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Li Z, Zahra A, Wang Z, Wu J. Physiological implications of the Slack channel in the central and peripheral nervous systems. Eur J Pharmacol 2025; 997:177482. [PMID: 40058757 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2025.177482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2024] [Revised: 02/27/2025] [Accepted: 03/06/2025] [Indexed: 03/17/2025]
Abstract
The Slack channels, encoded by KCNT1, are found in neurons across the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS), generating a delayed outward current known as sodium-activated potassium current (IKNa). IKNa plays a crucial role in shaping neuronal excitability and facilitating adaptation in response to sustained stimulation. Slack channels are crucial for neural plasticity and cognitive function; however, mutations in these channels cause profound learning and developmental abnormalities in humans. The physiological significance of Slack conductance in both systems is still unclear. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the role of Slack channels in both CNS and PNS, along with their associated modulators. It offers a summary of diseases that can result from abnormal expression of the Slack channel in both systems. Furthermore, identifying potent blockers and activators of Slack channels could greatly improve our understanding of Slack functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Li
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Aqeela Zahra
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, 440070, China
| | - Zhongyu Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Jianping Wu
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, China; Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, 440070, China; Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 10070, China; China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, 10070, China; Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 10070, China.
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Santos ADM, Carvalho HDO, Gonçalves DES, Gomes LP, Colares NND, dos Santos AVTDLT, dos Santos AYS, Teixeira TA, Carvalho JCT. Synergistic Pain-Reducing Effects of Bixa orellana (Chronic ® and Chronic In ®) and Cannabidiol-Rich Cannabis sativa Extracts in Experimental Pain Models. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:1710. [PMID: 39770552 PMCID: PMC11678258 DOI: 10.3390/ph17121710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2024] [Revised: 11/21/2024] [Accepted: 11/25/2024] [Indexed: 01/11/2025] Open
Abstract
Background: The present study aimed to evaluate the potential synergy between pharmaceutical formulations containing Bixa orellana L. (granulated-CHR OR and injectable nanodispersion-CHR IN) in conjunction with a cannabidiol (CBD)-rich extract of Cannabis sativa L. (CSE) on experimental pain models in Wistar rats. Methods: Chemical analysis was performed using gas chromatography (GC-MS). The pain tests employed were acetic acid-induced writhing (injection i.p. of 0.9% acetic acid), formalin (solution 1%), hot plate (55 ± 0.5 °C), and cold-water tail withdrawal tests. Results: Chemical analyses by chromatography confirmed that the oil from B. orellana is rich in δ-tocotrienol (72.0 ± 1.0%), while the oil from Cannabis sativa highlighted the presence of cannabidiol (CBD). The results from the experimental pain tests indicated that the combined administration of formulations containing Bixa orellana and C. sativa, such as the granulated CHR OR (400 mg/kg, orally) with CSE (40 mg/kg, orally) or the nanodispersion CHR IN (10 mg/kg, intramuscularly) with CSE (40 mg/kg, orally), demonstrated significant results (p < 0.001) in pain reduction. Although the formulations containing Bixa orellana extract showed statistical significance in the tests when used in isolation, their effects were inferior compared to the combined use with CSE or the isolated use of CSE. These findings suggest that combining formulations containing extracts of these plant species may represent a viable therapeutic option, considering the synergistic action in reducing pain under the experimental conditions employed. Conclusions: these results imply that combining the phytocomplexes present in B. orellana and C. sativa may be a promising approach for pain treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia de Melo Santos
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Fármacos, Curso de Farmácia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Amapá, Rod. Josmar Chaves Pinto, km 02—Jardim Marco Zero, Macapá—AP, Macapá 68903-419, AP, Brazil; (A.d.M.S.); (H.d.O.C.); (D.E.S.G.); (L.P.G.); (N.N.D.C.); (A.V.T.d.L.T.d.S.); (A.Y.S.d.S.); (T.A.T.)
| | - Helison de Oliveira Carvalho
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Fármacos, Curso de Farmácia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Amapá, Rod. Josmar Chaves Pinto, km 02—Jardim Marco Zero, Macapá—AP, Macapá 68903-419, AP, Brazil; (A.d.M.S.); (H.d.O.C.); (D.E.S.G.); (L.P.G.); (N.N.D.C.); (A.V.T.d.L.T.d.S.); (A.Y.S.d.S.); (T.A.T.)
| | - Danna Emanuelle Santos Gonçalves
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Fármacos, Curso de Farmácia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Amapá, Rod. Josmar Chaves Pinto, km 02—Jardim Marco Zero, Macapá—AP, Macapá 68903-419, AP, Brazil; (A.d.M.S.); (H.d.O.C.); (D.E.S.G.); (L.P.G.); (N.N.D.C.); (A.V.T.d.L.T.d.S.); (A.Y.S.d.S.); (T.A.T.)
| | - Luciana Paes Gomes
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Fármacos, Curso de Farmácia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Amapá, Rod. Josmar Chaves Pinto, km 02—Jardim Marco Zero, Macapá—AP, Macapá 68903-419, AP, Brazil; (A.d.M.S.); (H.d.O.C.); (D.E.S.G.); (L.P.G.); (N.N.D.C.); (A.V.T.d.L.T.d.S.); (A.Y.S.d.S.); (T.A.T.)
| | - Nayara Nilcia Dias Colares
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Fármacos, Curso de Farmácia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Amapá, Rod. Josmar Chaves Pinto, km 02—Jardim Marco Zero, Macapá—AP, Macapá 68903-419, AP, Brazil; (A.d.M.S.); (H.d.O.C.); (D.E.S.G.); (L.P.G.); (N.N.D.C.); (A.V.T.d.L.T.d.S.); (A.Y.S.d.S.); (T.A.T.)
| | - Abrahão Victor Tavares de Lima Teixeira dos Santos
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Fármacos, Curso de Farmácia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Amapá, Rod. Josmar Chaves Pinto, km 02—Jardim Marco Zero, Macapá—AP, Macapá 68903-419, AP, Brazil; (A.d.M.S.); (H.d.O.C.); (D.E.S.G.); (L.P.G.); (N.N.D.C.); (A.V.T.d.L.T.d.S.); (A.Y.S.d.S.); (T.A.T.)
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Inovação Farmacêutica, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Amapá, Macapá 68903-419, AP, Brazil
| | - Adrielly Yasmin Sousa dos Santos
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Fármacos, Curso de Farmácia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Amapá, Rod. Josmar Chaves Pinto, km 02—Jardim Marco Zero, Macapá—AP, Macapá 68903-419, AP, Brazil; (A.d.M.S.); (H.d.O.C.); (D.E.S.G.); (L.P.G.); (N.N.D.C.); (A.V.T.d.L.T.d.S.); (A.Y.S.d.S.); (T.A.T.)
| | - Thiago Afonso Teixeira
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Fármacos, Curso de Farmácia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Amapá, Rod. Josmar Chaves Pinto, km 02—Jardim Marco Zero, Macapá—AP, Macapá 68903-419, AP, Brazil; (A.d.M.S.); (H.d.O.C.); (D.E.S.G.); (L.P.G.); (N.N.D.C.); (A.V.T.d.L.T.d.S.); (A.Y.S.d.S.); (T.A.T.)
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Inovação Farmacêutica, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Amapá, Macapá 68903-419, AP, Brazil
- Hospital Universitário, Universidade Federal do Amapá, R. do Estádio Zerão, s/n—Universidade, Macapá 68903-419, AP, Brazil
| | - José Carlos Tavares Carvalho
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Fármacos, Curso de Farmácia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Amapá, Rod. Josmar Chaves Pinto, km 02—Jardim Marco Zero, Macapá—AP, Macapá 68903-419, AP, Brazil; (A.d.M.S.); (H.d.O.C.); (D.E.S.G.); (L.P.G.); (N.N.D.C.); (A.V.T.d.L.T.d.S.); (A.Y.S.d.S.); (T.A.T.)
