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Properties of Leukemic Stem Cells in Regulating Drug Resistance in Acute and Chronic Myeloid Leukemias. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10081841. [PMID: 36009388 PMCID: PMC9405586 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10081841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Notoriously known for their capacity to reconstitute hematological malignancies in vivo, leukemic stem cells (LSCs) represent key drivers of therapeutic resistance and disease relapse, posing as a major medical dilemma. Despite having low abundance in the bulk leukemic population, LSCs have developed unique molecular dependencies and intricate signaling networks to enable self-renewal, quiescence, and drug resistance. To illustrate the multi-dimensional landscape of LSC-mediated leukemogenesis, in this review, we present phenotypical characteristics of LSCs, address the LSC-associated leukemic stromal microenvironment, highlight molecular aberrations that occur in the transcriptome, epigenome, proteome, and metabolome of LSCs, and showcase promising novel therapeutic strategies that potentially target the molecular vulnerabilities of LSCs.
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Understanding Inter-Individual Variability in Monoclonal Antibody Disposition. Antibodies (Basel) 2019; 8:antib8040056. [PMID: 31817205 PMCID: PMC6963779 DOI: 10.3390/antib8040056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are currently the largest and most dominant class of therapeutic proteins. Inter-individual variability has been observed for several mAbs; however, an understanding of the underlying mechanisms and factors contributing to inter-subject differences in mAb disposition is still lacking. In this review, we analyze the mechanisms of antibody disposition and the putative mechanistic determinants of inter-individual variability. Results from in vitro, preclinical, and clinical studies were reviewed evaluate the role of the neonatal Fc receptor and Fc gamma receptors (expression and polymorphism), target properties (expression, shedding, turnover, internalization, heterogeneity, polymorphism), and the influence of anti-drug antibodies. Particular attention is given to the influence of co-administered drugs and disease, and to the physiological relevance of covariates identified by population pharmacokinetic modeling, as determinants of variability in mAb pharmacokinetics.
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Schürch CM. Therapeutic Antibodies for Myeloid Neoplasms-Current Developments and Future Directions. Front Oncol 2018; 8:152. [PMID: 29868474 PMCID: PMC5968093 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2018.00152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) such as antibody-drug conjugates, ligand-receptor antagonists, immune checkpoint inhibitors and bispecific T cell engagers have shown impressive efficacy in the treatment of multiple human cancers. Numerous therapeutic mAbs that have been developed for myeloid neoplasms, including acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS), are currently investigated in clinical trials. Because AML and MDS originate from malignantly transformed hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells-the so-called leukemic stem cells (LSCs) that are highly resistant to most standard drugs-these malignancies frequently relapse and have a high disease-specific mortality. Therefore, combining standard chemotherapy with antileukemic mAbs that specifically target malignant blasts and particularly LSCs or utilizing mAbs that reinforce antileukemic host immunity holds great promise for improving patient outcomes. This review provides an overview of therapeutic mAbs for AML and MDS. Antibody targets, the molecular mechanisms of action, the efficacy in preclinical leukemia models, and the results of clinical trials are discussed. New developments and future studies of therapeutic mAbs in myeloid neoplasms will advance our understanding of the immunobiology of these diseases and enhance current therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian M. Schürch
- Baxter Laboratory for Stem Cell Biology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
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Vaidya KS, Oleksijew A, Tucker LA, Pappano WN, Anderson MG, Grinnell CM, Zhang Q, Heighton SJ, Mitten MJ, Mishra S, Palma JP, Wang J, Reilly EB, Boghaert ER. A "Prozone-Like" Effect Influences the Efficacy of the Monoclonal Antibody ABT-700 against the Hepatocyte Growth Factor Receptor. Pharmacology 2017; 100:229-242. [PMID: 28743107 DOI: 10.1159/000478663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
ABT-700 is a therapeutic antibody against the hepatocyte growth factor receptor (MET). At doses or regimens that lead to exposures exceeding optimum in vivo, the efficacy of ABT-700 is unexpectedly reduced. We hypothesized that this reduction in efficacy was due to a "prozone-like" effect in vivo. A prozone-like effect, which is a reduction in efficacy beyond optimum exposure, is caused due a mechanism similar to the generation of false negative flocculation tests by excessive antibody titres. In vitro, we demonstrate that at higher ABT-700 concentrations, this "prozone-like" effect is mediated by a progressive conversion from bivalent to ineffective monovalent binding of the antibody. In vivo, the efficacy of ABT-700 is dependent on an optimum range of exposure as well. Our data suggest that the "prozone-like" effect is operative and independent of target expression. ABT-700 dose, regimen, exposure, and tumor burden are interdependent variables influencing the "prozone-like" effect and mediating and in vivo efficacy. By optimization of dosage and regimen we demonstrate that the "prozone-like" effect can be alleviated and ABT-700 efficacy at varying tumor loads can be further extended in combination with cisplatin. Our results suggest that optimization of exposure taking tumor burden into account may alleviate "prozone-like" effects without compromising efficacy.
