritative collection of articles on the topic of neuroscience in organizational research, to serve as a solid introduction to the methods of neuroscience and what they can accomplish. The special topic is organized into two parts. The first includes a set of accessible reviews of the palette of brain imaging, mapping, and stimulation techniques (fMRI, fNIRS, EEG, MEG, and NIBS) as well as examples of the application of neuroscience methods to various disciplines including economics, marketing, finance, organizational behavior, neuroethology, as well an integrative translational critique on a variety of applications. The second is a collection of articles resulting from a competitive call for submissions that cover various neuroscience topics but also address important methodological and philosophical issues. The articles lay out a roadmap for the effective integration of neuroscientific methods into organizational research.
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