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Inovação Farmacêutica, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Amapá, Macapá 68903-419, AP, Brazil
- Hospital Universitário, Universidade Federal do Amapá, R. do Estádio Zerão, s/n—Universidade, Macapá 68903-419, AP, Brazil
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Akbar M, Wandy A, Soraya GV, Goysal Y, Lotisna M, Basri MI. Sudomotor dysfunction in diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) and its testing modalities: A literature review. Heliyon 2023; 9:e18184. [PMID: 37539131 PMCID: PMC10393629 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e18184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Revised: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Long term consequences of diabetes mellitus (DM) may include multi-organ complications such as retinopathy, cardiovascular disease, neuronal, and kidney damage. One of the most prevalent complication is diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN), occurring in half of all diabetics, and is the main cause of disability globally with profound impact on a patient's quality of life. Small fiber neuropathy (SFN) can develop in the pre-diabetes stage preceding large fiber damage in DPN. Asymptomatic SFN is difficult to diagnose in early stages, with sudomotor dysfunction considered one of the earliest manifestations of autonomic neuropathy. Early detection is crucial as it can prevent potential cardiovascular events. Although punch skin biopsy is the gold-standard method for SFN diagnosis, implementation as routine screening is hindered due to its invasive, impractical, and time-consuming nature. Other sudomotor testing modalities, most of which evaluate the postganglionic cholinergic sympathetic nervous system, have been developed with varying sensitivity and specificity for SFN diagnosis. Here, we provide an overview on the general mechanism of DPN, the importance of sudomotor assessment for early detection of autonomic dysfunction in DPN, the benefits and disadvantages of current testing modalities, factors that may affect testing, and the importance of future discoveries on sudomotor testing for successful DPN diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Akbar
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia
| | - Alvian Wandy
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia
| | - Gita Vita Soraya
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia
| | - Yudy Goysal
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia
| | - Mimi Lotisna
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia
| | - Muhammad Iqbal Basri
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia
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Neuritin Promotes Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cell Migration to Treat Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:6666-6683. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-03002-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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Posttranscriptional regulation of Nrf2 through miRNAs and their role in Alzheimer's disease. Pharmacol Res 2021; 175:106018. [PMID: 34863823 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.106018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The nuclear factor erythroid-derived 2-related factor 2 (NFE2L2/Nrf2) is a pivotal facilitator of cytoprotective responses against the oxidative/electrophilic insults. Upon activation, Nrf2 induces transcription of a wide range of cytoprotective genes having antioxidant response element (ARE) in their promoter region. Dysfunction in Nrf2 signaling has been linked to the pathogenesis of AD and several studies have suggested that boosting Nrf2 expression/activity by genetic or pharmacological approaches is beneficial in AD. Among the diverse mechanisms that regulate the Nrf2 signaling, miRNAs-mediated regulation of Nrf2 has gained much attention in recent years. Several miRNAs have been reported to directly repress the post-transcriptional expression of Nrf2 and thereby negatively regulate the Nrf2-dependent cellular cytoprotective response in AD. Moreover, several Nrf2 targeting miRNAs are misregulated in AD brains. This review is focused on the role of misregulated miRNAs that directly target Nrf2, in AD pathophysiology. Here, alongside a general description of functional interactions between miRNAs and Nrf2, we have reviewed the evidence indicating the possible role of these miRNAs in AD pathogenesis.
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Resham K, Sharma SS. Pharmacological interventions targeting Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway attenuate paclitaxel-induced peripheral neuropathy. Eur J Pharmacol 2019; 864:172714. [PMID: 31586636 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2019.172714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 09/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) is a disabling pain condition which occurs as a consequence of cancer chemotherapy with anti-cancer agents like paclitaxel, oxaliplatin, etc. Despite immense research in the pathological pathways involved in CIPN, treatment options still remain limited. Recently, pathological involvement of Wnt signaling has been investigated in various neuropathic pain models, however there are no reports as yet on the role of Wnt signaling in CIPN. In the present study, we have investigated the neuroprotective effects of Wnt signaling inhibitors namely LGK974 (Porcupine inhibitor), NSC668036 (Disheveled inhibitor) and PNU76454 (β-catenin inhibitor) in paclitaxel-induced neuropathic pain. Paclitaxel (2 mg/kg, i. p.) was administered to male Sprague Dawley rats on four alternate days. After 21 days, paclitaxel-treated rats showed reduced behavioral pain thresholds (cold allodynia, heat & mechanical hyperalgesia) and nerve functions (nerve conduction velocity and nerve blood flow). Moreover, Wnt signaling proteins (Wnt3a, β-catenin, c-myc and Dvl1), inflammatory marker (matrix metalloproteinase 2) and endoplasmic reticulum stress marker (GRP78) were found to be upregulated in the sciatic nerves of paclitaxel-treated rats accompanied with loss of intraepidermal nerve fiber density as compared to the control rats. Intrathecal administration of Wnt inhibitors (each at dose of 10 and 30 μM) for three consecutive days to paclitaxel-treated rats, significantly improved behavioral pain thresholds and nerve functional parameters by inhibition of Wnt signaling, inflammation, endoplasmic reticulum stress and improvement of intraepidermal nerve fiber density. All these results suggested the neuroprotective potential of Wnt signaling inhibitors in CIPN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kahkashan Resham
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, S.A.S. Nagar, Punjab, India
| | - Shyam S Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, S.A.S. Nagar, Punjab, India.