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Glassman PM, Balthasar JP. Physiologically-based modeling to predict the clinical behavior of monoclonal antibodies directed against lymphocyte antigens. MAbs 2016; 9:297-306. [PMID: 27892793 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2016.1261775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Many clinically approved and investigational monoclonal antibody (mAb)-based therapeutics are directed against proteins located in the systemic circulation, including cytokines, growth factors, lymphocyte proteins, and shed antigens. Interaction between mAb and target may lead to non-linear pharmacokinetics (PK), characterized by rapid, target-mediated elimination. Several groups have reported that determinants of target-mediated elimination could include mAb-target binding, target expression, and target turnover. Recently, we scaled a physiologically-based pharmacokinetic model for mAb disposition to man and used it to predict the non-linear PK of mAbs directed against tumor epithelial proteins. In this work, we extended the previously described model to account for the influence of lymphocyte proteins on mAb PK in man. To account for the dynamic behavior of lymphocytes in the circulation, lymphocyte cycling between blood and lymphoid organs was described using first-order transfer rate constants. Use of lymphocyte cycling and reported target turnover rates in the model allowed the accurate prediction of the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics (PD) of 4 mAbs (TRX1, MTRX1011a, rituximab, daclizumab) directed against 3 lymphocyte targets (CD4, CD20, CD25). The results described here suggest that the proposed model structure may be useful in the a priori prediction of the PK/PD properties of mAbs directed against antigens in the circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick M Glassman
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York , Buffalo , NY , USA
| | - Joseph P Balthasar
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York , Buffalo , NY , USA
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Nakase K, Kita K, Kyo T, Katayama N. High expression of interleukin-2 receptor α-chain (CD25) in myelodysplastic syndrome preceding acute myeloid leukemia and chronic myeloid leukemia in myeloid blast crisis. Leuk Lymphoma 2016; 58:1268-1270. [PMID: 27736287 DOI: 10.1080/10428194.2016.1236377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Kenkichi Kita
- b Department of Internal Medicine , Japan Baptist Hospital , Kyoto , Japan
| | - Taiichi Kyo
- c Forth Department of Internal Medicine , Horoshima Red Cross and Atomic-Bomb Survivors Hospital , Hiroshima , Japan
| | - Naoyuki Katayama
- d Department of Hematology and Oncology , Mie University Graduate School of Medicine , Tsu , Japan
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Berkowitz JL, Janik JE, Stewart DM, Jaffe ES, Stetler-Stevenson M, Shih JH, Fleisher TA, Turner M, Urquhart NE, Wharfe GH, Figg WD, Peer CJ, Goldman CK, Waldmann TA, Morris JC. Safety, efficacy, and pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics of daclizumab (anti-CD25) in patients with adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma. Clin Immunol 2014; 155:176-87. [PMID: 25267440 PMCID: PMC4306230 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2014.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Revised: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 09/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-2 receptor α chain (CD25) is overexpressed in human T-cell leukemia virus 1 associated adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL). Daclizumab a humanized monoclonal antibody blocks IL-2 binding by recognizing the interleukin-2 receptor α chain (CD25). We conducted a phase I/II trial of daclizumab in 34 patients with ATL. Saturation of surface CD25 on circulating ATL cells was achieved at all doses; however saturation on ATL cells in lymph nodes required 8 mg/kg. Up to 8 mg/kg of daclizumab administered every 3 weeks was well tolerated. No responses were observed in 18 patients with acute or lymphoma ATL; however, 6 partial responses were observed in 16 chronic and smoldering ATL patients. The pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics of daclizumab suggest that high-dose daclizumab would be more effective than low-dose daclizumab in treatment of lymphoid malignancies and autoimmune diseases (e.g., multiple sclerosis) since high-dose daclizumab is required to saturate IL-2R alpha in extravascular sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan L Berkowitz