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Balko R, Hurley R, Jatoi A. Poly (ADP-Ribose) Polymerase Inhibition for Chemotherapy-Induced Peripheral Neuropathy: A Meta-Analysis of Placebo-Controlled Trials. J Palliat Med 2019; 22:977-980. [PMID: 30839241 DOI: 10.1089/jpm.2018.0572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy is characterized by pain, numbness, and tingling in the hands and feet and by diminished quality of life. Multiple previous studies, mostly preclinical, suggest that poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors may help with these symptoms. Objective: To assess the relationship between PARP inhibition and prevention/palliation of peripheral neuropathy in a clinical setting. Design: Meta-analysis of placebo-controlled clinical trials with PARP inhibitors. Setting/Subjects: We conducted 9 literature searches that included PubMed and other sources to compile fully published placebo-controlled clinical trials that tested PARP inhibitors and that reported on peripheral neuropathy. Measurements: The relative risks for neuropathy of all grades based on PARP inhibition were calculated for each trial. Each trial was weighted by its respective sample size. A forest plot was constructed. Results: Five trials, inclusive of 843 patients, met this study's eligibility criteria. Four included a concomitant PARP inhibitor (either olaparib or veliparib) and paclitaxel, a neuropathy-causing chemotherapy agent; the remaining trial evaluated long-term monotherapy with olaparib. The pooled overall relative risk for the development of neuropathy with PARP inhibition was 1.06 (95% confidence interval: 1-1.4). Conclusions: PARP inhibition does not appear to reduce the risk of chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy. Whether PARP inhibitors may palliate (rather than prevent) neuropathy remains an area in need of further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Balko
- 1Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Rachel Hurley
- 2The Mayo Medical School, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Aminah Jatoi
- 3Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
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Balko RA, Hendrickson AW, Grudem ME, Klampe CM, Jatoi A. Can Poly (ADP-Ribose) Polymerase Inhibitors Palliate Paclitaxel-Induced Peripheral Neuropathy in Patients With Cancer? Am J Hosp Palliat Care 2018; 36:72-75. [DOI: 10.1177/1049909118786958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Paclitaxel-treated patients can suffer from years of peripheral neuropathy with pain, numbness, and tingling. Promising preclinical data with poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors led us to explore this class of agents to palliate this neuropathy. Methods: We relied on a completed trial that tested the antineoplastic effects of veliparib (NCT01012817). Data from patients who had been enrolled on NCT01012817, who previously received paclitaxel, and who had completed a validated pain assessment instrument were evaluated for improvement in their pain scores. Results: All 34 eligible patients were women, and all had a metastatic gynecological malignancy. On a 10-point scale (higher numbers indicative of worse pain), the average baseline score was 3.6 (range: 0-7). Seven patients (21%; 95% confidence interval: 9%-38%) manifested a drop in pain score (1 score lower than baseline followed by at least one consecutive value also below baseline). Of note, no patients initiated other therapy for neuropathy while on NCT01012817. Conclusion: The PARP inhibitors merit further study for chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy. For patients suffering from peripheral neuropathy, these putative palliative effects might prompt earlier consideration of a PARP inhibitor as part of cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan A. Balko
- Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | | | | | - Aminah Jatoi
- Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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Nasiry D, khalatbary AR, Ahmadvand H, Talebpour Amiri F, Akbari E. Protective effects of methanolic extract of Juglans regia L. leaf on streptozotocin-induced diabetic peripheral neuropathy in rats. Altern Ther Health Med 2017; 17:476. [PMID: 28969623 PMCID: PMC5625610 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-017-1983-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Background Oxidative stress has a pivotal role in the pathogenesis and development of diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN), the most common and debilitating complications of diabetes mellitus. There is accumulating evidence that Juglans regia L. (GRL) leaf extract, a rich source of phenolic components, has hypoglycemic and antioxidative properties. This study aimed to determine the protective effects of Juglans regia L. leaf extract against streptozotocin-induced diabetic neuropathy in rat. Methods The DPN rat model was generated by intraperitoneal injection of a single 55 mg/kg dose of streptozotocin (STZ). A subset of the STZ-induced diabetic rats intragastically administered with GRL leaf extract (200 mg/kg/day) before or after the onset of neuropathy, whereas other diabetic rats received only isotonic saline as the same volume of GRL leaf extract. To evaluate the effects of GRL leaf extract on the diabetic neuropathy various parameters, including histopathology and immunohistochemistry of apoptotic and inflammatory factors were assessed along with nociceptive and biochemical assessments. Results Degeneration of the sciatic nerves which was detected in the STZ-diabetic rats attenuated after GRL leaf extract administration. Greater caspase-3, COX-2, and iNOS expression could be detected in the STZ-diabetic rats, which were significantly attenuated after GRL leaf extract administration. Also, attenuation of lipid peroxidation and nociceptive response along with improved antioxidant status in the sciatic nerve of diabetic rats were detected after GRL leaf extract administration. In other word, GRL leaf extract ameliorated the behavioral and structural indices of diabetic neuropathy even after the onset of neuropathy, in addition to blood sugar reduction. Conclusion Our results suggest that GRL leaf extract exert preventive and curative effects against STZ-induced diabetic neuropathy in rats which might be due to its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiapoptotic properties. Graphical abstract Protection against neuropathy![]()
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Kumar A, Mittal R. Nrf2: a potential therapeutic target for diabetic neuropathy. Inflammopharmacology 2017; 25:393-402. [PMID: 28353124 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-017-0339-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Different aspects involved in pathophysiology of diabetic neuropathy are related to inflammatory and apoptotic pathways. This article summarizes evidence that Nrf2 acts as a bridging link in various inflammatory and apoptotic pathways impacting progression of diabetic neuropathy. Nrf2 is involved in expression of various antioxidant proteins (such as detoxifying enzymes) via antioxidant response element (ARE) binding site. Under normal conditions, Nrf2 is inactive and remains in the cytosol. Hyperglycemia is a strong stimulus for oxidative stress and inflammation that downregulates the activity of Nrf2 through various neuroinflammatory pathways. Acute hyperglycemia increases the expression of Nrf2, but persistent hyperglycemia decreases its expression. This downregulation of Nrf2 causes various microvascular changes, which result in diabetic neuropathy. The key contribution of Nrf2 in progression of diabetic neuropathy has been summarized in the article. Despite involvement of Nrf2 in progression of diabetic neuropathy, targeting Nrf2 activators as a therapeutic potential will provide important new insights into the ways that influence treatment of diabetic neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil Kumar
- Pharmacology Division, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UGC Centre of Advanced Study, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India.
| | - Ruchika Mittal
- Pharmacology Division, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UGC Centre of Advanced Study, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India
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Komirishetty P, Areti A, Gogoi R, Sistla R, Kumar A. Combination strategy of PARP inhibitor with antioxidant prevent bioenergetic deficits and inflammatory changes in CCI-induced neuropathy. Neuropharmacology 2016; 113:137-147. [PMID: 27712995 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2016.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2016] [Revised: 09/04/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Neuropathic pain, a debilitating pain condition and the underlying pathogenic mechanisms are complex and interwoven amongst each other and still there is scant information available regarding therapies which promise to treat the condition. Evidence indicate that oxidative/nitrosative stress induced poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) overactivation initiate neuroinflammation and bioenergetic crisis culminating into neurodegenerative changes following nerve injury. Hence, we investigated the therapeutic effect of combining an antioxidant, quercetin and a PARP inhibitor, 4-amino 1, 8-naphthalimide (4-ANI) on the hallmark deficits induced by chronic constriction injury (CCI) of sciatic nerve in rats. Quercetin (25 mg/kg, p.o.) and 4-ANI (3 mg/kg, p.o.) were administered either alone or in combination for 14 days to examine sciatic functional index, allodynia and hyperalgesia using walking track analysis, Von Frey, acetone spray and hot plate tests respectively. Malondialdehyde, nitrite and glutathione levels were estimated to detect oxidative/nitrosative stress; mitochondrial membrane potential and cytochrome c oxidase activity to assess mitochondrial function; NAD & ATP levels to examine the bioenergetic status and levels of inflammatory markers were evaluated in ipsilateral sciatic nerve. Quercetin and 4-ANI alone improved the pain behaviour and biochemical alterations but the combination therapy demonstrated an appreciable reversal of CCI-induced changes. Nitrotyrosine and Poly ADP-Ribose (PAR) immunopositivity was decreased and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor (Nrf-2) levels were increased significantly in micro-sections of the sciatic nerve and dorsal root ganglion (DRG) of treatment group. These results suggest that simultaneous inhibition of oxidative stress-PARP activation cascade may potentially be useful strategies for management of trauma induced neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashanth Komirishetty
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Hyderabad, Balanagar, India; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, 2E3.26 Walter C Mackenzie, Health Sciences Center, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2B7, Canada
| | - Aparna Areti
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Hyderabad, Balanagar, India
| | - Ranadeep Gogoi
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Guwahati, India
| | - Ramakrishna Sistla
- Pharmacology Division, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (IICT), Hyderabad, India
| | - Ashutosh Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Hyderabad, Balanagar, India.
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Komirishetty P, Areti A, Sistla R, Kumar A. Morin Mitigates Chronic Constriction Injury (CCI)-Induced Peripheral Neuropathy by Inhibiting Oxidative Stress Induced PARP Over-Activation and Neuroinflammation. Neurochem Res 2016; 41:2029-42. [PMID: 27084773 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-016-1914-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Revised: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Neuropathic pain is initiated or caused due to the primary lesion or dysfunction in the nervous system and is proposed to be linked to a cascade of events including excitotoxicity, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation and apoptosis. Oxidative/nitrosative stress aggravates the neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration through poly (ADP) ribose polymerase (PARP) overactivation. Hence, the present study investigated the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of the phytoconstituent; morin in chronic constriction injury (CCI) induced neuropathy. Neuropathic pain was induced by chronic constriction of the left sciatic nerve in rats, and the effect of morin (15 and 30 mg/kg, p.o.) was evaluated by measuring behavioural and biochemical changes. Mechanical, chemical and thermal stimuli confirmed the CCI-induced neuropathic pain and treatment with morin significantly improved these behavioural deficits and improved the sciatic functional index by the 14th day after CCI induction. After 14 days of CCI induction, oxidative/nitrosative stress and inflammatory markers were elevated in rat lumbar spinal cord. Oxidative stress induced PARP overactivation resulted in depleted levels of ATP and elevated levels of poly (ADP) ribose (PAR). Treatment with morin reduced the levels of nitrites, restored glutathione levels and abrogated the oxidant induced DNA damage. It also mitigated the increased levels of TNF-α and IL-6. Protein expression studies confirmed the PARP inhibition and anti-inflammatory activity of morin. Findings of this study suggest that morin, by virtue of its antioxidant properties, limited PARP overactivation and neuroinflammation and protected against CCI induced functional, behavioural and biochemical deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashanth Komirishetty
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Hyderabad, Balanagar, Hyderabad, Telangana State, 500037, India
| | - Aparna Areti
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Hyderabad, Balanagar, Hyderabad, Telangana State, 500037, India
| | - Ramakrishna Sistla
- Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology Division, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (IICT), Hyderabad, India
| | - Ashutosh Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Hyderabad, Balanagar, Hyderabad, Telangana State, 500037, India.
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Komirishetty P, Areti A, Yerra VG, Ruby PK, Sharma SS, Gogoi R, Sistla R, Kumar A. PARP inhibition attenuates neuroinflammation and oxidative stress in chronic constriction injury induced peripheral neuropathy. Life Sci 2016; 150:50-60. [PMID: 26921631 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2016.02.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Revised: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
AIM Peripheral nerve degeneration after nerve injury is accompanied with oxidative stress that may activate poly ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP, DNA repair enzyme). PARP overactivation amplifies the neuronal damage either due to energy crisis or through inflammatory process by facilitating nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB). Hence investigated the role of PARP inhibitors, 3-Aminobenzamide (3-AB) and 1,5-isoquinolinediol (ISO) in the attenuation of chronic constriction injury (CCI) induced peripheral neuropathy in rats. METHODS 3-AB and ISO (at doses 30 and 3mg/kg i.p., respectively) were tested in rats subjected to standard tests for evaluating hyperalgesia and allodynia. Sciatic functional index (SFI) was assessed by performing walking track analysis. Oxidative stress and inflammation induced biochemical alterations were estimated after 14 days in sciatic nerve and lumbar spinal cord. Molecular changes were explored by immunohistochemistry and DNA fragmentation by TUNEL assay. KEY FINDINGS Treatment significantly improved sensorimotor responses (p<0.001), SFI (p<0.001) and foot posture. PARP inhibition significantly (p<0.01 and p<0.001) reduced the elevated levels of nitrite, inflammatory markers and also normalized the depleted NAD(total) levels. The protein expression of poly (ADP-ribose) (PAR), NF-κB, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and nitrotyrosine were significantly (p<0.01 and p<0.001) decreased in both sciatic nerve and lumbar spinal cord, evident through immunohistochemistry. SIGNIFICANCE Present study outcomes fortify the pathological role of PARP overactivation in CCI induced neuropathy and PARP inhibition ameliorated oxidative stress and neuroinflammation associated with CCI induced nerve injury. Therefore, the current study suggests the PARP inhibitors can further be evaluated for designing futuristic strategies for the management of trauma induced neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashanth Komirishetty
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Hyderabad, Balanagar, India
| | - Aparna Areti
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Hyderabad, Balanagar, India
| | - Veera Ganesh Yerra
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Hyderabad, Balanagar, India
| | - P K Ruby
- Molecular Neuropharmacology Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Punjab, India
| | - Shyam S Sharma
- Molecular Neuropharmacology Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Punjab, India
| | - Ranadeep Gogoi
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Guwahati, India
| | - Ramakrishna Sistla
- Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology Division, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (IICT), Hyderabad, India
| | - Ashutosh Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Hyderabad, Balanagar, India.
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Tang-Tong-Fang Confers Protection against Experimental Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy by Reducing Inflammation. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2015; 2015:574169. [PMID: 26539228 PMCID: PMC4619908 DOI: 10.1155/2015/574169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Revised: 07/19/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Tang-tong-fang (TTF) is a Chinese herbal formula that has been shown to be beneficial in diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN), a common complication secondary to diabetic microvascular injury. However, the underlying mechanism of protection in nerve ischemia provided by TTF is still unclear. We hypothesized that TTF alleviates DPN via inhibition of ICAM-1 expression. Therefore, we tested the effect of TTF in a previously established DPN model, in which nerve injury was induced by ischemia/reperfusion in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. We found that the conduction velocity and amplitude of action potentials of sciatic nerve conduction were reduced in the DPN model group but were rescued by TTF treatment. In addition, TTF treatment also attenuated the effect of DPN on other parameters including histology and ultrastructural changes, expression of ICAM-1, MPO, and TNF-α in rat sciatic nerves, and plasma sICAM-1 and MPO levels. Together, our data suggest that TTF treatment may alleviate DPN via ICAM-1 inhibition.