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - John E Janik
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Donn M Stewart
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Elaine S Jaffe
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Maryalice Stetler-Stevenson
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Joanna H Shih
- Biometric Research Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Thomas A Fleisher
- Clinical Pathology Department, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Maria Turner
- Dermatology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Nicole E Urquhart
- Department of Haematology and Pathology, University of the West Indies, Kingston, Jamaica
| | - Gilian H Wharfe
- Department of Haematology and Pathology, University of the West Indies, Kingston, Jamaica
| | - William D Figg
- Medical Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Cody J Peer
- Medical Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Carolyn K Goldman
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Thomas A Waldmann
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - John C Morris
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Barete S. Les mastocytoses. Ann Dermatol Venereol 2014; 141:698-714; quiz 697, 715. [DOI: 10.1016/j.annder.2014.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Revised: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 08/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Shah DK, King LE, Han X, Wentland JA, Zhang Y, Lucas J, Haddish-Berhane N, Betts A, Leal M. A priori prediction of tumor payload concentrations: preclinical case study with an auristatin-based anti-5T4 antibody-drug conjugate. AAPS JOURNAL 2014; 16:452-63. [PMID: 24578215 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-014-9576-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2013] [Accepted: 01/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The objectives of this investigation were as follows: (a) to validate a mechanism-based pharmacokinetic (PK) model of ADC for its ability to a priori predict tumor concentrations of ADC and released payload, using anti-5T4 ADC A1mcMMAF, and (b) to analyze the PK model to find out main pathways and parameters model outputs are most sensitive to. Experiential data containing biomeasures, and plasma and tumor concentrations of ADC and payload, following A1mcMMAF administration in two different xenografts, were used to build and validate the model. The model performed reasonably well in terms of a priori predicting tumor exposure of total antibody, ADC, and released payload, and the exposure of released payload in plasma. Model predictions were within two fold of the observed exposures. Pathway analysis and local sensitivity analysis were conducted to investigate main pathways and set of parameters the model outputs are most sensitive to. It was discovered that payload dissociation from ADC and tumor size were important determinants of plasma and tumor payload exposure. It was also found that the sensitivity of the model output to certain parameters is dose-dependent, suggesting caution before generalizing the results from the sensitivity analysis. Model analysis also revealed the importance of understanding and quantifying the processes responsible for ADC and payload disposition within tumor cell, as tumor concentrations were sensitive to these parameters. Proposed ADC PK model provides a useful tool for a priori predicting tumor payload concentrations of novel ADCs preclinically, and possibly translating them to the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhaval K Shah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The State University of New York at Buffalo, 455 Kapoor Hall, Buffalo, New York, 14214, USA,