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Chen YW, Chiu CC, Hsieh PL, Hung CH, Wang JJ. Treadmill training combined with insulin suppresses diabetic nerve pain and cytokines in rat sciatic nerve. Anesth Analg 2015; 121:239-246. [PMID: 25993391 DOI: 10.1213/ane.0000000000000799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Insulin therapy plays a critical role in managing type 1 diabetes mellitus, and exercise produces alterations in pain sensation. This experiment explored the effects of insulin therapy combined with treadmill training on diabetic neuropathic pain and on the expression of malondialdehyde (MDA) and cytokines. METHODS Rats were given 4 weeks of insulin (100 IU/kg) therapy and treadmill training (30-60 min/d of training at 20-25 m/min) each day beginning on day 3 after streptozotocin (65 mg/kg, IV) injection and continuing until day 27. Sensitivity to heat and mechanical stimuli and the expression of interleukin (IL)-10, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, and MDA in the sciatic nerve were estimated. RESULTS We showed that 2 to 4 weeks of treadmill training, insulin treatment, or their combination increased both paw withdrawal thresholds and latencies compared with the same regimen in sedentary diabetic rats (all P < 0.0022). Treatment with insulin, but without treadmill training, had significant effects on glycemic control (P < 0.0001) and restored body weight (P < 0.0001) in the diabetic rats. The diabetic rats demonstrated the upregulation (all P < 0.009) of IL-6, MDA, and tumor necrosis factor-α in the sciatic nerve on days 14 and 28 after streptozotocin treatment, whereas in diabetic rats receiving insulin, treadmill training, or a combination (all P < 0.01), this upregulation was decreased. Insulin, treadmill training, or the combination increased IL-10 expression (all P < 0.0051) in all diabetic rats. CONCLUSIONS Treadmill training combined with insulin therapy showed the best improvements in tactile allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia among our 3 treatment groups. The benefits of insulin intervention and treadmill training could be related to chronic inflammation (proinflammatory cytokines) and oxidative stress (MDA).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Wen Chen
- From the Department of Physical Therapy, Graduate Institute of Rehabilitation Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan; Department of General Surgery, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Tainan and Liouying, Taiwan; Department of Electrical Engineering, Southern Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Tainan, Taiwan; and Department of Physical Therapy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
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Altered microRNAs expression profiling in mice with diabetic neuropathic pain. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 456:615-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Subash S, Essa MM, Al-Asmi A, Al-Adawi S, Vaishnav R, Braidy N, Manivasagam T, Guillemin GJ. Pomegranate from Oman Alleviates the Brain Oxidative Damage in Transgenic Mouse Model of Alzheimer's disease. J Tradit Complement Med 2014; 4:232-8. [PMID: 25379464 PMCID: PMC4220500 DOI: 10.4103/2225-4110.139107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress may play a key role in Alzheimer's disease (AD) neuropathology. Pomegranates (石榴 Shí Liú) contain very high levels of antioxidant polyphenolic substances, as compared to other fruits and vegetables. Polyphenols have been shown to be neuroprotective in different model systems. Here, the effects of the antioxidant-rich pomegranate fruit grown in Oman on brain oxidative stress status were tested in the AD transgenic mouse. The 4-month-old mice with double Swedish APP mutation (APPsw/Tg2576) were purchased from Taconic Farm, NY, USA. Four-month-old Tg2576 mice were fed with 4% pomegranate or control diet for 15 months and then assessed for the influence of diet on oxidative stress. Significant increase in oxidative stress was found in terms of enhanced levels of lipid peroxidation (LPO) and protein carbonyls. Concomitantly, decrease in the activities of antioxidant enzymes was observed in Tg2576 mice treated with control diet. Supplementation with 4% pomegranate attenuated oxidative damage, as evidenced by decreased LPO and protein carbonyl levels and restoration in the activities of the antioxidant enzymes [superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione (GSH), and Glutathione S transferase (GST)]. The activities of membrane-bound enzymes [Na+ K+-ATPase and acetylcholinesterase (AChE)] were altered in the brain regions of Tg2576 mouse treated with control diet, and 4% pomegranate supplementation was able to restore the activities of enzymes to comparable values observed in controls. The results suggest that the therapeutic potential of 4% pomegranate in the treatment of AD might be associated with counteracting the oxidative stress by the presence of active phytochemicals in it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selvaraju Subash
- Deparment of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Agriculture and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Sultanate of Oman. ; Ageing and Dementia Research Group, Sultan Qaboos University, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Musthafa Mohamed Essa
- Deparment of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Agriculture and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Sultanate of Oman. ; Ageing and Dementia Research Group, Sultan Qaboos University, Sultanate of Oman. ; Neuropharmacology group, MND and Neurodegenerative diseases Research Centre, Macquarie University, NSW, Australia
| | - Abdullah Al-Asmi
- Ageing and Dementia Research Group, Sultan Qaboos University, Sultanate of Oman. ; College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Samir Al-Adawi
- Ageing and Dementia Research Group, Sultan Qaboos University, Sultanate of Oman. ; College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Ragini Vaishnav
- Ageing and Dementia Research Group, Sultan Qaboos University, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Nady Braidy
- School of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Gilles J Guillemin
- Neuropharmacology group, MND and Neurodegenerative diseases Research Centre, Macquarie University, NSW, Australia
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Calabek B, Callaghan B, Feldman EL. Therapy for diabetic neuropathy: an overview. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2014; 126:317-333. [PMID: 25410231 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-53480-4.00022-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Neuropathy is a highly prevalent complication of diabetes that is only likely to increase as the diabetic epidemic continues. Unfortunately, the only disease-modifying treatment is to address the underlying diabetes with enhanced glucose control. In patients with type 1 diabetes, improved glycemic control dramatically reduces the incidence of neuropathy. In contrast, in patients with type 2 diabetes, better glucose control has only a marginal effect on the prevention of neuropathy. However, recognition and treatment of neuropathic pain is also important. An ever expanding number of randomized, controlled clinical trials support multiple medications for the reduction of pain. This includes medications such as calcium channel agonists, tricyclic antidepressants, and selective serotonin/norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors. However, the precise order and combination of these medications remains unclear. Furthermore, several new promising medications are being developed. Overall, the cornerstones of the treatment of diabetic neuropathy are improved glycemic control and initiation of a neuropathic pain medication with high levels of evidence to support its use when pain is present.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Brian Callaghan
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Eva L Feldman
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Brederson JD, Joshi SK, Browman KE, Mikusa J, Zhong C, Gauvin D, Liu X, Shi Y, Penning TD, Shoemaker AR, Giranda VL. PARP inhibitors attenuate chemotherapy-induced painful neuropathy. J Peripher Nerv Syst 2013; 17:324-30. [PMID: 22971094 DOI: 10.1111/j.1529-8027.2012.00413.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) is a major toxicity of chemotherapy treatment for which no therapy is approved. Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP)1/2 are nuclear enzymes activated upon DNA damage, and PARP1/2 inhibition provides resistance against DNA damage. A role for PARP inhibition in sensory neurotransmission has also been established. PARP inhibitors attenuate pain-like behaviors and neuropathy-associated decreased peripheral nerve function in diabetic models. The hypothesis tested was that PARP inhibition protects against painful neuropathy. The objective of this study was to investigate whether the novel, selective PARP1/2 inhibitors (ABT-888 and related analogues) would attenuate development of mechanical allodynia in vincristine-treated rats. PARP inhibitors were dosed for 2 days, and then co-administered with vincristine for 12 days. Mechanical allodynia was observed in rats treated with vincristine. PARP1/2 inhibition significantly attenuated development of mechanical allodynia and reduced poly ADP-ribose (PAR) activation in rat skin. The data presented here show that PARP inhibition attenuates vincristine-induced mechanical allodynia in rats, and supports that PARP inhibition may represent a novel therapeutic approach for CIPN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill-Desiree Brederson
- Neuroscience Research, Global Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, IL 60064-6123, USA.
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Feng B, Ruiz MA, Chakrabarti S. Oxidative-stress-induced epigenetic changes in chronic diabetic complications. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2013; 91:213-20. [DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2012-0251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress plays an important role in the development and progression of chronic diabetic complications. Diabetes causes mitochondrial superoxide overproduction in the endothelial cells of both large and small vessels. This increased superoxide production causes the activation of several signal pathways involved in the pathogenesis of chronic complications. In particular, endothelial cells are major targets of glucose-induced oxidative damage in the target organs. Oxidative stress activates cellular signaling pathways and transcription factors in endothelial cells including protein kinase C (PKC), c-Jun-N-terminal kinase (JNK), p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), forkhead box O (FOXO), and nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB). Oxidative stress also causes DNA damage and activates DNA nucleotide excision repair enzymes including the excision repair cross complimenting 1(ERCC1), ERCC4, and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP). Augmented production of histone acetyltransferase p300, and alterations of histone deacetylases, including class III deacetylases sirtuins, are also involved in this process. Recent research has found that small noncoding RNAs, like microRNA, are a new kind of regulator associated with chronic diabetic complications. There are extensive and complicated interactions and among these molecules. The purpose of this review is to demonstrate the role of oxidative stress in the development of diabetic complications in relation to epigenetic changes such as acetylation and microRNA alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biao Feng
- Department of Pathology, Western University, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada
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Suppression of NF-κB and NF-κB regulated oxidative stress and neuroinflammation by BAY 11-7082 (IκB phosphorylation inhibitor) in experimental diabetic neuropathy. Biochimie 2012; 94:1158-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2012.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2011] [Accepted: 01/31/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Kumar A, Negi G, Sharma SS. JSH-23 targets nuclear factor-kappa B and reverses various deficits in experimental diabetic neuropathy: effect on neuroinflammation and antioxidant defence. Diabetes Obes Metab 2011; 13:750-8. [PMID: 21447040 DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-1326.2011.01402.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
AIM Nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) being reported to play an important role in the pathogenesis of diabetic neuropathy is believed to be a central mechanism involved in the genesis and promulgation of inflammatory insult. Here we have targeted the nuclear translocation of NF-κB using JSH-23 to elucidate its role in diabetic neuropathy. METHODS JSH-23 (1 and 3 mg/kg) was administered for 2 weeks in diabetic rats, after 6 weeks of diabetes induction using streptozotocin (55 mg/kg) as diabetogenic agent. Functional (motor nerve conduction velocity and blood flow), behavioural (mechanical hyperalgesia), biochemical [malondialdehyde, glutathione, tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels] and NF-κB translocation studies (western blot technique) were then undertaken. RESULTS JSH-23 treatment significantly reversed the nerve conduction and nerve blood flow deficits seen in diabetic animals. Reduction in mechanical pain threshold was also partially corrected by the treatment. Protein expression studies showed that nuclear translocation of p65/p50 subunit was inhibited by JSH-23 treatment in the sciatic nerve. The treatment also lowered the elevated IL-6, TNF-α, cyclo-oxygenase (COX-2) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) levels/expression, indicating reduction in the inflammatory damage of the sciatic nerve. Apart from these effects, JSH-23 also increased Nrf2 and hemeoxygenase-1 (HO-1) levels which could imply its potential in increasing the strength of antioxidant defence. CONCLUSION We observed that NF-κB inhibition partially reversed functional, behavioural and biochemical deficits with JSH-23 treatment. This study substantiates the role of NF-κB activation in the aetiology of diabetic neuropathy and protection afforded by inhibition of NF-κB by JSH-23, which can be attributed to its effect on neuroinflammation and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kumar
- Molecular Neuropharmacology Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Mohali, Punjab, India
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Oxidative stress and Nrf2 in the pathophysiology of diabetic neuropathy: old perspective with a new angle. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2011; 408:1-5. [PMID: 21439933 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.03.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2011] [Accepted: 03/20/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Long-standing diabetes and complications thereof particularly, neuropathy stands for one of the major causes of morbidity across the globe. It is postulated that excessive production of reactive oxygen species is a key component in the development and progression of diabetic neuropathy. Oxidative damage is the most common concluding pathway for various pathogenetic mechanisms of neuronal injury in diabetic neuropathy. However despite optimistic preclinical data, it is still very ambiguous that why antioxidants have failed to demonstrate significant neuroprotection in humans. A growing body of evidences now suggests that strategies utilizing a more targeted approach like focusing on Nrf2 (a transcription factor modulating oxidative stress) may provide an enthralling avenue to optimize neuroprotection in diabetes and diabetic neuropathy. This review presents an emerging concept of Nrf2 in diabetic neuropathy; thus looking forward to newer strategies for combating the oxidant induced damage.
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Negi G, Kumar A, Sharma SS. Melatonin modulates neuroinflammation and oxidative stress in experimental diabetic neuropathy: effects on NF-κB and Nrf2 cascades. J Pineal Res 2011; 50:124-31. [PMID: 21062351 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-079x.2010.00821.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Melatonin exhibits an array of biological activities, including antioxidant and anti-inflammatory actions. Diabetic neuropathy is one of the complications of diabetes with a prevalence rate of 50-60%. We have previously reported the protective effect of melatonin in experimental diabetic neuropathy. In this study, we investigated the role of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and nuclear erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) in melatonin-mediated protection against streptozotocin-induced diabetic neuropathy. Melatonin at doses of 3 and 10 mg/kg was administered daily in seventh and eighth week after diabetes induction. Motor nerve conduction velocity and nerve blood flow were improved in melatonin-treated animals. Melatonin also reduced the elevated expression of NF-κB, IκB-α, and phosphorylated IκB-α. Further, melatonin treatment also reduced the elevated levels of proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-6), iNOS and COX-2 in sciatic nerves of animals. The capacity of melatonin to modulate Nrf2 pathway was associated with increased heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) expression, which strengthens antioxidant defense. This fact was also established by decreased DNA fragmentation (because inhibition of excessive oxidant-induced DNA damage) in the sciatic nerve of melatonin-treated animals. The results of this study suggest that melatonin modulates neuroinflammation by decreasing NF-κB activation cascade and oxidative stress by increasing Nrf2 expression, which might be responsible at least in part, for its neuroprotective effect in diabetic neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geeta Negi
- Molecular Neuropharmacology Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Punjab, India
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Padilla A, Descorbeth M, Almeyda AL, Payne K, De Leon M. Hyperglycemia magnifies Schwann cell dysfunction and cell death triggered by PA-induced lipotoxicity. Brain Res 2010; 1370:64-79. [PMID: 21108938 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2010.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2010] [Revised: 11/01/2010] [Accepted: 11/05/2010] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Lipid overload resulting in lipotoxicity is prominent in a number of chronic diseases and has been associated with cellular dysfunction and cell death. This study characterizes palmitic acid-induced lipotoxicity (PA-LTx) in Schwann cell cultures grown in normal and high glucose concentrations. The study shows for the first time that Schwann cell (SC) cultures exposed to elevated levels of PA exhibit a dose- and time-dependent loss in cell viability. Hoescht and Annexin V/7AAD staining confirmed cell death through apoptosis and the lipotoxic effect was more dramatic in SC cultures grown under high glucose conditions. The first indication of cellular dysfunction in treated SC cultures was a decrease in Ca(++) levels in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER, [Ca(++)](ER)) observed five minutes following the initial challenge with PA. This decrease in [Ca(++) ](ER) was followed by a significant increase in the expression of ER stress signature genes CHOP, Xbp1 and GRP78. The early ER stress response induced by PA-LTx was followed by a strong mitochondrial membrane depolarization. Flow cytometry using 2', 7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (H(2)DCFDA) showed an increase in oxidative stress within three to six hours after PA treatment. Treatment of cultures undergoing PA-LTx with the calcium chelator BAPTA-AM and the anti-oxidant MCI-186 significantly reversed the lipotoxic effect by decreasing the generation of ROS and significantly increasing cell viability. We conclude that lipotoxicity in Schwann cells results in cellular dysfunction and cell death that involves a robust ER stress response, mitochondrial dysfunction and an augmented state of cellular oxidative stress (ASCOS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelia Padilla
- Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
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Liu Y, Wang L, Li X, Lv C, Feng D, Luo Z. Tanshinone IIA improves impaired nerve functions in experimental diabetic rats. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2010; 399:49-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2010.07.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2010] [Accepted: 07/12/2010] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Talbot S, Chahmi E, Dias JP, Couture R. Key role for spinal dorsal horn microglial kinin B1 receptor in early diabetic pain neuropathy. J Neuroinflammation 2010; 7:36. [PMID: 20587056 PMCID: PMC2913947 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-7-36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2009] [Accepted: 06/29/2010] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The pro-nociceptive kinin B1 receptor (B1R) is upregulated on sensory C-fibres, astrocytes and microglia in the spinal cord of streptozotocin (STZ)-diabetic rat. This study aims at defining the role of microglial kinin B1R in diabetic pain neuropathy. Methods Sprague-Dawley rats were made diabetic with STZ (65 mg/kg, i.p.), and 4 days later, two specific inhibitors of microglial cells (fluorocitrate, 1 nmol, i.t.; minocycline, 10 mg/kg, i.p.) were administered to assess the impact on thermal hyperalgesia, allodynia and mRNA expression (qRT-PCR) of B1R and pro-inflammatory markers. Spinal B1R binding sites ((125I)-HPP-desArg10-Hoe 140) were also measured by quantitative autoradiography. Inhibition of microglia was confirmed by confocal microscopy with the specific marker Iba-1. Effects of intrathecal and/or systemic administration of B1R agonist (des-Arg9-BK) and antagonists (SSR240612 and R-715) were measured on neuropathic pain manifestations. Results STZ-diabetic rats displayed significant tactile and cold allodynia compared with control rats. Intrathecal or peripheral blockade of B1R or inhibition of microglia reversed time-dependently tactile and cold allodynia in diabetic rats without affecting basal values in control rats. Microglia inhibition also abolished thermal hyperalgesia and the enhanced allodynia induced by intrathecal des-Arg9-BK without affecting hyperglycemia in STZ rats. The enhanced mRNA expression (B1R, IL-1β, TNF-α, TRPV1) and Iba-1 immunoreactivity in the STZ spinal cord were normalized by fluorocitrate or minocycline, yet B1R binding sites were reduced by 38%. Conclusion The upregulation of kinin B1R in spinal dorsal horn microglia by pro-inflammatory cytokines is proposed as a crucial mechanism in early pain neuropathy in STZ-diabetic rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Talbot
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, C,P, 6128, Succursale Downtown, Montréal, Québec, H3C 3J7, Canada
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Giansanti V, Donà F, Tillhon M, Scovassi AI. PARP inhibitors: new tools to protect from inflammation. Biochem Pharmacol 2010; 80:1869-77. [PMID: 20417190 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2010.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2010] [Revised: 04/12/2010] [Accepted: 04/13/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribosylation) consists in the conversion of β-NAD(+) into ADP-ribose, which is then bound to acceptor proteins and further used to form polymers of variable length and structure. The correct turnover of poly(ADP-ribose) is ensured by the concerted action of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) and poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase (PARG) enzymes, which are responsible for polymer synthesis and degradation, respectively. Despite the positive role of poly(ADP-ribosylation) in sensing and repairing DNA damage, generated also by ROS, PARP over-activation could allow NAD depletion and consequent necrosis, thus leading to an inflammatory condition in many diseases. In this respect, inhibition of PARP enzymes could exert a protective role towards a number of pathological conditions; i.e. the combined treatment of tumors with PARP inhibitors/anticancer agents proved to have a beneficial effect in cancer therapy. Thus, pharmacological inactivation of poly(ADP-ribosylation) could represent a novel therapeutic strategy to limit cellular injury and to attenuate the inflammatory processes that characterize many disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Giansanti
- Istituto di Genetica Molecolare CNR, Via Abbiategrasso 207, I-27100 Pavia, Italy
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Kumar A, Sharma SS. NF-κB inhibitory action of resveratrol: A probable mechanism of neuroprotection in experimental diabetic neuropathy. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2010; 394:360-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2010.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2010] [Accepted: 03/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Negi G, Kumar A, Kaundal RK, Gulati A, Sharma SS. Functional and biochemical evidence indicating beneficial effect of Melatonin and Nicotinamide alone and in combination in experimental diabetic neuropathy. Neuropharmacology 2010; 58:585-92. [PMID: 20005237 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2009.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2009] [Revised: 11/22/2009] [Accepted: 11/30/2009] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress resulting in excessive generation of ROS is a compelling initiator of DNA damage along with damage to various cellular proteins and other macromolecules. Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) activation in response to DNA damage, stirs an energy-consuming cellular metabolic cycle; culminating into cell death. The present study was designed to determine the effect of combining an antioxidant, Melatonin and a PARP inhibitor, Nicotinamide on the hallmark deficits developing in diabetic neuropathy (DN). Streptozotocin (STZ, 55 mg/kg, i.p.) was administered to induce diabetes. Six weeks post diabetes induction, two week treatment with Melatonin (3 and 10 mg/kg) and Nicotinamide (100 and 300 mg/kg) either alone or in combination was given. Effect of these interventions on the functional, behavioral and biochemical changes caused by hyperglycemia were studied in treated animals. Melatonin and Nicotinamide alone as well as in combination ameliorated the functional deficits along with improvement in pain parameters. The combination also demonstrated an essential reversal of biochemical alterations. Nitrotyrosine and Poly ADP Ribose (PAR) immunopositivity was significantly decreased in sciatic nerve micro-sections of treatment group. The results of this study advocate that simultaneous inhibition of oxidative stress-PARP activation cascade may prove useful for the pharmacotherapy of DN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geeta Negi
- Molecular Neuropharmacology Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector-67, S.A.S. Nagar, Punjab-160062, India
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Current World Literature. Curr Opin Support Palliat Care 2009; 3:144-51. [DOI: 10.1097/spc.0b013e32832c6adb] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Abstract
Although sodium-activated potassium channels (KNa) have been suggested to shape various firing patterns in neurons, including action potential repolarization, their requirement for high concentrations of Na+ to gate conflicts with this view. We characterized KNa channels in adult rat dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons. Using immunohistochemistry, we found ubiquitous expression of the Slack KNa channel subunit in small-, medium-, and large-diameter DRG neurons. Basal KNa channel activity could be recorded from cell-attached patches of acutely dissociated neurons bathed in physiological saline, and yet in excised inside-out membrane patches, the Na+ EC50 for KNa channels was typically high, approximately 50 mM. In some cases, however, KNa channel activity remained considerable after initial patch excision but decreased rapidly over time. Channel activity was restored in patches with high Na+. The channel rundown after initial excision suggested that modulation of channels might be occurring through a diffusible cytoplasmic factor. Sequence analysis indicated that the Slack channel contains a putative nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+)-binding site; accordingly, we examined the modulation of native KNa and Slack channels by NAD+. In inside-out-excised neuronal patch recordings, we found a decrease in the Na+ EC50 for KNa channels from approximately 50 to approximately 20 mM when NAD+ was included in the perfusate. NAD+ also potentiated recombinant Slack channel activity. NAD+ modulation may allow KNa channels to operate under physiologically relevant levels of intracellular Na+ and hence provides an explanation as to how KNa channel can control normal neuronal excitability.
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Sharma SS, Kumar A, Arora M, Kaundal RK. Neuroprotective potential of combination of resveratrol and 4-amino 1,8 naphthalimide in experimental diabetic neuropathy: focus on functional, sensorimotor and biochemical changes. Free Radic Res 2009; 43:400-8. [PMID: 19291593 DOI: 10.1080/10715760902801509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigated whether combination of resveratrol and 4-amino 1,8 naphthalimide (4-ANI) is effective in the development of diabetic neuropathy (DN). After 6 weeks of diabetes induction, rats were treated for 2 weeks with resveratrol and 4-amino 1,8 naphthalimide (4-ANI) either alone or in combination. Experimental end points included functional, behavioural and biochemical parameters along with PAR immunohistochemistry and were performed at the end of treatment. Combination of resveratrol (10 mg/kg) and 4-ANI (3 mg/kg) attenuated conduction and nerve blood flow deficits and resulted in amelioration of diabetic neuropathic pain. Significant reversal of biochemical alterations (peroxynitrite, MDA and NAD levels) were also observed, as well as PAR accumulation in the sciatic nerve. This study suggests the beneficial effect of combining resveratrol and 4-ANI in experimental diabetic neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shyam S Sharma
- Molecular Neuropharmacology Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector-67, S.A.S. Nagar, Mohali, Punjab-160062, India.