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Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and physiologically-based pharmacokinetic modelling of monoclonal antibodies. Clin Pharmacokinet 2013; 52:83-124. [PMID: 23299465 DOI: 10.1007/s40262-012-0027-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Development of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and their functional derivatives represents a growing segment of the development pipeline in the pharmaceutical industry. More than 25 mAbs and derivatives have been approved for a variety of therapeutic applications. In addition, around 500 mAbs and derivatives are currently in different stages of development. mAbs are considered to be large molecule therapeutics (in general, they are 2-3 orders of magnitude larger than small chemical molecule therapeutics), but they are not just big chemicals. These compounds demonstrate much more complex pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic behaviour than small molecules. Because of their large size and relatively poor membrane permeability and instability in the conditions of the gastrointestinal tract, parenteral administration is the most usual route of administration. The rate and extent of mAb distribution is very slow and depends on extravasation in tissue, distribution within the particular tissue, and degradation. Elimination primarily happens via catabolism to peptides and amino acids. Although not definitive, work has been published to define the human tissues mainly involved in the elimination of mAbs, and it seems that many cells throughout the body are involved. mAbs can be targeted against many soluble or membrane-bound targets, thus these compounds may act by a variety of mechanisms to achieve their pharmacological effect. mAbs targeting soluble antigen generally exhibit linear elimination, whereas those targeting membrane-bound antigen often exhibit non-linear elimination, mainly due to target-mediated drug disposition (TMDD). The high-affinity interaction of mAbs and their derivatives with the pharmacological target can often result in non-linear pharmacokinetics. Because of species differences (particularly due to differences in target affinity and abundance) in the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of mAbs, pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic modelling of mAbs has been used routinely to expedite the development of mAbs and their derivatives and has been utilized to help in the selection of appropriate dose regimens. Although modelling approaches have helped to explain variability in both pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of these drugs, there is a clear need for more complex models to improve understanding of pharmacokinetic processes and pharmacodynamic interactions of mAbs with the immune system. There are different approaches applied to physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modelling of mAbs and important differences between the models developed. Some key additional features that need to be accounted for in PBPK models of mAbs are neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn; an important salvage mechanism for antibodies) binding, TMDD and lymph flow. Several models have been described incorporating some or all of these features and the use of PBPK models are expected to expand over the next few years.
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11
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Inflammatory modulators and biologic agents in the treatment of idiopathic orbital inflammation. Curr Opin Ophthalmol 2012; 23:420-6. [DOI: 10.1097/icu.0b013e328355715e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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FoxP3+, and not CD25+, T cells increase post-transplant in islet allotransplant recipients following anti-CD25+ rATG immunotherapy. Cell Immunol 2012; 274:83-8. [PMID: 22364726 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2012.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2011] [Accepted: 01/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Anti-CD25 antibodies are used as an induction therapy in islet allotransplantation for type 1 diabetes. Although previous reports suggested that anti-CD25 treatment may lead to depletion of CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) and questioned its use in tolerance-promoting protocols for transplantation, the effect of anti-CD25 antibodies on the frequency and function of Tregs remains unclear. We examined the effect of anti-CD25 antibody, daclizumab, in vivo on Tregs in islet allograft recipients enrolled in a single-center study and monitored post-transplant. Our data shows that the reduction in CD25+ Treg cells observed post-transplant is due to masking of CD25 receptor by daclizumab and not due to depletion. In addition, using Treg marker, FoxP3, we show that anti-CD25+ ATG treatment leads to an increase in FoxP3+ Tregs post-transplant. These data suggest that anti-CD25-based therapy has beneficial effects on Tregs and combined with ATG may be a promising therapy for autoimmunity and transplantation.
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Deng R, Jin F, Prabhu S, Iyer S. Monoclonal antibodies: what are the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic considerations for drug development? Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2012; 8:141-60. [PMID: 22248267 DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2012.643868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The number of monoclonal antibodies available for clinical use and under development has dramatically increased in the last 10 years. Understanding their pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics is essential for selecting the right clinical candidate, correct dose and regimen for a target indication. AREAS COVERED This article reviews the existing literature and knowledge of monoclonal antibodies. Specifically, the authors discuss monoclonal antibodies with respect to their pharmacokinetics (including absorption, distribution and elimination) and their pharmacodynamics. The authors also look at the pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic relationship, scaling from preclinical to clinical studies and selection of the first-in-human dose. EXPERT OPINION Monoclonal antibodies have complex pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic characteristics that are dependent on several factors. Therefore, it is important to improve our understanding of the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of monoclonal antibodies from a basic research standpoint. It is also equally important to apply mechanistic pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic models to interpret the experimental results and facilitate efforts to predict the safety and efficacy of monoclonal antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Deng
- Department of Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Sciences, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, Mail Stop 463A, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA.
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Gutenkunst RN, Coombs D, Starr T, Dustin ML, Goldstein B. A biophysical model of cell adhesion mediated by immunoadhesin drugs and antibodies. PLoS One 2011; 6:e19701. [PMID: 21629715 PMCID: PMC3100730 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0019701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2010] [Accepted: 04/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A promising direction in drug development is to exploit the ability of natural killer cells to kill antibody-labeled target cells. Monoclonal antibodies and drugs designed to elicit this effect typically bind cell-surface epitopes that are overexpressed on target cells but also present on other cells. Thus it is important to understand adhesion of cells by antibodies and similar molecules. We present an equilibrium model of such adhesion, incorporating heterogeneity in target cell epitope density, nonspecific adhesion forces, and epitope immobility. We compare with experiments on the adhesion of Jurkat T cells to bilayers containing the relevant natural killer cell receptor, with adhesion mediated by the drug alefacept. We show that a model in which all target cell epitopes are mobile and available is inconsistent with the data, suggesting that more complex mechanisms are at work. We hypothesize that the immobile epitope fraction may change with cell adhesion, and we find that such a model is more consistent with the data, although discrepancies remain. We also quantitatively describe the parameter space in which binding occurs. Our model elaborates substantially on previous work, and our results offer guidance for the refinement of therapeutic immunoadhesins. Furthermore, our comparison with data from Jurkat T cells also points toward mechanisms relating epitope immobility to cell adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan N. Gutenkunst
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Daniel Coombs
- Department of Mathematics and Institute of Applied Mathematics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Toby Starr
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine and Program in Molecular Pathogenesis, Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Michael L. Dustin
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine and Program in Molecular Pathogenesis, Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Byron Goldstein
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics Group, Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America
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Sloand EM, Olnes MJ, Weinstein B, Wu C, Maciejewski J, Scheinberg P, Young NS. Long-term follow-up of patients with moderate aplastic anemia and pure red cell aplasia treated with daclizumab. Haematologica 2010; 95:382-7. [PMID: 20207845 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2009.013557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pure red cell aplasia and moderate aplastic anemia are marrow failure states with an immune pathogenesis. Previously, we described short-term improvements in blood counts in two pilot studies treating moderate aplastic anemia (mAA) and pure red cell aplasia (PRCA) patients with daclizumab, a humanized monoclonal antibody to the interleukin-2 receptor; we now report our long-term experience with a larger cohort of patients. DESIGN AND METHODS After a median follow-up period of 4.8 years, 19 of 45 (42%) evaluable mAA patients and 10 of 26 (38%) patients with PRCA responded by three months and 2 additional mAA patients responded by six months following administration of the drug. RESULTS Seven of 28 (25%) mAA patients achieved long-term packed red blood cell PRBC transfusion independence, and all PRCA responders achieved long-term transfusion PRBC transfusion independence. CONCLUSIONS Red cell transfusion-independence prior to treatment in mAA patients predicted response. The only significant adverse treatment-related events were transient rashes and arthralgias. Daclizumab is safe and effective, and produces lengthy remissions in patients with PRCA and mAA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine M Sloand