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Abstract
The mitochondrial pathway to apoptosis is a major pathway of physiological cell death in vertebrates. The mitochondrial cell death pathway commences when apoptogenic molecules present between the outer and inner mitochondrial membranes are released into the cytosol by mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization (MOMP). BCL-2 family members are the sentinels of MOMP in the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway; the pro-apoptotic B cell lymphoma (BCL)-2 proteins, BCL-2 associated x protein and BCL-2 antagonist killer 1 induce MOMP whereas the anti-apoptotic BCL-2 proteins, BCL-2, BCL-xl and myeloid cell leukaemia 1 prevent MOMP from occurring. The release of pro-apoptotic factors such as cytochrome c from mitochondria leads to formation of a multimeric complex known as the apoptosome and initiates caspase activation cascades. These pathways are important for normal cellular homeostasis and play key roles in the pathogenesis of many diseases. In this review, we will provide a brief overview of the mitochondrial death pathway and focus on a selection of diseases whose pathogenesis involves the mitochondrial death pathway and we will examine the various pharmacological approaches that target this pathway.
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Szabo C. Role of nitrosative stress in the pathogenesis of diabetic vascular dysfunction. Br J Pharmacol 2009; 156:713-27. [PMID: 19210748 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2008.00086.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Here we overview the role of reactive nitrogen species (nitrosative stress) and associated pathways in the pathogenesis of diabetic vascular complications. Increased extracellular glucose concentration, a principal feature of diabetes mellitus, induces a dysregulation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen generating pathways. These processes lead to a loss of the vascular endothelium to produce biologically active nitric oxide (NO), which impairs vascular relaxations. Mitochondria play a crucial role in this process: endothelial cells placed in increase extracellular glucose respond with a marked increase in mitochondrial superoxide formation. Superoxide, when combining with NO generated by the endothelial cells (produced by the endothelial isoform of NO synthase), leads to the formation of peroxynitrite, a cytotoxic oxidant. Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species trigger endothelial cell dysfunction through a multitude of mechanisms including substrate depletion and uncoupling of endothelial isoform of NO synthase. Another pathomechanism involves DNA strand breakage and activation of the nuclear enzyme poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP). PARP-mediated poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation and inhibition of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase importantly contributes to the development of diabetic vascular complications: it induces activation of multiple pathways of injury including activation of nuclear factor kappa B, activation of protein kinase C and generation of intracellular advanced glycation end products. Reactive species generation and PARP play key roles in the pathogenesis of 'glucose memory' and in the development of injury in endothelial cells exposed to alternating high/low glucose concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Csaba Szabo
- Department of Anesthesiology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0833, USA.
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Szabo C. Role of nitrosative stress in the pathogenesis of diabetic vascular dysfunction. Br J Pharmacol 2009. [PMID: 19210748 DOI: 10.111/j.1476-5381.2008.00086.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we overview the role of reactive nitrogen species (nitrosative stress) and associated pathways in the pathogenesis of diabetic vascular complications. Increased extracellular glucose concentration, a principal feature of diabetes mellitus, induces a dysregulation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen generating pathways. These processes lead to a loss of the vascular endothelium to produce biologically active nitric oxide (NO), which impairs vascular relaxations. Mitochondria play a crucial role in this process: endothelial cells placed in increase extracellular glucose respond with a marked increase in mitochondrial superoxide formation. Superoxide, when combining with NO generated by the endothelial cells (produced by the endothelial isoform of NO synthase), leads to the formation of peroxynitrite, a cytotoxic oxidant. Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species trigger endothelial cell dysfunction through a multitude of mechanisms including substrate depletion and uncoupling of endothelial isoform of NO synthase. Another pathomechanism involves DNA strand breakage and activation of the nuclear enzyme poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP). PARP-mediated poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation and inhibition of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase importantly contributes to the development of diabetic vascular complications: it induces activation of multiple pathways of injury including activation of nuclear factor kappa B, activation of protein kinase C and generation of intracellular advanced glycation end products. Reactive species generation and PARP play key roles in the pathogenesis of 'glucose memory' and in the development of injury in endothelial cells exposed to alternating high/low glucose concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Csaba Szabo
- Department of Anesthesiology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0833, USA.
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Arora M, Kumar A, Kaundal RK, Sharma SS. Amelioration of neurological and biochemical deficits by peroxynitrite decomposition catalysts in experimental diabetic neuropathy. Eur J Pharmacol 2008; 596:77-83. [PMID: 18768138 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2008.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2008] [Revised: 07/31/2008] [Accepted: 08/07/2008] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic neuropathy, a major complication of diabetes, affects more than 60% of diabetic patients. Recently, involvement of peroxynitrite has been postulated in diabetic neuropathy. In the present study, we have studied the effects of peroxynitrite decomposition catalysts (PDC's)-5,10,15,20-tetrakis(4-sulfonatophenyl) porphyrinato iron(III) [FeTPPS] and 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(N-methyl-4-pyridyl)porphyrinato iron(III) [FeTMPyP]-in experimental diabetic neuropathy. Male Sprague-Dawley rats, with six weeks of untreated diabetes were treated for two weeks with peroxynitrite decomposition catalysts. Diabetic animals showed a significant decrease in motor nerve conduction velocity and nerve blood flow, nociception as evident from decreased tail flick latency (hyperalgesia) and increased paw withdrawal pressure (mechanical allodynia) along with elevation in peroxynitrite and reduction in nerve glutathione levels. Two weeks treatment with PDC's significantly improved all the above stated functional and biochemical deficits. Aftermath of this study advocates the beneficial effects of peroxynitrite decomposition catalysts in experimental diabetic neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish Arora
- Molecular Neuropharmacology Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, S.A.S. Nagar, Mohali, Punjab, India
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Ismael MA, Talbot S, Carbonneau CL, Beauséjour CM, Couture R. Blockade of sensory abnormalities and kinin B(1) receptor expression by N-acetyl-L-cysteine and ramipril in a rat model of insulin resistance. Eur J Pharmacol 2008; 589:66-72. [PMID: 18555989 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2008.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2007] [Revised: 04/15/2008] [Accepted: 05/06/2008] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Glucose-fed rat is a model of insulin resistance that displays sensory polyneuropathy and hypertension. This study aimed at comparing the beneficial effects of N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC, antioxidant) and ramipril (angiotensin-1 converting enzyme inhibitor) on tactile and cold allodynia induced by chronic glucose feeding. Impact of these treatments was also assessed on hypertension, plasma glucose and insulin concentrations, insulin resistance and kinin B(1) receptor expression. Male Wistar rats (50-75 g) were given 10% d-glucose in their drinking water for 11 weeks or tap water (controls). Glucose-fed rats were treated either with NAC (1 g/kg/day, gavage), ramipril (1 mg/kg/day in drinking water) or no drug during the last 5 weeks. Glucose feeding for 6 weeks induced a significant increase in systolic blood pressure and hyperglycaemia which was accompanied by tactile and cold allodynia. At 11 weeks, plasma insulin, insulin resistance (HOMA index), kinin B(1) receptor mRNA in spinal cord and renal cortex and B(1) receptor binding sites in spinal cord were enhanced in glucose-fed rats. NAC and ramipril caused a progressive to complete inhibition of tactile and cold allodynia from 6 to 11 weeks. High systolic blood pressure, hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance and kinin B(1) receptor expression were also normalized or attenuated in glucose-fed rats by either treatment. Results suggest that chronic treatment with an antioxidant or an ACE inhibitor provides similar beneficial effects on sensory polyneuropathy, hypertension and insulin resistance in glucose-fed rats. Both therapies were associated with a reduction of the expression of the pro-nociceptive kinin B(1) receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Ali Ismael
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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