- National Heart Lung and Blood Instititute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Faris M. Potential for Molecular Targeted Therapy for Adult T-Cell Leukemia/Lymphoma. Int Rev Immunol 2009; 27:71-8. [DOI: 10.1080/08830180701777475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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17
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Intravenous daclizumab for recalcitrant ocular inflammatory disease. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2009; 247:687-92. [DOI: 10.1007/s00417-009-1043-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2008] [Revised: 12/31/2008] [Accepted: 01/12/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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Abstract
Daclizumab is a humanized monoclonal antibody which binds to the IL-2 receptor on activated lymphocytes and blocks the production of IL-2. Its use is well established in solid organ transplantation as induction therapy, especially in high-risk patients where reduction or delayed dose of standard immunosuppression would be beneficial. It has been used effectively in both 2-dose and 5-dose regimens in conjunction with other standard immunosuppressive agents. The incidence of acute rejection appears reduced without increasing the rates of infection or post-transplant lympho-proliferative disorders. The agent is generally well tolerated in adults and children and there is no need for additional monitoring. Daclizumab has also been used outside the transplant arena in a variety of immune-mediated diseases with limited success.
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Nakase K, Kita K, Miwa H, Nishii K, Shikami M, Tanaka I, Tsutani H, Ueda T, Nasu K, Kyo T, Dohy H, Shiku H, Katayama N. Clinical and prognostic significance of cytokine receptor expression in adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia: interleukin-2 receptor α-chain predicts a poor prognosis. Leukemia 2007; 21:326-32. [PMID: 17205058 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2404497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We quantitatively assessed the expression of cytokine receptors (interleukin-2 receptor (IL-2R), IL-3R, IL-4R, IL-5R, IL-6R, IL-7R, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor R (GM-CSFR), G-CSFR, c-fms, c-mpl, c-kit and FLT3) in cells from 211 adults with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) by flow cytometry and determined their prevalence and clinical significance. Although all cytokine receptors were expressed to various degrees, the levels of IL-3R alpha-chain (IL-3Ralpha), IL-2Ralpha, IL-2Rbeta, IL-7Ralpha, common-Rgamma(gammac), c-mpl, c-kit and FLT3 exhibited a wide spectrum > or =2000 sites/cell. Among them, IL-3Ralpha, IL-2Ralpha and FLT3 were highly expressed in B-lineage ALL, whereas IL-7Ralpha, gammac and c-kit predominated in T-lineage ALL. Higher levels of IL-3Ralpha, IL-2Ralpha, c-kit and FLT3 correlated with the expression of CD13/33. Increased IL-2Ralpha levels related to the presence of Philadelphia chromosome (Ph), leukocytosis and shorter event-free survival (EFS). C-kit preferred in male. Elevated FLT3 levels correlated with age > or =60 years. Multivariate analysis in B-lineage ALL revealed only IL-2Ralpha (P=0.028) and Ph (P=0.020) as independent factors for EFS. These findings suggest that several cytokine receptors associated with certain cellular and clinical features, but IL-2Ralpha solely had a prognostic value and should be considered as a major prognostic factor for adult ALL that is comparable with Ph.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Nakase
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Mie University School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan.
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Abstract
The era of biologic medical therapies provides new options for patients with treatment-resistant inflammatory eye disease. In this review, the authors summarize current published experience in a rapidly progressing clinical field, including the use of biologics, such as the tumour necrosis factor blockers, daclizumab and rituximab, and related agents, interferons and intravenous immunoglobulin, for the treatment of uveitis, scleritis and orbital inflammation. Reports of dramatic recoveries in patients with recalcitrant ocular inflammation who have received such therapies must be balanced against the high cost of biologics and the potential for serious, and at times unanticipated, complications of this treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyndell Lim
- Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, 3375 SSW Terwilliger Boulevard, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA
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